Ataksja – Etiologia i przyczyny

Ataksja
Etiologia i przyczyny

Ataksja to objaw neurologiczny charakteryzujący się zaburzeniami koordynacji mięśniowej, najczęściej wynikający z uszkodzenia móżdżku, ale także rdzenia kręgowego, nerwów obwodowych lub innych struktur układu nerwowego. Przyczyny ataksji dzieli się na nabyte, dziedziczne i zwyrodnieniowe. Ataksje nabyte obejmują m.in. toksyczne (alkohol, metale ciężkie, leki takie jak fenobarbital, fenytoina, amiodaron), metaboliczne (niedobory witamin B1, B12, E), naczyniowe (udar mózgu, krwotok), immunologiczne (atak na móżdżek w ataksji glutenowej, anty-GAD, paraneoplastycznej), zakaźne (ostre poinfekcyjne ataksje, HIV, borelioza, COVID-19) oraz strukturalne (guzy, ropnie, urazy). Ataksje dziedziczne dzielą się na autosomalnie recesywne (np. ataksja Friedreicha z mutacją w genie FXN, ataksja-teleangiektazja) i dominujące (rdzeniowo-móżdżkowe SCA, ataksje epizodyczne). Zwyrodnieniowe ataksje, takie jak zanik wieloukładowy typu móżdżkowego (MSA-C), charakteryzują się neurodegeneracją móżdżku i szybkim postępem objawów.

Ataksja – Etiologia, przyczyny, powstawanie

Ataksja jest objawem neurologicznym charakteryzującym się zaburzeniami koordynacji mięśniowej, wpływającymi na zdolność wykonywania płynnych i precyzyjnych ruchów. Jest to objaw często występujący w praktyce neurologicznej, który może być wywołany przez szeroki zakres przyczyn. Ataksja najczęściej wynika z uszkodzenia lub dysfunkcji móżdżku, jednak może być również spowodowana uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego, nerwów obwodowych lub innych struktur układu nerwowego¹².

Przyczyny ataksji można podzielić na trzy główne grupy: nabyte, zwyrodnieniowe i dziedziczne³⁴. W wielu przypadkach ataksja jest objawem innych schorzeń, a nie samodzielną jednostką chorobową⁵⁶.

Ataksja nabyta

Ataksja nabyta rozwija się w wyniku czynników zewnętrznych lub chorób nabytych w trakcie życia. Może pojawić się nagle lub rozwijać się stopniowo⁷⁸. Główne przyczyny ataksji nabytej obejmują:

Alkohol i substancje toksyczne – długotrwałe spożywanie alkoholu może prowadzić do trwałej ataksji, która może się poprawić po całkowitym zaprzestaniu spożywania alkoholu⁹¹⁰. Inne toksyny obejmują metale ciężkie (ołów, rtęć), rozpuszczalniki organiczne (np. rozcieńczalnik do farb), oraz substancje wziewne jak toluen, benzyna i kleje¹¹¹².
Leki – ataksja może być skutkiem ubocznym niektórych leków, w tym sedatywów (fenobarbital, benzodiazepiny), leków przeciwpadaczkowych (szczególnie fenytoina), niektórych chemioterapeutyków, litu, amiodaronu oraz metronidazolu¹³¹⁴.
Niedobory witamin – ataksja może być spowodowana niedoborem witaminy E, witaminy B12 lub witaminy B1 (tiaminy). Zarówno zbyt mało, jak i zbyt dużo witaminy B6 również może powodować ataksję¹⁵¹⁶.
Zaburzenia endokrynologiczne – niedoczynność tarczycy i niedoczynność przytarczyc mogą być przyczyną ataksji¹⁷¹⁸.
Incydenty naczyniowe – nagłe wystąpienie ataksji może być spowodowane udarem mózgu, zarówno w wyniku niedrożności naczyń krwionośnych, jak i krwawienia w mózgu¹⁹²⁰.
Stwardnienie rozsiane – choroba ta może powodować ataksję²¹²².
Choroby autoimmunologiczne – wiele chorób, w których układ odpornościowy atakuje zdrowe komórki, może powodować ataksję²³²⁴. Należą do nich m.in. ataksja glutenowa, ataksja związana z przeciwciałami przeciwko dekarboksylazie kwasu glutaminowego (anty-GAD), encefalopatia wrażliwa na kortykosteroidy związana z autoimmunologicznym zapaleniem tarczycy oraz paraneoplastyczne zwyrodnienie móżdżku²⁵.
Infekcje – rzadko ataksja może być objawem ospy wietrznej u dzieci i innych infekcji wirusowych, takich jak HIV i borelioza. Może również wynikać z poważnej infekcji wirusem powodującym COVID-19²⁶²⁷.
Zespoły paraneoplastyczne – są to rzadkie stany zwyrodnieniowe wywołane przez odpowiedź układu odpornościowego na nowotwór złośliwy²⁸²⁹.
Guzy i ropnie mózgu – zarówno nowotwory złośliwe, jak i łagodne mogą powodować ataksję poprzez nacisk na móżdżek³⁰³¹.
Urazy głowy i mózgu – mogą prowadzić do uszkodzeń powodujących ataksję³²³³.
Porażenie mózgowe – jest to ogólny termin określający grupę schorzeń spowodowanych uszkodzeniem mózgu dziecka, które może nastąpić przed, w trakcie lub krótko po urodzeniu³⁴³⁵.

Ataksja dziedziczna

Ataksja dziedziczna jest spowodowana wadliwym genem. W zależności od sposobu dziedziczenia, możemy wyróżnić:³⁶³⁷:

Ataksja autosomalnie recesywna – oznacza to, że dotknięta osoba odziedziczyła zmutowany gen zarówno od matki, jak i od ojca³⁸. Najczęstszą ataksją autosomalnie recesywną jest ataksja Friedreicha³⁹.
Ataksja autosomalnie dominująca – w tych przypadkach do rozwoju choroby wystarczy pojedynczy wadliwy gen, odziedziczony albo od matki, albo od ojca⁴⁰. Ataksje tego typu obejmują m.in. rdzeniowo-móżdżkowe ataksje (SCA) i ataksje epizodyczne⁴¹.

Najważniejsze rodzaje ataksji dziedzicznych to:

Ataksja Friedreicha – jest to najczęstsza ataksja dziedziczna. Obejmuje uszkodzenie móżdżku, rdzenia kręgowego i nerwów obwodowych⁴². Jest spowodowana mutacjami w genie X25, który koduje białko zwane FRATAKSYNĄ, regulujące ilość żelaza w mitochondriach. Gdy frataksyna jest zmutowana, gromadzi się w mitochondriach, prowadząc do dysfunkcji móżdżku⁴³.
Ataksje rdzeniowo-móżdżkowe (SCA) – istnieje ponad 40 genów ataksji rdzeniowo-móżdżkowej, a ich liczba stale rośnie⁴⁴⁴⁵. Najczęstszym typem jest ataksja rdzeniowo-móżdżkowa typu 3 z uszkodzeniem mózgu i rdzenia kręgowego spowodowanym mutacją w genie SCA3 (między 23 a 36% przypadków rodzinnych)⁴⁶.
Ataksja-teleangiektazja – jest to rzadka choroba wieku dziecięcego powodująca zwyrodnienie w mózgu i układzie odpornościowym⁴⁷. Ataksja ta zwykle zaczyna się około 1-2 roku życia. Podobnie jak w przypadku innych ataksji, obserwowane objawy są spowodowane nadmiernym obumieraniem neuronów w móżdżku, ponieważ neurony nie są w stanie naprawić swojego DNA z powodu braku funkcjonalnego białka ATM⁴⁸.
Choroba Wilsona – w przypadku tej choroby miedź gromadzi się w mózgu, wątrobie i innych narządach, co może powodować ataksję i inne objawy⁴⁹⁵⁰.

Ataksja idiopatyczna i sporadyczna

Gdy nie można zidentyfikować konkretnej przyczyny ataksji, określa się ją jako idiopatyczną lub sporadyczną⁵¹⁵². Najczęstszą idiopatyczną ataksją jest zanik wieloukładowy typu móżdżkowego (MSA-C)⁵³. W tych przypadkach choroba jest zwykle neurodegeneracyjna, co oznacza, że komórki nerwowe w móżdżku stopniowo zanikają bez znanej przyczyny⁵⁴.

Czynniki ryzyka i mechanizmy powstawania ataksji

Ataksja może być wynikiem uszkodzenia różnych obszarów układu nerwowego, w tym mózgu, rdzenia kręgowego, nerwów i korzeni nerwowych⁵⁵. Głównym obszarem, którego uszkodzenie prowadzi do ataksji, jest móżdżek – część mózgu odpowiedzialna za koordynację mięśniową⁵⁶.

W przypadku ataksji dziedzicznych nieprawidłowe białka wpływają na funkcję komórek nerwowych, głównie w móżdżku i rdzeniu kręgowym. Powodują one rozpad i obumieranie komórek nerwowych, co określa się jako zwyrodnienie⁵⁷.

W ataksji nabytej uszkodzenie może być spowodowane przez wiele czynników, takich jak toksyny, infekcje, zaburzenia autoimmunologiczne, niedobory witamin, urazy czy choroby naczyniowe⁵⁸.

Ataksje o podłożu autoimmunologicznym

Ataksje immunologicznie zależne stanowią grupę zaburzeń neurologicznych spowodowanych przez błędne atakowanie przez układ odpornościowy zdrowych komórek móżdżku i powiązanych regionów mózgu⁵⁹. Wiele czynników może wyzwalać tę nieprawidłową odpowiedź immunologiczną, takich jak infekcje, reaktywność na gluten, zabiegi chirurgiczne czy ukryte nowotwory.

Objawy ataksji immunologicznie zależnych mogą wystąpić w każdym wieku. W przeciwieństwie do innych typów ataksji, dla ataksji immunologicznie zależnych istnieje więcej opcji leczenia⁶⁰. Jeśli podstawowa odpowiedź immunologiczna powodująca ataksję zostanie zatrzymana, objawy ataksji również mogą ustąpić.

Diagnostyka ataksji immunologicznie zależnej zwykle odbywa się przez wykluczenie. Oznacza to, że inne znane przyczyny ataksji, takie jak ataksje genetyczne, są wykluczone, aż pozostają jedynie przyczyny związane z układem odpornościowym⁶¹.

Ataksja glutenowa

Ataksja glutenowa jest chorobą autoimmunologiczną wywodzącą się z celiakii, która jest wyzwalana przez spożycie glutenu⁶². Jest to jedna z najczęstszych przyczyn ataksji sporadycznej, stanowiąc około 25% przypadków⁶³.

W tej chorobie układ odpornościowy reaguje na gluten, tworząc przeciwciała, które atakują móżdżek, powodując jego uszkodzenie i w konsekwencji objawy ataksji. Dieta bezglutenowa jest podstawowym elementem leczenia ataksji glutenowej i może prowadzić do poprawy stanu neurologicznego⁶⁴.

Ataksje paraneoplastyczne

Ataksje paraneoplastyczne są rzadkimi stanami zwyrodnieniowymi wywołanymi przez nieprawidłową odpowiedź układu odpornościowego na nowotwór złośliwy⁶⁵. Te nowotwory, które są typowo nowotworami jajnika, płuc, piersi lub chłoniakiem Hodgkina, wytwarzają substancje chemiczne, które uszkadzają móżdżek⁶⁶⁶⁷.

Ataksja paraneoplastyczna objawia się często przed rozpoznaniem choroby nowotworowej i może być pierwszym objawem ukrytego nowotworu. Leczenie ukierunkowane jest na nowotwór podstawowy oraz na hamowanie nieprawidłowej odpowiedzi immunologicznej⁶⁸.

Ataksje związane z zaburzeniami nerwowo-zwyrodnieniowymi

Choroby neurodegeneracyjne mogą prowadzić do ataksji poprzez uszkodzenie móżdżku i jego połączeń. Postępujący charakter tych chorób prowadzi do stopniowego pogarszania się funkcji koordynacji ruchowej⁶⁹.

Zanik wieloukładowy (MSA)

Zanik wieloukładowy typu móżdżkowego (MSA-C) jest najczęstszą przyczyną ataksji pojawiającej się w późniejszym wieku⁷⁰. Jest to choroba neurodegeneracyjna, która oprócz ataksji może powodować objawy parkinsonizmu i dysfunkcję układu autonomicznego⁷¹.

Choroba ta charakteryzuje się szybszym tempem progresji niż wszystkie genetyczne przyczyny ataksji⁷². Obecnie nie ma skutecznego leczenia przyczynowego MSA-C, a terapia koncentruje się na łagodzeniu objawów⁷³.

Ataksja Friedreicha

Ataksja Friedreicha jest najczęstszą ataksją dziedziczną, stanowiącą około 50% wszystkich przypadków ataksji dziedzicznej⁷⁴. Jest chorobą autosomalnie recesywną spowodowaną mutacją w genie FXN na chromosomie 9⁷⁵.

Ta mutacja zakłóca produkcję białka zwanego frataksyną, które reguluje poziom żelaza w mitochondriach⁷⁶. Gdy frataksyna jest zmutowana, żelazo gromadzi się w mitochondriach, prowadząc do dysfunkcji móżdżku⁷⁷.

Objawy ataksji Friedreicha są spowodowane stopniowym zwyrodnieniem neuronów w móżdżku i rdzeniu kręgowym, co uniemożliwia prawidłowe przekazywanie sygnałów elektrycznych między neuronami a mięśniami, prowadząc do słabej koordynacji i ruchu⁷⁸.

Ataksje nabyte związane z czynnikami zewnętrznymi

Ataksje nabyte rozwijają się w wyniku działania czynników zewnętrznych, takich jak urazy, infekcje, ekspozycja na toksyny czy niedobory witamin⁷⁹.

Ataksje toksyczne

Ataksje toksyczne są spowodowane ekspozycją na substancje, które uszkadzają układ nerwowy⁸⁰. Najczęstszą przyczyną jest długotrwałe spożywanie alkoholu, które może prowadzić do trwałej ataksji⁸¹.

Inne substancje mogące powodować ataksję to metale ciężkie (ołów, rtęć), rozpuszczalniki organiczne (toluen, benzen), oraz niektóre leki, w tym barbiturany, benzodiazepiny, leki przeciwpadaczkowe i chemioterapeutyki⁸².

W przypadku ataksji toksycznej, zaprzestanie ekspozycji na toksyny może prowadzić do poprawy stanu neurologicznego⁸³.

Ataksje związane z niedoborami witamin

Niedobory witamin mogą prowadzić do ataksji ze względu na ich integralną rolę w funkcjonowaniu neuronów⁸⁴. Najczęściej ataksję powodują niedobory:

Witaminy B1 (tiaminy) – jej niedobór może powodować ataksję w kontekście encefalopatii Wernickego (ataksja, splątanie i oftalmoplegię), stanu częściej obserwowanego u alkoholików⁸⁵.
Witaminy B12 – niedobór tej witaminy może powodować ataksję lub podostrą ataksję⁸⁶.
Witaminy E – niedobór witaminy E może prowadzić do ataksji⁸⁷.

Suplementacja odpowiednimi witaminami może przynieść poprawę w przypadku ataksji spowodowanych ich niedoborem⁸⁸.

Ataksje pourazowe

Ataksje pourazowe są spowodowane urazami głowy lub rdzenia kręgowego, które uszkadzają struktury odpowiedzialne za koordynację ruchową⁸⁹.

Urazy te mogą prowadzić do bezpośredniego uszkodzenia móżdżku, krwawienia do móżdżku lub ucisku na móżdżek, co skutkuje zaburzeniami koordynacji⁹⁰.

Rokowanie w przypadku ataksji pourazowych zależy od ciężkości urazu i zakresu uszkodzenia układu nerwowego⁹¹.

Ataksje związane z infekcjami

Infekcje mogą powodować ataksję poprzez bezpośrednie uszkodzenie móżdżku lub poprzez wywołanie procesów zapalnych⁹².

Ataksje zakaźne i poinfekcyjne

Ostra ataksja móżdżkowa jest najczęstszą przyczyną ataksji u dzieci⁹³. Jest to zwykle zaburzenie poinfekcyjne, pojawiające się po ostrych chorobach gorączkowych⁹⁴.

Wiele czynników zakaźnych wiązano z patogenezą ostrej ataksji móżdżkowej, w tym wirusy Coxsackie, echowirusy, enterowirusy, wirus Epsteina-Barr, zapalenie wątroby typu A, wirus opryszczki zwykłej typu I, ludzki herpeswirus 6, odra, świnka, parwowirus B19, Borrelia burgdorferi (borelioza), SARS-CoV-2, malaria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae i dur brzuszny⁹⁵.

Mechanizmy patogenetyczne leżące u podstaw ostrej ataksji móżdżkowej nie zostały jednoznacznie ustalone, ale uważa się, że mają podłoże autoimmunologiczne⁹⁶.

Ataksja zakaźna u dzieci

U dzieci ataksja jest często wynikiem infekcji⁹⁷. Najczęstszą przyczyną ostrej ataksji u dzieci jest ostra poinfekcyjna ataksja móżdżkowa, która stanowi 59,2% przypadków⁹⁸.

Według badania przeprowadzonego w 11 włoskich pediatrycznych oddziałach ratunkowych, 33,6% przypadków ostrej ataksji u dzieci było spowodowanych ostrą poinfekcyjną ataksją móżdżkową, 11,2% guzami ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, a 8,3% zaburzeniami migrenowymi⁹⁹.

Ataksja poinfekcyjna u dzieci zwykle ustępuje samoistnie bez leczenia w ciągu kilku miesięcy¹⁰⁰.

Diagnostyka i leczenie ataksji

Diagnostyka ataksji ma na celu znalezienie przyczyny poddającej się leczeniu¹⁰¹. Obejmuje ona:

Badania krwi – mogą pomóc w znalezieniu przyczyn ataksji, które można leczyć, takich jak niedobory witamin, zaburzenia metaboliczne czy infekcje¹⁰²¹⁰³.
Badania obrazowe – MRI mózgu może pomóc w znalezieniu ewentualnych przyczyn ataksji, takich jak udar, guzy, stwardnienie rozsiane czy wady wrodzone¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵.
Nakłucie lędźwiowe – może być pomocne, jeśli przyczyną ataksji może być infekcja, zapalenie lub inne choroby¹⁰⁶.
Badania genetyczne – mogą być zalecane w celu sprawdzenia, czy zmiana genetyczna może powodować stan prowadzący do ataksji¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸.

Leczenie ataksji zależy od jej przyczyny¹⁰⁹:

Jeśli ataksja jest spowodowana stanem takim jak niedobór witamin lub celiakia, leczenie tego stanu może pomóc w złagodzeniu objawów¹¹⁰.
Jeśli ataksja wynika z ospy wietrznej lub innych infekcji wirusowych, prawdopodobnie ustąpi samoistnie¹¹¹.
Objawy takie jak sztywność, drżenie i zawroty głowy mogą poprawić się przy zastosowaniu innych leków¹¹².
Ataksja spowodowana takimi stanami jak stwardnienie rozsiane lub porażenie mózgowe może nie poddawać się leczeniu¹¹³.
Niektóre badania wykazały, że ćwiczenia aerobowe i siłowe mogą być korzystne dla niektórych osób z ataksją¹¹⁴.

W przypadku ataksji nabytej rokowanie zależy od przyczyny. Ataksja spowodowana niedoborami witamin, zaburzeniami metabolicznymi czy infekcjami może być odwracalna przy odpowiednim leczeniu. Natomiast w przypadku ataksji dziedzicznych nie ma obecnie skutecznego leczenia przyczynowego¹¹⁵.

Podsumowanie najważniejszych przyczyn ataksji

Kategoria	Przyczyny
Ataksje nabyte – toksyczne	– Alkohol – Metale ciężkie (ołów, rtęć) – Rozpuszczalniki organiczne – Leki (barbiturany, benzodiazepiny, leki przeciwpadaczkowe, chemioterapeutyki)
Ataksje nabyte – metaboliczne	– Niedobór witaminy B1 (tiaminy) – Niedobór witaminy B12 – Niedobór witaminy E – Niedoczynność tarczycy – Niedoczynność przytarczyc
Ataksje nabyte – naczyniowe	– Udar niedokrwienny – Krwotok mózgowy – Przejściowy atak niedokrwienny (TIA)
Ataksje nabyte – immunologiczne	– Ataksja glutenowa – Ataksja związana z przeciwciałami anty-GAD – Zespoły paraneoplastyczne – Stwardnienie rozsiane
Ataksje nabyte – zakaźne	– Ostra poinfekcyjna ataksja móżdżkowa – Zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych – Zapalenie mózgu – HIV – Borelioza – COVID-19
Ataksje nabyte – strukturalne	– Guzy mózgu – Ropnie mózgu – Urazy głowy i mózgu – Porażenie mózgowe
Ataksje dziedziczne – autosomalnie recesywne	– Ataksja Friedreicha – Ataksja-teleangiektazja – Niedobór dekarboksylazy bursztynianowego semialdehydu
Ataksje dziedziczne – autosomalnie dominujące	– Ataksje rdzeniowo-móżdżkowe (SCA) – Ataksje epizodyczne – DRPLA (atrofia dentatowo-rubro-pallidoluysian)
Ataksje zwyrodnieniowe	– Zanik wieloukładowy typu móżdżkowego (MSA-C) – Idiopatyczna ataksja o późnym początku (ILOCA)
Ataksje wrodzone	– Malformacja Arnolda-Chiariego – Wady rozwojowe móżdżku – Porażenie mózgowe – Zespół Dandy’ego-Walkera

Zrozumienie różnorodności przyczyn ataksji jest kluczowe dla właściwej diagnostyki i leczenia. Niektóre ataksje można skutecznie leczyć, szczególnie te spowodowane przez czynniki nabyte, podczas gdy inne, zwłaszcza dziedziczne, wymagają głównie leczenia objawowego i wsparcia¹¹⁶. Postęp w badaniach genetycznych i immunologicznych otwiera nowe możliwości diagnozy i potencjalnych terapii dla tych złożonych zaburzeń neurologicznych¹¹⁷¹¹⁸.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Ataxia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562284/
Ataxia may occur due to abnormalities in the nervous system’s different areas, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and nerve roots. The different types of ataxia often have similar or overlapping causes in the same patient. […] Ataxia can also subdivide into sporadic (patients have no family history of ataxia and manifest in adulthood), hereditary (caused by a defect in a gene and manifesting in childhood), and acquired (due to structural or demyelinating conditions, toxicity, paraneoplastic, inflammatory or infections, and autoimmune conditions). […] Ataxia may occur due to abnormalities in the nervous system’s different areas, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and nerve roots. The different types of ataxia often have similar or overlapping causes in the same patient. […] Focal lesions – due to tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or inflammation
#2 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Lasting ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain that controls muscle coordination, known as the cerebellum. […] Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum controls muscle coordination. Many conditions can cause ataxia, including genetic conditions, stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases and alcohol misuse. Certain medicines also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia is caused by damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain and connects to the brainstem. The cerebellum helps control balance, eye movements, swallowing and speech. […] There are three major groups of ataxia causes: acquired, degenerative and hereditary.
#3 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Lasting ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain that controls muscle coordination, known as the cerebellum. […] Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum controls muscle coordination. Many conditions can cause ataxia, including genetic conditions, stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases and alcohol misuse. Certain medicines also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia is caused by damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain and connects to the brainstem. The cerebellum helps control balance, eye movements, swallowing and speech. […] There are three major groups of ataxia causes: acquired, degenerative and hereditary.
#4 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. Many conditions can cause ataxia, including genetic conditions, stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases and alcohol misuse. Certain medicines also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia is caused by damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum helps control balance, eye movements, swallowing and speech. […] There are three major groups of ataxia causes: acquired, degenerative and hereditary. […] Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia.
#5 Ataxia – Neurology Solutions
https://www.neurologysolutions.com/movement-disorders/ataxia/
Ataxia is not a disease but rather a sign of an underlying condition. […] Damage to or an abnormality in one of these areas may result in ataxia. […] Sometimes ataxia results from genetics as there are a wide variety of inherited diseases where the main symptom is ataxia. This form of ataxia is called hereditary ataxia. […] Treating ataxia depends on its underlying cause. […] Ataxia is not a disease its a description of neurological signs and symptoms that are caused by an underlying condition. The causes of ataxia are varied and include: […] Inherited disorders. […] Hereditary Ataxia (HA) does not refer to a single disease, but rather includes a wide range of inherited diseases where the main symptom of the disease is ataxia. HA is caused by changes in certain genes and in most cases affects more than one family member.
#6 What Causes Adult-Onset Ataxia, and How Can It Be Treated?
https://www.brainandlife.org/articles/ataxia
Dr. William WeinerThe word „ataxia” is used to describe a symptomlack of coordinationwhich can be associated with injuries or degenerative changes in the central nervous system. Examples of such injuries and changes include stroke, multiple sclerosis, head injury, or alcoholism. This is known as acquired ataxia. […] Ataxia also indicates a group of specific degenerative and progressive diseases of the nervous system called the hereditary and sporadic ataxias. These diseases damage parts of the nervous system that control movement. […] People with sporadic ataxia have symptoms that usually begin in adulthood but no known family history of the disease. Sporadic ataxias may result from a new abnormality of the gene or as a result of an underlying disease, including thyroid disease, chronic hypoglycemia, stroke, and vitamin deficiencies. […] The type of ataxia and the age of symptom onset indicate how severe the disability will become and whether the disease will lead to death.
#7 Ataxia causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment – TeleMed2U
https://www.telemed2u.com/neurology/ataxia
Ataxia is a term for lack of coordination and muscle control of voluntary movements, such as walking, eye movements, swallowing, or picking up objects. […] Persistent ataxia usually results from brain damage to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls and coordinates muscles. […] Hereditary ataxia is caused by inheriting a defective gene from ones parent(s). Acquired ataxia symptoms are due to an external cause – something that happens to a person, such as an injury, stroke, alcohol abuse, cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis. […] The term ataxia describes disease symptoms as well as a group of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Types of ataxias include hereditary, acquired and sporadic. […] Hereditary ataxias, caused by a gene mutation (change), are inherited from one or both parents. Defective genes make abnormal proteins that cause nerve cells to degenerate and become unable to receive messages from the brain.
#8 Ataxia causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment – TeleMed2U
https://www.telemed2u.com/neurology/ataxia
Acquired ataxias usually begin in adulthood, can happen suddenly or develop slowly, and are due to an external cause that happened during the patients life. […] Causes of sudden onset ataxias are varied and include head injuries, stroke, infections, certain cancers and many other causes. […] Acquired ataxias that develop slowly can be caused by hypothyroidism, alcohol abuse, a vitamin deficiency, chronic exposure to certain drugs, multiple sclerosis and other disorders. […] Sporadic ataxia can be very difficult to diagnose. Other types of ataxias must be ruled out before sporadic ataxia can be accurately diagnosed. […] There is no known cause, and it is not hereditary. It is neurodegenerative, meaning nerve cells in the cerebellum gradually disappear over time.
#9 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia. […] Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
#10 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. Many conditions can cause ataxia, including genetic conditions, stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases and alcohol misuse. Certain medicines also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia is caused by damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum helps control balance, eye movements, swallowing and speech. […] There are three major groups of ataxia causes: acquired, degenerative and hereditary. […] Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia.
#11 Ataxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17748-ataxia
Ataxia can refer to a group of diseases or a symptom of certain diseases. As a symptom, ataxia is extremely common. Ataxia as a condition is not as common and tends to happen only with certain genetic conditions and diseases. […] Because there are different types of ataxia, there are also many different possible causes. Experts group the causes into the following categories: Acquired. These are conditions you develop or causes that affect you at some point in your life. Some of these causes are temporary or reversible. […] Some examples of conditions or circumstances that can cause ataxia include: Alcohol intoxication (being drunk). Brain tumors (or other forms of cancer). Celiac disease. Congenital disorders (conditions you have at birth, such as Chiari malformation). Concussions and traumatic brain injuries. Degenerative brain conditions like Parkinsons disease. Drugs (prescription and recreational, especially medications for epilepsy and depression). Fatigue and stress. Genetic disorders (conditions you have at birth that you inherited from one or both parents, such as Friedreich’s ataxia, ataxia-telangiectasia, Niemann-Pick Disease, Wilsons disease, etc.). Huffing substances like toluene, gasoline, glue, spray paint or other inhalants. Immune and inflammatory conditions (such as multiple sclerosis). Infections (these can happen because of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi). Radiation sickness. Stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Toxic exposure to chemicals, metals or substances like mercury. Underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). Vitamin deficiencies and nutrition problems (such as low vitamin B12 levels).
#12 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain. […] This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
#13 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia. […] Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
#14 Ataxia: Definition, Causes, Types & Symptoms
https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/ataxia
Ataxia may arise from autoimmune or inflammatory conditions including: Behcetâs disease, Celiac disease, Multiple sclerosis, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Sarcoidosis. […] There are several rare hereditary ataxias including: Ataxia telangiectasia, Episodic ataxia, Friedreichâs ataxia, Spinocerebellar ataxias, Wilsonâs disease. […] Infectious causes of temporary ataxia include: Chickenpox, Coxsackie disease, Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), Lyme disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia. […] Metabolic disorders and nutritional deficiencies can cause ataxia including: Hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid gland), Thyroid diseases, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin E deficiency. […] Several types of medications can cause ataxia as a side effect including: Antiarrhythmics, such as amiodarone (Cordarone), Antiseizure medicines, such as carbamazepine (Tegretol) and phenytoin (Dilantin), Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium), Certain cancer chemotherapies, Cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune), Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid).
#15 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia. […] Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
#16 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain. […] This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
#17 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia. […] Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
#18 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain. […] This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
#19 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia. […] Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
#20 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain. […] This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
#21 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#22 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain. […] This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
#23 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#24 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain. […] This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
#25 SciELO Brazil – Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge
https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/5ZyfwGCMzq958DwWybnKg4F/
The pathogenesis of alcoholic cerebellar degeneration includes both: the direct toxic effect of the alcohol to the cerebellum and the consequences of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. […] Besides alcohol, other substances abuse or exposure may also cause or exacerbate the already pre-existing ataxia. The main substances causing toxic ataxia are: lithium, phenytoin, amiodarone, toluene and some chemotherapys (5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside). […] Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is an immune-mediated disorder that affects cerebellar cortex, usually associated with the following neoplastic diseases: small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. […] Immune-mediated ataxias include: gluten ataxia, ataxia associated with antibodies against the glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
#26 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#27 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain. […] This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
#28 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#29 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. […] This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams. […] Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. […] Different gene changes cause different types of ataxia. Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms.
#30 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#31 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. […] This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams. […] Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. […] Different gene changes cause different types of ataxia. Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms.
#32 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#33 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. […] This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams. […] Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. […] Different gene changes cause different types of ataxia. Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms.
#34 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#35 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. […] This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams. […] Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. […] Different gene changes cause different types of ataxia. Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms.
#36
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ataxia/causes/
Hereditary ataxia is caused by a faulty gene. […] When ataxia is autosomal recessive, it means the affected person has inherited the mutated gene from both their mother and their father. […] When ataxia is autosomal dominant, you can develop the condition if you receive a single faulty gene, either from your mother or father.
#37
https://111.wales.nhs.uk/ataxia/
Hereditary ataxia is caused by a faulty gene. […] When ataxia is autosomal recessive, it means the affected person has inherited the mutated gene from both their mother and their father. […] When ataxia is autosomal dominant, you can develop the condition if you receive a single faulty gene, either from your mother or father.
#38
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ataxia/causes/
Hereditary ataxia is caused by a faulty gene. […] When ataxia is autosomal recessive, it means the affected person has inherited the mutated gene from both their mother and their father. […] When ataxia is autosomal dominant, you can develop the condition if you receive a single faulty gene, either from your mother or father.
#39 Ataxia | Baylor Medicine
https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/ataxia
Hereditary or genetic ataxias occur because of gene mutations that lead to abnormal proteins making neurons function abnormally. […] Autosomal dominant ataxias include the spinocerebellar ataxias and episodic ataxias. […] Friedrich’s ataxia is an example of autosomal recessive ataxia. […] Other recessively inherited ataxias include vitamin-E deficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type I and II, and infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia among others. […] Episodic ataxias is a group of disorders with intermittent spells of ataxia with complete recovery between episodes. […] There are other inherited disorders that can cause ataxia, including DRPLA (dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy). […] Ataxia can be a part of Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). […] Other causes of chronic progressive ataxia include several disorders like degeneration of cerebellum due to alcohol, vitamin E or copper deficiency.
#40
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ataxia/causes/
Hereditary ataxia is caused by a faulty gene. […] When ataxia is autosomal recessive, it means the affected person has inherited the mutated gene from both their mother and their father. […] When ataxia is autosomal dominant, you can develop the condition if you receive a single faulty gene, either from your mother or father.
#41 Ataxia | Baylor Medicine
https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/ataxia
Hereditary or genetic ataxias occur because of gene mutations that lead to abnormal proteins making neurons function abnormally. […] Autosomal dominant ataxias include the spinocerebellar ataxias and episodic ataxias. […] Friedrich’s ataxia is an example of autosomal recessive ataxia. […] Other recessively inherited ataxias include vitamin-E deficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type I and II, and infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia among others. […] Episodic ataxias is a group of disorders with intermittent spells of ataxia with complete recovery between episodes. […] There are other inherited disorders that can cause ataxia, including DRPLA (dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy). […] Ataxia can be a part of Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). […] Other causes of chronic progressive ataxia include several disorders like degeneration of cerebellum due to alcohol, vitamin E or copper deficiency.
#42 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Researchers have identified more than 40 spinocerebellar ataxia genes, and the number continues to grow. […] This is the most common hereditary ataxia. It involves damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. […] This is the most common cause of ataxia that happens later in life. […] This rare childhood disease causes degeneration in the brain and immune system. […] This type of ataxia results from damage to the cerebellum that’s present at birth. […] In people with this condition, copper builds up in the brain, liver and other organs. This can cause ataxia and other symptoms.
#43 What causes ataxia? | Paris Brain Institute
https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/ataxias/what-causes-ataxia
This ataxia is due to mutations in the X25 gene, which encodes a protein called FRATAXINE that regulates the amount of iron in the mitochondria, a small structure essential for the survival of cells such as neurons. […] When frataxin is mutated, it accumulates in the mitochondria, leading to dysfunction of the cerebellum. […] This ataxia usually begins around 1 or 2 years of age. As with other ataxia, the symptoms observed are caused by an excess of neuronal death in the cerebellum, as neurons are unable to repair their DNA due to a lack of functional ATM protein.
#44 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams. […] Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. These conditions also are called hereditary. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. They cause the nerve cells to break down and die, known as degeneration. As the disease progresses, coordination problems worsen. […] Different gene changes cause different types of ataxia. Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms. […] Researchers have identified more than 40 spinocerebellar ataxia genes, and the number continues to grow. Ataxia and cerebellar degeneration are common to all types, and there may be other symptoms. […] This is the most common hereditary ataxia. It involves damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. […] In people with this condition, copper builds up in the brain, liver and other organs. This can cause ataxia and other symptoms.
#45 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Researchers have identified more than 40 spinocerebellar ataxia genes, and the number continues to grow. […] This is the most common hereditary ataxia. It involves damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. […] This is the most common cause of ataxia that happens later in life. […] This rare childhood disease causes degeneration in the brain and immune system. […] This type of ataxia results from damage to the cerebellum that’s present at birth. […] In people with this condition, copper builds up in the brain, liver and other organs. This can cause ataxia and other symptoms.
#46 What causes ataxia? | Paris Brain Institute
https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/ataxias/what-causes-ataxia
Similarly, an infection that affects the brain, such as HIV, prion disease and leukoencephalopathy, sometimes lead to the appearance of ataxia symptoms. […] Patients with severe vitamin B12 or E deficiency, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism often have cerebellar disorders. […] Long-term and recurrent exposure to toxic substances such as alcohol, lead and organic solvents may be responsible for the development of ataxia. […] In inflammatory, metabolic, and toxic ataxia, there is a rapid progression of symptoms after a sudden onset that stops only after the cause has been removed. […] They appear on average around the age of 30 and are mainly due to genetic mutations, with at least 43 genes of the spino cerebellar ataxia (SCA) family located on different chromosomes. […] The most common type is spinocerebral ataxia type 3 with brain and spinal cord damage due to a mutation in the SCA3 gene (between 23 and 36% of family cases).
#47 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Researchers have identified more than 40 spinocerebellar ataxia genes, and the number continues to grow. […] This is the most common hereditary ataxia. It involves damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. […] This is the most common cause of ataxia that happens later in life. […] This rare childhood disease causes degeneration in the brain and immune system. […] This type of ataxia results from damage to the cerebellum that’s present at birth. […] In people with this condition, copper builds up in the brain, liver and other organs. This can cause ataxia and other symptoms.
#48 What causes ataxia? | Paris Brain Institute
https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/ataxias/what-causes-ataxia
This ataxia is due to mutations in the X25 gene, which encodes a protein called FRATAXINE that regulates the amount of iron in the mitochondria, a small structure essential for the survival of cells such as neurons. […] When frataxin is mutated, it accumulates in the mitochondria, leading to dysfunction of the cerebellum. […] This ataxia usually begins around 1 or 2 years of age. As with other ataxia, the symptoms observed are caused by an excess of neuronal death in the cerebellum, as neurons are unable to repair their DNA due to a lack of functional ATM protein.
#49 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams. […] Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. These conditions also are called hereditary. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. They cause the nerve cells to break down and die, known as degeneration. As the disease progresses, coordination problems worsen. […] Different gene changes cause different types of ataxia. Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms. […] Researchers have identified more than 40 spinocerebellar ataxia genes, and the number continues to grow. Ataxia and cerebellar degeneration are common to all types, and there may be other symptoms. […] This is the most common hereditary ataxia. It involves damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. […] In people with this condition, copper builds up in the brain, liver and other organs. This can cause ataxia and other symptoms.
#50 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Researchers have identified more than 40 spinocerebellar ataxia genes, and the number continues to grow. […] This is the most common hereditary ataxia. It involves damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. […] This is the most common cause of ataxia that happens later in life. […] This rare childhood disease causes degeneration in the brain and immune system. […] This type of ataxia results from damage to the cerebellum that’s present at birth. […] In people with this condition, copper builds up in the brain, liver and other organs. This can cause ataxia and other symptoms.
#51 Ataxia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/brain/ataxia-types-brain-and-nervous-system
Ataxia can have many different causes. […] There are different causes for it. Some are genetic, some are acquired, like injuries, and some have no known cause. […] You can inherit a certain mutated, or changed, gene from one or both of your parents that causes ataxia. Or you may inherit a mutated gene that causes a disorder with ataxia as a symptom. […] Acquired ataxia occurs when you have damage to your spinal cord or nerves. The damage might be from an injury or an illness. […] When you haven’t inherited a mutated gene or had an illness or injury that could have caused your ataxia, it’s called idiopathic ataxia. Your doctor will diagnose you with idiopathic ataxia if they can’t find a medical reason for your ataxia symptoms. […] The most common idiopathic ataxia is called multiple system atrophy, or MSA. Doctors haven’t pinned down possible causes for this group of ataxias. They may come from a combination of environmental factors and genetic causes.
#52 What Is Ataxia?
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/ataxia
Ataxia is caused by damage, degeneration, or loss of nerve cells in the cerebellum, the region of the brain that controls muscular coordination. […] External factors such as trauma, vitamin deficiencies, alcohol or drug exposure, infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, thyroid problems, and stroke can cause acquired ataxia. […] Genetic ataxia is caused by a defective gene that is passed down through the generations. […] Idiopathic ataxia is when medical professionals are unable to determine any genetic mutation, illness, injury, or other causes. […] Ataxia occurs as a result of damage to the cells in the cerebellum, and it includes infections, vitamin deficiencies, specific medications, genetic disorders, head trauma, autoimmune diseases, etc. […] The severity and cure of ataxia depend on the underlying cause.
#53 Ataxia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/brain/ataxia-types-brain-and-nervous-system
Ataxia can have many different causes. […] There are different causes for it. Some are genetic, some are acquired, like injuries, and some have no known cause. […] You can inherit a certain mutated, or changed, gene from one or both of your parents that causes ataxia. Or you may inherit a mutated gene that causes a disorder with ataxia as a symptom. […] Acquired ataxia occurs when you have damage to your spinal cord or nerves. The damage might be from an injury or an illness. […] When you haven’t inherited a mutated gene or had an illness or injury that could have caused your ataxia, it’s called idiopathic ataxia. Your doctor will diagnose you with idiopathic ataxia if they can’t find a medical reason for your ataxia symptoms. […] The most common idiopathic ataxia is called multiple system atrophy, or MSA. Doctors haven’t pinned down possible causes for this group of ataxias. They may come from a combination of environmental factors and genetic causes.
#54 What is Ataxia? – National Ataxia Foundation
https://www.ataxia.org/what-is-ataxia/
Acquired Ataxias […] There is a large group of people who have symptoms of Ataxia that usually begin in adulthood, appear âout of nowhereâ, and who have no known family history of the disease. With acquired Ataxia, there is an external cause, which means a person developed it because of something that happened during their life. This can include many different problems and events such as vitamin deficiencies, autoimmune conditions, some infections, exposure to toxic substances or drugs (especially alcohol), various cancers, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and many more. […] Sporadic Ataxia occurs without any evidence that it was inherited from a family member or acquired through an external cause. It can be difficult to diagnose. Other forms of Ataxia must be ruled out before a diagnosis of Sporadic Ataxia can be made. This disease is termed âneurodegenerativeâ because the nerve cells in the cerebellum gradually disappear over time without a known cause.
#55 Ataxia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562284/
Ataxia may occur due to abnormalities in the nervous system’s different areas, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and nerve roots. The different types of ataxia often have similar or overlapping causes in the same patient. […] Ataxia can also subdivide into sporadic (patients have no family history of ataxia and manifest in adulthood), hereditary (caused by a defect in a gene and manifesting in childhood), and acquired (due to structural or demyelinating conditions, toxicity, paraneoplastic, inflammatory or infections, and autoimmune conditions). […] Ataxia may occur due to abnormalities in the nervous system’s different areas, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and nerve roots. The different types of ataxia often have similar or overlapping causes in the same patient. […] Focal lesions – due to tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or inflammation
#56 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Lasting ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain that controls muscle coordination, known as the cerebellum. […] Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum controls muscle coordination. Many conditions can cause ataxia, including genetic conditions, stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases and alcohol misuse. Certain medicines also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia is caused by damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain and connects to the brainstem. The cerebellum helps control balance, eye movements, swallowing and speech. […] There are three major groups of ataxia causes: acquired, degenerative and hereditary.
#57 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. […] This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams. […] Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. […] Different gene changes cause different types of ataxia. Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms.
#58
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ataxia/causes/
Ataxia is usually caused by damage to a part of the brain known as the cerebellum, but it can also be caused by damage to the spinal cord or other nerves. […] Damage can occur as a result of injury or illness (acquired ataxia) or because the cerebellum or spinal cord degenerates because of an inherited faulty gene (hereditary ataxia). […] Acquired ataxia can have a wide range of potential causes, including: severe head injury after a car crash or fall, for example; bacterial brain infection, such as meningitis or encephalitis; viral infection; conditions that disrupt the supply of blood to the brain, such as a stroke; cerebral palsy; multiple sclerosis; sustained long-term alcohol misuse; an underactive thyroid gland; vitamin B12 deficiency; brain tumours and other types of cancer; certain toxic chemicals; medications such as benzodiazepines.
#59 Immune-Mediated – National Ataxia Foundation
https://www.ataxia.org/immune-mediated/
Immune-mediated Ataxias are a group of neurological disorders caused when someoneâs immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the cerebellum (the coordination center of the brain) and related brain regions. Many underlying triggers can cause this mistaken immune response, such as an infection, gluten reactivity, surgery, or hidden cancer. […] The symptoms of Immune-Mediated Ataxias can occur at any age. There are more treatment options for Immune-Mediated Ataxias than for other Ataxia types. […] If the underlying immune response causing the Ataxia is treated and stopped, the Ataxia symptoms may also stop. […] The type of treatment varies depending on the kinds of Immune-Mediated Ataxia someone has, all with the goal of stopping the immune response. […] A neurological examination is used to determine if someone has Ataxia symptoms. Then an Immune-Mediated Ataxia diagnosis is usually made through exclusion. This means that other known causes of Ataxia, like genetic Ataxias, are ruled out until the only remaining causes are related to the immune system.
#60 Immune-Mediated – National Ataxia Foundation
https://www.ataxia.org/immune-mediated/
Immune-mediated Ataxias are a group of neurological disorders caused when someoneâs immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the cerebellum (the coordination center of the brain) and related brain regions. Many underlying triggers can cause this mistaken immune response, such as an infection, gluten reactivity, surgery, or hidden cancer. […] The symptoms of Immune-Mediated Ataxias can occur at any age. There are more treatment options for Immune-Mediated Ataxias than for other Ataxia types. […] If the underlying immune response causing the Ataxia is treated and stopped, the Ataxia symptoms may also stop. […] The type of treatment varies depending on the kinds of Immune-Mediated Ataxia someone has, all with the goal of stopping the immune response. […] A neurological examination is used to determine if someone has Ataxia symptoms. Then an Immune-Mediated Ataxia diagnosis is usually made through exclusion. This means that other known causes of Ataxia, like genetic Ataxias, are ruled out until the only remaining causes are related to the immune system.
#61 Immune-Mediated – National Ataxia Foundation
https://www.ataxia.org/immune-mediated/
Immune-mediated Ataxias are a group of neurological disorders caused when someoneâs immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the cerebellum (the coordination center of the brain) and related brain regions. Many underlying triggers can cause this mistaken immune response, such as an infection, gluten reactivity, surgery, or hidden cancer. […] The symptoms of Immune-Mediated Ataxias can occur at any age. There are more treatment options for Immune-Mediated Ataxias than for other Ataxia types. […] If the underlying immune response causing the Ataxia is treated and stopped, the Ataxia symptoms may also stop. […] The type of treatment varies depending on the kinds of Immune-Mediated Ataxia someone has, all with the goal of stopping the immune response. […] A neurological examination is used to determine if someone has Ataxia symptoms. Then an Immune-Mediated Ataxia diagnosis is usually made through exclusion. This means that other known causes of Ataxia, like genetic Ataxias, are ruled out until the only remaining causes are related to the immune system.
#62 Ataxia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia
Ataxia may depend on hereditary disorders consisting of degeneration of the cerebellum or of the spine; most cases feature both to some extent, and therefore present with overlapping cerebellar and sensory ataxia, even though one is often more evident than the other. […] ArnoldChiari malformation is a malformation of the brain. […] Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder where mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene results in the accumulation of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the body. […] Wilson’s disease is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder whereby an alteration of the ATP7B gene results in an inability to properly excrete copper from the body. […] Gluten ataxia is an autoimmune disease derived from celiac disease, which is triggered by the ingestion of gluten. […] Malfunction of the sodium-potassium pump may be a factor in some ataxias. […] Antibodies against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: enzyme changing glutamate into GABA) cause cerebellar deficits.
#63 Causes of progressive cerebellar ataxia: prospective evaluation of 1500 patients | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/88/4/301
Cerebellar ataxias are the result of diverse disease processes that can be genetic or acquired. Establishing a diagnosis requires a methodical approach with expert clinical evaluation and investigations. We describe the causes of ataxia in 1500 patients with cerebellar ataxia. […] The commonest cause of sporadic ataxia was gluten ataxia (25%). A genetic cause was identified in 156 (13%) of sporadic cases with other causes being alcohol excess (12%) and cerebellar variant of multiple system atrophy (11%). […] Immune-mediated ataxias are common. Advances in genetic testing have significantly improved the diagnostic yield of patients suspected of having a genetic ataxia. Making a diagnosis of the cause of ataxia is essential due to potential therapeutic interventions for immune and some genetic ataxias.
#64 Causes of progressive cerebellar ataxia: prospective evaluation of 1500 patients | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/88/4/301
Cerebellar ataxias are the result of diverse disease processes that can be genetic or acquired. Establishing a diagnosis requires a methodical approach with expert clinical evaluation and investigations. We describe the causes of ataxia in 1500 patients with cerebellar ataxia. […] The commonest cause of sporadic ataxia was gluten ataxia (25%). A genetic cause was identified in 156 (13%) of sporadic cases with other causes being alcohol excess (12%) and cerebellar variant of multiple system atrophy (11%). […] Immune-mediated ataxias are common. Advances in genetic testing have significantly improved the diagnostic yield of patients suspected of having a genetic ataxia. Making a diagnosis of the cause of ataxia is essential due to potential therapeutic interventions for immune and some genetic ataxias.
#65 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
This condition may cause ataxia. […] Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. […] Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. […] These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. […] An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum. […] Brain damage may cause ataxia. […] This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.
#66 SciELO Brazil – Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge
https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/5ZyfwGCMzq958DwWybnKg4F/
The pathogenesis of alcoholic cerebellar degeneration includes both: the direct toxic effect of the alcohol to the cerebellum and the consequences of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. […] Besides alcohol, other substances abuse or exposure may also cause or exacerbate the already pre-existing ataxia. The main substances causing toxic ataxia are: lithium, phenytoin, amiodarone, toluene and some chemotherapys (5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside). […] Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is an immune-mediated disorder that affects cerebellar cortex, usually associated with the following neoplastic diseases: small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. […] Immune-mediated ataxias include: gluten ataxia, ataxia associated with antibodies against the glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
#67 Ataxia: Types, symptoms, treatment, and causes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/162368
Ataxia can result from: a genetic feature, a health condition that leads to nerve damage, such as a stroke or MS, a vitamin B-12 deficiency, an immunological problem. […] Many conditions and other factors can cause ataxia, including multiple sclerosis (MS), head trauma, excessive alcohol intake, a stroke, cerebral palsy, genetics, and tumors. […] Some tumors cause ataxia due to a paraneoplastic syndrome. These tumors, which are typically ovarian, produce chemicals that impair the cerebellum. Ataxia is the main symptom. […] Inherited ataxia can develop when a parent (or both parents) pass a genetic defect to their child. […] Acquired ataxia can also result from brain surgery, a brain tumor, or a head injury, excessive use of alcohol or drugs, some infections, such as chickenpox, exposure to toxic chemicals, some neurological conditions, including MS and cerebral palsy, stroke.
#68 SciELO Brazil – Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge
https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/5ZyfwGCMzq958DwWybnKg4F/
The pathogenesis of alcoholic cerebellar degeneration includes both: the direct toxic effect of the alcohol to the cerebellum and the consequences of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. […] Besides alcohol, other substances abuse or exposure may also cause or exacerbate the already pre-existing ataxia. The main substances causing toxic ataxia are: lithium, phenytoin, amiodarone, toluene and some chemotherapys (5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside). […] Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is an immune-mediated disorder that affects cerebellar cortex, usually associated with the following neoplastic diseases: small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. […] Immune-mediated ataxias include: gluten ataxia, ataxia associated with antibodies against the glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
#69 Ataxia – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.1.
Ataxia is an impairment of motor coordination that makes it difficult to perform smooth and precise movements. It is due to disorders causing damage to the cerebellum or cerebellar systems (cerebellar ataxia) or damage to the afferent proprioceptive pathways at the level of peripheral nerves or dorsal columns of the spinal cord (sensory ataxia). […] Causes of cerebellar ataxia: 1) Toxic (alcohol and drugs [eg, phenytoin, barbiturates, lithium]). 2) Vascular (ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke). 3) Infectious or postinfectious (viral cerebellitis, HIV infection, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease). 4) Inflammatory (multiple sclerosis, ataxia associated with antiglutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD] antibody, glucocorticoid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis). 5) Neoplastic (metastatic tumors, primary tumors, paraneoplastic syndromes). 6) Metabolic (vitamin E deficiency, vitamin B1 deficiency [Wernicke encephalopathy], celiac disease, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism). 7) Neurodegenerative (multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type; Wilson disease; spinocerebellar ataxias; Friedreich ataxia [mixed cerebellar and sensory ataxia]). 8) Structural (Arnold-Chiari malformation).
#70 Ataxia | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ataxia
Researchers have identified more than 40 spinocerebellar ataxia genes, and the number continues to grow. […] This is the most common hereditary ataxia. It involves damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. […] This is the most common cause of ataxia that happens later in life. […] This rare childhood disease causes degeneration in the brain and immune system. […] This type of ataxia results from damage to the cerebellum that’s present at birth. […] In people with this condition, copper builds up in the brain, liver and other organs. This can cause ataxia and other symptoms.
#71 Ataxia. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. ClÃnica Universidad de Navarra
https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/ataxia
Degenerative ataxias such as multisystemic atrophy in which other alterations such as parkinsonism are associated. […] They are classified according to the pattern of inheritance into autosomal dominant (known as ACS), recessive (the most frequent is Friedreich’s ataxia), X-linked and associated with mitochondrial diseases. […] In all of them there is as a predominant symptom a progressive ataxia that leads to the loss of ambulation in about 15 years. […] The treatment of ataxia depends on its origin. Some patients are treatable with specific interventions, as may be the case of some ataxias of deficiency or metabolic origin, surgical or chemotherapeutic treatment in cases of ataxia of tumorous cause or in ataxias of immunological origin, with the use of immunomodulatory drugs.
#72
https://journals.lww.com/mjdy/fulltext/2023/16040/etiology_and_course_of_cerebellar_ataxia__a_study.21.aspx
In the present study conducted from eastern India, cerebellar ataxia was predominated by SCA in which SCA2 was most common followed by SCA3, SCA1, SCA6, and SCA12. […] Following this, autoimmune/paraneoplastic category (Anti-GAD antibody, Anti-Gliadin antibody, Anti-NMDAR antibody, Anti-Yo antibody, Anti-Hu antibody, Anti-Tr antibody, and Anti-TPO antibody positive SREAT), MSA-C, Wilsons disease and Multiple sclerosis formed a major part of cerebellar ataxias. […] The treatable ataxias showed improvement, the extent of which differed according to the etiology. […] The autoimmune disorders showed favorable response to treatment, although with some variability across the different etiologies. […] HIV-associated PML was the most rapidly progressive disorder. MSA-C showed a faster rate of progression than all the genetic causes of ataxia. Among the genetic disorders, Friedreichs ataxia, Huntingtons disease, and KSS showed quicker progression than SCA. In the SCA group, in contrast to studies from Western countries, we found the fastest rate of progression in SCA3.
#73 Ataxia. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. ClÃnica Universidad de Navarra
https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/ataxia
Degenerative ataxias such as multisystemic atrophy in which other alterations such as parkinsonism are associated. […] They are classified according to the pattern of inheritance into autosomal dominant (known as ACS), recessive (the most frequent is Friedreich’s ataxia), X-linked and associated with mitochondrial diseases. […] In all of them there is as a predominant symptom a progressive ataxia that leads to the loss of ambulation in about 15 years. […] The treatment of ataxia depends on its origin. Some patients are treatable with specific interventions, as may be the case of some ataxias of deficiency or metabolic origin, surgical or chemotherapeutic treatment in cases of ataxia of tumorous cause or in ataxias of immunological origin, with the use of immunomodulatory drugs.
#74 Friedreich Ataxia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150420-overview
Friedreich ataxia (FA, FRDA, FRIEDREICH ATAXIA 1, OMIM# *229300) is an autosomal recessive ataxia resulting from a mutation of a gene locus on chromosome 9. […] FA was the earliest of the inherited ataxias to be distinguished from other locomotor ataxias and is the most common of the autosomal recessive ataxias. It accounts for at least 50% of cases of hereditary ataxias in most large series. […] Friedreich ataxia is a relatively common disorder. It is the most common autosomal recessive ataxia, accounting for approximately 50% of all cases of hereditary ataxia. […] Overall, the FA carrier rate has been estimated recently to be 1 in 60 to 1 in 90 with a disease prevalence of 1 per 29,000. […] Friedreich ataxia is most prevalent in white populations. Most FA carriers and affected FA patients are believed to originate from a common European ancestor who lived more than 10,000 years ago. […] The onset of Friedreich ataxia is early; it typically presents in children aged 8-15 years and almost always presents before age 20 years.
#75 Friedreich Ataxia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150420-overview
Friedreich ataxia (FA, FRDA, FRIEDREICH ATAXIA 1, OMIM# *229300) is an autosomal recessive ataxia resulting from a mutation of a gene locus on chromosome 9. […] FA was the earliest of the inherited ataxias to be distinguished from other locomotor ataxias and is the most common of the autosomal recessive ataxias. It accounts for at least 50% of cases of hereditary ataxias in most large series. […] Friedreich ataxia is a relatively common disorder. It is the most common autosomal recessive ataxia, accounting for approximately 50% of all cases of hereditary ataxia. […] Overall, the FA carrier rate has been estimated recently to be 1 in 60 to 1 in 90 with a disease prevalence of 1 per 29,000. […] Friedreich ataxia is most prevalent in white populations. Most FA carriers and affected FA patients are believed to originate from a common European ancestor who lived more than 10,000 years ago. […] The onset of Friedreich ataxia is early; it typically presents in children aged 8-15 years and almost always presents before age 20 years.
#76 Friedreich’s ataxia | Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/friedreichs-ataxia
Friedreichs ataxia is caused by changes in a gene called FXN, which is located on chromosome 9. This altered gene interferes with the production of a protein called frataxin. […] Friedreichs ataxia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning both parents have one altered gene, but dont exhibit any symptoms themselves, since they have a second healthy copy. […] The children of parents who are both healthy carriers of a single altered FXN gene each have a 25 per cent chance of being affected by Friedreichs ataxia and a 50 per cent chance of being carriers like their parents. […] The symptoms of Friedreichs ataxia are caused by the gradual deterioration of the neurones in the cerebellum and spinal cord, which prevents electrical messages from passing smoothly between neurones and muscles, leading to poor coordination and movement. […] Research into the function of the deficient protein, frataxin, may offer potential for future beneficial treatments.
#77 What causes ataxia? | Paris Brain Institute
https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/ataxias/what-causes-ataxia
This ataxia is due to mutations in the X25 gene, which encodes a protein called FRATAXINE that regulates the amount of iron in the mitochondria, a small structure essential for the survival of cells such as neurons. […] When frataxin is mutated, it accumulates in the mitochondria, leading to dysfunction of the cerebellum. […] This ataxia usually begins around 1 or 2 years of age. As with other ataxia, the symptoms observed are caused by an excess of neuronal death in the cerebellum, as neurons are unable to repair their DNA due to a lack of functional ATM protein.
#78 Friedreich’s ataxia | Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/friedreichs-ataxia
Friedreichs ataxia is caused by changes in a gene called FXN, which is located on chromosome 9. This altered gene interferes with the production of a protein called frataxin. […] Friedreichs ataxia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning both parents have one altered gene, but dont exhibit any symptoms themselves, since they have a second healthy copy. […] The children of parents who are both healthy carriers of a single altered FXN gene each have a 25 per cent chance of being affected by Friedreichs ataxia and a 50 per cent chance of being carriers like their parents. […] The symptoms of Friedreichs ataxia are caused by the gradual deterioration of the neurones in the cerebellum and spinal cord, which prevents electrical messages from passing smoothly between neurones and muscles, leading to poor coordination and movement. […] Research into the function of the deficient protein, frataxin, may offer potential for future beneficial treatments.
#79 Ataxia – UF Health
https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ataxia
Ataxia can be a symptom within a range of disorders or can occur as a standalone movement disorder. […] Ataxia can refer to a group of disorders or as a symptom of a specific disease. […] Ataxia symptoms can be caused by a variety of factors including: Genetic changes (inherited ataxias), Injury, inflammation, stroke, tumors, or infections (acquired ataxias), No determinable cause (idiopathic ataxias). […] Because the term ataxia covers multiple types of ataxia, there are also many possible causes. The most common causes fall into one of three categories: Inherited ataxia develops because of changes or mutations in genes. […] Acquired ataxia develops because of an infection or injury, toxin or nutritional deficiency. […] Idiopathic ataxia develops without a known reason or cause.
#80 Causes Of Ataxia: Genetic, Autoimmune, And Environmental Factors – Klarity Health Library
https://my.klarity.health/causes-of-ataxia-genetic-autoimmune-and-environmental-factors/
Ataxia can be categorised as hereditary, meaning they have a genetic cause, or acquired, meaning it is triggered by environmental factors or another condition. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis depend on the cause and type of ataxia. […] Hereditary ataxias are caused by genetic mutations. Genetic mutations may be inherited from parents or may develop spontaneously. […] In autoimmune ataxia, this autoimmune response affects the cerebellum and other areas of the brain responsible for balance, leading to degeneration. […] Several immune-mediated conditions result in ataxia, including: Gluten ataxia. […] Toxic substances can cause death or dysfunction in the cells of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum, causing ataxia. […] Vitamin deficiencies can cause ataxia, due to their integral role in neuronal function, activity and stability. […] Ataxia may also be caused by an infection, which can trigger an inflammatory process such as acute cerebellitis. […] Other causes of ataxia may include age-related degenerative, brain malformations, trauma or hyperthermia.
#81 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia. […] Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
#82 Ataxia: Definition, Causes, Types & Symptoms
https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/ataxia
Ataxia may arise from autoimmune or inflammatory conditions including: Behcetâs disease, Celiac disease, Multiple sclerosis, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Sarcoidosis. […] There are several rare hereditary ataxias including: Ataxia telangiectasia, Episodic ataxia, Friedreichâs ataxia, Spinocerebellar ataxias, Wilsonâs disease. […] Infectious causes of temporary ataxia include: Chickenpox, Coxsackie disease, Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), Lyme disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia. […] Metabolic disorders and nutritional deficiencies can cause ataxia including: Hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid gland), Thyroid diseases, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin E deficiency. […] Several types of medications can cause ataxia as a side effect including: Antiarrhythmics, such as amiodarone (Cordarone), Antiseizure medicines, such as carbamazepine (Tegretol) and phenytoin (Dilantin), Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium), Certain cancer chemotherapies, Cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune), Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid).
#83 Advancing Ataxia Awareness
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/advancing-ataxia-awareness
For acquired ataxia, such as alcohol or drug-induced cases, the prognosis improves when the underlying cause is treated and triggering factors are eliminated. […] At present, no cure exists for hereditary ataxia. However, treatment options vary based on the underlying cause. When ataxia results from conditions such as stroke, toxic exposure, or hypothyroidism, treatment targets these specific causes. Some forms, such as those caused by vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 deficiencies, can be reversed with appropriate medication. […] People with ataxia face various complications depending on the type and severity of their condition. Most significantly, patients may develop rigidity and breathing difficulties, with severe cases leading to potentially fatal choking episodes. Those confined to bed face additional risks of pressure ulcers and infections. In the most severe cases, patients may require ventilation support, feeding tubes, and specialized airway management.
#84 Causes Of Ataxia: Genetic, Autoimmune, And Environmental Factors – Klarity Health Library
https://my.klarity.health/causes-of-ataxia-genetic-autoimmune-and-environmental-factors/
Ataxia can be categorised as hereditary, meaning they have a genetic cause, or acquired, meaning it is triggered by environmental factors or another condition. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis depend on the cause and type of ataxia. […] Hereditary ataxias are caused by genetic mutations. Genetic mutations may be inherited from parents or may develop spontaneously. […] In autoimmune ataxia, this autoimmune response affects the cerebellum and other areas of the brain responsible for balance, leading to degeneration. […] Several immune-mediated conditions result in ataxia, including: Gluten ataxia. […] Toxic substances can cause death or dysfunction in the cells of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum, causing ataxia. […] Vitamin deficiencies can cause ataxia, due to their integral role in neuronal function, activity and stability. […] Ataxia may also be caused by an infection, which can trigger an inflammatory process such as acute cerebellitis. […] Other causes of ataxia may include age-related degenerative, brain malformations, trauma or hyperthermia.
#85 SciELO Brazil – Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge Adult onset sporadic ataxias: a diagnostic challenge
https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/5ZyfwGCMzq958DwWybnKg4F/
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency may cause ataxia in the context of Wernicke encephalopathy (ataxia, confusion and ophthalmoparesis), a condition more frequently observed in alcoholics. […] To diagnosis the exact etiology of a adult onset sporadic ataxia is a challenge. Careful attention to history, neurological examination and imaging features is crucial to guide investigations and shorten the long list of diagnostic possibilities in a patient with sporadic and non-familiar adult-onset ataxia.
#86 SciELO Brazil – Acute cerebellar ataxia: differential diagnosis and clinical approach Acute cerebellar ataxia: differential diagnosis and clinical approach
https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/NKwNPtFnhDz3zWNh7Gvv7nd/
Acute cerebellar ataxia is commonly seen in neurological practice and patients are initially seen by clinicians at the emergency department. There is a wide array of causes of ACA, including vascular, neoplastic, nutritional, metabolic, immune-mediated, infectious, toxic and paraneoplastic. […] Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and B12 deficiencies may cause ACA or subacute ataxia. […] Cerebellar stroke accounts for approximately 2% to 3% of all strokes. […] Primary brain tumors, such as meningiomas and gliomas, as well as metastatic tumors secondary to melanoma, breast and lung cancer, may present with acute ataxia. […] Metabolic and genetic diseases associated with acute ataxias are more commonly observed in children, and hardly ever occur in adults.
#87 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652
Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia. […] Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia. […] Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. […] Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia. […] Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
#88 What Is Ataxia?
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/ataxia
In case of triggering factors or other infections causing ataxia, then it can be entirely treated by removing the triggering elements. […] However, if ataxia arises due to genetic mutation and it is hereditary, then there is no cure for it, and it remains permanent. […] The development and symptoms of ataxia can be controlled with the following: vitamin E supplements, drugs like Acetazolamide, avoiding factors like caffeine and stress triggers episodes of ataxia. […] Ataxia can be diagnosed with genetic testing and imaging modalities like MRI. […] In addition, if ataxia arises due to any tumor or clot in the cerebellar region of the brain, then an MRI would help identify it.
#89 Cerebellar ataxia: Causes, symptoms and diagnosis | Kenhub
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cerebellar-ataxia
Another underlying cause of cerebellar ataxia is hypothyroidism. […] Sometimes cerebellar ataxia can result from infection, which causes inflammation in the cerebellum, impairing its ability to function normally. […] Cerebellar ataxia can also be a result of trauma to the head, or bleeding on the brain. […] Both cancerous and noncancerous tumours can lead to cerebellar ataxia by affecting the structure of the cerebellum, by placing pressure on it, or causing it to become inflamed. […] Cerebral palsy is a condition that affects movement, and is a result of brain injury either before, during, or shortly after birth. If the injury damages the cerebellum, cerebral ataxia can occur. […] Some cerebellar ataxia has no clear cause, and is the result of cerebellar degeneration that has no genetic factor. This type of ataxia is known as idiopathic late onset cerebellar ataxia (ILOCA).
#90 Cerebellar ataxia: Causes, symptoms and diagnosis | Kenhub
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cerebellar-ataxia
Another underlying cause of cerebellar ataxia is hypothyroidism. […] Sometimes cerebellar ataxia can result from infection, which causes inflammation in the cerebellum, impairing its ability to function normally. […] Cerebellar ataxia can also be a result of trauma to the head, or bleeding on the brain. […] Both cancerous and noncancerous tumours can lead to cerebellar ataxia by affecting the structure of the cerebellum, by placing pressure on it, or causing it to become inflamed. […] Cerebral palsy is a condition that affects movement, and is a result of brain injury either before, during, or shortly after birth. If the injury damages the cerebellum, cerebral ataxia can occur. […] Some cerebellar ataxia has no clear cause, and is the result of cerebellar degeneration that has no genetic factor. This type of ataxia is known as idiopathic late onset cerebellar ataxia (ILOCA).
#91 Acute cerebellar ataxia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001397.htm
Treatment depends on the cause: If the acute cerebellar ataxia is due to bleeding, surgery may be needed. For an ischemic stroke, medicine to thin the blood can be given. Removing a blood clot from within the blood vessels may also be needed. Infections may need to be treated with antibiotics or antivirals. Corticosteroids may be needed for swelling (inflammation) of the cerebellum (such as from multiple sclerosis). Cerebellar ataxia caused by a recent viral infection may not need treatment. Physical therapy may be needed to reduce risk of falling. […] People whose condition was caused by a recent viral infection should make a full recovery without treatment in a few months. Strokes, bleeding, or infections may cause permanent symptoms.
#92 Causes Of Ataxia: Genetic, Autoimmune, And Environmental Factors – Klarity Health Library
https://my.klarity.health/causes-of-ataxia-genetic-autoimmune-and-environmental-factors/
Ataxia can be categorised as hereditary, meaning they have a genetic cause, or acquired, meaning it is triggered by environmental factors or another condition. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis depend on the cause and type of ataxia. […] Hereditary ataxias are caused by genetic mutations. Genetic mutations may be inherited from parents or may develop spontaneously. […] In autoimmune ataxia, this autoimmune response affects the cerebellum and other areas of the brain responsible for balance, leading to degeneration. […] Several immune-mediated conditions result in ataxia, including: Gluten ataxia. […] Toxic substances can cause death or dysfunction in the cells of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum, causing ataxia. […] Vitamin deficiencies can cause ataxia, due to their integral role in neuronal function, activity and stability. […] Ataxia may also be caused by an infection, which can trigger an inflammatory process such as acute cerebellitis. […] Other causes of ataxia may include age-related degenerative, brain malformations, trauma or hyperthermia.
#93 Ataxia
https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/ataxia/
Ataxia is defined as unsteadiness, imbalance or clumsiness due to uncoordinated muscle movements, and presents as abnormal gait, speech or motor skills […] Assessment focuses on a thorough evaluation for serious and treatable causes including CNS infection or inflammation, trauma, stroke, toxin ingestion and mass lesions […] Post-infectious acute cerebellar ataxia is the most common cause, it is self-limiting and is a diagnosis of exclusion […] Common causes of acute ataxia include post-infectious acute cerebellar ataxia, toxins, tumours, and trauma […] Treatment will depend on cause, children with a presentation consistent with post-infectious acute cerebellar ataxia generally require no treatment.
#94 Acute cerebellar ataxia in children – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-cerebellar-ataxia-in-children
Acute cerebellar ataxia is a syndrome that occurs in previously well children, often presenting as a postinfectious disorder. […] Acute cerebellar ataxia usually occurs after an acute febrile illness, though it may occur unheralded. Varicella infection-induced cases, once the most common single postinfectious cause, has diminished due to vaccination. […] Numerous other infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute cerebellar ataxia, including coxsackievirus, echovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A, herpes simplex virus I, human herpesvirus 6, measles, mumps, parvovirus B19, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), malaria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and typhoid fever. […] The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie acute cerebellar ataxia have not been definitively established but are believed to be autoimmune.
#95 Acute cerebellar ataxia in children – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-cerebellar-ataxia-in-children
Acute cerebellar ataxia is a syndrome that occurs in previously well children, often presenting as a postinfectious disorder. […] Acute cerebellar ataxia usually occurs after an acute febrile illness, though it may occur unheralded. Varicella infection-induced cases, once the most common single postinfectious cause, has diminished due to vaccination. […] Numerous other infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute cerebellar ataxia, including coxsackievirus, echovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A, herpes simplex virus I, human herpesvirus 6, measles, mumps, parvovirus B19, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), malaria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and typhoid fever. […] The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie acute cerebellar ataxia have not been definitively established but are believed to be autoimmune.
#96 Acute cerebellar ataxia in children – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-cerebellar-ataxia-in-children
Acute cerebellar ataxia is a syndrome that occurs in previously well children, often presenting as a postinfectious disorder. […] Acute cerebellar ataxia usually occurs after an acute febrile illness, though it may occur unheralded. Varicella infection-induced cases, once the most common single postinfectious cause, has diminished due to vaccination. […] Numerous other infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute cerebellar ataxia, including coxsackievirus, echovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A, herpes simplex virus I, human herpesvirus 6, measles, mumps, parvovirus B19, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), malaria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and typhoid fever. […] The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie acute cerebellar ataxia have not been definitively established but are believed to be autoimmune.
#97 Ataxia – Hancock Health
https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/ataxia/
Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. Many conditions can cause ataxia, including genetic conditions, stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases and alcohol misuse. […] Ataxia is caused by damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. […] There are three major groups of ataxia causes: acquired, degenerative and hereditary. […] Long-term excess alcohol use may cause persistent ataxia. Ataxia may improve by staying away from alcohol completely. […] Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia.
#98 Common Causes of Ataxia in Children – ACEP Now
https://www.acepnow.com/article/common-causes-of-ataxia-in-children/
Ataxia in children can be fear-inducing for parents. […] A recent 11-year retrospective study performed at a tertiary-care outpatient Pediatric Neurology clinic identified 120 children with acute ataxia. Acute ataxia was defined as ataxia less than or equal to 4 weeks and the authors excluded children with underlying neurological diagnoses that could explain the ataxia. The study identified 120 children with ataxia and 82 percent were 1 to 6 years in age and 16 percent were older than 6 years of age. Acute post-infectious cerebellar ataxia was the most common diagnosis (59.2 percent; 71/120 patients), followed by drug intoxication (8.3 percent; 10/120 patients), and opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia (8.3 percent; 10/120 patients). […] Specific to the ED setting, theres some data on this topic but not a ton. A multi-center retrospective study of 11 Italian pediatric emergency departments identified 509 children with acute ataxia over an 8-year period. Like the above studies, the most common identified cause of acute ataxia in this study was also acute post-infectious cerebellar ataxia (33.6 percent; 171 cases), followed by CNS tumors (11.2 percent; 57 cases), and migraine disorders (8.3 percent; 42 cases). Only 35 cases (6.9 percent) were secondary to drug overdose or substance abuse.
#99 Common Causes of Ataxia in Children – ACEP Now
https://www.acepnow.com/article/common-causes-of-ataxia-in-children/
Ataxia in children can be fear-inducing for parents. […] A recent 11-year retrospective study performed at a tertiary-care outpatient Pediatric Neurology clinic identified 120 children with acute ataxia. Acute ataxia was defined as ataxia less than or equal to 4 weeks and the authors excluded children with underlying neurological diagnoses that could explain the ataxia. The study identified 120 children with ataxia and 82 percent were 1 to 6 years in age and 16 percent were older than 6 years of age. Acute post-infectious cerebellar ataxia was the most common diagnosis (59.2 percent; 71/120 patients), followed by drug intoxication (8.3 percent; 10/120 patients), and opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia (8.3 percent; 10/120 patients). […] Specific to the ED setting, theres some data on this topic but not a ton. A multi-center retrospective study of 11 Italian pediatric emergency departments identified 509 children with acute ataxia over an 8-year period. Like the above studies, the most common identified cause of acute ataxia in this study was also acute post-infectious cerebellar ataxia (33.6 percent; 171 cases), followed by CNS tumors (11.2 percent; 57 cases), and migraine disorders (8.3 percent; 42 cases). Only 35 cases (6.9 percent) were secondary to drug overdose or substance abuse.
#100 Acute cerebellar ataxia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001397.htm
Treatment depends on the cause: If the acute cerebellar ataxia is due to bleeding, surgery may be needed. For an ischemic stroke, medicine to thin the blood can be given. Removing a blood clot from within the blood vessels may also be needed. Infections may need to be treated with antibiotics or antivirals. Corticosteroids may be needed for swelling (inflammation) of the cerebellum (such as from multiple sclerosis). Cerebellar ataxia caused by a recent viral infection may not need treatment. Physical therapy may be needed to reduce risk of falling. […] People whose condition was caused by a recent viral infection should make a full recovery without treatment in a few months. Strokes, bleeding, or infections may cause permanent symptoms.
#101 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#102 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#103 Ataxia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine
https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/ataxia/causes-and-diagnoses
Ataxia is caused by many different diseases. […] MRI can also help rule out other causes of ataxia such as stroke, tumors, MS and congenital malformations. […] Blood tests help uncover some causes of ataxia, such as: Vitamin deficiencies, Metabolic problems (like hypothyroidism), Infectious diseases (such as HIV and syphilis). […] Your care team may also perform genetic tests on blood samples. They will do this if they think the cause of ataxia is genetic.
#104 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#105 Ataxia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine
https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/ataxia/causes-and-diagnoses
Ataxia is caused by many different diseases. […] MRI can also help rule out other causes of ataxia such as stroke, tumors, MS and congenital malformations. […] Blood tests help uncover some causes of ataxia, such as: Vitamin deficiencies, Metabolic problems (like hypothyroidism), Infectious diseases (such as HIV and syphilis). […] Your care team may also perform genetic tests on blood samples. They will do this if they think the cause of ataxia is genetic.
#106 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#107 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#108 Ataxia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine
https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/ataxia/causes-and-diagnoses
Ataxia is caused by many different diseases. […] MRI can also help rule out other causes of ataxia such as stroke, tumors, MS and congenital malformations. […] Blood tests help uncover some causes of ataxia, such as: Vitamin deficiencies, Metabolic problems (like hypothyroidism), Infectious diseases (such as HIV and syphilis). […] Your care team may also perform genetic tests on blood samples. They will do this if they think the cause of ataxia is genetic.
#109 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#110 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#111 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
When diagnosing ataxia, your healthcare professional looks for a treatable cause. […] Blood tests. These might help find treatable causes of ataxia. […] Imaging studies. An MRI of the brain might help find the possible causes. […] A spinal tap, also known as lumbar puncture. This test may be helpful if an infection, swelling also called inflammation or certain diseases could be causing ataxia. […] Genetic testing. Your healthcare professional might recommend genetic testing to see if a gene change may be causing a condition that leads to ataxia. […] Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. […] If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.
#112 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
Symptoms such as stiffness, tremor and dizziness might improve with other medicines. […] Ataxia caused by conditions such as multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy might not be treatable. […] Some studies have found that aerobic and strength exercises may be beneficial for some people with ataxia.
#113 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
Symptoms such as stiffness, tremor and dizziness might improve with other medicines. […] Ataxia caused by conditions such as multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy might not be treatable. […] Some studies have found that aerobic and strength exercises may be beneficial for some people with ataxia.
#114 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655
Symptoms such as stiffness, tremor and dizziness might improve with other medicines. […] Ataxia caused by conditions such as multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy might not be treatable. […] Some studies have found that aerobic and strength exercises may be beneficial for some people with ataxia.
#115 Advancing Ataxia Awareness
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/advancing-ataxia-awareness
For acquired ataxia, such as alcohol or drug-induced cases, the prognosis improves when the underlying cause is treated and triggering factors are eliminated. […] At present, no cure exists for hereditary ataxia. However, treatment options vary based on the underlying cause. When ataxia results from conditions such as stroke, toxic exposure, or hypothyroidism, treatment targets these specific causes. Some forms, such as those caused by vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 deficiencies, can be reversed with appropriate medication. […] People with ataxia face various complications depending on the type and severity of their condition. Most significantly, patients may develop rigidity and breathing difficulties, with severe cases leading to potentially fatal choking episodes. Those confined to bed face additional risks of pressure ulcers and infections. In the most severe cases, patients may require ventilation support, feeding tubes, and specialized airway management.
#116 Advancing Ataxia Awareness
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/advancing-ataxia-awareness
Ataxias multiple causes make it a complex condition requiring careful clinical decision-making. A thorough patient history and examination are crucial steps in determining both cause and severity. Management demands a multidisciplinary approach, bringing together neurologists, nurses, pediatricians, internal medicine physicians, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, radiologists, and pharmacists. This collaborative team approach, emphasizing shared decision-making and communication, helps optimize patient outcomes.
#117 Diagnosis and management of progressive ataxia in adults | Practical Neurology
https://pn.bmj.com/content/19/3/196
Progressive ataxia in adults can be difficult to diagnose, owing to its heterogeneity and the rarity of individual causes. […] Many patients remain undiagnosed (idiopathic ataxia). […] Advances in molecular genetics, including the wider and cheaper availability of next-generation sequencing, have enabled clinicians to identify many more cases with a genetic cause. […] Finally, autoimmunity is probably an under-recognised cause of progressive ataxia: as well as patients with antigliadin antibodies there are smaller numbers with various antibodies, including some associated with cancer. […] Recent advances in molecular genetics have enabled the diagnosis of many more cases with a genetic cause. […] Autoimmunity may also be important (but under-recognised) in causing some progressive cerebellar ataxias.
#118 Diagnosis and management of progressive ataxia in adults | Practical Neurology
https://pn.bmj.com/content/19/3/196
Next-generation sequencing is already showing great promise for investigating patients with ataxia. […] Autoimmunity is increasingly recognised as a cause of progressive cerebellar ataxia. […] Taken together, these observations raise the possibility that immunity plays a critical role in causing cerebellar injury in some patients with ataxia.