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• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20209448

  Corticobasal degeneration, also called corticobasal syndrome, is a rare disease that causes areas of the brain to shrink. Over time, nerve cells break down and die. […] Corticobasal degeneration affects the area of the brain that processes information and brain structures that control movement. People with this disease have trouble with movement on one or both sides of the body. Trouble with movement gets worse over time. […] Symptoms also may include poor coordination, stiffness, trouble thinking, and trouble with speech or language. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) include: Trouble moving on one or both sides of the body, which gets worse over time. Poor coordination. Trouble with balance. Stiffness. Postures of the hands or feet that can’t be controlled. For example, the hand may form a clenched fist. Muscle jerks. Trouble swallowing. Changes in eye movements. Trouble with thinking and language skills. Speech changes, such as slow and halting speech. […] Corticobasal degeneration gets worse over 6 to 8 years. Eventually, people with the disease lose the ability to walk.

• #2 Corticobasal degeneration – Parkinson’s Australia

  https://www.parkinsons.org.au/information-hub/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), also known as corticobasal syndrome (CBS), is a rare neurological disorder considered an Atypical Parkinson’s condition. […] Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a type of dementia where the loss of ability to think, remember or reason interferes with a person’s daily life and activities. Typically, progressive damage to specific areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia impacts various functions such as movement, memory, and cognition. […] The condition typically leads to symptoms that may initially affect one side of the body but eventually progress to both sides. Typically, indicative of CBD is an alien arm, one-sided presentation and other symptoms may include: difficulty moving, which worsens over time; poor coordination and balance issues; stiffness and muscle jerks; abnormal postures of the hands or feet; difficulty swallowing; abnormal eye movements; trouble with thinking and language skills; speech problems, such as slow and halting speech.

• #3 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20209448

  Corticobasal degeneration, also called corticobasal syndrome, is a rare disease that causes areas of the brain to shrink. Over time, nerve cells break down and die. […] Corticobasal degeneration affects the area of the brain that processes information and brain structures that control movement. People with this disease have trouble with movement on one or both sides of the body. Trouble with movement gets worse over time. […] Symptoms also may include poor coordination, stiffness, trouble thinking, and trouble with speech or language. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) include: Trouble moving on one or both sides of the body, which gets worse over time. Poor coordination. Trouble with balance. Stiffness. Postures of the hands or feet that can’t be controlled. For example, the hand may form a clenched fist. Muscle jerks. Trouble swallowing. Changes in eye movements. Trouble with thinking and language skills. Speech changes, such as slow and halting speech. […] Corticobasal degeneration gets worse over 6 to 8 years. Eventually, people with the disease lose the ability to walk.

• #4 Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/corticobasal-degeneration-corticobasal-syndrome/

  Corticobasal degeneration, also called corticobasal syndrome, is a rare condition in which areas of your brain shrink and your nerve cells degenerate and die over time. The condition may cause you to have poor coordination, stiffness, difficulty thinking, trouble with speech or language, or other problems. […] Signs and symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) include: Difficulty moving on one or both sides of the body, which gets worse over time, Poor coordination, Trouble with balance, Stiffness, Abnormal postures of the hands or feet, such as a hand forming a clenched fist, Muscle jerks, Difficulty swallowing, Abnormal eye movements, Trouble with thinking and language skills, Speech problems, such as slow and halting speech. […] Corticobasal degeneration progresses over six to eight years. Eventually, people with corticobasal degeneration lose the ability to walk. […] The symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) progress to serious complications, such as pneumonia, blood clots in the lungs, or sepsis, a life-threatening response to an infection. Corticobasal degeneration complications ultimately lead to death.

• #5 Corticobasal Degeneration and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/other-dementia-disorders/corticobasal-degeneration-and-progressive-supranuclear-palsy

  Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are Parkinsons-plus syndrome, meaning that they are diseases that share some of the symptoms of Parkinson Disease such as slowing of movements, stiffness, tremors, falls, and shuffling of the feet. […] Like Parkinson Disease, slowing of movements, stiffness, tremors, falls, and shuffling of the feet can be seen. Problems with movements occur on one side of the body, such as stiffness, shaking, or loss of control. People with CBD may be unable to get their arm to do what they want even if they know how. […] Not all people with PSP and CBD develop problems with memory, thinking, behavior or language. However, in some people, these problems do arise. In fact, sometimes these problems are the first symptoms, and the more classic symptoms listed above develop later.

• #6 Corticobasal Syndrome | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/corticobasal-syndrome

  Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a form of atypical parkinsonism (a parkinsonism-plus syndrome), which means that it shares some features with Parkinson’s disease such as slowness of movement (bradykinesia), stiffness (rigidity), tremor, and postural instability (balance difficulties). […] CBS results in gradual loss of nerve cells (neurodegeneration) in the surface of the brain (the cerebral cortical areas) as well as deep structures (the basal ganglia). […] In contrast to other types of atypical parkinsonism, the neurodegeneration in corticobasal syndrome is markedly asymmetrical, thus the symptoms usually start on one side of body and remain worse on that half throughout the course of the disease. […] The most characteristic presenting feature of CBS is the gradual loss of use of one hand or leg (called „apraxia”).

• #7 Corticobasal Syndrome | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/corticobasal-syndrome

  Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a form of atypical parkinsonism (a parkinsonism-plus syndrome), which means that it shares some features with Parkinson’s disease such as slowness of movement (bradykinesia), stiffness (rigidity), tremor, and postural instability (balance difficulties). […] CBS results in gradual loss of nerve cells (neurodegeneration) in the surface of the brain (the cerebral cortical areas) as well as deep structures (the basal ganglia). […] In contrast to other types of atypical parkinsonism, the neurodegeneration in corticobasal syndrome is markedly asymmetrical, thus the symptoms usually start on one side of body and remain worse on that half throughout the course of the disease. […] The most characteristic presenting feature of CBS is the gradual loss of use of one hand or leg (called „apraxia”).

• #8 Corticobasal Degeneration (Corticobasal Syndrome): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22522-corticobasal-degeneration

  Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) is a rare brain condition that causes you to lose your ability to speak, move and remember. Symptoms are progressive, so they slowly get worse over time. […] Corticobasal degeneration symptoms may affect your ability to: Move (apraxia), Remember, See (vision), Speak (aphasia), Swallow. […] Symptoms worsen as the disease affects more of your brain. This happens gradually. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration typically start between ages 50 and 70. The average onset age is 64. Symptoms may start at age 40, but no reported cases happen before age 40. […] The prognosis (outlook) is poor for corticobasal degeneration. Its a progressive disease, which means itll get worse over time. It usually happens slowly over many years. […] On average, many people live between six to eight years after the first symptoms of corticobasal degeneration appear. This isnt the case for everyone, and many people live much longer than this.

• #9 Corticobasal Degeneration | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/157387

  The disease typically has a late onset, with the youngest pathologically confirmed case reported at 42 and an average age of onset around 65. […] The pathophysiology of CBD is primarily driven by the accumulation of 4R hyperphosphorylated tau protein, which aggregates within neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, leading to progressive neurodegeneration. […] The resultant tau inclusions disrupt neuronal function, contributing to synaptic dysfunction, axonal transport failure, and cell death. […] The initial presentation varies among patients but often includes asymmetric motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, or language deficits. The disease follows a relentlessly progressive course over several years, leading to severe disability. […] Results from a study analyzing the natural history and survival of patients with confirmed CBD showed a median survival time from symptom onset of 7.9 years with a standard deviation of 0.7 years and a range of 2.5 to 12.5 years.

• #10 Corticobasal Degeneration (Corticobasal Syndrome): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22522-corticobasal-degeneration

  Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) is a rare brain condition that causes you to lose your ability to speak, move and remember. Symptoms are progressive, so they slowly get worse over time. […] Corticobasal degeneration symptoms may affect your ability to: Move (apraxia), Remember, See (vision), Speak (aphasia), Swallow. […] Symptoms worsen as the disease affects more of your brain. This happens gradually. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration typically start between ages 50 and 70. The average onset age is 64. Symptoms may start at age 40, but no reported cases happen before age 40. […] The prognosis (outlook) is poor for corticobasal degeneration. Its a progressive disease, which means itll get worse over time. It usually happens slowly over many years. […] On average, many people live between six to eight years after the first symptoms of corticobasal degeneration appear. This isnt the case for everyone, and many people live much longer than this.

• #11

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare condition that can cause gradually worsening problems with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms of CBD get gradually worse over time. They are very variable and many people only have a few of them. […] Symptoms can include: difficulty controlling your limb on one side of the body (a „useless” hand), muscle stiffness, shaking (tremors), jerky movements and spasms (dystonia), problems with balance and co-ordination, slow and slurred speech, symptoms of dementia, such as memory and visual problems, slow, effortful speech, difficulty swallowing. […] One limb is usually affected at first, before spreading to the rest of the body. The rate at which the symptoms progress varies widely from person to person. […] There is currently no treatment that has been shown to stop CBD getting gradually worse, although treatments can reduce many of the symptoms.

• #12

  https://www.psp.org/iwanttolearn/corticobasal-degeneration

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that has no known cause or cure. […] On average, symptoms begin in the early 60s, but may start as early as in the 40s. […] With CBD, movement symptoms start on one side of the body and spread to the other side over time. Symptoms include: Stiffness, shakiness or jerky movements, Slowness and clumsiness, Walking and balance difficulty, Difficulty controlling the muscles of the face and mouth (called dysarthria), Difficulty with speech generation (called dysphasia), Difficulty with articulation (called aphasia), Memory or behavior problems. […] Common symptoms of CBD include: Slowness, Stiffness, Balance issues, Freezing of gait, Loss of the ability to perform learned movements, known as apraxia, Limb(s) moving upwards on their own, known as alien limb syndrome, Rapid, irregular and small muscle movements, known as myoclonus, Difficulty with sensory and spatial understanding.

• #13 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20209448

  Corticobasal degeneration, also called corticobasal syndrome, is a rare disease that causes areas of the brain to shrink. Over time, nerve cells break down and die. […] Corticobasal degeneration affects the area of the brain that processes information and brain structures that control movement. People with this disease have trouble with movement on one or both sides of the body. Trouble with movement gets worse over time. […] Symptoms also may include poor coordination, stiffness, trouble thinking, and trouble with speech or language. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) include: Trouble moving on one or both sides of the body, which gets worse over time. Poor coordination. Trouble with balance. Stiffness. Postures of the hands or feet that can’t be controlled. For example, the hand may form a clenched fist. Muscle jerks. Trouble swallowing. Changes in eye movements. Trouble with thinking and language skills. Speech changes, such as slow and halting speech. […] Corticobasal degeneration gets worse over 6 to 8 years. Eventually, people with the disease lose the ability to walk.

• #14

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare condition that can cause gradually worsening problems with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms of CBD get gradually worse over time. They are very variable and many people only have a few of them. […] Symptoms can include: difficulty controlling your limb on one side of the body (a „useless” hand), muscle stiffness, shaking (tremors), jerky movements and spasms (dystonia), problems with balance and co-ordination, slow and slurred speech, symptoms of dementia, such as memory and visual problems, slow, effortful speech, difficulty swallowing. […] One limb is usually affected at first, before spreading to the rest of the body. The rate at which the symptoms progress varies widely from person to person. […] There is currently no treatment that has been shown to stop CBD getting gradually worse, although treatments can reduce many of the symptoms.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  People with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) develop a range of difficulties with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms typically become more severe over several years, although the speed at which they worsen varies. […] CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] Some people with CBD also have dementia, although this doesn’t always occur, symptoms may include: problems recalling words, reading and using correct language (aphasia), short-term memory loss, problems carrying out tasks that require planning or thinking ahead, problems coping with sudden and unexpected situations, difficulty with numbers and counting, difficulty seeing things, or knowing where things are located (such as furniture).

• #16 Corticobasal Syndrome | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/corticobasal-syndrome

  Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a condition that causes changes in movement, language skills, or both. CBS may start with movement problems, such as stiff muscles on one side of the body involving the arm, leg, or both. People with CBS may describe having a hard time controlling their arms or legs. Some people with CBS have language problems first and may develop movement problems over time. Thinking and behavior changes may happen either at the beginning or later in the disease. […] The first sign of CBS is usually trouble with movement. The symptoms may begin in one hand, arm, or leg. The limb may feel stiff and might shake. A person with CBS may experience a slight change in the feeling of the limb and may have trouble making the limb move, or the movement may be slower than usual. […] Later in the disease, language problems may begin. People may have increasing trouble finding the right word, naming objects and people or just getting the words out. Their reading skills might also get worse, and writing might become especially difficult if the movement symptoms affect the hands.

• #17 Corticobasal Syndrome | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/corticobasal-syndrome

  Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a condition that causes changes in movement, language skills, or both. CBS may start with movement problems, such as stiff muscles on one side of the body involving the arm, leg, or both. People with CBS may describe having a hard time controlling their arms or legs. Some people with CBS have language problems first and may develop movement problems over time. Thinking and behavior changes may happen either at the beginning or later in the disease. […] The first sign of CBS is usually trouble with movement. The symptoms may begin in one hand, arm, or leg. The limb may feel stiff and might shake. A person with CBS may experience a slight change in the feeling of the limb and may have trouble making the limb move, or the movement may be slower than usual. […] Later in the disease, language problems may begin. People may have increasing trouble finding the right word, naming objects and people or just getting the words out. Their reading skills might also get worse, and writing might become especially difficult if the movement symptoms affect the hands.

• #18 Corticobasal Syndrome – Frontotemporal Degeneration | AFTD

  https://www.theaftd.org/what-is-ftd/corticobasal-syndrome/

  Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) belongs to the category of FTD disorders that primarily affect movement. Some symptoms of both CBS and progressive supranuclear palsy, another FTD disorder associated with a decline in motor function, resemble those often seen in people with Parkinson’s disease. […] Movement deficits in CBS often begin on one side of the body, but eventually both sides are affected. In addition to motor symptoms, people with CBS may exhibit changes in behavior and language skills common to bvFTD and PPA, particularly as the disease progresses. […] Signs and symptoms of CBS include: […] Limb Apraxia […] Inability to compel a hand, arm, or leg to carry out a desired motion although the muscle strength needed to complete the action is maintained. […] Akinesia/bradykinesia

• #19 Corticobasal syndrome: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/4/276

  Dystonia is much less common than rigidity and tends to affect a single limb, often the upper and usually early in the disease course. […] Other extrapyramidal features such as bradykinesia and postural instability may also occur. […] A tremor can develop but is an action or postural jerky movement that subsides with rest, and is quite unlike a resting Parkinson’s disease tremor. […] Myoclonus occurs in roughly 40% of cases. […] The alien limb syndrome comprises involuntary limb movements combined with an altered sense of limb belonging or ownership. […] Limb apraxia is among the most commonly identified signs that suggests cortical dysfunction in the corticobasal syndrome, occurring in 70%80%. […] The typical language disturbance in corticobasal syndrome is non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia, with slowed, effortful and/or groping (apraxia of speech) speech and grammatical errors being common.

• #20 Corticobasal Syndrome – Frontotemporal Degeneration | AFTD

  https://www.theaftd.org/what-is-ftd/corticobasal-syndrome/

  Absence (akinesia) or abnormally slow (bradykinesia) movement. […] Rigidity […] Stiffness, resistance to movement. […] Dystonia […] Uncontrollable muscle contraction that causes an arm or leg to twist involuntarily or to assume an abnormal posture. […] Cognitive Symptoms […] These may include: […] Alien limb phenomenon – sensation that an arm or leg is not part of the body, accompanied by inability to control movement of the limb. […] Acalculia – inability to carry out simple mathematical calculations, such as adding or subtracting. […] Visuospatial deficits – difficulty orienting in space. […] A person affected by CBS may present with cognitive, motor, or language symptoms as the first sign. Development of a second and/or third category of symptoms makes it easier for the physician to recognize the illness as CBS.

• #21 Corticobasal degeneration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration

  Bradykinesia in CBD occurs when there is notable slowing in the completion of certain movements in the limbs. […] Alien hand syndrome has been shown to be prevalent in roughly 60% of those people diagnosed with CBD. […] This disorder involves the failure of an individual to control the movements of their hand, which results from the sensation that the limb is „foreign”. […] Ideomotor apraxia (IMA), although clearly present in CBD, often manifests atypically due to the additional presence of bradykinesia and rigidity in those individuals exhibiting the disorders. […] Aphasia in CBD is revealed through the inability to speak or a difficulty in initiating spoken dialogue and falls under the non-fluent subtype of the disorder. […] Psychiatric problems associated with CBD often present as a result of the debilitating symptoms of the disease. Prominent psychiatric and cognitive conditions cited in individuals with CBD include dementia, depression, and irritability, with dementia forming a key feature that sometimes leads to the misdiagnosis of CBD as another cognitive disorder such as Alzheimer’s disease. […] The prognosis for an individual diagnosed with CBD is death within approximately eight years, although some patients have been diagnosed in 2000 were still in relatively good condition in 2017, albeit with serious debilitation such as dysphagia, and overall limb rigidity.

• #22 A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: An ‘‘Alien Leg’’ in Corticobasal Syndrome | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.358

  Alien limb phenomenon occurs in 50-60% of patients with corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and usually presents with an alien hand phenomenon. The alien foot presentation is rarer and may be misdiagnosed, as foot involvement can lead to erroneous localization of the clinical problem to the knee, hip, or back. […] Alien foot symptoms may be more common than initially thought and can result in a delayed diagnosis of CBS. […] Alien hand syndrome has been reported in up to 60% of patients with corticobasal syndrome (CBS). The hand moves on its own and frequently does not obey the patients commands. […] An alien hand is commonly recognized as part of CBS, but clinicians may not consider the possibility of an alien foot leading to delayed diagnosis and inappropriate investigations and treatment. […] Alien limb phenomenon is rare at presentation of CBS, but may develop in 50-60% of patients.

• #23 A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: An ‘‘Alien Leg’’ in Corticobasal Syndrome | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.358

  Alien limb usually presents with an alien hand phenomenon. It rarely presents as an alien foot. […] Foot and leg involvement can lead to erroneous localization of the problem to knee, hip, or back. As a result misdiagnoses may be seen such as myelopathy, radiculopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuromyotonia, stiff leg syndrome, functional movement disorder, or painful leg moving toes syndrome. […] It is important that clinicians are aware of the alien leg phenomenon given that this is now included in the diagnostic criteria for CBS.

• #24

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  People with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) develop a range of difficulties with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms typically become more severe over several years, although the speed at which they worsen varies. […] CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] Some people with CBD also have dementia, although this doesn’t always occur, symptoms may include: problems recalling words, reading and using correct language (aphasia), short-term memory loss, problems carrying out tasks that require planning or thinking ahead, problems coping with sudden and unexpected situations, difficulty with numbers and counting, difficulty seeing things, or knowing where things are located (such as furniture).

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare condition that can cause gradually worsening problems with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms of CBD get gradually worse over time. They are very variable and many people only have a few of them. […] Symptoms can include: difficulty controlling your limb on one side of the body (a „useless” hand), muscle stiffness, shaking (tremors), jerky movements and spasms (dystonia), problems with balance and co-ordination, slow and slurred speech, symptoms of dementia, such as memory and visual problems, slow, effortful speech, difficulty swallowing. […] One limb is usually affected at first, before spreading to the rest of the body. The rate at which the symptoms progress varies widely from person to person. […] There is currently no treatment that has been shown to stop CBD getting gradually worse, although treatments can reduce many of the symptoms.

• #26

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  People with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) develop a range of difficulties with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms typically become more severe over several years, although the speed at which they worsen varies. […] CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] Some people with CBD also have dementia, although this doesn’t always occur, symptoms may include: problems recalling words, reading and using correct language (aphasia), short-term memory loss, problems carrying out tasks that require planning or thinking ahead, problems coping with sudden and unexpected situations, difficulty with numbers and counting, difficulty seeing things, or knowing where things are located (such as furniture).

• #27 Corticobasal syndrome: a type of dementia affecting movement and thinking — DPUK

  https://www.dementiasplatform.uk/news-and-media/blog/corticobasal-syndrome-a-type-of-dementia-affecting-movement-and-thinking

  Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a very rare form of dementia, estimated to affect just 5 in every 100,000 people. […] People with CBS experience physical symptoms that overlap with conditions like Parkinsons disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. However, the tremors common in Parkinsons disease are less commonly seen in CBS. […] Some movement difficulties that occur in people with CBS include a lack of coordination, rigidity, jerky movements, and alien limb sensation where the affected limb may feel detached from the body and experience complex, unintentional movements. These movement issues commonly initially affect one side of the body, spreading to the other as the disease progresses. […] CBS is also characterised by cognitive symptoms, which are issues with thinking skills. These include difficulty planning or carrying out a plan, inability to multitask, problems with simple calculations and language difficulties like trouble recalling words, and slow or slurred speech.

• #28 Corticobasal syndrome: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/4/276

  Dystonia is much less common than rigidity and tends to affect a single limb, often the upper and usually early in the disease course. […] Other extrapyramidal features such as bradykinesia and postural instability may also occur. […] A tremor can develop but is an action or postural jerky movement that subsides with rest, and is quite unlike a resting Parkinson’s disease tremor. […] Myoclonus occurs in roughly 40% of cases. […] The alien limb syndrome comprises involuntary limb movements combined with an altered sense of limb belonging or ownership. […] Limb apraxia is among the most commonly identified signs that suggests cortical dysfunction in the corticobasal syndrome, occurring in 70%80%. […] The typical language disturbance in corticobasal syndrome is non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia, with slowed, effortful and/or groping (apraxia of speech) speech and grammatical errors being common.

• #29 Corticobasal Syndrome | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/corticobasal-syndrome

  Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a condition that causes changes in movement, language skills, or both. CBS may start with movement problems, such as stiff muscles on one side of the body involving the arm, leg, or both. People with CBS may describe having a hard time controlling their arms or legs. Some people with CBS have language problems first and may develop movement problems over time. Thinking and behavior changes may happen either at the beginning or later in the disease. […] The first sign of CBS is usually trouble with movement. The symptoms may begin in one hand, arm, or leg. The limb may feel stiff and might shake. A person with CBS may experience a slight change in the feeling of the limb and may have trouble making the limb move, or the movement may be slower than usual. […] Later in the disease, language problems may begin. People may have increasing trouble finding the right word, naming objects and people or just getting the words out. Their reading skills might also get worse, and writing might become especially difficult if the movement symptoms affect the hands.

• #30

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  People with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) develop a range of difficulties with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms typically become more severe over several years, although the speed at which they worsen varies. […] CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] Some people with CBD also have dementia, although this doesn’t always occur, symptoms may include: problems recalling words, reading and using correct language (aphasia), short-term memory loss, problems carrying out tasks that require planning or thinking ahead, problems coping with sudden and unexpected situations, difficulty with numbers and counting, difficulty seeing things, or knowing where things are located (such as furniture).

• #31

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  It’s also common for someone with CBD to experience personality changes, such as becoming apathetic, irritable, agitated or anxious. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. […] People with the condition may lose the ability to move 1 or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include: worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, uncontrollable blinking, worsening dementia, meaning constant care may be needed, increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems), which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening.

• #32 Corticobasal Syndrome | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/corticobasal-syndrome

  Moving around might also get harder as time goes on. Symptoms that start in one limb or on one side of the body might move slowly to other limbs or to the other side of the body. In the late stages of CBS, people may have some personality changes. They might become obsessive or impulsive, or they might say inappropriate things. Some people may also develop memory problems, such as misplacing objects or repeating questions. […] CBS is a disease that changes with time. A person with CBS can live many years with the disease. Research suggests that a person with CBS may live an average of six to eight years with the disease, although this can vary from person to person.

• #33 Corticobasal degeneration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration

  Bradykinesia in CBD occurs when there is notable slowing in the completion of certain movements in the limbs. […] Alien hand syndrome has been shown to be prevalent in roughly 60% of those people diagnosed with CBD. […] This disorder involves the failure of an individual to control the movements of their hand, which results from the sensation that the limb is „foreign”. […] Ideomotor apraxia (IMA), although clearly present in CBD, often manifests atypically due to the additional presence of bradykinesia and rigidity in those individuals exhibiting the disorders. […] Aphasia in CBD is revealed through the inability to speak or a difficulty in initiating spoken dialogue and falls under the non-fluent subtype of the disorder. […] Psychiatric problems associated with CBD often present as a result of the debilitating symptoms of the disease. Prominent psychiatric and cognitive conditions cited in individuals with CBD include dementia, depression, and irritability, with dementia forming a key feature that sometimes leads to the misdiagnosis of CBD as another cognitive disorder such as Alzheimer’s disease. […] The prognosis for an individual diagnosed with CBD is death within approximately eight years, although some patients have been diagnosed in 2000 were still in relatively good condition in 2017, albeit with serious debilitation such as dysphagia, and overall limb rigidity.

• #34 Corticobasal Degeneration – Neurology MIND Care – Long Island NY

  https://neurologymindcare.com/services/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration is a type of dementia caused by frontotemporal degeneration. Corticobasal degeneration is sometimes used interchangeably with the term corticobasal syndrome, but it is more accurately reserved for a particular pathologic diagnosis from an autopsy, whereas corticobasal syndrome is the term used to describe the clinical symptoms (which can sometimes be caused pathologically by Alzheimer’s disease instead of corticobasal degeneration). It is also sometimes referred to as “atypical parkinsonism”. Corticobasal degeneration is a progressive disease that shortens lifespan. […] Corticobasal degeneration affects motor function early-on, not just cognitive function like in Alzheimer’s disease. A person may develop changes in how one side of their body moves, with it becoming more stiff, having abnormal muscle contractions (dystonia), or feeling like a limb is not doing what they want it to do (apraxia). Slowness in movement (bradykinesia) can also occur. Cognitively, a person can develop problems with executive function, language, math, or visuospatial function early-on, more so than memory. A person with corticobasal degeneration may be more aware of their abnormal symptoms than a person with Alzheimer’s disease, who often does not realize their memory is as affected as it is.

• #35

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/c/article/corticobasaldegeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare condition that can cause gradually worsening problems with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms of CBD get gradually worse over time. They are very variable and many people only have a few of them. […] One limb is usually affected at first, before spreading to the rest of the body. The rate at which the symptoms progress varies widely from person to person. […] People with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) develop a range of difficulties with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The condition tends to develop gradually, which means it can be mistaken for another condition at first such as Parkinson’s disease, dementia or a stroke. […] The symptoms typically become more severe over several years, although the speed at which they worsen varies.

• #36 Living with CBS :: Fight Parkinson’s – Together we can

  https://www.fightparkinsons.org.au/living-with-cbs/

  Symptoms vary from person to person. Movement-related symptoms can include: stiff muscles, slow or awkward movement, shaking, clumsiness, jerkiness, loss of balance and coordination and numbness or loss of sensation in part of the body. […] In the early stages, people may experience the gradual loss of the use of one hand or leg. Some people with CBS experience an alien limb or the feeling that they have no control over the affected limb or hand. Symptoms usually start on one side of the body (unilateral) and remain worse on that half as the condition progresses. It is also common for people with CBS to lose their sense of balance and coordination, which causes walking difficulties. […] Many people are initially diagnosed with Parkinsons due to the similarity of symptoms. Treatments for Parkinsons are generally ineffective in treating CBS. As the condition progresses, movement and balance problems become worse and limbs on both sides of the body may be affected.

• #37 Corticobasal Syndrome | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/corticobasal-syndrome

  Corticobasal Syndrome, or CBS, (also referred to as Corticobasal Degeneration) is a progressive, atypical parkinsonian disorder caused by the accumulation of the abnormally folded protein tau in the nervous system. […] There are many faces, or subtypes of CBS, but many will showcase progressive troubles on one side of the body almost as if that side is shutting down. Stiffness, slowness, and trouble with tasks with the affected side are common, as can be abnormal posturing, jerks, or other involuntary movements (aka alien limb phenomenon). Symptoms vary widely from patient-to-patient, but some may additionally have troubles with speech, language, thinking, or balance. Eventually, both sides can become affected although never to the same degree as the initially affected side. […] For most, the progression of CBS is relatively slow, over years, but more rapid compared to typical Parkinson Disease and more rapid than all would like.

• #38

  https://www.psp.org/iwanttolearn/corticobasal-degeneration

  The average age of symptom onset is in people’s early 60’s, but can begin as early as the 40’s and into the 90’s. Most people with CBD live five to ten years after symptom onset, but many live much longer. […] It can take many years for people to receive a CBD diagnosis. This can be because it is often originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson’s diseases because it often begins similarly to Parkinson’s. […] A common early symptom that is not similar to Parkinson’s is apraxia in one hand. Apraxia is the loss of ability to perform complex, familiar and previously learned movements. […] As the disease progresses, people may develop dystonia, which is when limbs are held in an involuntary, fixed posture. […] Over time, apraxia and dystonia may get worse, and symptoms will spread to the other side of the body. […] There also can be increase slurring of speech and difficulty swallowing. […] Some people will develop difficulty with multitasking or organizing their thoughts and can lose some behavioral inhibitions, which is known as dementia.

• #39

  https://www.psp.org/iwanttolearn/corticobasal-degeneration

  The average age of symptom onset is in people’s early 60’s, but can begin as early as the 40’s and into the 90’s. Most people with CBD live five to ten years after symptom onset, but many live much longer. […] It can take many years for people to receive a CBD diagnosis. This can be because it is often originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson’s diseases because it often begins similarly to Parkinson’s. […] A common early symptom that is not similar to Parkinson’s is apraxia in one hand. Apraxia is the loss of ability to perform complex, familiar and previously learned movements. […] As the disease progresses, people may develop dystonia, which is when limbs are held in an involuntary, fixed posture. […] Over time, apraxia and dystonia may get worse, and symptoms will spread to the other side of the body. […] There also can be increase slurring of speech and difficulty swallowing. […] Some people will develop difficulty with multitasking or organizing their thoughts and can lose some behavioral inhibitions, which is known as dementia.

• #40 Living with CBS :: Fight Parkinson’s – Together we can

  https://www.fightparkinsons.org.au/living-with-cbs/

  Many people with CBS also experience thinking problems, such as speech disturbance, word-finding difficulties, memory loss and problems with planning. Personality changes are also common and may include depression, anxiety, irritability and loss of inhibition. […] CBS cannot be cured, so everyone with CBS experiences deterioration prior to death. Initial symptoms become more severe over time and new symptoms may develop. As the condition progresses, people with CBS are at risk of developing serious complications such as pneumonia, bacterial infections or pulmonary embolism. People with CBS typically live for around eight years after the onset of symptoms. […] CBS is difficult to diagnose. There are no blood tests or brain scans that can diagnose it, although tests and scans are commonly used to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. As CBS occurs in the brain, a diagnosis can only be confirmed at post mortem. It is common for people with early symptoms of CBS to be misdiagnosed with Parkinsons or stroke. A limited response to Parkinsons medication is a key indicator of the need to review a diagnosis of Parkinsons.

• #41

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  It’s also common for someone with CBD to experience personality changes, such as becoming apathetic, irritable, agitated or anxious. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. […] People with the condition may lose the ability to move 1 or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include: worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, uncontrollable blinking, worsening dementia, meaning constant care may be needed, increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems), which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening.

• #42

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/c/article/corticobasaldegeneration/

  CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Walking, balance and co-ordination may get worse. Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. People with the condition may lose the ability to move one or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, and increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems) which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] The average life expectancy for someone with CBD is around 6 to 8 years from when their symptoms start. However, this is only an average and CBD is very variable.

• #43

  https://www.psp.org/iwanttolearn/corticobasal-degeneration

  The average age of symptom onset is in people’s early 60’s, but can begin as early as the 40’s and into the 90’s. Most people with CBD live five to ten years after symptom onset, but many live much longer. […] It can take many years for people to receive a CBD diagnosis. This can be because it is often originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson’s diseases because it often begins similarly to Parkinson’s. […] A common early symptom that is not similar to Parkinson’s is apraxia in one hand. Apraxia is the loss of ability to perform complex, familiar and previously learned movements. […] As the disease progresses, people may develop dystonia, which is when limbs are held in an involuntary, fixed posture. […] Over time, apraxia and dystonia may get worse, and symptoms will spread to the other side of the body. […] There also can be increase slurring of speech and difficulty swallowing. […] Some people will develop difficulty with multitasking or organizing their thoughts and can lose some behavioral inhibitions, which is known as dementia.

• #44

  https://www.psp.org/iwanttolearn/corticobasal-degeneration

  The average age of symptom onset is in people’s early 60’s, but can begin as early as the 40’s and into the 90’s. Most people with CBD live five to ten years after symptom onset, but many live much longer. […] It can take many years for people to receive a CBD diagnosis. This can be because it is often originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson’s diseases because it often begins similarly to Parkinson’s. […] A common early symptom that is not similar to Parkinson’s is apraxia in one hand. Apraxia is the loss of ability to perform complex, familiar and previously learned movements. […] As the disease progresses, people may develop dystonia, which is when limbs are held in an involuntary, fixed posture. […] Over time, apraxia and dystonia may get worse, and symptoms will spread to the other side of the body. […] There also can be increase slurring of speech and difficulty swallowing. […] Some people will develop difficulty with multitasking or organizing their thoughts and can lose some behavioral inhibitions, which is known as dementia.

• #45

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/c/article/corticobasaldegeneration/

  CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Walking, balance and co-ordination may get worse. Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. People with the condition may lose the ability to move one or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, and increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems) which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] The average life expectancy for someone with CBD is around 6 to 8 years from when their symptoms start. However, this is only an average and CBD is very variable.

• #46

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  It’s also common for someone with CBD to experience personality changes, such as becoming apathetic, irritable, agitated or anxious. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. […] People with the condition may lose the ability to move 1 or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include: worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, uncontrollable blinking, worsening dementia, meaning constant care may be needed, increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems), which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening.

• #47

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/c/article/corticobasaldegeneration/

  CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Walking, balance and co-ordination may get worse. Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. People with the condition may lose the ability to move one or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, and increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems) which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] The average life expectancy for someone with CBD is around 6 to 8 years from when their symptoms start. However, this is only an average and CBD is very variable.

• #48 Understanding Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-corticobasal-degeneration-cbd

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare brain disease. This leads to loss of muscle function, trouble with memory and speech, and behavior changes. The symptoms may start on one side of the body. Symptoms vary for each person. They can include: […] Symptoms can show up in ways like these: […] The disease gets worse over time. A person may not be able to walk within a few years. Within 5 years, they may not move at all, and may be bedridden. They may not be able to communicate. Within 10 years, they are at risk of death from problems from lack of movement, such as pneumonia or blood clot in the lungs.

• #49 Corticobasal Degeneration and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/other-dementia-disorders/corticobasal-degeneration-and-progressive-supranuclear-palsy

  People with PSP can develop a loss of motivation. They may lose interest in their everyday activities. Problems may arise with attention and concentration. They may lose the ability to control their mouth to speak, called apraxia of speech, or progressive slurring of speech, called dysarthria. […] People with CBD can develop loss of inhibition. They may act or speak rudely or crudely, or seem to lose empathy for others. They may also have difficulty with attention and concentration. A type of language difficulty where understanding grammar and speaking in full sentences can develop, or can be the first symptom. […] All the symptoms of PSP and CBD get worse as the diseases progress. Eventually, people may become completely bedbound and unable to safely walk. Swallowing problems may lead to choking on food or getting food in the lungs, leading to pneumonia. On average, people with these diseases die within 5 years of diagnosis. Death is usually from complications of falls or swallowing problems.

• #50

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/symptoms/

  It’s also common for someone with CBD to experience personality changes, such as becoming apathetic, irritable, agitated or anxious. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. […] People with the condition may lose the ability to move 1 or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include: worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, uncontrollable blinking, worsening dementia, meaning constant care may be needed, increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems), which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening.

• #51

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/c/article/corticobasaldegeneration/

  CBD typically affects one of the limbs at first. This is usually a hand or arm, but sometimes a leg. […] As CBD progresses, it may eventually start to cause problems in your other limbs. […] Walking, balance and co-ordination may get worse. Many people have problems with their speech, which will become slow and slurred. […] As CBD reaches an advanced stage, muscle stiffness will continue to get worse. People with the condition may lose the ability to move one or more limbs. […] Other problems people with advanced CBD can experience include worsening speech problems, which can make it hard for others to understand them, and increasing dysphagia (swallowing problems) which may mean a feeding tube is required. […] As a result of swallowing problems, many people with CBD develop chest infections caused by fluid or small food particles falling down into their lungs, or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] The average life expectancy for someone with CBD is around 6 to 8 years from when their symptoms start. However, this is only an average and CBD is very variable.

• #52 Corticobasal Syndrome – Frontotemporal Degeneration | AFTD

  https://www.theaftd.org/what-is-ftd/corticobasal-syndrome/

  Initial symptoms of CBS often begin around age 60 (although there is variability in the age of onset) and then become bilateral as the disease progresses. […] Corticobasal Syndrome usually progresses slowly over the course of 6 to 8 years. During this time, the diagnosed person’s ability to live and function independently is diminished, leaving them dependent on others for activities of daily living. […] Death in CBS is generally caused by pneumonia or other complications, such as sepsis (an infection throughout the body) or pulmonary embolism (a blood clot that blocks a major blood vessel in the lung).

• #53 Corticobasal Degeneration

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/corticobasal-degeneration

  Corticobasal degeneration is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by nerve cell loss and atrophy (shrinkage) of multiple areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. Corticobasal degeneration progresses gradually. Initial symptoms, which typically begin at or around age 60, may first appear on one side of the body (unilateral), but eventually affect both sides as the disease progresses. Symptoms are similar to those found in Parkinson disease, such as poor coordination, akinesia (an absence of movements), rigidity (a resistance to imposed movement), disequilibrium (impaired balance); and limb dystonia (abnormal muscle postures). Other symptoms such as cognitive and visual-spatial impairments, apraxia (loss of the ability to make familiar, purposeful movements), hesitant and halting speech, myoclonus (muscular jerks), and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) may also occur. An individual with corticobasal degeneration eventually becomes unable to walk. […] Corticobasal degeneration usually progresses slowly over the course of 6 to 8 years. Death is generally caused by pneumonia or other complications of severe debility such as sepsis or pulmonary embolism.

• #54 Corticobasal Syndrome and Corticobasal Degeneration: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150039-overview

  There is no disease-modifying therapy for CBD to date, but a number of symptomatic treatments can be useful, particularly botulinum toxin injections for dystonia and several other indications. Lifelong rehabilitation of these patients with physical, occupational, speech, and swallow therapy focused on maximizing daily function is crucial to limit deconditioning and potentially slow decline. […] This is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes increasing levels of disability and loss of independence. Individuals with CBD usually die within 10 years of symptom onset from complications of dysphagia (aspiration pneumonia), urinary incontinence (urinary tract infections complicated by urosepsis) and an immobile state (susceptibility to infections). […] Prognosis is variable, with several studies indicating mean survival of 6-8 years from symptom onset; multiple cases with survival of 10 years have been reported. […] In a UK cohort comprised of 29 CBS, 35 PSP, 33 primary progressive aphasia, and 27 behavioral variant Frontotemporal degeneration patients, presence of apathy predicted death at 2.5 years post-assessment and on average was highest for corticobasal syndrome (CBS).

• #55 Corticobasal Degeneration (Corticobasal Syndrome): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22522-corticobasal-degeneration

  Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) is a rare brain condition that causes you to lose your ability to speak, move and remember. Symptoms are progressive, so they slowly get worse over time. […] Corticobasal degeneration symptoms may affect your ability to: Move (apraxia), Remember, See (vision), Speak (aphasia), Swallow. […] Symptoms worsen as the disease affects more of your brain. This happens gradually. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration typically start between ages 50 and 70. The average onset age is 64. Symptoms may start at age 40, but no reported cases happen before age 40. […] The prognosis (outlook) is poor for corticobasal degeneration. Its a progressive disease, which means itll get worse over time. It usually happens slowly over many years. […] On average, many people live between six to eight years after the first symptoms of corticobasal degeneration appear. This isnt the case for everyone, and many people live much longer than this.

• #56

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare condition that can cause gradually worsening problems with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms of CBD get gradually worse over time. They are very variable and many people only have a few of them. […] Symptoms can include: difficulty controlling your limb on one side of the body (a „useless” hand), muscle stiffness, shaking (tremors), jerky movements and spasms (dystonia), problems with balance and co-ordination, slow and slurred speech, symptoms of dementia, such as memory and visual problems, slow, effortful speech, difficulty swallowing. […] One limb is usually affected at first, before spreading to the rest of the body. The rate at which the symptoms progress varies widely from person to person. […] There is currently no treatment that has been shown to stop CBD getting gradually worse, although treatments can reduce many of the symptoms.

• #57 Corticobasal degeneration – Cerebral Function Unit

  https://cfu.org.uk/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Initial symptoms may include stiffness of the limbs, shaking (tremor), jerking, and being slowed down. […] Typically, people with CBD will have particular difficulty controlling one hand/arm. This symptom is termed apraxia. […] People may find that they become clumsy and lack co-ordination. There may also be problems in walking and balance. […] CBD can also cause people difficulty in speaking. Their speech may become slurred (dysarthria), and they can find it difficult to generate speech. Swallowing problems may also occur. […] The disease is progressive, so symptoms do get worse over time. However, there is wide variation in the speed of progression. Some people show little decline over the course of a year whereas others change more quickly.

• #58 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20209448

  Corticobasal degeneration, also called corticobasal syndrome, is a rare disease that causes areas of the brain to shrink. Over time, nerve cells break down and die. […] Corticobasal degeneration affects the area of the brain that processes information and brain structures that control movement. People with this disease have trouble with movement on one or both sides of the body. Trouble with movement gets worse over time. […] Symptoms also may include poor coordination, stiffness, trouble thinking, and trouble with speech or language. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) include: Trouble moving on one or both sides of the body, which gets worse over time. Poor coordination. Trouble with balance. Stiffness. Postures of the hands or feet that can’t be controlled. For example, the hand may form a clenched fist. Muscle jerks. Trouble swallowing. Changes in eye movements. Trouble with thinking and language skills. Speech changes, such as slow and halting speech. […] Corticobasal degeneration gets worse over 6 to 8 years. Eventually, people with the disease lose the ability to walk.

• #59

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Difficulty swallowing can cause choking, or inhaling food or liquid into the airways. This can lead to pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] As a result of these complications, the average life expectancy for someone with CBD is around 6 to 8 years from when their symptoms start. However, this is only an average and CBD is very variable.

• #60 Corticobasal Degeneration (Corticobasal Syndrome): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22522-corticobasal-degeneration

  Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) is a rare brain condition that causes you to lose your ability to speak, move and remember. Symptoms are progressive, so they slowly get worse over time. […] Corticobasal degeneration symptoms may affect your ability to: Move (apraxia), Remember, See (vision), Speak (aphasia), Swallow. […] Symptoms worsen as the disease affects more of your brain. This happens gradually. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration typically start between ages 50 and 70. The average onset age is 64. Symptoms may start at age 40, but no reported cases happen before age 40. […] The prognosis (outlook) is poor for corticobasal degeneration. Its a progressive disease, which means itll get worse over time. It usually happens slowly over many years. […] On average, many people live between six to eight years after the first symptoms of corticobasal degeneration appear. This isnt the case for everyone, and many people live much longer than this.

• #61 Corticobasal Syndrome | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/corticobasal-syndrome

  Moving around might also get harder as time goes on. Symptoms that start in one limb or on one side of the body might move slowly to other limbs or to the other side of the body. In the late stages of CBS, people may have some personality changes. They might become obsessive or impulsive, or they might say inappropriate things. Some people may also develop memory problems, such as misplacing objects or repeating questions. […] CBS is a disease that changes with time. A person with CBS can live many years with the disease. Research suggests that a person with CBS may live an average of six to eight years with the disease, although this can vary from person to person.

• #62 Corticobasal Degeneration | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/157387

  The disease typically has a late onset, with the youngest pathologically confirmed case reported at 42 and an average age of onset around 65. […] The pathophysiology of CBD is primarily driven by the accumulation of 4R hyperphosphorylated tau protein, which aggregates within neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, leading to progressive neurodegeneration. […] The resultant tau inclusions disrupt neuronal function, contributing to synaptic dysfunction, axonal transport failure, and cell death. […] The initial presentation varies among patients but often includes asymmetric motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, or language deficits. The disease follows a relentlessly progressive course over several years, leading to severe disability. […] Results from a study analyzing the natural history and survival of patients with confirmed CBD showed a median survival time from symptom onset of 7.9 years with a standard deviation of 0.7 years and a range of 2.5 to 12.5 years.

• #63 Corticobasal Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Corticobasal_Degeneration

  When ocular manifestations do occur, patients can experience abnormal eye movements (e.g., apraxia of gaze or vertical supranuclear gaze palsy). […] Patients with CBD can experience apraxia of eyelid opening, which may cause dry eyes. […] CBD may be a likely diagnosis if a patient presents with the following symptoms: Limb rigidity, Bradykinesia or clumsy limb, Postural instability, General cognitive impairment, Changes in behavior, Limb apraxia, Aphasia. […] The prognosis of CBD is poor. […] Disease duration of CBD is typically around 6-7 years, with a range of 2-12.5 years. […] There is shorter survival in patients also presenting with dementia. […] The most common causes of death are sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. […] CBD is a rare disorder characterized by progressive atrophy of multiple areas of the brain. Common features involve impaired motor function, cortical dysfunction, and other miscellaneous features. This disorder is difficult to diagnose since it can present with highly variable clinical phenotypes.

• #64 Corticobasal Syndrome and Corticobasal Degeneration: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150039-overview

  There is no disease-modifying therapy for CBD to date, but a number of symptomatic treatments can be useful, particularly botulinum toxin injections for dystonia and several other indications. Lifelong rehabilitation of these patients with physical, occupational, speech, and swallow therapy focused on maximizing daily function is crucial to limit deconditioning and potentially slow decline. […] This is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes increasing levels of disability and loss of independence. Individuals with CBD usually die within 10 years of symptom onset from complications of dysphagia (aspiration pneumonia), urinary incontinence (urinary tract infections complicated by urosepsis) and an immobile state (susceptibility to infections). […] Prognosis is variable, with several studies indicating mean survival of 6-8 years from symptom onset; multiple cases with survival of 10 years have been reported. […] In a UK cohort comprised of 29 CBS, 35 PSP, 33 primary progressive aphasia, and 27 behavioral variant Frontotemporal degeneration patients, presence of apathy predicted death at 2.5 years post-assessment and on average was highest for corticobasal syndrome (CBS).

• #65

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare condition that can cause gradually worsening problems with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms of CBD get gradually worse over time. They are very variable and many people only have a few of them. […] Symptoms can include: difficulty controlling your limb on one side of the body (a „useless” hand), muscle stiffness, shaking (tremors), jerky movements and spasms (dystonia), problems with balance and co-ordination, slow and slurred speech, symptoms of dementia, such as memory and visual problems, slow, effortful speech, difficulty swallowing. […] One limb is usually affected at first, before spreading to the rest of the body. The rate at which the symptoms progress varies widely from person to person. […] There is currently no treatment that has been shown to stop CBD getting gradually worse, although treatments can reduce many of the symptoms.

• #66 Corticobasal degeneration | Monash Health

  https://monashhealth.org/services/movement-disorders-program/understanding-movement-disorders/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD) is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. […] CBD affects movement, speech, thinking processes (cognition) and behaviour. […] Although theres currently no cure for CBD, a range of drugs, treatments and therapies are available to manage the symptoms. […] CBD symptoms usually develop between the ages of 60 to 70. […] There is a wide range of symptoms that vary greatly between people. […] The main symptoms include: changes to movement such as clumsiness in a hand, difficulty performing normal movements, dystonia and rigidity or stiffness, speech and swallowing difficulties, thinking or cognitive problems, behavioural changes. […] Movement control is affected on one side of the body initially but eventually all of the body is affected. […] Speech problems vary between people and are progressive leading to language loss.

• #67 Orphanet: Corticobasal syndrome

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/454887

  A rare neurologic disease characterized by multifaceted motor system dysfunctions and cognitive defects such as asymmetric rigidity, bradykinesia, limb apraxia, and visuospatial dysfunction. […] The disease shows a wide clinical variability between patients with many developing a relatively pure motor syndrome, and others displaying a combination of motor and cognitive deficits. Disease onset is insidious and usually occurs in the 6th to 7th decade of life with symptoms typically being unilateral at first, and the arm being more commonly affected than the leg. It may begin primarily as a movement disorder with rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor, in association with frontal signs, cortical sensory loss, alien limb phenomenon, stimulus induced myoclonus and progressive limb apraxia, which may become bilateral, though usually asymmetrical, as the disease progresses. Gait disturbance and postural instability are common, whereas dystonia and aphasia (speech apraxia, dysfluency and agraphia) are less commonly reported. Additionally, eye movement abnormalities and behavioral manifestations can also be present. Many patients have dementia in later stages of the disease.

• #68 Corticobasal Syndrome and Corticobasal Degeneration: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150039-overview

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), a sporadic neurodegenerative 4-repeat tauopathy, is a pathologically defined entity associated with several clinical phenotypes. The most common phenotype corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is defined by progressive dementia and typically asymmetric parkinsonism unresponsive to dopaminergic therapy, dystonia, limb apraxia, and myoclonus, but these may occur as a result of a number of other pathologic entities. […] The diagnosis of syndromes associated with CBD pathology is based on history and physical examination, while imaging, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid studies serve an ancillary role. […] CBD can also present clinically as progressive supranuclear palsy, a frontal behavioral-spatial syndrome, primary progressive aphasia, or (rarely) as posterior cortical atrophy.

• #69 Orphanet: Corticobasal syndrome

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/454887

  A rare neurologic disease characterized by multifaceted motor system dysfunctions and cognitive defects such as asymmetric rigidity, bradykinesia, limb apraxia, and visuospatial dysfunction. […] The disease shows a wide clinical variability between patients with many developing a relatively pure motor syndrome, and others displaying a combination of motor and cognitive deficits. Disease onset is insidious and usually occurs in the 6th to 7th decade of life with symptoms typically being unilateral at first, and the arm being more commonly affected than the leg. It may begin primarily as a movement disorder with rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor, in association with frontal signs, cortical sensory loss, alien limb phenomenon, stimulus induced myoclonus and progressive limb apraxia, which may become bilateral, though usually asymmetrical, as the disease progresses. Gait disturbance and postural instability are common, whereas dystonia and aphasia (speech apraxia, dysfluency and agraphia) are less commonly reported. Additionally, eye movement abnormalities and behavioral manifestations can also be present. Many patients have dementia in later stages of the disease.

• #70 Corticobasal Syndrome and Corticobasal Degeneration: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150039-overview

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), a sporadic neurodegenerative 4-repeat tauopathy, is a pathologically defined entity associated with several clinical phenotypes. The most common phenotype corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is defined by progressive dementia and typically asymmetric parkinsonism unresponsive to dopaminergic therapy, dystonia, limb apraxia, and myoclonus, but these may occur as a result of a number of other pathologic entities. […] The diagnosis of syndromes associated with CBD pathology is based on history and physical examination, while imaging, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid studies serve an ancillary role. […] CBD can also present clinically as progressive supranuclear palsy, a frontal behavioral-spatial syndrome, primary progressive aphasia, or (rarely) as posterior cortical atrophy.

• #71 SciELO Brazil – Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/kTtcj3kXZffSZPn4Mm5rTvK/

  Recent studies have revisited the role of dementia in CBD diagnosis criteria. […] The first cohort study to assess the natural history in CBD found an average disease duration of 7.9 years. […] However, later studies consistently suggested that dementia is an early symptom of CBD, sometimes presenting even before the onset of movement disorders. […] Apraxia and visuospatial deficits were evidenced at examination in almost half of the patients at some point of disease, and may occur any time during disease course. […] Language dysfunction was the most common complaint in early CBD, even before motor symptoms. […] The diagnosis of frontal behavioral-spatial syndrome-CBD requires at least two of these three cognitive features: executive dysfunction; behavioral or personality changes; or visuospatial deficits.

• #72 SciELO Brazil – Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/kTtcj3kXZffSZPn4Mm5rTvK/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disease. […] Cognitive deficits in CBD are now recognized as a frequent initial presentation and may appear up to eight years before the motor symptoms, depending on the phenotypic variant. […] Characteristic cognitive features of CBD involve language deficits, visuospatial and executive dysfunctions, apraxia, and behavioral disorders. […] Cognitive impairment during the course of the disease occurs in 70% of cases and 52% had this symptom at presentation. […] The CBD cognitive deficits are related to the predominantly-affected cerebral hemisphere and include apraxia, visuospatial dysfunction, language impairment, executive dysfunction and behavioral changes with relatively preserved episodic and semantic memories that will be discussed in detail below.

• #73 SciELO Brazil – Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/kTtcj3kXZffSZPn4Mm5rTvK/

  Recent studies have revisited the role of dementia in CBD diagnosis criteria. […] The first cohort study to assess the natural history in CBD found an average disease duration of 7.9 years. […] However, later studies consistently suggested that dementia is an early symptom of CBD, sometimes presenting even before the onset of movement disorders. […] Apraxia and visuospatial deficits were evidenced at examination in almost half of the patients at some point of disease, and may occur any time during disease course. […] Language dysfunction was the most common complaint in early CBD, even before motor symptoms. […] The diagnosis of frontal behavioral-spatial syndrome-CBD requires at least two of these three cognitive features: executive dysfunction; behavioral or personality changes; or visuospatial deficits.

• #74 SciELO Brazil – Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/kTtcj3kXZffSZPn4Mm5rTvK/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disease. […] Cognitive deficits in CBD are now recognized as a frequent initial presentation and may appear up to eight years before the motor symptoms, depending on the phenotypic variant. […] Characteristic cognitive features of CBD involve language deficits, visuospatial and executive dysfunctions, apraxia, and behavioral disorders. […] Cognitive impairment during the course of the disease occurs in 70% of cases and 52% had this symptom at presentation. […] The CBD cognitive deficits are related to the predominantly-affected cerebral hemisphere and include apraxia, visuospatial dysfunction, language impairment, executive dysfunction and behavioral changes with relatively preserved episodic and semantic memories that will be discussed in detail below.

• #75 SciELO Brazil – Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration Cognitive dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/kTtcj3kXZffSZPn4Mm5rTvK/

  Recent studies have revisited the role of dementia in CBD diagnosis criteria. […] The first cohort study to assess the natural history in CBD found an average disease duration of 7.9 years. […] However, later studies consistently suggested that dementia is an early symptom of CBD, sometimes presenting even before the onset of movement disorders. […] Apraxia and visuospatial deficits were evidenced at examination in almost half of the patients at some point of disease, and may occur any time during disease course. […] Language dysfunction was the most common complaint in early CBD, even before motor symptoms. […] The diagnosis of frontal behavioral-spatial syndrome-CBD requires at least two of these three cognitive features: executive dysfunction; behavioral or personality changes; or visuospatial deficits.

• #76 Corticobasal Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Corticobasal_Degeneration

  When ocular manifestations do occur, patients can experience abnormal eye movements (e.g., apraxia of gaze or vertical supranuclear gaze palsy). […] Patients with CBD can experience apraxia of eyelid opening, which may cause dry eyes. […] CBD may be a likely diagnosis if a patient presents with the following symptoms: Limb rigidity, Bradykinesia or clumsy limb, Postural instability, General cognitive impairment, Changes in behavior, Limb apraxia, Aphasia. […] The prognosis of CBD is poor. […] Disease duration of CBD is typically around 6-7 years, with a range of 2-12.5 years. […] There is shorter survival in patients also presenting with dementia. […] The most common causes of death are sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. […] CBD is a rare disorder characterized by progressive atrophy of multiple areas of the brain. Common features involve impaired motor function, cortical dysfunction, and other miscellaneous features. This disorder is difficult to diagnose since it can present with highly variable clinical phenotypes.

• #77 Visual signs and symptoms of corticobasal degeneration – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553583/

  Corticobasal degeneration is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease and a member of the 'parkinsonian’ group of disorders, which also includes Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. The most common initial symptom is limb clumsiness, usually affecting one side of the body, with or without accompanying rigidity or tremor. Subsequently, the disease affects gait and there is a slow progression to influence ipsilateral arms and legs. Apraxia and dementia are the most common cortical signs. […] Corticobasal degeneration can be difficult to distinguish from other parkinsonian syndromes but if ocular signs and symptoms are present, they may aid clinical diagnosis. Typical ocular features include increased latency of saccadic eye movements ipsilateral to the side exhibiting apraxia, impaired smooth pursuit movements and visuo-spatial dysfunction, especially involving spatial rather than object-based tasks. Less typical features include reduction in saccadic velocity, vertical gaze palsy, visual hallucinations, sleep disturbance and an impaired electroretinogram. Aspects of primary vision such as visual acuity and colour vision are usually unaffected. Management of the condition to deal with problems of walking, movement, daily tasks and speech problems is an important aspect of the disease.

• #78 Visual signs and symptoms of corticobasal degeneration – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553583/

  Corticobasal degeneration is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease and a member of the 'parkinsonian’ group of disorders, which also includes Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. The most common initial symptom is limb clumsiness, usually affecting one side of the body, with or without accompanying rigidity or tremor. Subsequently, the disease affects gait and there is a slow progression to influence ipsilateral arms and legs. Apraxia and dementia are the most common cortical signs. […] Corticobasal degeneration can be difficult to distinguish from other parkinsonian syndromes but if ocular signs and symptoms are present, they may aid clinical diagnosis. Typical ocular features include increased latency of saccadic eye movements ipsilateral to the side exhibiting apraxia, impaired smooth pursuit movements and visuo-spatial dysfunction, especially involving spatial rather than object-based tasks. Less typical features include reduction in saccadic velocity, vertical gaze palsy, visual hallucinations, sleep disturbance and an impaired electroretinogram. Aspects of primary vision such as visual acuity and colour vision are usually unaffected. Management of the condition to deal with problems of walking, movement, daily tasks and speech problems is an important aspect of the disease.

• #79 Visual signs and symptoms of corticobasal degeneration – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553583/

  Corticobasal degeneration is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease and a member of the 'parkinsonian’ group of disorders, which also includes Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. The most common initial symptom is limb clumsiness, usually affecting one side of the body, with or without accompanying rigidity or tremor. Subsequently, the disease affects gait and there is a slow progression to influence ipsilateral arms and legs. Apraxia and dementia are the most common cortical signs. […] Corticobasal degeneration can be difficult to distinguish from other parkinsonian syndromes but if ocular signs and symptoms are present, they may aid clinical diagnosis. Typical ocular features include increased latency of saccadic eye movements ipsilateral to the side exhibiting apraxia, impaired smooth pursuit movements and visuo-spatial dysfunction, especially involving spatial rather than object-based tasks. Less typical features include reduction in saccadic velocity, vertical gaze palsy, visual hallucinations, sleep disturbance and an impaired electroretinogram. Aspects of primary vision such as visual acuity and colour vision are usually unaffected. Management of the condition to deal with problems of walking, movement, daily tasks and speech problems is an important aspect of the disease.

• #80 Visual signs and symptoms of corticobasal degeneration – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553583/

  Corticobasal degeneration is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease and a member of the 'parkinsonian’ group of disorders, which also includes Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. The most common initial symptom is limb clumsiness, usually affecting one side of the body, with or without accompanying rigidity or tremor. Subsequently, the disease affects gait and there is a slow progression to influence ipsilateral arms and legs. Apraxia and dementia are the most common cortical signs. […] Corticobasal degeneration can be difficult to distinguish from other parkinsonian syndromes but if ocular signs and symptoms are present, they may aid clinical diagnosis. Typical ocular features include increased latency of saccadic eye movements ipsilateral to the side exhibiting apraxia, impaired smooth pursuit movements and visuo-spatial dysfunction, especially involving spatial rather than object-based tasks. Less typical features include reduction in saccadic velocity, vertical gaze palsy, visual hallucinations, sleep disturbance and an impaired electroretinogram. Aspects of primary vision such as visual acuity and colour vision are usually unaffected. Management of the condition to deal with problems of walking, movement, daily tasks and speech problems is an important aspect of the disease.

• #81 Corticobasal Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Corticobasal_Degeneration

  When ocular manifestations do occur, patients can experience abnormal eye movements (e.g., apraxia of gaze or vertical supranuclear gaze palsy). […] Patients with CBD can experience apraxia of eyelid opening, which may cause dry eyes. […] CBD may be a likely diagnosis if a patient presents with the following symptoms: Limb rigidity, Bradykinesia or clumsy limb, Postural instability, General cognitive impairment, Changes in behavior, Limb apraxia, Aphasia. […] The prognosis of CBD is poor. […] Disease duration of CBD is typically around 6-7 years, with a range of 2-12.5 years. […] There is shorter survival in patients also presenting with dementia. […] The most common causes of death are sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. […] CBD is a rare disorder characterized by progressive atrophy of multiple areas of the brain. Common features involve impaired motor function, cortical dysfunction, and other miscellaneous features. This disorder is difficult to diagnose since it can present with highly variable clinical phenotypes.

• #82 Visual signs and symptoms of corticobasal degeneration – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553583/

  Corticobasal degeneration is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease and a member of the 'parkinsonian’ group of disorders, which also includes Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. The most common initial symptom is limb clumsiness, usually affecting one side of the body, with or without accompanying rigidity or tremor. Subsequently, the disease affects gait and there is a slow progression to influence ipsilateral arms and legs. Apraxia and dementia are the most common cortical signs. […] Corticobasal degeneration can be difficult to distinguish from other parkinsonian syndromes but if ocular signs and symptoms are present, they may aid clinical diagnosis. Typical ocular features include increased latency of saccadic eye movements ipsilateral to the side exhibiting apraxia, impaired smooth pursuit movements and visuo-spatial dysfunction, especially involving spatial rather than object-based tasks. Less typical features include reduction in saccadic velocity, vertical gaze palsy, visual hallucinations, sleep disturbance and an impaired electroretinogram. Aspects of primary vision such as visual acuity and colour vision are usually unaffected. Management of the condition to deal with problems of walking, movement, daily tasks and speech problems is an important aspect of the disease.

• #83 Orphanet: Corticobasal syndrome

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/454887

  Treatment is symptomatic and focuses on improving function as well as palliative care. Dystonia may be treated with botulinum toxin. Brief response to levodopa may occur, but sustained response to treatment should prompt a reconsideration of the diagnosis. Physical therapy and surgery are not found to offer any symptom relief. Speech therapy can be offered to those with prominent aphasia. […] Quality of life is decreased in CBS patients as they gradually lose their ability to function independently. The prognosis is poor with the mean disease duration being 5.4-7.9 years after onset.

• #84 Living with CBS :: Fight Parkinson’s – Together we can

  https://www.fightparkinsons.org.au/living-with-cbs/

  Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS) is a rare progressive neurological disorder resulting from degeneration in a specific part of the brain. The condition manifests due to a loss of nerve cells in the outer layer of the brain (the cortex) and the deep basal ganglia, and atrophy (shrinkage) of multiple areas of the brain. This Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD) progresses gradually and affects two of the core domains that make us human – movement and thinking. This has a dramatic impact on peoples lives, affecting their confidence and independence as symptoms of their condition get worse over time. […] Symptoms are similar to those found in Parkinsons disease, such as poor coordination, an absence of movements, rigidity, impaired balance and limb dystonia (abnormal muscle postures). A person with CBS eventually becomes unable to walk. CBS can lead to pneumonia or other complications of severe debility such as sepsis or pulmonary embolism.

• #85 Living with CBS :: Fight Parkinson’s – Together we can

  https://www.fightparkinsons.org.au/living-with-cbs/

  Many people with CBS also experience thinking problems, such as speech disturbance, word-finding difficulties, memory loss and problems with planning. Personality changes are also common and may include depression, anxiety, irritability and loss of inhibition. […] CBS cannot be cured, so everyone with CBS experiences deterioration prior to death. Initial symptoms become more severe over time and new symptoms may develop. As the condition progresses, people with CBS are at risk of developing serious complications such as pneumonia, bacterial infections or pulmonary embolism. People with CBS typically live for around eight years after the onset of symptoms. […] CBS is difficult to diagnose. There are no blood tests or brain scans that can diagnose it, although tests and scans are commonly used to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. As CBS occurs in the brain, a diagnosis can only be confirmed at post mortem. It is common for people with early symptoms of CBS to be misdiagnosed with Parkinsons or stroke. A limited response to Parkinsons medication is a key indicator of the need to review a diagnosis of Parkinsons.

• #86 Living with CBS :: Fight Parkinson’s – Together we can

  https://www.fightparkinsons.org.au/living-with-cbs/

  People may experience a range of feelings after being diagnosed with CBS. Most people experience a feeling of grief, which may include fear, sadness, denial, anger or concern for the future. […] Treatments and therapies are available to help manage symptoms of CBS, however there is no cure and we do not know of any way to prevent it from occurring or slow its progression.

• #87 Living with CBS :: Fight Parkinson’s – Together we can

  https://www.fightparkinsons.org.au/living-with-cbs/

  People may experience a range of feelings after being diagnosed with CBS. Most people experience a feeling of grief, which may include fear, sadness, denial, anger or concern for the future. […] Treatments and therapies are available to help manage symptoms of CBS, however there is no cure and we do not know of any way to prevent it from occurring or slow its progression.

• #88 Corticobasal Syndrome – Frontotemporal Degeneration | AFTD

  https://www.theaftd.org/what-is-ftd/corticobasal-syndrome/

  Initial symptoms of CBS often begin around age 60 (although there is variability in the age of onset) and then become bilateral as the disease progresses. […] Corticobasal Syndrome usually progresses slowly over the course of 6 to 8 years. During this time, the diagnosed person’s ability to live and function independently is diminished, leaving them dependent on others for activities of daily living. […] Death in CBS is generally caused by pneumonia or other complications, such as sepsis (an infection throughout the body) or pulmonary embolism (a blood clot that blocks a major blood vessel in the lung).

• #89 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20209448

  Corticobasal degeneration, also called corticobasal syndrome, is a rare disease that causes areas of the brain to shrink. Over time, nerve cells break down and die. […] Corticobasal degeneration affects the area of the brain that processes information and brain structures that control movement. People with this disease have trouble with movement on one or both sides of the body. Trouble with movement gets worse over time. […] Symptoms also may include poor coordination, stiffness, trouble thinking, and trouble with speech or language. […] Symptoms of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) include: Trouble moving on one or both sides of the body, which gets worse over time. Poor coordination. Trouble with balance. Stiffness. Postures of the hands or feet that can’t be controlled. For example, the hand may form a clenched fist. Muscle jerks. Trouble swallowing. Changes in eye movements. Trouble with thinking and language skills. Speech changes, such as slow and halting speech. […] Corticobasal degeneration gets worse over 6 to 8 years. Eventually, people with the disease lose the ability to walk.

• #90

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/

  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare condition that can cause gradually worsening problems with movement, speech, memory and swallowing. […] The symptoms of CBD get gradually worse over time. They are very variable and many people only have a few of them. […] Symptoms can include: difficulty controlling your limb on one side of the body (a „useless” hand), muscle stiffness, shaking (tremors), jerky movements and spasms (dystonia), problems with balance and co-ordination, slow and slurred speech, symptoms of dementia, such as memory and visual problems, slow, effortful speech, difficulty swallowing. […] One limb is usually affected at first, before spreading to the rest of the body. The rate at which the symptoms progress varies widely from person to person. […] There is currently no treatment that has been shown to stop CBD getting gradually worse, although treatments can reduce many of the symptoms.

• #91 Corticobasal Degeneration

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/corticobasal-degeneration

  Corticobasal degeneration is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by nerve cell loss and atrophy (shrinkage) of multiple areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. Corticobasal degeneration progresses gradually. Initial symptoms, which typically begin at or around age 60, may first appear on one side of the body (unilateral), but eventually affect both sides as the disease progresses. Symptoms are similar to those found in Parkinson disease, such as poor coordination, akinesia (an absence of movements), rigidity (a resistance to imposed movement), disequilibrium (impaired balance); and limb dystonia (abnormal muscle postures). Other symptoms such as cognitive and visual-spatial impairments, apraxia (loss of the ability to make familiar, purposeful movements), hesitant and halting speech, myoclonus (muscular jerks), and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) may also occur. An individual with corticobasal degeneration eventually becomes unable to walk. […] Corticobasal degeneration usually progresses slowly over the course of 6 to 8 years. Death is generally caused by pneumonia or other complications of severe debility such as sepsis or pulmonary embolism.

• #92 Corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/corticobasal-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20475446

  A diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome) is made based on your symptoms, exam and testing. However, your symptoms could be due to another disease that affects the brain. Conditions that cause similar symptoms include progressive supranuclear palsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Pick’s disease or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. […] There are no treatments that help slow the progression of corticobasal degeneration (corticobasal syndrome). But if your symptoms are due to Alzheimer’s disease, new medicines may be available. Your healthcare professional may recommend medicines to try to manage your symptoms. […] Occupational and physical therapy may help you manage the disabilities caused by corticobasal degeneration. Walking devices may help with mobility and prevent falls. Speech therapy can help with communication and swallowing. A dietitian may help you ensure you get proper nutrition and lower the risk of inhaling food into the lungs, known as aspiration.

• #93 Cortiocobasal Degeneration: Essential Facts For Patients

  https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/Resources/Patient-Education/Cortiocobasal-Degeneration.htm

  Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease. The disease typically starts between ages 60 and 70. CBD is a complex disease with a wide variety of symptoms and signs. […] Common symptoms include: Slowing movement and stiffness of the neck, arms and legs; Balance and walking problems that may cause falls; Muscle twitches or jerks, called myoclonus; Difficulty performing common arm or leg movements; Sensation loss on one side or trouble identifying things by touch; A feeling that your hand has a mind of its own, sometimes called alien limb; Difficulties with speech and language, such as trouble finding the right words; Behavioral changes such as loss of motivation, personality changes, or irritability. […] CBD symptoms can overlap with other more common neurological diseases. That is why neurologists often use the term corticobasal syndrome rather than CBD. […] There is no effective treatment to slow CBD progression. However, some symptoms can sometimes be treated.

• #94 Corticobasal Degeneration CBD | Definitions, Symptoms & Advice

  https://www.pspassociation.org.uk/what-is-cbd/

  CBD is a complex and progressive neurological disorder characterised by a variety of symptoms that significantly affect movement, cognitive functions, and daily activities. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management of the condition. […] The condition is characterised by symptoms affecting one side of the body, such as a limb becoming stiff, clumsy, or weak. Over time, symptoms often spread across the whole body and can significantly impair mobility and daily functioning. Distinctive features of CBD include an alien limb, where an individual’s limb may move involuntarily, causing significant difficulties with activities of daily living such as dressing, feeding, and mobility. […] CBD’s diverse symptoms, such as motor dysfunctions, cognitive decline, and speech difficulties, progressively impair an individual’s ability to perform day-to-day.

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