Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Coarctation of the aorta Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  The exact cause of coarctation of the aorta is unknown. It results from abnormalities in development of the aorta prior to birth. […] Aortic coarctation is more common in people with certain genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome. […] Aortic coarctation is one of the more common heart conditions that are present at birth (congenital heart defects). This abnormality accounts for about 5% of all congenital heart defects.

• #2 WHAT CAUSES COARCTATION OF AORTA? | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/what-causes-coarctation-of-aorta

  Coarctation of aorta is a congenital anomaly, meaning it is present at or before birth. It occurs during the 6th to 8th week of gestation and constitutes 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. […] The exact reason for coarctation of aorta, like for most other CHDs is not known. Several mechanisms are proposed. Two theories are dominant: A. Ductus Tissue Theory ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal structure that attaches adjacent to the isthmus area of the descending aorta. It has specialized tissue that constricts after birth due to increased oxygen concentration thus closing itself. It is believed that in some cases, there may be aberrant ductal tissue in descending aorta adjacent to where ductus inserts, constriction of which after birth results in narrowing of the descending aorta. […] B. Hemodynamic Theory presence of proximal heart lesions such mitral or aortic stenosis decrease blood flow to the aorta, and this is believed to result in underdevelopment of aortic arch resulting in coarcation of aorta.

• #3 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #4 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #5 WHAT CAUSES COARCTATION OF AORTA? | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/what-causes-coarctation-of-aorta

  Coarctation of aorta is a congenital anomaly, meaning it is present at or before birth. It occurs during the 6th to 8th week of gestation and constitutes 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. […] The exact reason for coarctation of aorta, like for most other CHDs is not known. Several mechanisms are proposed. Two theories are dominant: A. Ductus Tissue Theory ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal structure that attaches adjacent to the isthmus area of the descending aorta. It has specialized tissue that constricts after birth due to increased oxygen concentration thus closing itself. It is believed that in some cases, there may be aberrant ductal tissue in descending aorta adjacent to where ductus inserts, constriction of which after birth results in narrowing of the descending aorta. […] B. Hemodynamic Theory presence of proximal heart lesions such mitral or aortic stenosis decrease blood flow to the aorta, and this is believed to result in underdevelopment of aortic arch resulting in coarcation of aorta.

• #6 Coarctation of the Aorta – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta/

  People with coarctation of the aorta are born with an aorta that is too narrow. […] Right now there are several theories about what causes the aorta to become too narrow. […] It is possible that when the ductus closes it pinches the aorta. This may result in a coarctation. […] It is also possible that coarctation develops because the blood flow in the growing aorta is not normal. […] Another theory is that people with coarctation have an in-born problem in the cells that make up the walls of their aorta. […] We do not know enough about why coarctation happens. […] In 10-20% of cases there is a known family history and/or genetic factor, such as Turners Syndrome. […] Coarctation is not known to be caused by environmental factors during pregnancy.

• #7 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a narrowing of the descending aorta, which is typically located at the insertion of the ductus arteriosus just distal to the left subclavian artery. This defect generally results in left ventricular pressure overload. […] Although CoA can rarely be acquired, the vast majority of CoA cases are congenital. […] The precise pathogenesis is unknown. The two main theories for the development of congenital CoA are:

• #8 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  One of the morphological abnormalities proposed as an explanation for CoA concerns fetal blood flow. […] A recent report also supports the hemodynamic theory not only in tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch but also in simple CoA. […] In 1855, Skoda speculated that the constriction of the aorta is related to the closure of the ductus arteriosus extending into the walls of the aorta, a proposal which is referred to as the Skodiac hypothesis. […] It is well known that the ductus arteriosus is dilated by prostaglandin E1. […] These results support the concept that CoA is caused by excessive distribution of the tissue of the ductus arteriosus. […] The concept that CoA is related to an abnormal extension of the tissue unique to the ductus arteriosus is largely based on histological findings on elastic fiber formation.

• #9 Coarctation of the Aorta: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/895502-overview

  Numerous theories have been proposed for the etiology of coarctation of the aorta, including postnatal ductal constriction, translocation of ductal tissue onto the aorta, and a theory that alterations in intrauterine blood flow cause altered flow through the aortic arch and result in the substrate for coarctation. Coarctation of the aorta manifests when the ductus closes starting at the pulmonary end, with gradual involution of ductal tissue toward the aorta. […] Similar to most forms of congenital heart disease (CHD), the etiology of coarctation of the aorta may be explained by multifactorial inheritance hypothesis. The prevalence of coarctation of the aorta in genetic abnormalities such as Turner syndrome (45,X), is as high as 15-20%. Familial patterns of inheritance of coarctation have been reported, as well as for other left heart obstructive lesions. An increase in seasonal occurrence of coarctation of the aorta is reported in September and November.

• #10 Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16876-aortic-coarctation

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital heart defect that affects your baby’s aorta. This is the artery that sends oxygen-rich blood from your baby’s heart to the rest of their body. Coarctation is a medical term for narrowing. With CoA, one part of your baby’s aorta is narrower than it should be. This makes it harder for blood to flow through. […] Experts don’t fully understand what causes CoA. But they believe there’s a genetic component. Certain gene changes that happen before birth may keep your baby’s aorta from forming as expected. […] Certain genetic disorders can raise your risk of CoA. For example, babies born with Turner syndrome have a higher risk of aortic coarctation, bicuspid aortic valve and other congenital defects. […] A common cause of CoA without any other heart defects (isolated CoA) is abnormal closure of the ductus arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus is a small artery that connects the fetal aorta and pulmonary artery. […] When it closes, some tissue from the ductus arteriosus may blend in with tissue from the aorta. When this tissue tightens to close the ductus arteriosus, it may narrow the aorta, as well, and lead to coarctation.

• #11 Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa

  Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta between the upper body branches and the lower body branches. It’s typically in an isolated location just after the „arch” of the aorta. The blockage can increase blood pressure in your arms and head, yet reduce pressure in your legs. […] The area where coarctation of the aorta occurs is usually in the same spot where the ductus arteriosus closes. Sometimes, during normal closure of the ductus in the first week of life, tissue can build up and cause a narrowing. […] Coarctation of the aorta can cause high blood pressure in the heart. This can cause the muscle of the heart’s main pumping chamber (left ventricle) to become thick. Eventually, the function of the heart muscle could deteriorate if the condition isn’t treated.

• #12 About Coarctation of the Aorta | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/coarctation-of-the-aorta.html

  Coarctation of the aorta occurs when a baby’s aorta doesn’t form correctly as the baby develops during pregnancy. The causes of coarctation of the aorta among most babies are unknown. Some babies have heart defects because of changes in their genes or chromosomes. A combination of genes and other risk factors may increase the risk for coarctation of the aorta. […] In some babies with coarctation, some tissue from the wall of ductus arteriosus blends into the tissue of the aorta. The extra tissue may tighten and narrow the aorta when the ductus arteriosus closes normally after birth.

• #13 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatric Cardiology Associates of Houston

  https://www.kidsheartshouston.com/answers/21808-coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect, or a birth defect of the heart. […] It is thought that coarctation may be caused by the presence of extra ductal tissue extending into the adjacent aorta which results in aortic narrowing as the ductal tissue contracts. […] The cause of coarctation of the aorta is unknown. Genetic factors may play a role. Some experts believe that elastic tissue from the ductus arteriosus may encircle the aorta and cause a „lasso effect” on it as the ductus closes, resulting in a coarctation of the aorta.

• #14 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  One of the morphological abnormalities proposed as an explanation for CoA concerns fetal blood flow. […] A recent report also supports the hemodynamic theory not only in tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch but also in simple CoA. […] In 1855, Skoda speculated that the constriction of the aorta is related to the closure of the ductus arteriosus extending into the walls of the aorta, a proposal which is referred to as the Skodiac hypothesis. […] It is well known that the ductus arteriosus is dilated by prostaglandin E1. […] These results support the concept that CoA is caused by excessive distribution of the tissue of the ductus arteriosus. […] The concept that CoA is related to an abnormal extension of the tissue unique to the ductus arteriosus is largely based on histological findings on elastic fiber formation.

• #15 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  One of the morphological abnormalities proposed as an explanation for CoA concerns fetal blood flow. […] A recent report also supports the hemodynamic theory not only in tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch but also in simple CoA. […] In 1855, Skoda speculated that the constriction of the aorta is related to the closure of the ductus arteriosus extending into the walls of the aorta, a proposal which is referred to as the Skodiac hypothesis. […] It is well known that the ductus arteriosus is dilated by prostaglandin E1. […] These results support the concept that CoA is caused by excessive distribution of the tissue of the ductus arteriosus. […] The concept that CoA is related to an abnormal extension of the tissue unique to the ductus arteriosus is largely based on histological findings on elastic fiber formation.

• #16 Coarctation of the Aorta : Virtual Library

  https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/coarctation-of-the-aorta/

  Two possible explanations exist regarding the aetiology of CoA; the haemodynamic theory and the abnormal duct theory. The first postulates that there is decreased blood flow into the aorta secondary to left heart obstruction in utero, which leads to under-development of the aorta at the isthmus. The second postulates that abnormal ectopic ductal tissue in the aortic wall causes constriction when ductal tissue constricts after birth. However, ductal tissue has not been observed at the site of all CoA. […] Associated factors include: […] Genetic mutations Caucasians are seven times more likely to have CoA. […] Environmental factors There is a higher incidence of CoA in babies born in the autumn and winter months.

• #17 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  One of the morphological abnormalities proposed as an explanation for CoA concerns fetal blood flow. […] A recent report also supports the hemodynamic theory not only in tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch but also in simple CoA. […] In 1855, Skoda speculated that the constriction of the aorta is related to the closure of the ductus arteriosus extending into the walls of the aorta, a proposal which is referred to as the Skodiac hypothesis. […] It is well known that the ductus arteriosus is dilated by prostaglandin E1. […] These results support the concept that CoA is caused by excessive distribution of the tissue of the ductus arteriosus. […] The concept that CoA is related to an abnormal extension of the tissue unique to the ductus arteriosus is largely based on histological findings on elastic fiber formation.

• #18 WHAT CAUSES COARCTATION OF AORTA? | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/what-causes-coarctation-of-aorta

  Coarctation of aorta is a congenital anomaly, meaning it is present at or before birth. It occurs during the 6th to 8th week of gestation and constitutes 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. […] The exact reason for coarctation of aorta, like for most other CHDs is not known. Several mechanisms are proposed. Two theories are dominant: A. Ductus Tissue Theory ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal structure that attaches adjacent to the isthmus area of the descending aorta. It has specialized tissue that constricts after birth due to increased oxygen concentration thus closing itself. It is believed that in some cases, there may be aberrant ductal tissue in descending aorta adjacent to where ductus inserts, constriction of which after birth results in narrowing of the descending aorta. […] B. Hemodynamic Theory presence of proximal heart lesions such mitral or aortic stenosis decrease blood flow to the aorta, and this is believed to result in underdevelopment of aortic arch resulting in coarcation of aorta.

• #19

  https://step1.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/108031/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  narrowing of the aorta causing hypertension in the upper extremities relative to the lower extremities […] mechanism of coarctation is unknown but thought to be due to […] decreased blood flow across aorta in utero, which can lead to defects in the aorta […] ectopic ductal tissue in the aorta, which can cause the aorta to be pulled inwards into a coarctation […] risk factors […] family history.

• #20 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #21 Coarctation of the aorta | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/coarctation-of-the-aorta?lang=us

  Coarctations account for between 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. […] As with many congenital abnormalities, coarctation of the aorta is associated with other congenital anomalies. […] A coarctation can be seen in 15-20% of those with Turner syndrome. […] It can be primarily divided into two types: infantile (pre-ductal) form and adult (juxtaductal, postductal or middle aortic) form. […] The urgency of treatment depends on the presence of congestive cardiac failure. […] Treatment can be either primary surgical repair with excision of the coarctation and end-to-end anastomosis, or balloon angioplasty.

• #22 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #23 WHAT CAUSES COARCTATION OF AORTA? | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/what-causes-coarctation-of-aorta

  Sometimes, underlying Genetic anomalies may contribute to occurrence of coarctation of aorta. For example, it occurs in 35% of patients with Turner XO syndrome. […] Rarely, coarctation of the aorta may be the result of traumatic injury, severe hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) or inflammation of arteries (Takayasus arteritis)

• #24 Coarctation of the Aorta: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/895502-overview

  Numerous theories have been proposed for the etiology of coarctation of the aorta, including postnatal ductal constriction, translocation of ductal tissue onto the aorta, and a theory that alterations in intrauterine blood flow cause altered flow through the aortic arch and result in the substrate for coarctation. Coarctation of the aorta manifests when the ductus closes starting at the pulmonary end, with gradual involution of ductal tissue toward the aorta. […] Similar to most forms of congenital heart disease (CHD), the etiology of coarctation of the aorta may be explained by multifactorial inheritance hypothesis. The prevalence of coarctation of the aorta in genetic abnormalities such as Turner syndrome (45,X), is as high as 15-20%. Familial patterns of inheritance of coarctation have been reported, as well as for other left heart obstructive lesions. An increase in seasonal occurrence of coarctation of the aorta is reported in September and November.

• #25 Coarctation of the Aorta (COA) in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/coarctation-of-the-aorta.html

  Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a heart defect that is present at birth (congenital). It means the aorta is narrower than it should be. […] Most of the time, COA has no known cause. Some heart defects present at birth have a genetic link. This means they happen more often in certain families. There is an increased risk in families with a history of left-sided heart obstructive lesions.

• #26 Aortic Coarctation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150369-overview

  The exact etiology of coarctation of the aorta is not known. Note the following: […] Coarctation is seven times more common in white persons than Asian persons. It has a lower incidence among Native Americans than other population groups in Minnesota. […] Environmental variation and seasonal variation have been suggested to influence the development of coarctation. A study showed an increased incidence of coarctation in late fall and winter births. […] In 1995, Weinstein et al discovered a recessive mutation in zebrafish that causes a focal malformation resembling coarctation in humans. The mutation, named gridlock, results in failure of vascular channel formation at the site where bilaterally paired dorsal aortas join together and continue posteriorly as a dorsal midline channel, the medial dorsal aorta.

• #27 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Impaired elastic fiber formation is also known to cause aortic aneurysm, which was the most common cause of death in patients with CoA before the introduction of surgical repair. […] This secondary intimal proliferation is thought to be the result of flow disturbance at the point of stenosis. […] Accumulating evidence of vasoreactivity and endothelial function in patients with CoA suggests that CoA is not a simple mechanical obstruction that can be cured surgically. […] These data suggest that CoA is not only a localized anatomical problem of the stenotic segment but also an inborn systemic vascular disease of the pre-coarctational arteries. […] Although it is not clear whether a gridlock mutation is associated with human CoA, genetic studies suggest that CoA is associated with the regulation of Notch signaling, which contributes to the development of the aortic arch.

• #28 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #29 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #30 Coarctation of the aorta — Knowledge Hub

  https://www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk/genotes/knowledge-hub/coarctation-of-the-aorta/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, usually distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery and close to the ductus arteriosus. […] Genomic testing should be considered, as a number of cases of coarctation will be associated with underlying Turner syndrome (45XO). The majority of cases, however, are not associated with an identified genetic cause. […] The recurrence risk following an affected pregnancy is around 1 in 200 (or 0.5%). Where a congenital heart anomaly is detected, there is overall a 1% chance of having a further pregnancy or child with congenital heart disease (which may be a different form of congenital heart disease to that of the previous child). […] Parents who have a child diagnosed with Turner syndrome have a slightly greater recurrence risk (just over 1%) of having a further pregnancy with the condition.

• #31 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #32 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #33 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #34 Coarctation of Aorta: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/heart/coarctation-of-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the aorta artery begins to narrow. Coarctation is a birth defect with an unknown cause. The abnormalities causing this disorder happen during fetal development. […] The exact cause of aortic coarctation is unknown. However, doctors agree this condition is a critical congenital heart defect affecting the formation of a babys aorta during fetal development. Coarctation of the aorta is usually present at birth and rarely develops later in life. […] Aortic coarctation and other heart defects are sometimes caused by chromosomal changes that take place during a babys development in the womb. It is believed to be a combination of genes and environmental factors the mother may have been exposed to during pregnancy. […] Certain medications, alcohol consumption, and environmental toxins can alter the chromosomes during fetal development. Some congenital heart defects are genetic and therefore, associated with a family history of heart conditions. […] There are no definitive known causes for aortic coarctation; however, certain genetic, environmental, or behavioral conditions could increase the risk of acquiring this disorder. Doctors believe the anomalies that affect the coarctation of the aorta are formed during fetal development.

• #35 Aortic Coarctation Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-coarctation

  Aortic coarctation is a congenital heart condition, meaning its present at birth. It occurs because a narrowing in the aorta restricts blood flow to the rest of the body. […] In some cases, aortic coarctation develops later in life due to a traumatic injury or severe hardening of the arteries, known as atherosclerosis. […] In most cases, the cause is unknown. Genes play a role, as may environment, medications, lifestyle choices, or a combination of several factors. […] A combination of genetic and other factors may increase a persons risk of having a baby with aortic coarctation. Some heart defects are due to mutations or changes in genes or chromosomes. Environmental factors, diet, medications, and other things also can play a role. […] Another theory is that extra tissue from the ductus arteriosus blood vessel molds into the aortic tissue when it closes up after birth.

• #36 Coarctation of Aorta: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/heart/coarctation-of-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the aorta artery begins to narrow. Coarctation is a birth defect with an unknown cause. The abnormalities causing this disorder happen during fetal development. […] The exact cause of aortic coarctation is unknown. However, doctors agree this condition is a critical congenital heart defect affecting the formation of a babys aorta during fetal development. Coarctation of the aorta is usually present at birth and rarely develops later in life. […] Aortic coarctation and other heart defects are sometimes caused by chromosomal changes that take place during a babys development in the womb. It is believed to be a combination of genes and environmental factors the mother may have been exposed to during pregnancy. […] Certain medications, alcohol consumption, and environmental toxins can alter the chromosomes during fetal development. Some congenital heart defects are genetic and therefore, associated with a family history of heart conditions. […] There are no definitive known causes for aortic coarctation; however, certain genetic, environmental, or behavioral conditions could increase the risk of acquiring this disorder. Doctors believe the anomalies that affect the coarctation of the aorta are formed during fetal development.

• #37 Coarctation of the Aorta: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/895502-overview

  Numerous theories have been proposed for the etiology of coarctation of the aorta, including postnatal ductal constriction, translocation of ductal tissue onto the aorta, and a theory that alterations in intrauterine blood flow cause altered flow through the aortic arch and result in the substrate for coarctation. Coarctation of the aorta manifests when the ductus closes starting at the pulmonary end, with gradual involution of ductal tissue toward the aorta. […] Similar to most forms of congenital heart disease (CHD), the etiology of coarctation of the aorta may be explained by multifactorial inheritance hypothesis. The prevalence of coarctation of the aorta in genetic abnormalities such as Turner syndrome (45,X), is as high as 15-20%. Familial patterns of inheritance of coarctation have been reported, as well as for other left heart obstructive lesions. An increase in seasonal occurrence of coarctation of the aorta is reported in September and November.

• #38 Aortic Coarctation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150369-overview

  The exact etiology of coarctation of the aorta is not known. Note the following: […] Coarctation is seven times more common in white persons than Asian persons. It has a lower incidence among Native Americans than other population groups in Minnesota. […] Environmental variation and seasonal variation have been suggested to influence the development of coarctation. A study showed an increased incidence of coarctation in late fall and winter births. […] In 1995, Weinstein et al discovered a recessive mutation in zebrafish that causes a focal malformation resembling coarctation in humans. The mutation, named gridlock, results in failure of vascular channel formation at the site where bilaterally paired dorsal aortas join together and continue posteriorly as a dorsal midline channel, the medial dorsal aorta.

• #39 Coarctation of the Aorta : Virtual Library

  https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/coarctation-of-the-aorta/

  Two possible explanations exist regarding the aetiology of CoA; the haemodynamic theory and the abnormal duct theory. The first postulates that there is decreased blood flow into the aorta secondary to left heart obstruction in utero, which leads to under-development of the aorta at the isthmus. The second postulates that abnormal ectopic ductal tissue in the aortic wall causes constriction when ductal tissue constricts after birth. However, ductal tissue has not been observed at the site of all CoA. […] Associated factors include: […] Genetic mutations Caucasians are seven times more likely to have CoA. […] Environmental factors There is a higher incidence of CoA in babies born in the autumn and winter months.

• #40 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #41 Aortic Coarctation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150369-overview

  The exact etiology of coarctation of the aorta is not known. Note the following: […] Coarctation is seven times more common in white persons than Asian persons. It has a lower incidence among Native Americans than other population groups in Minnesota. […] Environmental variation and seasonal variation have been suggested to influence the development of coarctation. A study showed an increased incidence of coarctation in late fall and winter births. […] In 1995, Weinstein et al discovered a recessive mutation in zebrafish that causes a focal malformation resembling coarctation in humans. The mutation, named gridlock, results in failure of vascular channel formation at the site where bilaterally paired dorsal aortas join together and continue posteriorly as a dorsal midline channel, the medial dorsal aorta.

• #42 Coarctation of the Aorta : Virtual Library

  https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/coarctation-of-the-aorta/

  Two possible explanations exist regarding the aetiology of CoA; the haemodynamic theory and the abnormal duct theory. The first postulates that there is decreased blood flow into the aorta secondary to left heart obstruction in utero, which leads to under-development of the aorta at the isthmus. The second postulates that abnormal ectopic ductal tissue in the aortic wall causes constriction when ductal tissue constricts after birth. However, ductal tissue has not been observed at the site of all CoA. […] Associated factors include: […] Genetic mutations Caucasians are seven times more likely to have CoA. […] Environmental factors There is a higher incidence of CoA in babies born in the autumn and winter months.

• #43 Coarctation of the aorta // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta is usually present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. But sometimes the condition can occur later in life. […] The cause of coarctation of the aorta is unclear. It’s usually a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. A congenital heart defect happens as the baby is growing in the womb during pregnancy. The cause is often unknown. […] Rarely, coarctation of the aorta can happen later in life. Conditions or events that can narrow the aorta and cause this condition include: Traumatic injury, An extreme buildup of cholesterols and fats in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, A rare type of swelling and irritation of blood vessels in the heart, called Takayasu arteritis.

• #44 What Is Coarctation of the Aorta? | Symptoms & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, the bodys largest artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Its a common congenital heart defect, meaning it develops before birth. In fact, aortic coarctation accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all congenital heart defects. […] This condition generally develops before birth, although were not sure why. […] In rare cases, aortic coarctation develops later in life. Traumatic injury is the most common cause in these cases, but it also can be a result of hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) or a condition causing inflamed arteries known as Takayasus arteritis.

• #45 Aortic Coarctation Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-coarctation

  Aortic coarctation is a congenital heart condition, meaning its present at birth. It occurs because a narrowing in the aorta restricts blood flow to the rest of the body. […] In some cases, aortic coarctation develops later in life due to a traumatic injury or severe hardening of the arteries, known as atherosclerosis. […] In most cases, the cause is unknown. Genes play a role, as may environment, medications, lifestyle choices, or a combination of several factors. […] A combination of genetic and other factors may increase a persons risk of having a baby with aortic coarctation. Some heart defects are due to mutations or changes in genes or chromosomes. Environmental factors, diet, medications, and other things also can play a role. […] Another theory is that extra tissue from the ductus arteriosus blood vessel molds into the aortic tissue when it closes up after birth.

• #46 Aortic Coarctation (Heart Narrowing) | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/aortic-coarctation

  Aortic coarctation is a heart condition that involves a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. This narrowing can make it harder for blood to flow properly. […] Causes of coarctation of the aorta are unknown, except that most cases are present at birth. In rare cases, this condition can develop in otherwise healthy individuals later in life, caused by traumas to the heart or vascular system, atherosclerosis (plaque build-up in the artery), or Takayasu arteritis (a condition involving inflammation of the arteries). […] In most cases, this condition is a heart defect present at birth. The exact cause of heart defects in infants is unknown, but genetics and environment are believed to play a role. […] Coarctation of aorta causes are unknown, but this condition is most commonly a heart defect present at birth.

• #47 Coarctation of the aorta // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta is usually present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. But sometimes the condition can occur later in life. […] The cause of coarctation of the aorta is unclear. It’s usually a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. A congenital heart defect happens as the baby is growing in the womb during pregnancy. The cause is often unknown. […] Rarely, coarctation of the aorta can happen later in life. Conditions or events that can narrow the aorta and cause this condition include: Traumatic injury, An extreme buildup of cholesterols and fats in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, A rare type of swelling and irritation of blood vessels in the heart, called Takayasu arteritis.

• #48 Coarctation of the Aorta: Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the Aorta, or COA, is a common congenital heart defect where the aorta is narrowed. […] There is no clear agreement among medical professionals on the causes of COA. The major reason for the uncertainty around Coarctation of Aorta causes is that the condition is generally present at birth, having developed during pregnancy. However, certain events can lead to the development of COA later in life. […] Life events that can lead to COA: Amassing of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the walls of your arteries (Atherosclerosis). Severe injury from trauma. Swollen and irritated arteries (Takayasus Arteritis).

• #49 Aortic coarctation | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/aortic-coarctation

  Aortic coarctation is usually a condition you are born with a congenital heart condition. […] Babies have a higher risk of aortic coarctation if they: have a family history of heart defects, have other heart conditions, have a certain genetic disorders, including Turner syndrome. […] Very occasionally, aortic coarctation can develop due to: Takayasu vasculitis, which is a type of inflammation of the aorta, severe atherosclerosis hardening of the arteries.

• #50 Coarctation of the aorta // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta is usually present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. But sometimes the condition can occur later in life. […] The cause of coarctation of the aorta is unclear. It’s usually a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. A congenital heart defect happens as the baby is growing in the womb during pregnancy. The cause is often unknown. […] Rarely, coarctation of the aorta can happen later in life. Conditions or events that can narrow the aorta and cause this condition include: Traumatic injury, An extreme buildup of cholesterols and fats in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, A rare type of swelling and irritation of blood vessels in the heart, called Takayasu arteritis.

• #51 WHAT CAUSES COARCTATION OF AORTA? | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/what-causes-coarctation-of-aorta

  Sometimes, underlying Genetic anomalies may contribute to occurrence of coarctation of aorta. For example, it occurs in 35% of patients with Turner XO syndrome. […] Rarely, coarctation of the aorta may be the result of traumatic injury, severe hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) or inflammation of arteries (Takayasus arteritis)

• #52 Aortic coarctation | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/aortic-coarctation

  Aortic coarctation is usually a condition you are born with a congenital heart condition. […] Babies have a higher risk of aortic coarctation if they: have a family history of heart defects, have other heart conditions, have a certain genetic disorders, including Turner syndrome. […] Very occasionally, aortic coarctation can develop due to: Takayasu vasculitis, which is a type of inflammation of the aorta, severe atherosclerosis hardening of the arteries.

• #53 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #54 Coarctation of the aorta | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/coarctation-of-the-aorta?lang=us

  Coarctations account for between 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. […] As with many congenital abnormalities, coarctation of the aorta is associated with other congenital anomalies. […] A coarctation can be seen in 15-20% of those with Turner syndrome. […] It can be primarily divided into two types: infantile (pre-ductal) form and adult (juxtaductal, postductal or middle aortic) form. […] The urgency of treatment depends on the presence of congestive cardiac failure. […] Treatment can be either primary surgical repair with excision of the coarctation and end-to-end anastomosis, or balloon angioplasty.

• #55 Coarctation of the Aorta – Congenital Heart Disease in Adults – Cardiovascular Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.2.12.8.

  Coarctation of the aorta refers to a narrowing of the aorta, most frequently at the level of the aortic isthmus, that is, distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery, opposite to the ligamentum arteriosum. […] The most common association is the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve (70%-75%). […] Turner syndrome is a commonly associated chromosomal abnormality.

• #56 Coarctation of the Aorta – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect involving a narrowing of the aorta. The narrowed segment called coarctation can occur anywhere in the aorta, but is most likely to happen in the segment just after the aortic arch. About one-third of children with coarctation of the aorta also have a bicuspid aortic valve—a valve that has two leaflets instead of the usual three. Coarctation of the aorta occurs in a small percentage of children with congenital heart disease. Boys have the defect twice as often as girls do. […] Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link, either occurring due to a defect in a gene, a chromosome abnormality or environmental exposure, causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families. Most of the time this heart defect occurs sporadically (by chance), with no clear reason for its development.

• #57 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #58 Coarctation of the Aorta (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/coa.html

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital defect, meaning that a baby is born with it. Doctors aren’t sure why some people develop COA, but boys are almost twice as likely to have it than girls. […] In many people, the defect shows up with other birth defects or conditions, such as a ventricular septal defect (a hole in the wall between the heart’s left and right ventricles). It’s also common in girls born with Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder in which one of a girl’s two X chromosomes is incomplete or missing. […] The defect doesn’t go away on its own.

• #59 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #60 Coarctation of the Aorta (COA) | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/coarctation-of-aorta-coa

  Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a heart defect that is present at birth (congenital). It means the aorta is narrower than it should be. […] Most of the time, COA has no known cause. Some heart defects present at birth have a genetic link. This means they happen more often in certain families. There is an increased risk in families with a history of left-sided heart obstructive lesions. […] Coarctation of the aorta is often linked to other cardiac defects. These include a bicuspid aortic valve, aortic stenosis, or an underdeveloped left ventricle.

• #61 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #62

  https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/coarctation-of-aorta

  Coarctation of Aorta – Causes and Risk Factors […] What causes coarctation of aorta? […] The cause of coarctation of aorta is unknown and it usually begins before birth and rarely develops late in life. […] While doctors do not know what causes multiple heart defects to form together, coarctation of the aorta often occurs along with other congenital heart defects. […] You are more likely to have aortic coarctation if you or your child have certain heart conditions, such as bicuspid aortic valve, patent ductus arteriosus, holes in the wall between left and right sides of the heart, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis or mitral valve regurgitation.

• #63 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #64 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430913/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The etiology of aortic coarctation is congenital, with the most common cause being the constriction of the aorta at the site of the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. This condition is often attributed to the abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. However, most cases occur sporadically without a clear familial inheritance pattern. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to teratogens, have also been implicated in the development of aortic coarctations, although these associations are less established. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be more complex, involving aortic arch hypoplasia or as part of other left-sided heart lesions such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #65 Coarctation of the Aorta (COA) in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa-in-children

  Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a heart defect that is present at birth (congenital). It means that the aorta is narrower than it should be. […] Most of the time, COA has no known cause. Some heart defects present at birth have a genetic link. This means that they happen more often in certain families. There is an increased risk in families with a history of left-sided heart obstructive lesions. […] Coarctation of the aorta is often linked to other cardiac defects. These include a bicuspid aortic valve, aortic stenosis, and an underdeveloped left ventricle.

• #66 Coarctation of the Aorta (COA) | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/coarctation-of-aorta-coa

  Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a heart defect that is present at birth (congenital). It means the aorta is narrower than it should be. […] Most of the time, COA has no known cause. Some heart defects present at birth have a genetic link. This means they happen more often in certain families. There is an increased risk in families with a history of left-sided heart obstructive lesions. […] Coarctation of the aorta is often linked to other cardiac defects. These include a bicuspid aortic valve, aortic stenosis, or an underdeveloped left ventricle.

• #67 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #68 Coarctation of the Aorta | SCAI – Seconds Count

  https://www.secondscount.org/condition/coarctation-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital (present at birth) condition where there’s narrowing of the main blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body (aorta). […] Typically, the narrowed segment occurs where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel in all newborns, connects to the aorta. […] Still, in some cases, the narrowing of the ductus causes the main aorta to narrow, where some of this ductal tissue has extended to the aorta, creating a coarctation. […] Without treatment to correct CoA, the average life expectancy is 34 years. […] Even when the narrowed artery is corrected, adults born with CoA may face ongoing health problems, including hypertension (high blood pressure), weakening of the aorta wall, and aneurysm. […] Some people with CoA may also have cerebral (in the head) aneurysms.

• #69 Coarctation of the Aorta | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/coarctation-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta may be due to improper development of the aorta in the first eight weeks of fetal growth. Congenital heart defects, like coarctation of the aorta, usually occur by chance, with no clear reason for their development. […] This condition also may be associated with other heart defects such as Shones syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and ventricular septal defect.

• #70

  https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/coarctation-of-aorta

  Coarctation of Aorta – Causes and Risk Factors […] What causes coarctation of aorta? […] The cause of coarctation of aorta is unknown and it usually begins before birth and rarely develops late in life. […] While doctors do not know what causes multiple heart defects to form together, coarctation of the aorta often occurs along with other congenital heart defects. […] You are more likely to have aortic coarctation if you or your child have certain heart conditions, such as bicuspid aortic valve, patent ductus arteriosus, holes in the wall between left and right sides of the heart, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis or mitral valve regurgitation.

• #71 Coarctation of the aorta | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/coarctation-of-the-aorta?lang=us

  Coarctations account for between 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. […] As with many congenital abnormalities, coarctation of the aorta is associated with other congenital anomalies. […] A coarctation can be seen in 15-20% of those with Turner syndrome. […] It can be primarily divided into two types: infantile (pre-ductal) form and adult (juxtaductal, postductal or middle aortic) form. […] The urgency of treatment depends on the presence of congestive cardiac failure. […] Treatment can be either primary surgical repair with excision of the coarctation and end-to-end anastomosis, or balloon angioplasty.

• #72 Coarctation of the aorta – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital condition whereby the aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. […] Preductal coarctation results when an intracardiac anomaly during fetal life decreases blood flow through the left side of the heart, leading to hypoplastic development of the aorta. […] Postductal coarctation is most likely the result of the extension of a muscular artery (ductus arteriosus) into an elastic artery (aorta) during fetal life, where the contraction and fibrosis of the ductus arteriosus upon birth subsequently narrows the aortic lumen. […] Some signs that can lead to a coarctation have been linked to pathologies such as Turner syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and other family heart conditions. […] The first operations to treat coarctation were carried out by Clarence Crafoord in Sweden in 1944. […] The condition was largely unidentified until the mid-20th century.

• #73 Coarctation of the aorta – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital condition whereby the aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. […] Preductal coarctation results when an intracardiac anomaly during fetal life decreases blood flow through the left side of the heart, leading to hypoplastic development of the aorta. […] Postductal coarctation is most likely the result of the extension of a muscular artery (ductus arteriosus) into an elastic artery (aorta) during fetal life, where the contraction and fibrosis of the ductus arteriosus upon birth subsequently narrows the aortic lumen. […] Some signs that can lead to a coarctation have been linked to pathologies such as Turner syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and other family heart conditions. […] The first operations to treat coarctation were carried out by Clarence Crafoord in Sweden in 1944. […] The condition was largely unidentified until the mid-20th century.

• #74 Coarctation of the aorta | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/coarctation-of-the-aorta?lang=us

  Coarctations account for between 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. […] As with many congenital abnormalities, coarctation of the aorta is associated with other congenital anomalies. […] A coarctation can be seen in 15-20% of those with Turner syndrome. […] It can be primarily divided into two types: infantile (pre-ductal) form and adult (juxtaductal, postductal or middle aortic) form. […] The urgency of treatment depends on the presence of congestive cardiac failure. […] Treatment can be either primary surgical repair with excision of the coarctation and end-to-end anastomosis, or balloon angioplasty.

• #75 Coarctation of the aorta – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital condition whereby the aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. […] Preductal coarctation results when an intracardiac anomaly during fetal life decreases blood flow through the left side of the heart, leading to hypoplastic development of the aorta. […] Postductal coarctation is most likely the result of the extension of a muscular artery (ductus arteriosus) into an elastic artery (aorta) during fetal life, where the contraction and fibrosis of the ductus arteriosus upon birth subsequently narrows the aortic lumen. […] Some signs that can lead to a coarctation have been linked to pathologies such as Turner syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and other family heart conditions. […] The first operations to treat coarctation were carried out by Clarence Crafoord in Sweden in 1944. […] The condition was largely unidentified until the mid-20th century.

• #76 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] The increased cardiovascular risk in this patient group is the result of both frequent relapses of hypertension and proatherogenic abnormalities that are present even in the absence of arterial hypertension. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] Various developmental aberrations have been proposed as explanations for abnormalities of the aortic arch.

• #77 Coarctation of the aorta

  https://teens.aboutkidshealth.ca/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  People with coarctation of the aorta are born with a narrowing in the upper part of the aorta. […] Coarctation of the aorta means the aorta has a narrowing. This condition is congenital, meaning a person is born with it. […] The narrowing of the aorta causes a blockage for blood leaving the left ventricle, which means the heart has to work harder to pump the blood through the aorta. […] Sometimes, people with coarctation have other heart defects, such as a ventricular septal defect, or a bicuspid aortic valve. […] If you have a history of coarctation, you have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension), even if the narrowed section of the aorta was repaired successfully. […] Rarely, in some people with coarctation, aneurysms can develop in the aorta or the brain. […] Aortic coarctation, like all congenital heart disease, is a lifelong condition.

• #78 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] The increased cardiovascular risk in this patient group is the result of both frequent relapses of hypertension and proatherogenic abnormalities that are present even in the absence of arterial hypertension. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] Various developmental aberrations have been proposed as explanations for abnormalities of the aortic arch.

• #79 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Impaired elastic fiber formation is also known to cause aortic aneurysm, which was the most common cause of death in patients with CoA before the introduction of surgical repair. […] This secondary intimal proliferation is thought to be the result of flow disturbance at the point of stenosis. […] Accumulating evidence of vasoreactivity and endothelial function in patients with CoA suggests that CoA is not a simple mechanical obstruction that can be cured surgically. […] These data suggest that CoA is not only a localized anatomical problem of the stenotic segment but also an inborn systemic vascular disease of the pre-coarctational arteries. […] Although it is not clear whether a gridlock mutation is associated with human CoA, genetic studies suggest that CoA is associated with the regulation of Notch signaling, which contributes to the development of the aortic arch.

• #80 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Impaired elastic fiber formation is also known to cause aortic aneurysm, which was the most common cause of death in patients with CoA before the introduction of surgical repair. […] This secondary intimal proliferation is thought to be the result of flow disturbance at the point of stenosis. […] Accumulating evidence of vasoreactivity and endothelial function in patients with CoA suggests that CoA is not a simple mechanical obstruction that can be cured surgically. […] These data suggest that CoA is not only a localized anatomical problem of the stenotic segment but also an inborn systemic vascular disease of the pre-coarctational arteries. […] Although it is not clear whether a gridlock mutation is associated with human CoA, genetic studies suggest that CoA is associated with the regulation of Notch signaling, which contributes to the development of the aortic arch.

• #81 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #82 Coarctation of the aorta

  https://teens.aboutkidshealth.ca/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  People with coarctation of the aorta are born with a narrowing in the upper part of the aorta. […] Coarctation of the aorta means the aorta has a narrowing. This condition is congenital, meaning a person is born with it. […] The narrowing of the aorta causes a blockage for blood leaving the left ventricle, which means the heart has to work harder to pump the blood through the aorta. […] Sometimes, people with coarctation have other heart defects, such as a ventricular septal defect, or a bicuspid aortic valve. […] If you have a history of coarctation, you have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension), even if the narrowed section of the aorta was repaired successfully. […] Rarely, in some people with coarctation, aneurysms can develop in the aorta or the brain. […] Aortic coarctation, like all congenital heart disease, is a lifelong condition.

• #83 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] The increased cardiovascular risk in this patient group is the result of both frequent relapses of hypertension and proatherogenic abnormalities that are present even in the absence of arterial hypertension. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] Various developmental aberrations have been proposed as explanations for abnormalities of the aortic arch.

• #84 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Impaired elastic fiber formation is also known to cause aortic aneurysm, which was the most common cause of death in patients with CoA before the introduction of surgical repair. […] This secondary intimal proliferation is thought to be the result of flow disturbance at the point of stenosis. […] Accumulating evidence of vasoreactivity and endothelial function in patients with CoA suggests that CoA is not a simple mechanical obstruction that can be cured surgically. […] These data suggest that CoA is not only a localized anatomical problem of the stenotic segment but also an inborn systemic vascular disease of the pre-coarctational arteries. […] Although it is not clear whether a gridlock mutation is associated with human CoA, genetic studies suggest that CoA is associated with the regulation of Notch signaling, which contributes to the development of the aortic arch.

• #85 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] The increased cardiovascular risk in this patient group is the result of both frequent relapses of hypertension and proatherogenic abnormalities that are present even in the absence of arterial hypertension. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] Various developmental aberrations have been proposed as explanations for abnormalities of the aortic arch.

• #86 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text

  https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x

  Impaired elastic fiber formation is also known to cause aortic aneurysm, which was the most common cause of death in patients with CoA before the introduction of surgical repair. […] This secondary intimal proliferation is thought to be the result of flow disturbance at the point of stenosis. […] Accumulating evidence of vasoreactivity and endothelial function in patients with CoA suggests that CoA is not a simple mechanical obstruction that can be cured surgically. […] These data suggest that CoA is not only a localized anatomical problem of the stenotic segment but also an inborn systemic vascular disease of the pre-coarctational arteries. […] Although it is not clear whether a gridlock mutation is associated with human CoA, genetic studies suggest that CoA is associated with the regulation of Notch signaling, which contributes to the development of the aortic arch.

• #87 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta

  Coarctation of the aorta accounts for 6 to 8% of congenital heart anomalies. It occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with Turner syndrome. The male:female ratio is 2:1. […] Coarctation may occur alone or with various other congenital anomalies (eg, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve disorders, intracerebral aneurysms). […] Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Patients with untreated coarctation are at increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture later in life or in association with pregnancy. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy.

• #88 Coarctation of the Aorta – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta/

  Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect involving a narrowing of the aorta. The narrowed segment called coarctation can occur anywhere in the aorta, but is most likely to happen in the segment just after the aortic arch. About one-third of children with coarctation of the aorta also have a bicuspid aortic valve—a valve that has two leaflets instead of the usual three. Coarctation of the aorta occurs in a small percentage of children with congenital heart disease. Boys have the defect twice as often as girls do. […] Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link, either occurring due to a defect in a gene, a chromosome abnormality or environmental exposure, causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families. Most of the time this heart defect occurs sporadically (by chance), with no clear reason for its development.

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