Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Occupational asthma: Definitions, epidemiology, causes, and risk factors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/occupational-asthma-definitions-epidemiology-causes-and-risk-factors

  Occupational asthma (OA) is a form of work-related asthma characterized by variable airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation attributable to a particular exposure in the workplace and not due to stimuli encountered outside the workplace. […] Two types of OA are distinguished based on their appearance after a latency period: (1) OA caused by workplace sensitizers: allergic or immunological (with a latency period); (2) OA caused by irritants: nonallergic or nonimmunologic, irritant-induced asthma. […] Occupational asthma accounts for approximately 10 to 25 percent of adult onset asthma. […] In the case of allergic OA, a high degree of clinical suspicion is needed as the asymptomatic latency period of exposure for sensitization varies from a few months to several years, depending on several factors, including the intensity of exposure, the specific sensitizing agent, and individual susceptibility. […] Several terms are used to define the various forms of work-related asthma: Occupational asthma (OA) begins during adulthood and is induced by exposure to immunologic or nonimmunologic stimuli found in the workplace.

• #2 Diagnosis of Occupational Asthma – Quirce S, Sastre J (Updated 2020)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/diagnosis-of-occupational-asthma-quirce-s-sastre-j-updated-2020?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Occupational allergy refers to those disorders or conditions that are caused by exposure to allergenic substances in the work environment. […] Occupational rhinitis and occupational asthma (OA) are usually due to an allergic response to high or low molecular weight agents, either through the interaction with specific IgE antibodies or by other immune mechanisms. […] Less commonly, OA can result from high level irritant exposures at work. […] About 400 agents encountered in the workplace have been reported to induce OA in susceptible individuals. These agents can be divided into three major categories based on their pathogenesis: high-molecular weight (HMW) agents, low-molecular weight (LMW) agents and irritants. […] OA is defined as a disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and/or airway hyperresponsiveness due to causes and conditions attributable to a particular environment and not to stimuli encountered outside the workplace.

• #3 Occupational asthma: Definitions, epidemiology, causes, and risk factors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/occupational-asthma-definitions-epidemiology-causes-and-risk-factors

  Occupational asthma (OA) is a form of work-related asthma characterized by variable airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation attributable to a particular exposure in the workplace and not due to stimuli encountered outside the workplace. […] Two types of OA are distinguished based on their appearance after a latency period: (1) OA caused by workplace sensitizers: allergic or immunological (with a latency period); (2) OA caused by irritants: nonallergic or nonimmunologic, irritant-induced asthma. […] Occupational asthma accounts for approximately 10 to 25 percent of adult onset asthma. […] In the case of allergic OA, a high degree of clinical suspicion is needed as the asymptomatic latency period of exposure for sensitization varies from a few months to several years, depending on several factors, including the intensity of exposure, the specific sensitizing agent, and individual susceptibility. […] Several terms are used to define the various forms of work-related asthma: Occupational asthma (OA) begins during adulthood and is induced by exposure to immunologic or nonimmunologic stimuli found in the workplace.

• #4 Causes and Phenotypes of Work-Related Asthma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7369698/

  Work-related asthma (WRA) includes heterogeneous conditions, which have in common (i) symptoms and signs compatible with asthma and (ii) a relationship with exposures in the workplace. The types of WRA described in this review are distinguished by their etiology, comprising of work-exacerbated asthma (WEA), irritant-induced asthma (IIA), and immunologic occupational asthma (OA). […] Health care practitioners should consider WRA in any case of adult asthma, given that one fifth of workers with asthma report symptoms of WEA and it has been estimated that OA represents 10% to 25% of asthma in adulthood. […] The information provided in this review will facilitate the physician in the recognition of the different forms of WRA, since it has been established that five categories of agents are responsible for at least 60% of WEA cases and seven groups of agents are the cause of 70% of immunologic OA.

• #5 Occupational asthma: Definitions, epidemiology, causes, and risk factors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/occupational-asthma-definitions-epidemiology-causes-and-risk-factors

  Occupational asthma (OA) is a form of work-related asthma characterized by variable airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation attributable to a particular exposure in the workplace and not due to stimuli encountered outside the workplace. […] Two types of OA are distinguished based on their appearance after a latency period: (1) OA caused by workplace sensitizers: allergic or immunological (with a latency period); (2) OA caused by irritants: nonallergic or nonimmunologic, irritant-induced asthma. […] Occupational asthma accounts for approximately 10 to 25 percent of adult onset asthma. […] In the case of allergic OA, a high degree of clinical suspicion is needed as the asymptomatic latency period of exposure for sensitization varies from a few months to several years, depending on several factors, including the intensity of exposure, the specific sensitizing agent, and individual susceptibility. […] Several terms are used to define the various forms of work-related asthma: Occupational asthma (OA) begins during adulthood and is induced by exposure to immunologic or nonimmunologic stimuli found in the workplace.

• #6 Occupational asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_asthma

  Occupational asthma is new onset asthma or the recurrence of previously quiescent asthma directly caused by exposure to an agent at workplace. It is an occupational lung disease and a type of work-related asthma. Agents that can induce occupational asthma can be grouped into sensitizers and irritants. […] Sensitizer-induced occupational asthma is an immunologic form of asthma which occurs due to inhalation of specific substances (i.e., high-molecular-weight proteins from plants and animal origins, or low-molecular-weight agents that include chemicals, metals and wood dusts) and occurs after a latency period of several weeks to years. […] Irritant-induced (occupational) asthma is a non-immunologic form of asthma that results from a single or multiple high dose exposure to irritant products.

• #7 Diagnosis of Occupational Asthma – Quirce S, Sastre J (Updated 2020)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/diagnosis-of-occupational-asthma-quirce-s-sastre-j-updated-2020?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Allergic OA is the most common type of OA, accounting for more than 90% of cases. […] Irritant-induced OA (IIOA) (or non-immunologic/non-allergic OA) is a form of OA characterized by the development of asthma (or the reactivation of quiescent asthma) caused by exposure to irritant substances at the workplace that are capable of inducing an inflammatory reaction of the airways and non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (NSBH) through non-sensitizing mechanisms. […] The causal relationship between exposure to irritants at the workplace and the inception of asthma can be documented with a reasonable level of confidence for asthma resulting from a single high-level or multiple exposures to irritants. […] The diagnosis of irritant-induced OA depends entirely on the clinical and occupational/environmental history, along with documentation of decreases in airway caliber and objective evidence of nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. […] The cornerstone for the diagnosis of occupational asthma is evidence of a causal relationship between exposure to the offending agent and both clinical symptoms and physiological changes.

• #8 Progress in Occupational Asthma

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4553

  The level of exposure to a sensitizing agent is the most recognized environmental risk factor for OA but evidences suggest that occupational exposure to vapors, dust, gas and fumes increases prevalence of asthma. […] More than 400 agents causing OA have been identified, new causative agents are reported each year so the list is growing fast but is rapidly outdated and perpetually incomplete. […] The aim of this review is to summarize current data about clinical phenotypes, biomarkers, diagnosis and management strategies of OA which represents a major public health problem due to its high prevalence and its important financial-societal burden. […] The most common form of OA is SI-OA, which represents >90% of cases. […] The classic presentation of SI-OA is a worker who develops asthma symptoms that are worse at work and better on weekends or vacations away from work.

• #9 Progress in Occupational Asthma

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4553

  A variable latency period ranging from weeks to years after the first exposure to the sensitizer is observed before the onset of respiratory symptoms. […] The sensitization to persulfate solutions is frequent among hairdressers population. […] The most common agents recognized as causes of RADS are gases (chlorine, chloramines, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dimethyl sulfate), acids (acetic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, hydrobromic), alkali (ammonia, calcium oxide, hydrazine), biocides (formalin, ethylene oxide, fumigating agents, insecticides), halogenated derivatives (bromochlorodifluoromethane, trifluoromethane, chlorofluorocarbons, ortho-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile, uranium hexafluoride, hydrogen and carbonyl fluoride), solvents (perchloroethylene), fumes (diesel exhaust, paint fumes, urea fumes, fire smoke, fumes of iodine and aluminum iodide, diethylaminoethanol), sprays (paints, floor sealant), and potential sensitizers like as diisocyanates and phthalic anhydride.

• #10 Progress in Occupational Asthma

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4553

  The prevalence of II-OA is estimated at 5–10% of cases of OA. […] The diagnostic criteria for RADS firstly established by Brooks were adapted and include now: the occurrence of asthma symptoms within minutes to hours <24 h following a single identifiable high level exposure to an irritant, the absence of preexisting asthma symptomatology, the exclusion of other pulmonary disorders that can explain the symptoms, and the evidence of BHR or reversible airflow obstruction on spirometry. [...] The best diagnostic approach for OA is to combine a detailed clinical history with objective diagnostic tests. [...] The typical history of OA is the appearance or worsening of asthma symptoms at work and their improvement outside the work environment. [...] The most relevant items that should be addressed when taking the clinical history include: occupation (description of tasks and processes, work environment, respiratory protective precautions, identification of direct and indirect exposure to potential workplace asthmagens by examining the Material Safety Data Sheets [MSDS]), respiratory symptoms (nature, latency period, and temporal relationship with work exposure), and associated work-related rhinitis/conjunctivitis, urticaria or contact dermatitis.

• #11

  https://www.hsa.ie/eng/workplace_health/occupational_asthma_and_dermatitis/occupational_asthma_frequently_asked_questions/

  Work related asthma accounts for about 10% of all adult onset asthma. […] Occupational asthma is caused as a direct result of workplace exposure. […] There are 2 forms of occupational asthma: Irritant Induced Occupational Asthma (previously called Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome or RADS) and Allergic Occupational Asthma. This is the cause of the vast majority of occupational asthma cases. […] Irritant Induced Occupational Asthma usually develops after a single, very high exposure to an irritant chemical. […] Examples of causal agents include ammonia, acids and smoke. […] Allergic Occupational Asthma is caused by sensitisation or becoming allergic to a specific chemical agent in the workplace over a period of time. […] This is the mechanism for the vast majority (90%) of cases of occupational asthma.

• #12 Occupational asthma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/occupational-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375772

  Occupational asthma is a type of asthma caused by breathing in fumes, gases, dust or other substances while on the job. These substances can trigger an immune system response that changes how the lungs work. […] More than 400 workplace substances have been identified as possible triggers of occupational asthma. These substances include: […] Asthma symptoms start when your lungs become irritated. This irritation causes an immune system reaction called inflammation. Inflammation is defined as swelling and other changes in airway tissues caused by immune system activity. These changes narrow the airways and make it difficult to breathe. […] With occupational asthma, lung inflammation may be triggered by a substance that a person is allergic to, such as mold or an animal protein. Sometimes lung inflammation is triggered by an irritating substance, also called an irritant, such as chlorine or smoke.

• #13 Occupational Asthma Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://cd.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/asthma/occupational-asthma

  Occupational asthma is a job-related lung disease in which workplace exposure to certain substances triggers asthmatic episodes, either immediately on contact or after a period of dormancy. […] A wide variety of potential workplace substances can serve as triggers, either as natural irritants or as allergens in persons who have become sensitive to them. […] The substances behind occupational asthma number in the hundreds. Included are: Plant proteins, as found in grains, cereals, and flours; Animal proteins derived from fur, saliva, hair, dander, scales, and excrement; A wide variety of industrial chemicals; Metals, especially chromium, platinum, and nickel sulfate; Enzymes; Smoke; Dust; Other irritants, especially in aerosol form. […] Several risk factors make the onset of occupational asthma more probable. If you or another family member has a history of asthma or allergies, you are a more likely candidate. Smoking and tobacco use also increases the probability of occupational asthma.

• #14 Causes and Phenotypes of Work-Related Asthma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7369698/

  Irritant-induced asthma (IIA) is the term used to describe asthma caused by exposure at work to substances that cause asthma through a lower airway irritant mechanism rather than by immunologic sensitization. […] Potentially, any irritant respiratory exposure may cause IIA. […] Causative agents of OA can be separated into high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) agents. […] It is generally accepted that the first ones act through type I hypersensitivity mechanisms and cause the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] The findings of this study are consistent with those of previous smaller studies that analysed atopy, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and the type of asthmatic reactions in OA induced by LMW and HMW agents. […] Mechanistic pathways underlying this phenotypic heterogeneity are still mostly unclear.

• #15 Causes and Phenotypes of Work-Related Asthma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7369698/

  Irritant-induced asthma (IIA) is the term used to describe asthma caused by exposure at work to substances that cause asthma through a lower airway irritant mechanism rather than by immunologic sensitization. […] Potentially, any irritant respiratory exposure may cause IIA. […] Causative agents of OA can be separated into high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) agents. […] It is generally accepted that the first ones act through type I hypersensitivity mechanisms and cause the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] The findings of this study are consistent with those of previous smaller studies that analysed atopy, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and the type of asthmatic reactions in OA induced by LMW and HMW agents. […] Mechanistic pathways underlying this phenotypic heterogeneity are still mostly unclear.

• #16 Occupational Asthma Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/occupational-asthma-work-related-asthma

  Proteins in animal hair and/or dander. […] Grains, green coffee beans, and papain (an extract of papaya that may trigger a latex allergy). […] Cotton, flax, and hemp dust, commonly found in the textile industry. […] Metals such as platinum, chromium, nickel sulfate, and soldering fumes. […] Generally, if your asthma symptoms are worse on days that you work, improve when you are at home for any length of time (weekends, vacations) and then recur when you return to work, occupational asthma should be considered. […] This can be allergy-related or an irritant reaction from exposure to asthma triggers in the workplace. […] Preventing asthma symptoms by reducing exposure to the triggers at work is the most important step you can take to reduce the occurrence of occupational asthma. […] OSHA (the Occupational Safety and Health Administration) is a government agency that has created guidelines that determine acceptable levels of exposure to substances that may cause asthma.

• #17 Occupational asthma | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/occupational-asthma

  If you’ve developed new asthma symptoms at work, it could be occupational asthma. Occupational asthma is asthma caused by breathing in substances like dust and chemicals at work. If you develop asthma symptoms when you did not have any before, you may have occupational asthma. Occupational asthma does not always develop as soon as you are exposed to substances. It can take a few weeks to many years to develop. […] There are hundreds of substances that can potentially cause occupational asthma. Some of the more common ones are: chemicals called isocyanates, which are found in polyurethane (PU) paints, varnishes, foams, glues, and flooring; flour dust; latex; grain and poultry dust from agriculture; fumes from rosin, which is used in solder flux; mist and fumes from metalworking fluids and welding; wood dust; fur, feathers, dander, dried urine, and saliva dusts from animals.

• #18 Causes and Phenotypes of Work-Related Asthma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7369698/

  Irritant-induced asthma (IIA) is the term used to describe asthma caused by exposure at work to substances that cause asthma through a lower airway irritant mechanism rather than by immunologic sensitization. […] Potentially, any irritant respiratory exposure may cause IIA. […] Causative agents of OA can be separated into high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) agents. […] It is generally accepted that the first ones act through type I hypersensitivity mechanisms and cause the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] The findings of this study are consistent with those of previous smaller studies that analysed atopy, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and the type of asthmatic reactions in OA induced by LMW and HMW agents. […] Mechanistic pathways underlying this phenotypic heterogeneity are still mostly unclear.

• #19 Occupational asthma | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/occupational-asthma

  If you’ve developed new asthma symptoms at work, it could be occupational asthma. Occupational asthma is asthma caused by breathing in substances like dust and chemicals at work. If you develop asthma symptoms when you did not have any before, you may have occupational asthma. Occupational asthma does not always develop as soon as you are exposed to substances. It can take a few weeks to many years to develop. […] There are hundreds of substances that can potentially cause occupational asthma. Some of the more common ones are: chemicals called isocyanates, which are found in polyurethane (PU) paints, varnishes, foams, glues, and flooring; flour dust; latex; grain and poultry dust from agriculture; fumes from rosin, which is used in solder flux; mist and fumes from metalworking fluids and welding; wood dust; fur, feathers, dander, dried urine, and saliva dusts from animals.

• #20 Occupational Asthma Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/occupational-asthma-work-related-asthma

  Occupational asthma is asthma caused by, or worsened by, exposure to substances in the workplace. These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: […] An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) […] An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) […] A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack. […] Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction. […] There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: […] Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents.

• #21

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/asthma.html

  Occupational asthma refers to cases of asthma caused by specific agents in the workplace. Occupational asthma can be further divided into two groups: Sensitizer-induced asthma caused by sensitization (reaction) to a trigger. […] Irritant-induced asthma (also called reactive airway dysfunction syndrome, or RADS) is caused by one specific, high-level exposure. […] Sometimes, the body can develop a sensitization (an allergic-type) reaction when it is exposed continuously to a trigger. […] After a period of exposure to a trigger, either natural or synthetic, a worker may start producing too many of the antibodies called „immunoglobulin E” (IgE). […] In this case, the disease is caused by the direct irritating effect of certain triggers on the airways. This type of asthma is called Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS).

• #22 Progress in Occupational Asthma

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4553

  A variable latency period ranging from weeks to years after the first exposure to the sensitizer is observed before the onset of respiratory symptoms. […] The sensitization to persulfate solutions is frequent among hairdressers population. […] The most common agents recognized as causes of RADS are gases (chlorine, chloramines, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dimethyl sulfate), acids (acetic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, hydrobromic), alkali (ammonia, calcium oxide, hydrazine), biocides (formalin, ethylene oxide, fumigating agents, insecticides), halogenated derivatives (bromochlorodifluoromethane, trifluoromethane, chlorofluorocarbons, ortho-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile, uranium hexafluoride, hydrogen and carbonyl fluoride), solvents (perchloroethylene), fumes (diesel exhaust, paint fumes, urea fumes, fire smoke, fumes of iodine and aluminum iodide, diethylaminoethanol), sprays (paints, floor sealant), and potential sensitizers like as diisocyanates and phthalic anhydride.

• #23 Occupational Asthma Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/occupational-asthma-work-related-asthma

  Occupational asthma is asthma caused by, or worsened by, exposure to substances in the workplace. These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: […] An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) […] An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) […] A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack. […] Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction. […] There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: […] Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents.

• #24

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/asthma.html

  RADS can appear after an acute, single exposure to a high level of irritating agents (e.g., chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, and smoke). […] Irritant-induced asthma may also appear with lower-level exposure to an irritant over a prolonged period. […] Some workplace conditions seem to increase the likelihood that workers will develop asthma, but their importance is not fully known. […] Such factors include the ability of some people to produce abnormal amounts of IgE antibodies. […] Although there are medical treatments that may control the symptoms of asthma, it is important to stop exposure wherever possible. […] Following the hierarchy of control, eliminating the trigger is the ideal way to prevent work-related asthma.

• #25 Occupational Asthma: Etiologies and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121057/

  Notification programs have generally reported the highest incidence rates of OA in bakers and pastry makers, other food processors, spray painters, hairdressers, wood workers, healthcare workers, cleaners, farmers, laboratory technicians, and welders. […] Environmental factors that are potentially involved in the initiation of OA include the level of exposure to sensitizing agents, the mode and route of exposure to these agents, and concomitant exposure to pollutants at the workplace. […] Atopy has been consistently documented as a major risk factor for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization and OA in response to HMW agents that induce the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] With current advances in human genetics, research has been directed towards investigating the genetic basis of individual susceptibility to OA development. […] The observation that only a few workers typically develop OA despite similar workplace exposures strongly suggests that underlying differences in individual susceptibility exist.

• #26 Occupational asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_asthma

  A number of diseases have symptoms that mimic occupational asthma, such as asthma due to nonoccupational causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), irritable larynx syndrome, hyperventilation syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and bronchiolitis obliterans. […] At present, over 400 workplace substances have been identified as having asthmagenic or allergenic properties. […] For example, in France the industries most affected are bakeries and cake-shops, automobile industry and hairdressers, whereas in Canada the principal cause is wood dust, followed by isocyanates. […] Furthermore, the most common cause of occupational asthma in the workplace are isocyanates. […] The occupations most at risk are: adhesive handlers (e.g. acrylate), animal handlers and veterinarians (animal proteins), bakers and millers (cereal grains), carpet makers (gums), electronics workers (soldering resin), forest workers, carpenters and cabinetmakers (wood dust), hairdressers (e.g. persulfate), health care workers (latex and chemicals such as glutaraldehyde), janitors and cleaning staff (e.g. chloramine-T), pharmaceutical workers (drugs, enzymes), cannabis cultivation and processing technicians (e.g. organic particulate matter and dust from plants, mold, endotoxins), seafood processors, shellac handlers (e.g. amines), solderers and refiners (metals), spray painters, insulation installers, plastics and foam industry workers (e.g. diisocyanates), textile workers (dyes) and users of plastics and epoxy resins (e.g. anhydrides).

• #27 An overview of Occupational Asthma: Causes, diagnosis, symptoms and prevention 

  https://ioh.org.uk/2022/11/an-overview-of-occupational-asthma-causes-diagnosis-symptoms-and-prevention/

  They also list a group of high-risk occupational groups which include bakeries, food manufacturing, beauty industry, cleaning services, healthcare workers, spray painters, repairers (including electronics), welders, woodworkers (including forestry), workers exposed to metal working fluids, seafood processing, laboratory work, and detergent manufacturing.

• #28 Occupational asthma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/occupational-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375772

  Occupational asthma is a type of asthma caused by breathing in fumes, gases, dust or other substances while on the job. These substances can trigger an immune system response that changes how the lungs work. […] More than 400 workplace substances have been identified as possible triggers of occupational asthma. These substances include: […] Asthma symptoms start when your lungs become irritated. This irritation causes an immune system reaction called inflammation. Inflammation is defined as swelling and other changes in airway tissues caused by immune system activity. These changes narrow the airways and make it difficult to breathe. […] With occupational asthma, lung inflammation may be triggered by a substance that a person is allergic to, such as mold or an animal protein. Sometimes lung inflammation is triggered by an irritating substance, also called an irritant, such as chlorine or smoke.

• #29 Occupational asthma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/occupational-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375772

  Occupational asthma is a type of asthma caused by breathing in fumes, gases, dust or other substances while on the job. These substances can trigger an immune system response that changes how the lungs work. […] More than 400 workplace substances have been identified as possible triggers of occupational asthma. These substances include: […] Asthma symptoms start when your lungs become irritated. This irritation causes an immune system reaction called inflammation. Inflammation is defined as swelling and other changes in airway tissues caused by immune system activity. These changes narrow the airways and make it difficult to breathe. […] With occupational asthma, lung inflammation may be triggered by a substance that a person is allergic to, such as mold or an animal protein. Sometimes lung inflammation is triggered by an irritating substance, also called an irritant, such as chlorine or smoke.

• #30 Work-Related Asthma – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-pulmonary-diseases/work-related-asthma

  Work-related asthma includes both occupational asthma and work-exacerbated asthma. Occupational asthma is new-onset asthma that is caused by exposure to either allergens or irritants in the workplace and is further classified as either sensitizer-induced or irritant-induced. […] Approximately 15% of adult-onset asthma is attributed to occupational exposure. […] Workplaces commonly contain multiple irritants and allergens that can cause or exacerbate asthma. […] Sensitizer-induced occupational asthma develops following an immune response to a high or low molecular weight sensitizing agent encountered in the workplace. […] Hundreds of workplace agents can cause asthma. […] Immune-mediated mechanisms involve both IgE- and nonIgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to workplace triggers.

• #31 Occupational Asthma

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/occupational-asthma

  Occupational asthma can also occur in workers after repeated exposure to small chemical molecules in the air, such as with paint hardeners or in the plastic and resin industries. […] The length of time you are exposed to a substance before it triggers your asthma varies. It can be months or years before symptoms occur. On the other hand, exposure to a high concentration of irritants can cause asthma within 24 hours. […] Occupational asthma is caused by inhaling fumes, gases, dust or other potentially harmful substances while at work.

• #32

  https://www.hsa.ie/eng/workplace_health/occupational_asthma_and_dermatitis/occupational_asthma_frequently_asked_questions/

  The sensitisation process does not occur after one exposure but develops over time (i.e., latency period). […] If exposure to the causative agent ceases completely, the condition will nearly always improve. […] The longer the exposure continues however, not alone is there a tendency for the condition to get worse, but the less likely it is that there will be a complete recovery although a cessation of exposure is nearly always of benefit. […] The risk of development of sensitisation is usually dose related, that is the higher the exposure the more likely the individual will become sensitised. […] Once the sensitisation reaction has taken place, further exposure to the substance, even to the smallest amounts will produce symptoms. […] Potential sensitisers in the workplace should be identified. […] While control of sensitisers below OEL’s makes sensitisation less likely, it does not completely eliminate the risk.

• #33 Occupational Asthma Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/occupational-asthma-work-related-asthma

  Occupational asthma is asthma caused by, or worsened by, exposure to substances in the workplace. These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: […] An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) […] An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) […] A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack. […] Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction. […] There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: […] Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents.

• #34

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/asthma.html

  Occupational asthma refers to cases of asthma caused by specific agents in the workplace. Occupational asthma can be further divided into two groups: Sensitizer-induced asthma caused by sensitization (reaction) to a trigger. […] Irritant-induced asthma (also called reactive airway dysfunction syndrome, or RADS) is caused by one specific, high-level exposure. […] Sometimes, the body can develop a sensitization (an allergic-type) reaction when it is exposed continuously to a trigger. […] After a period of exposure to a trigger, either natural or synthetic, a worker may start producing too many of the antibodies called „immunoglobulin E” (IgE). […] In this case, the disease is caused by the direct irritating effect of certain triggers on the airways. This type of asthma is called Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS).

• #35 Work-Related Asthma | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/1201/p1839.html

  Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (also known as irritant-induced asthma), usually develops after a single, very high exposure to an irritant chemical. These causal agents include ammonia, chlorine gas, and hydrochloric acid. […] Allergic occupational asthma is distinct from other forms of work-related asthma; persons with this form of the illness develop sensitization to a specific chemical agent in the workplace. The sensitization process does not occur after one exposure but develops over time (i.e., latency period). […] Allergic occupational asthma has been attributed to several hundred substances found in the workplace, and more are being identified. […] The capacity for irritant substances to cause reactive airway dysfunction syndrome depends on their corrosive properties, reactivity, and water solubility. The chemical structure of an agent may be the determining factor in its potential to sensitize. […] The determinants for individual susceptibility are largely unknown. A number of studies have identified an association between several human leukocyte antigen class II molecules and the risk of developing allergic occupational asthma following exposure to low molecular weight substances.

• #36 Occupational Asthma: Etiologies and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121057/

  Notification programs have generally reported the highest incidence rates of OA in bakers and pastry makers, other food processors, spray painters, hairdressers, wood workers, healthcare workers, cleaners, farmers, laboratory technicians, and welders. […] Environmental factors that are potentially involved in the initiation of OA include the level of exposure to sensitizing agents, the mode and route of exposure to these agents, and concomitant exposure to pollutants at the workplace. […] Atopy has been consistently documented as a major risk factor for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization and OA in response to HMW agents that induce the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] With current advances in human genetics, research has been directed towards investigating the genetic basis of individual susceptibility to OA development. […] The observation that only a few workers typically develop OA despite similar workplace exposures strongly suggests that underlying differences in individual susceptibility exist.

• #37 Occupational Asthma: Etiologies and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121057/

  The purpose of this article is to critically review the available evidence pertaining to occupational, environmental, and individual factors that can affect the development of occupational asthma (OA). […] The intensity of exposure to sensitizing agents has been identified as the most important environmental risk factor for OA and should remain the cornerstone for primary prevention strategies. […] There is convincing evidence that atopy is an important individual risk factor for OA induced by high-molecular-weight agents. […] A large number of substances used in the workplace can lead to the development of allergic OA. […] Updated lists of causal agents and occupations are available on the web (e.g., http://www.asthme.csst.qc.ca and http://www.asmanet.com). […] The number of cases of isocyanate-induced OA appears to have declined in some countries, likely due to the implementation of preventive measures.

• #38 Progress in Occupational Asthma

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4553

  The level of exposure to a sensitizing agent is the most recognized environmental risk factor for OA but evidences suggest that occupational exposure to vapors, dust, gas and fumes increases prevalence of asthma. […] More than 400 agents causing OA have been identified, new causative agents are reported each year so the list is growing fast but is rapidly outdated and perpetually incomplete. […] The aim of this review is to summarize current data about clinical phenotypes, biomarkers, diagnosis and management strategies of OA which represents a major public health problem due to its high prevalence and its important financial-societal burden. […] The most common form of OA is SI-OA, which represents >90% of cases. […] The classic presentation of SI-OA is a worker who develops asthma symptoms that are worse at work and better on weekends or vacations away from work.

• #39 Occupational Asthma: Etiologies and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121057/

  Notification programs have generally reported the highest incidence rates of OA in bakers and pastry makers, other food processors, spray painters, hairdressers, wood workers, healthcare workers, cleaners, farmers, laboratory technicians, and welders. […] Environmental factors that are potentially involved in the initiation of OA include the level of exposure to sensitizing agents, the mode and route of exposure to these agents, and concomitant exposure to pollutants at the workplace. […] Atopy has been consistently documented as a major risk factor for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization and OA in response to HMW agents that induce the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] With current advances in human genetics, research has been directed towards investigating the genetic basis of individual susceptibility to OA development. […] The observation that only a few workers typically develop OA despite similar workplace exposures strongly suggests that underlying differences in individual susceptibility exist.

• #40 Occupational Asthma: Etiologies and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121057/

  Notification programs have generally reported the highest incidence rates of OA in bakers and pastry makers, other food processors, spray painters, hairdressers, wood workers, healthcare workers, cleaners, farmers, laboratory technicians, and welders. […] Environmental factors that are potentially involved in the initiation of OA include the level of exposure to sensitizing agents, the mode and route of exposure to these agents, and concomitant exposure to pollutants at the workplace. […] Atopy has been consistently documented as a major risk factor for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization and OA in response to HMW agents that induce the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] With current advances in human genetics, research has been directed towards investigating the genetic basis of individual susceptibility to OA development. […] The observation that only a few workers typically develop OA despite similar workplace exposures strongly suggests that underlying differences in individual susceptibility exist.

• #41 Occupational Asthma – ACAAI Patient

  https://acaai.org/asthma/types-of-asthma/occupational-asthma/

  If you experience wheezing, coughing, chest tightness or shortness of breath at work, you may have occupational asthma. […] People with this condition usually work around chemical fumes, dust or other irritants in the air. If you’ve been diagnosed with asthma that has another cause, it can be worsened by airborne irritants at work. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reports that an estimated 11 million workers in a wide range of industries and occupations in the United States are exposed to at least one of the more than 250 substances known or believed to cause or exacerbate occupational asthma. Approximately 10 to 25 percent of adults with asthma experience occupational asthma. […] Factors that increase the risk for developing occupational asthma include existing allergies or asthma, a family history of allergies or asthma, and cigarette smoking.

• #42 Occupational Asthma: Etiologies and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121057/

  Notification programs have generally reported the highest incidence rates of OA in bakers and pastry makers, other food processors, spray painters, hairdressers, wood workers, healthcare workers, cleaners, farmers, laboratory technicians, and welders. […] Environmental factors that are potentially involved in the initiation of OA include the level of exposure to sensitizing agents, the mode and route of exposure to these agents, and concomitant exposure to pollutants at the workplace. […] Atopy has been consistently documented as a major risk factor for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization and OA in response to HMW agents that induce the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] With current advances in human genetics, research has been directed towards investigating the genetic basis of individual susceptibility to OA development. […] The observation that only a few workers typically develop OA despite similar workplace exposures strongly suggests that underlying differences in individual susceptibility exist.

• #43 Occupational Asthma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_16-1

  Allergic respiratory diseases in the workplace, like occupational asthma (OA), represent a significant public health concern leading to long-term health consequences and socioeconomic costs for the affected worker, employer, and society as a whole. […] Occupational asthma is the most prevalent occupational lung disease in industrialized countries and since undiagnosed OA can cause considerable medical and economic consequences, aggressive prevention strategies are essential. […] Despite an increase knowledge of sensitizing agents in the workplace as well as improvements in workplace safety and reporting, OA continues to afflict workers worldwide. […] Vandenplas O. Occupational asthma: etiologies and risk factors. Allergy, Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3(3):15767.

• #44 Occupational Asthma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9572-asthma-occupational–work-related-asthma

  You can develop occupational asthma from any job that exposes you to lung irritants. […] Signs of occupational asthma tend to get better when you’re away from work for a while. […] Asthma attacks can be severe or even life-threatening if you can’t get enough air into your body. Repeated exposure to irritants can also sometimes cause lung problems, including scarring. […] The most important thing you can do to reduce your risk of occupational asthma is to avoid breathing in irritants. […] If you have occupational asthma, you can expect to have fewer or no asthma attacks if you can avoid triggers even though it’s not always easy to do.

• #45 Occupational Asthma

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/occupational-asthma/

  „Occupational asthma” is a disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and/or airway hyperresponsiveness due to causes and conditions attributable to a particular occupational environment and not to stimuli encountered outside the workplace. […] OA can be divided into immunologic causes (associated with a latency period) and nonimmunologic causes. […] The pathogenic mechanisms of LMW agents are less well understood; however, there appear to be several mechanisms, both immunologic and nonimmunologic, that can lead to OA. […] The mechanisms of IrIA or RADS are also poorly understood. […] The most important aspect in the treatment of OA is environmental control. Continued exposure can lead to persistent and irreversible airway obstruction, whereas early removal offers the best chance at complete recovery. […] Factors predicting a worse outcome are lower PC20 at baseline, longer duration of exposure, and the interval since removal of the patient from exposure.

• #46 Occupational Asthma

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/occupational-asthma/

  „Occupational asthma” is a disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and/or airway hyperresponsiveness due to causes and conditions attributable to a particular occupational environment and not to stimuli encountered outside the workplace. […] OA can be divided into immunologic causes (associated with a latency period) and nonimmunologic causes. […] The pathogenic mechanisms of LMW agents are less well understood; however, there appear to be several mechanisms, both immunologic and nonimmunologic, that can lead to OA. […] The mechanisms of IrIA or RADS are also poorly understood. […] The most important aspect in the treatment of OA is environmental control. Continued exposure can lead to persistent and irreversible airway obstruction, whereas early removal offers the best chance at complete recovery. […] Factors predicting a worse outcome are lower PC20 at baseline, longer duration of exposure, and the interval since removal of the patient from exposure.

• #47 Occupational asthma | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/occupational-asthma

  If you have occupational asthma, the best thing to do if you can is to stop exposure to the substance that has caused it. Around 3 in 10 people with occupational asthma who stop being exposed to the harmful substance make a full recovery. […] If you develop occupational asthma, your employer must control your exposure to the substance that caused it, to prevent triggering an asthma attack.

• #48 Occupational asthma | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/occupational-asthma

  If you have occupational asthma, the best thing to do if you can is to stop exposure to the substance that has caused it. Around 3 in 10 people with occupational asthma who stop being exposed to the harmful substance make a full recovery. […] If you develop occupational asthma, your employer must control your exposure to the substance that caused it, to prevent triggering an asthma attack.

• #49 Occupational Asthma

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/occupational-asthma/

  „Occupational asthma” is a disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and/or airway hyperresponsiveness due to causes and conditions attributable to a particular occupational environment and not to stimuli encountered outside the workplace. […] OA can be divided into immunologic causes (associated with a latency period) and nonimmunologic causes. […] The pathogenic mechanisms of LMW agents are less well understood; however, there appear to be several mechanisms, both immunologic and nonimmunologic, that can lead to OA. […] The mechanisms of IrIA or RADS are also poorly understood. […] The most important aspect in the treatment of OA is environmental control. Continued exposure can lead to persistent and irreversible airway obstruction, whereas early removal offers the best chance at complete recovery. […] Factors predicting a worse outcome are lower PC20 at baseline, longer duration of exposure, and the interval since removal of the patient from exposure.

• #50 Progress in Occupational Asthma

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4553

  The pharmacologic therapy relies on a stepwise approach and is conducted according to the management guidelines. […] The first step in the management of OA is to make a precise diagnosis with the identification of the causative agents in order to apply avoidance measures. […] Recognizing asthma occupational triggers in the workplace, early diagnosis and removal of the workers from the exposure, education and development of institutional medical-surveillance programs for workers at risk could improve OA outcomes.

• #51 Work-Related Asthma – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-pulmonary-diseases/work-related-asthma

  Irritant-induced asthma refers to asthma that occurs following exposure to respiratory irritants at work. […] A high level of exposure to an irritant, such as in a workplace accident or chemical spill, can result in reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). […] Work-exacerbated asthma is asthma that is not caused by irritants specific to the workplace but is pre-existing asthma that is worsened by asthma triggers at work. […] The diagnosis of work-exacerbated asthma is based on history of pre-existing asthma and the presence of conditions at work that can exacerbate asthma. […] The pharmacologic treatment of work-related asthma is similar to that of other types of asthma. […] Both sensitizer-induced and irritant-induced asthma commonly persists even when patients are away from the causative exposure, and patients may require long-term use of asthma medications. […] Reduction or elimination of exposures to occupational sensitizers and irritants, including through the use of occupational hygiene measures such as ventilation and other engineering controls, help to prevent new cases.

• #52 Work-related Asthma and Occupational Asthma – An introduction | The Society of Occupational Medicine

  https://www.som.org.uk/work-related-asthma-and-occupational-asthma-introduction

  The symptoms of asthma are the same whatever the cause, although in the early stages of the disease a distinguishing feature of occupational asthma is that symptoms deteriorate when at work and improve regularly when away from work i.e. weekends and holidays. […] Personal susceptibility it is not possible to predict who will and who will not develop occupational asthma since anyone can develop the condition. […] However, people who have a history of asthma are more susceptible to developing occupational asthma caused by high molecular weight allergens. […] Several hundred agents have been identified to cause occupational asthma. […] High molecular weight agents are highly allergenic that is to say they can cause hypersensitivity (allergy). […] Low molecular weight agents include reactive chemicals that readily take part in some chemical reaction; those most frequently reported to cause occupational asthma including aldehydes, isocyanates (in twin pack spray paint) and persulfates (hair bleaches). […] The level of exposure to agents that cause occupational asthma is the major risk factor for the development of occupational asthma; therefore, reducing exposure is the lynchpin of prevention.

• #53 Understanding Occupational Asthma | Severe Asthma Toolkit

  https://toolkit.severeasthma.org.au/diagnosis-assessment/triggers-occupational-asthma/

  The most important aspect of the management of sensitiser-induced occupational asthma is avoidance of the sensitiser. […] Identification of one worker with occupational asthma indicates that other workers are at risk and there are likely to have been failings in the identification and control of respiratory hazards at the workplace. […] For workers with sensitiser-induced occupational asthma, complete avoidance of the exposure is often necessary to improve symptoms (BMJ Best Practice). […] Ongoing exposure to the sensitiser is likely to lead to a progressive worsening of asthma outcomes. […] However, to our knowledge no studies have specifically reported on outcomes for people with work-related asthma and severe, treatment-refractory asthma, so prognosis in this population remains unclear.

• #54 Understanding Occupational Asthma | Severe Asthma Toolkit

  https://toolkit.severeasthma.org.au/diagnosis-assessment/triggers-occupational-asthma/

  Work-related asthma includes both asthma that has been caused by work (occupational asthma) and asthma that is exacerbated by work (work-exacerbated asthma). […] International estimates indicate that up to 25% of adults have work-related asthma and 15% of adult-onset asthma may be caused by hazardous occupational exposures (Hoy et al. 2017). […] Occupational asthma can be subdivided into sensitiser-induced and irritant-induced subtypes. Approximately 90% of cases are classified as sensitiser-induced occupational asthma. […] Over 300 workplace agents have been described as causes of occupational asthma. […] Risk factors for developing occupational asthma include: Occupational exposure to a respiratory sensitiser, in particular the level of exposure. […] The diagnosis should be made as early as possible because ongoing exposure to the causative agent at the workplace is likely to result in asthma becoming more severe, leading to rapid lung function decline (Anees et al. 2006).

• #55 Causes and Phenotypes of Work-Related Asthma

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/13/4713

  Irritant-induced asthma (IIA) is the term used to describe asthma caused by exposure at work to substances that cause asthma through a lower airway irritant mechanism rather than by immunologic sensitization. […] It has been well recognized that exposure of professional cleaners and others to cleaning and disinfecting agents can result in the development of IIA from accidental high level exposures. […] Potentially, any irritant respiratory exposure may cause IIA. […] Causative agents of OA can be separated into high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) agents. […] The findings of this study are consistent with those of previous smaller studies that analysed atopy, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and the type of asthmatic reactions in OA induced by LMW and HMW agents. […] Mechanistic pathways underlying this phenotypic heterogeneity are still mostly unclear.

• #56 A compendium of causative agents of occupational asthma | Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology | Full Text

  https://occup-med.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6673-8-15

  The objective is to provide an evidence-based compendium of allergenic and irritant agents that are known to cause occupational asthma in order to improve diagnostics and disease management. […] Approximately 3,000 relevant papers were identified, which covered 372 different causes of allergic and 184 different causes of irritant occupational asthma. […] The highest level achieved using the SIGN grading system was 2++, indicating a high quality study with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability of a causal relationship. […] Strong evidence, i.e. three stars *** was achieved from exposure to laboratory animals. […] Evidence for causing occupational asthma was found for 78 allergens and for 71 irritants, respectively, with 8 eliciting an allergic as well as an irritative pathomechanism, establishing 141 in total. […] It is evident that more work is needed to consolidate the gaps, such as the study of potential asthma-inducing agents which have not or only rarely been investigated so far.

• #57 Work-Related Asthma | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/1201/p1839.html

  Work-related asthma accounts for at least 10 percent of all cases of adult asthma. Work-related asthma includes work aggravation of preexisting asthma and new-onset asthma induced by occupational exposure. Occupational exposure to very high concentrations of an irritant substance can produce reactive airway dysfunction syndrome, while exposure to allergenic substances can result in allergic occupational asthma. An important step in the diagnosis of work-related asthma is recognition by the physician of the work relatedness of the illness. A thorough history can elucidate the work relation and etiology. […] Approximately 10 percent of all cases of adult asthma are attributable to an occupational etiology; however this number may be significantly underestimated. […] Occupational asthma develops as a direct result of workplace exposure. Two forms of occupational asthma are recognized: reactive airway dysfunction syndrome and allergic occupational asthma.

• #58 Occupational asthma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/occupational-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375772

  Occupational asthma is a type of asthma caused by breathing in fumes, gases, dust or other substances while on the job. These substances can trigger an immune system response that changes how the lungs work. […] More than 400 workplace substances have been identified as possible triggers of occupational asthma. These substances include: […] Asthma symptoms start when your lungs become irritated. This irritation causes an immune system reaction called inflammation. Inflammation is defined as swelling and other changes in airway tissues caused by immune system activity. These changes narrow the airways and make it difficult to breathe. […] With occupational asthma, lung inflammation may be triggered by a substance that a person is allergic to, such as mold or an animal protein. Sometimes lung inflammation is triggered by an irritating substance, also called an irritant, such as chlorine or smoke.

• #59 Occupational asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_asthma

  A number of diseases have symptoms that mimic occupational asthma, such as asthma due to nonoccupational causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), irritable larynx syndrome, hyperventilation syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and bronchiolitis obliterans. […] At present, over 400 workplace substances have been identified as having asthmagenic or allergenic properties. […] For example, in France the industries most affected are bakeries and cake-shops, automobile industry and hairdressers, whereas in Canada the principal cause is wood dust, followed by isocyanates. […] Furthermore, the most common cause of occupational asthma in the workplace are isocyanates. […] The occupations most at risk are: adhesive handlers (e.g. acrylate), animal handlers and veterinarians (animal proteins), bakers and millers (cereal grains), carpet makers (gums), electronics workers (soldering resin), forest workers, carpenters and cabinetmakers (wood dust), hairdressers (e.g. persulfate), health care workers (latex and chemicals such as glutaraldehyde), janitors and cleaning staff (e.g. chloramine-T), pharmaceutical workers (drugs, enzymes), cannabis cultivation and processing technicians (e.g. organic particulate matter and dust from plants, mold, endotoxins), seafood processors, shellac handlers (e.g. amines), solderers and refiners (metals), spray painters, insulation installers, plastics and foam industry workers (e.g. diisocyanates), textile workers (dyes) and users of plastics and epoxy resins (e.g. anhydrides).

• #60 Occupational Asthma Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/occupational-asthma-work-related-asthma

  Occupational asthma is asthma caused by, or worsened by, exposure to substances in the workplace. These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: […] An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) […] An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) […] A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack. […] Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction. […] There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: […] Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents.

• #61 Occupational Asthma Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/occupational-asthma-work-related-asthma

  Proteins in animal hair and/or dander. […] Grains, green coffee beans, and papain (an extract of papaya that may trigger a latex allergy). […] Cotton, flax, and hemp dust, commonly found in the textile industry. […] Metals such as platinum, chromium, nickel sulfate, and soldering fumes. […] Generally, if your asthma symptoms are worse on days that you work, improve when you are at home for any length of time (weekends, vacations) and then recur when you return to work, occupational asthma should be considered. […] This can be allergy-related or an irritant reaction from exposure to asthma triggers in the workplace. […] Preventing asthma symptoms by reducing exposure to the triggers at work is the most important step you can take to reduce the occurrence of occupational asthma. […] OSHA (the Occupational Safety and Health Administration) is a government agency that has created guidelines that determine acceptable levels of exposure to substances that may cause asthma.

• #62 Occupational asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_asthma

  A number of diseases have symptoms that mimic occupational asthma, such as asthma due to nonoccupational causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), irritable larynx syndrome, hyperventilation syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and bronchiolitis obliterans. […] At present, over 400 workplace substances have been identified as having asthmagenic or allergenic properties. […] For example, in France the industries most affected are bakeries and cake-shops, automobile industry and hairdressers, whereas in Canada the principal cause is wood dust, followed by isocyanates. […] Furthermore, the most common cause of occupational asthma in the workplace are isocyanates. […] The occupations most at risk are: adhesive handlers (e.g. acrylate), animal handlers and veterinarians (animal proteins), bakers and millers (cereal grains), carpet makers (gums), electronics workers (soldering resin), forest workers, carpenters and cabinetmakers (wood dust), hairdressers (e.g. persulfate), health care workers (latex and chemicals such as glutaraldehyde), janitors and cleaning staff (e.g. chloramine-T), pharmaceutical workers (drugs, enzymes), cannabis cultivation and processing technicians (e.g. organic particulate matter and dust from plants, mold, endotoxins), seafood processors, shellac handlers (e.g. amines), solderers and refiners (metals), spray painters, insulation installers, plastics and foam industry workers (e.g. diisocyanates), textile workers (dyes) and users of plastics and epoxy resins (e.g. anhydrides).

• #63 Asthma – an overview – HSE

  https://www.hse.gov.uk/asthma/about.htm

  Occupational asthma is an allergic reaction that can occur in some people when they are exposed to substances, for example flour or wood dust in the workplace. […] These substances are called 'respiratory sensitisers’ or asthmagens. They can cause a change in people’s airways, known as the 'hypersensitive state’. […] Not everyone who becomes sensitised goes on to get asthma. But once the lungs become hypersensitive, further exposure to the substance, even at quite low levels, may trigger an attack. […] The main causes of occupational asthma are set out in Section C of HSE’s Asthmagen Compendium. […] The most commonly cited cause of occupational asthma was isocyanates followed by flour. […] HSE continues to develop guidance on the main causes of occupational asthma by industry sector.

• #64 Occupational Asthma: Etiologies and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121057/

  Notification programs have generally reported the highest incidence rates of OA in bakers and pastry makers, other food processors, spray painters, hairdressers, wood workers, healthcare workers, cleaners, farmers, laboratory technicians, and welders. […] Environmental factors that are potentially involved in the initiation of OA include the level of exposure to sensitizing agents, the mode and route of exposure to these agents, and concomitant exposure to pollutants at the workplace. […] Atopy has been consistently documented as a major risk factor for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization and OA in response to HMW agents that induce the production of specific IgE antibodies. […] With current advances in human genetics, research has been directed towards investigating the genetic basis of individual susceptibility to OA development. […] The observation that only a few workers typically develop OA despite similar workplace exposures strongly suggests that underlying differences in individual susceptibility exist.

• #65 Understanding Occupational Asthma | Severe Asthma Toolkit

  https://toolkit.severeasthma.org.au/diagnosis-assessment/triggers-occupational-asthma/

  Work-related asthma includes both asthma that has been caused by work (occupational asthma) and asthma that is exacerbated by work (work-exacerbated asthma). […] International estimates indicate that up to 25% of adults have work-related asthma and 15% of adult-onset asthma may be caused by hazardous occupational exposures (Hoy et al. 2017). […] Occupational asthma can be subdivided into sensitiser-induced and irritant-induced subtypes. Approximately 90% of cases are classified as sensitiser-induced occupational asthma. […] Over 300 workplace agents have been described as causes of occupational asthma. […] Risk factors for developing occupational asthma include: Occupational exposure to a respiratory sensitiser, in particular the level of exposure. […] The diagnosis should be made as early as possible because ongoing exposure to the causative agent at the workplace is likely to result in asthma becoming more severe, leading to rapid lung function decline (Anees et al. 2006).

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