Zwężenie cieśni aorty
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Zwężenie cieśni aorty (CoA) to wrodzona wada serca, charakteryzująca się zwężeniem światła aorty najczęściej tuż za odejściem lewej tętnicy podobojczykowej, co prowadzi do nadciśnienia tętniczego w górnej części ciała, przerostu lewej komory i niewydolności serca. Patogeneza CoA jest wieloczynnikowa i obejmuje m.in. migrację mięśni gładkich z przewodu tętniczego do ściany aorty oraz zmniejszony przepływ krwi przez aortę w życiu płodowym. Genetyczne czynniki, takie jak mutacje w genie NOTCH1 oraz zespół Turnera, również odgrywają istotną rolę. Morfologicznie obserwuje się fenotypową modulację komórek mięśni gładkich, pogrubienie błony wewnętrznej i zaburzenia w tworzeniu włókien elastycznych, co prowadzi do zmniejszonej elastyczności aorty i rozwoju uogólnionej arteriopatii. W konsekwencji dochodzi do przeciążenia ciśnieniowego powyżej zwężenia i hipoperfuzji narządów poniżej, co zwiększa ryzyko powikłań takich jak przerost lewej komory, niewydolność serca, bakteryjne zapalenie wsierdzia czy krwotok śródczaszkowy.

Zwężenie cieśni aorty – patogeneza i mechanizm

Zwężenie cieśni aorty (coarctation of the aorta, CoA) to wrodzona wada serca charakteryzująca się zwężeniem światła aorty, typowo zlokalizowanym tuż za odejściem lewej tętnicy podobojczykowej, w miejscu lub w pobliżu gdzie przewód tętniczy (ductus arteriosus) łączy się z aortą. Zwężenie to powoduje istotne konsekwencje hemodynamiczne, w tym nadciśnienie tętnicze w górnej części ciała, przerost lewej komory serca i ostatecznie niewydolność serca.123

Teorie patogenezy

Dokładny mechanizm powstawania zwężenia cieśni aorty nie jest w pełni wyjaśniony. Istnieje kilka głównych teorii wyjaśniających jego patogenezę:

Teoria tkankowa przewodu tętniczego

Najczęściej przyjmowaną teorią jest nieprawidłowy wpływ tkanki przewodu tętniczego na aortę. Według tej teorii, tkanka z przewodu tętniczego wnika do ściany aorty. Po urodzeniu, gdy przewód tętniczy zaczyna się obkurczać w odpowiedzi na zwiększone stężenie tlenu we krwi tętniczej, ta tkanka może postępująco zwężać światło aorty.12 Jest to powszechnie akceptowany mechanizm, szczególnie w przypadkach izolowanego zwężenia cieśni aorty.45

W procesie tym, podczas zamykania się przewodu tętniczego po urodzeniu, mięśnie gładkie z przewodu tętniczego migrują do okołoprzewodowej aorty, powodując zwężenie i zwężenie światła aorty. Tkanka mięśniowo-przewodowa powoduje powstanie charakterystycznego zagięcia, które może rozciągać się wokół całego obwodu aorty.67

Teoria hemodynamiczna

Druga teoria sugeruje, że zwężenie cieśni aorty jest wynikiem zmniejszonego przepływu krwi przez aortę w życiu płodowym. Według tej teorii, nieprawidłowy przepływ przedprzewodowy lub nieprawidłowy kąt między przewodem tętniczym a aortą zwiększa prawo-lewy przepływ przez przewód i zmniejsza przepływ przez cieśń aorty.8 Ponadto, wady serca prowadzące do zmniejszonego przepływu krwi przez lewą komorę serca w życiu płodowym mogą powodować niedorozwój łuku aorty.910

Teoria ta jest poparta wysoką częstością występowania zwężenia cieśni aorty u pacjentów z wrodzonymi wadami serca ze zmniejszonym przepływem przez aortę w życiu płodowym oraz praktycznym brakiem CoA u pacjentów z przeszkodami w prawej części serca.11

Teoria genetyczna

Istnieją dowody na rolę czynników genetycznych w rozwoju CoA. Kilka genów zostało powiązanych z etiologią zwężenia cieśni aorty, w tym gen NOTCH1, który odgrywa istotną rolę w rozwoju układu sercowo-naczyniowego.1213 Badania wykazały dowody wspólnego molekularnego mechanizmu patogenetycznego dla współistnienia CoA z innymi lewostronnie obstrukacyjnymi patologiami serca, takimi jak zwężenie zastawki aortalnej i zespół niedorozwoju lewego serca.14

Ponadto, zwężenie cieśni aorty występuje częściej u pacjentów z określonymi zaburzeniami genetycznymi, takimi jak zespół Turnera (45,X lub 45,XO).1516

Patofizjologia i zmiany naczyniowe

Patofizjologia zwężenia cieśni aorty jest wieloczynnikowa i obejmuje zarówno mechanizmy wrodzone, jak i poporodowe.1718

Zmiany strukturalne w ścianie aorty

Najnowsze badania wykazały, że obszar zwężenia charakteryzuje się fenotypową modulacją komórek mięśni gładkich, pogrubieniem błony wewnętrznej i upośledzonym tworzeniem włókien elastycznych.1920 Komórki mięśni gładkich w błonie wewnętrznej zwężonych segmentów różnicują się we wczesnym stadium i różnicują ponownie w starszych populacjach.21

Badania morfologiczne i molekularne sugerują, że obszar CoA charakteryzuje się fenotypową modulacją komórek mięśni gładkich, pogrubieniem błony wewnętrznej i zaburzonym tworzeniem włókien elastycznych. Te zmiany rozciągają się na aortę przed i po zwężeniu i zaburzają elastyczność tętnic.22

W procesie tworzenia pogrubienia błony wewnętrznej w CoA zaangażowane są dwa procesy: (1) akumulacja macierzy pozakomórkowej w obszarze podendobłonkowym; oraz (2) migracja komórek mięśni gładkich przewodu tętniczego do wewnętrznej warstwy mięśniowej, co powoduje wewnętrzną elastyczność tętniczej części przewodu tętniczego.23

Konsekwencje hemodynamiczne

Zwężenie cieśni aorty prowadzi do znaczących konsekwencji hemodynamicznych, z których najbardziej zauważalnym jest zwiększone obciążenie następcze lewej komory, co prowadzi do przerostu lewej komory i nadciśnienia, szczególnie w górnych kończynach.2425

Fizjologiczne konsekwencje obejmują dwa główne zjawiska:

  • Przeciążenie ciśnieniowe w krążeniu tętniczym powyżej zwężenia, powodujące przerost lewej komory i nadciśnienie w górnej części ciała, w tym w mózgu26
  • Hipoperfuzja poniżej zwężenia, dotycząca narządów jamy brzusznej i kończyn dolnych. Niedostateczne ukrwienie jelit zwiększa ryzyko sepsy wywołanej przez organizmy jelitowe27

Z czasem gradient ciśnienia zwiększa krążenie oboczne do jamy brzusznej i kończyn dolnych przez tętnice międzyżebrowe, tętnice piersiowe wewnętrzne, tętnice łopatkowe i inne tętnice.282930

Nieleczone zwężenie cieśni aorty może prowadzić do przerostu lewej komory, niewydolności serca, tworzenia naczyń obocznych, bakteryjnego zapalenia wsierdzia, krwotoku śródczaszkowego, encefalopatii nadciśnieniowej i nadciśnieniowej choroby sercowo-naczyniowej w wieku dorosłym.31

Uogólniona arteriopatia

Coraz więcej dowodów wskazuje, że zwężenie cieśni aorty to nie tylko prosta wada mechaniczna, ale raczej uogólniona choroba naczyniowa.32 Badania wykazały fenotypową modulację komórek mięśni gładkich, akumulację nadmiernego kolagenu i wrodzone upośledzenie elastyczności tętnic u pacjentów z CoA.33

Oprócz tej zlokalizowanej modulacji fenotypowej aorty, rozszerzalność naczyń jest zmniejszona, a zawartość kolagenu zwiększona w segmentach aorty przed zwężeniem, nawet u pacjentów przedoperacyjnych z prostym CoA, u których nie występuje widoczna patologia w segmentach przed zwężeniem.34

CoA jest uważane za uogólnioną arteriopatię, biorąc pod uwagę często nieprawidłową histologię ściany tętniczej przylegającej do i odległej od miejsca CoA. W szczególności obserwuje się degenerację ściany środkowej w próbkach przed i po zwężeniu, co może prowadzić do zwiększonej częstości występowania tętniaka aorty i rozwarstwienia.3536

Typy zwężenia cieśni aorty

Zwężenie cieśni aorty można sklasyfikować w zależności od lokalizacji zwężenia w stosunku do przewodu tętniczego:37

  • Zwężenie przedprzewodowe: zwężenie występujące proksymalnie do przewodu tętniczego. Stanowi około 2% wszystkich przypadków CoA. Najczęściej występuje u niemowląt i zwykle wiąże się z innymi wewnątrzsercowymi nieprawidłowościami.38
  • Zwężenie przewodowe: zwężenie występujące na poziomie przewodu tętniczego.39
  • Zwężenie zaprzewodowe: zwężenie występujące dystalnie do przewodu tętniczego. Razem ze zwężeniem przewodowym stanowią pozostałe 98% przypadków CoA. Są zwykle izolowanym znaleziskiem, ale zgłaszano związek z nieprawidłowościami zastawki aortalnej.40

Współistnienie z innymi wadami serca

Zwężenie cieśni aorty może współistnieć z innymi wrodzonymi wadami serca, zwłaszcza dotyczącymi lewej strony serca. Najczęstsze współistniejące wady to:4142

  • Dwupłatkowa zastawka aortalna
  • Zwężenie aortalne
  • Ubytek przegrody międzykomorowej
  • Przetrwały przewód tętniczy
  • Zespół Shone’a

Następstwa długookresowe

Nawet przy skutecznej naprawie anatomicznej we wczesnym okresie życia, pacjenci ze zwężeniem cieśni aorty rozwijają wczesne nadciśnienie tętnicze.43 Sugeruje to, że nadciśnienie może być nieuniknionym następstwem CoA, nawet gdy skuteczna naprawa anatomiczna została osiągnięta we wczesnym okresie życia.44

Chociaż nie jest jasne, dlaczego tak się dzieje, postuluje się, że występuje dysfunkcja normalnych mechanizmów kontrolnych regulujących ciśnienie krwi podczas wzrostu i rozwoju u pacjentów z naprawionym CoA.45 W patofizjologię tego procesu może być zaangażowanych kilka systemów, w tym autonomiczna kontrola ciśnienia krwi, upośledzona funkcja naczyniowa i nadmierna aktywacja układu renina-angiotensyna.46

Ponadto u pacjentów po leczeniu zwężenia cieśni aorty może dojść do ponownego zwężenia (re-koarktacji) oraz tworzenia się tętniaków i tętniaków rzekomych, zarówno w aorcie wstępującej, jak i w okolicy cieśni aorty.47 Nieleczone tętniaki mogą prowadzić do pęknięcia z częstością do 100% w ciągu 15 lat.48

Złożoność patofizjologii zwężenia cieśni aorty

Zwężenie cieśni aorty jest zatem złożoną wadą o wieloczynnikowej patofizjologii, obejmującej zarówno genetyczne, jak i rozwojowe aspekty. Nie jest to jedynie mechaniczna przeszkoda, którą można rozwiązać wyłącznie poprzez interwencję chirurgiczną, ale raczej systemowa choroba naczyniowa z długoterminowymi konsekwencjami hemodynamicznymi.49

Dalsze badania dotyczące mechanizmów komórkowych zaangażowanych w CoA mogą mieć duże implikacje dla zapewnienia, że długoterminowa chorobowość, wtórna do wczesnego pojawienia się nadciśnienia i postępu miażdżycy, zostanie zminimalizowana.50 Głębsze zrozumienie komórkowego mechanizmu CoA jest ważne w kierowaniu podejściem terapeutycznym.51

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  1. 11.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430913/
    Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta is multifaceted, involving both congenital and postnatal mechanisms. The most common cause of an isolated aortic coarctation is abnormal tissue ingrowth from the ductus arteriosus into the aorta. After birth, when the ductus arteriosus begins to constrict due to increased arterial oxygen levels, this tissue can progressively narrow the aortic lumen. If this condition is not identified and treated in infancy, the intimal growth can continue, worsening the narrowing as the individual ages.
  • #2 Coarctation of the Aorta: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/895502-overview
    Coarctation of the aorta may be defined as a constricted aortic segment that comprises localized medial thickening, with some infolding of the medial and superimposed neointimal tissue. […] The exact mechanism by which aortic coarctation is produced is not clearly understood. The most commonly invoked hypotheses include hemodynamic and ectopic ductal tissue theories. In the hemodynamic theory, an abnormal preductal flow or abnormal angle between the ductus and aorta that increases right-to-left ductal flow and decreases isthmic flow potentiates development of coarctation. Postnatal spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus completes the development of aortic obstruction. […] A high incidence of coarctation of the aorta in patients with congenital heart defects with decreased antegrade aortic flow in utero and virtual absence of CoA in patients with right heart obstructions lends credence to the hemodynamic theory. Abnormal extension of ductal tissue into the aorta (ectopic ductal tissue) has been postulated to create the coarctation shelf and, with ductal closure, development of aortic obstruction. This theory, however, does not explain the variable degrees of isthmus and aortic arch hypoplasia associated with coarctation of the aorta.
  • #3 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta
    Coarctation of the aorta is a localized narrowing of the aortic lumen that results in upper-extremity hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and, if severe, malperfusion of the abdominal organs and lower extremities. […] Coarctation of the aorta usually occurs at the proximal thoracic aorta just beyond the left subclavian artery and just across from the opening of the ductus arteriosus. […] Physiologic consequences involve 2 phenomena: Pressure overload in the arterial circulation proximal to the coarctation […] Hypoperfusion distal to the coarctation. […] Pressure overload causes left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension in the upper part of the body, including the brain. […] Hypoperfusion affects the abdominal organs and lower extremities. Malperfusion of the intestine increases the risk of sepsis due to enteric organisms.
  • #4 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] Recent findings have demonstrated phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of excessive collagen, and inborn impaired arterial elasticity in patients with CoA. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] It is widely accepted that CoA consists of ductal tissue extending into the aortic wall.
  • #5 Aortic Coarctation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150369-overview
    In the ductus tissue theory, coarctation develops as the result of migration of ductus smooth muscle cells into the periductal aorta, with subsequent constriction and narrowing of the aortic lumen. […] In the hemodynamic theory, coarctation results from the reduced volume of blood flow through the fetal aortic arch and isthmus. […] Based on this theory, lesions that diminish the volume of left ventricular outflow in the fetus also decrease flow across the aortic isthmus and promote development of coarctation.
  • #6 Aortic Coarctation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150369-overview
    Aortic coarctation is a narrowing of the aorta most commonly found just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. The vascular malformation responsible for coarctation is a defect in the vessel media, giving rise to a prominent posterior infolding (the posterior shelf), which may extend around the entire circumference of the aorta. […] The vascular malformation responsible for aortic coarctation is a defect in the vessel media, giving rise to a prominent posterior infolding (the „posterior shelf”), which may extend around the entire circumference of the aorta. The gross pathology of coarctation varies considerably. The lesion is often discrete but may be long, segmental, or tortuous in nature. […] Coarctation is due to an abnormality in development of the embryologic left fourth and sixth aortic arches that can be explained by two theories, the ductus tissue theory and the hemodynamic theory.
  • #7 Aortic Coarctation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150369-overview
    In the ductus tissue theory, coarctation develops as the result of migration of ductus smooth muscle cells into the periductal aorta, with subsequent constriction and narrowing of the aortic lumen. […] In the hemodynamic theory, coarctation results from the reduced volume of blood flow through the fetal aortic arch and isthmus. […] Based on this theory, lesions that diminish the volume of left ventricular outflow in the fetus also decrease flow across the aortic isthmus and promote development of coarctation.
  • #8 Coarctation of the Aorta: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/895502-overview
    Coarctation of the aorta may be defined as a constricted aortic segment that comprises localized medial thickening, with some infolding of the medial and superimposed neointimal tissue. […] The exact mechanism by which aortic coarctation is produced is not clearly understood. The most commonly invoked hypotheses include hemodynamic and ectopic ductal tissue theories. In the hemodynamic theory, an abnormal preductal flow or abnormal angle between the ductus and aorta that increases right-to-left ductal flow and decreases isthmic flow potentiates development of coarctation. Postnatal spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus completes the development of aortic obstruction. […] A high incidence of coarctation of the aorta in patients with congenital heart defects with decreased antegrade aortic flow in utero and virtual absence of CoA in patients with right heart obstructions lends credence to the hemodynamic theory. Abnormal extension of ductal tissue into the aorta (ectopic ductal tissue) has been postulated to create the coarctation shelf and, with ductal closure, development of aortic obstruction. This theory, however, does not explain the variable degrees of isthmus and aortic arch hypoplasia associated with coarctation of the aorta.
  • #9 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430913/
    In cases where aortic coarctation is associated with other congenital heart defects, upstream obstructions can impair fetal blood flow through the aorta, leading to the underdevelopment of the aortic arch. […] Coarctation of the aorta leads to significant hemodynamic consequences, most notably increased afterload on the LV, which results in LV hypertrophy and hypertension, particularly in the upper extremities. […] Over time, the body may develop collateral circulation to bypass the coarctation, particularly involving the intercostal arteries, which can become prominent and tortuous. However, despite these compensatory mechanisms, the long-term effects of untreated aortic coarctation include significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of early detection and intervention.
  • #10 Aortic Coarctation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150369-overview
    In the ductus tissue theory, coarctation develops as the result of migration of ductus smooth muscle cells into the periductal aorta, with subsequent constriction and narrowing of the aortic lumen. […] In the hemodynamic theory, coarctation results from the reduced volume of blood flow through the fetal aortic arch and isthmus. […] Based on this theory, lesions that diminish the volume of left ventricular outflow in the fetus also decrease flow across the aortic isthmus and promote development of coarctation.
  • #11 Coarctation of the Aorta: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/895502-overview
    Coarctation of the aorta may be defined as a constricted aortic segment that comprises localized medial thickening, with some infolding of the medial and superimposed neointimal tissue. […] The exact mechanism by which aortic coarctation is produced is not clearly understood. The most commonly invoked hypotheses include hemodynamic and ectopic ductal tissue theories. In the hemodynamic theory, an abnormal preductal flow or abnormal angle between the ductus and aorta that increases right-to-left ductal flow and decreases isthmic flow potentiates development of coarctation. Postnatal spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus completes the development of aortic obstruction. […] A high incidence of coarctation of the aorta in patients with congenital heart defects with decreased antegrade aortic flow in utero and virtual absence of CoA in patients with right heart obstructions lends credence to the hemodynamic theory. Abnormal extension of ductal tissue into the aorta (ectopic ductal tissue) has been postulated to create the coarctation shelf and, with ductal closure, development of aortic obstruction. This theory, however, does not explain the variable degrees of isthmus and aortic arch hypoplasia associated with coarctation of the aorta.
  • #12 :: KCJ :: Korean Circulation Journal
    https://e-kcj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4070/kcj.2018.0433
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a common form of congenital heart disease. […] The underlying pathogenesis of CoA is not fully understood. However, there are three theories that may shed some light on this: 1. Abnormal genetic mutation. 2. Distal aortic arch underdevelopment due to reduced anterograde intrauterine blood flow leading to underdevelopment of the fetal aortic arch. 3. Aberrant PDA tissue extrusion into the wall of the fetal thoracic aorta. […] Most cases of CoA are due to sporadic mutations. Several genes have been implicated in CoA etiology, including the NOTCH1 gene, which plays an important role in cardiovascular development. […] CoA is also considered a general arteriopathy, given the often-abnormal histology of the arterial wall adjacent to and distant to the site of CoA. In particular medial wall degeneration has been observed in pre- and post-stenotic specimens and this may lead to increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection. However, some argue that these changes occur as results of increased blood pressure and the hemodynamic disturbance due to the narrowing.
  • #13 Management of adults with coarctation of aorta
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v12/i5/167.htm
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a relatively common congenital cardiac defect often causing few symptoms and therefore can be challenging to diagnose. […] The underlying pathogenesis is not completely understood. However, the most commonly accepted theories include hemodynamic, ductal hypothesis, and abnormal genetic mutations. Hemodynamic theory states that reduced anterograde intrauterine blood flow to the fetal arch leads to its underdevelopment. […] The NOTCH1 gene, which plays an important role in cardiovascular development, and several other genes have been implicated in the etiology of CoA. […] Studies have shown evidence of a common molecular pathogenic mechanism for the co-existence of CoA with other left heart obstructive pathologies such as aortic stenosis and hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
  • #14 Management of adults with coarctation of aorta
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v12/i5/167.htm
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a relatively common congenital cardiac defect often causing few symptoms and therefore can be challenging to diagnose. […] The underlying pathogenesis is not completely understood. However, the most commonly accepted theories include hemodynamic, ductal hypothesis, and abnormal genetic mutations. Hemodynamic theory states that reduced anterograde intrauterine blood flow to the fetal arch leads to its underdevelopment. […] The NOTCH1 gene, which plays an important role in cardiovascular development, and several other genes have been implicated in the etiology of CoA. […] Studies have shown evidence of a common molecular pathogenic mechanism for the co-existence of CoA with other left heart obstructive pathologies such as aortic stenosis and hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
  • #15 Coarctation of the Aorta | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37463
    In cases where this closure process extends into the aorta, a coarctation results. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. […] The pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta is multifaceted, involving both congenital and postnatal mechanisms. The most common cause of an isolated aortic coarctation is abnormal tissue ingrowth from the ductus arteriosus into the aorta. […] Coarctation of the aorta leads to significant hemodynamic consequences, most notably increased afterload on the LV, which results in LV hypertrophy and hypertension, particularly in the upper extremities. […] Over time, the body may develop collateral circulation to bypass the coarctation, particularly involving the intercostal arteries, which can become prominent and tortuous. However, despite these compensatory mechanisms, the long-term effects of untreated aortic coarctation include significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of early detection and intervention.
  • #16 Coarctation of the aorta: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000191.htm
    The exact cause of coarctation of the aorta is unknown. It results from abnormalities in development of the aorta prior to birth. […] Aortic coarctation is more common in people with certain genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome. […] Aortic coarctation is one of the more common heart conditions that are present at birth (congenital heart defects). This abnormality accounts for about 5% of all congenital heart defects. It is most often diagnosed in children or adults under age 40. […] People who have this problem with their aorta may also have a weak area in the wall of blood vessels in their brain. This weakness causes the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out. This is known as a berry aneurysm. These may rupture causing a certain type of stroke (due to bleeding). […] Coarctation of the aorta may be seen with other congenital heart defects, such as: Bicuspid aortic valve, Aortic stenosis, Ventricular septal defect, Patent ductus arteriosus. […] Narrowing or coarctation of the artery can return after surgery. This is more likely in people who had surgery as a newborn.
  • #17 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430913/
    Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located just beyond the left subclavian artery. This narrowing creates an obstruction that can lead to significant cardiovascular complications, including systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. […] The pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta is multifaceted, involving both congenital and postnatal mechanisms. The most common cause of an isolated aortic coarctation is abnormal tissue ingrowth from the ductus arteriosus into the aorta. After birth, when the ductus arteriosus begins to constrict due to increased arterial oxygen levels, this tissue can progressively narrow the aortic lumen. If this condition is not identified and treated in infancy, the intimal growth can continue, worsening the narrowing as the individual ages.
  • #18 Coarctation of the Aorta | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37463
    In cases where this closure process extends into the aorta, a coarctation results. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. […] The pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta is multifaceted, involving both congenital and postnatal mechanisms. The most common cause of an isolated aortic coarctation is abnormal tissue ingrowth from the ductus arteriosus into the aorta. […] Coarctation of the aorta leads to significant hemodynamic consequences, most notably increased afterload on the LV, which results in LV hypertrophy and hypertension, particularly in the upper extremities. […] Over time, the body may develop collateral circulation to bypass the coarctation, particularly involving the intercostal arteries, which can become prominent and tortuous. However, despite these compensatory mechanisms, the long-term effects of untreated aortic coarctation include significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of early detection and intervention.
  • #19 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] Recent findings have demonstrated phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of excessive collagen, and inborn impaired arterial elasticity in patients with CoA. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] It is widely accepted that CoA consists of ductal tissue extending into the aortic wall.
  • #20 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28000176/
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] The aim of this review is to present current findings on the pathology and molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling due to CoA.
  • #21 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Recent findings have revealed that smooth muscle cells in the intima of CoA stenotic segments dedifferentiate at an early stage and redifferentiate in older populations. […] In addition to this localized phenotypic modulation of the aorta, vascular distensibility is decreased and collagen content is increased in precoarctational aortas, even in preoperative patients with simple CoA that does not exhibit apparent gross pathology in precoarctational segments. […] Further research into the cellular mechanisms involved in CoA could have great implications for ensuring that longer-term morbidity, secondary to early-onset hypertension and atherosclerotic progression, is minimized.
  • #22 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus – Mount Royal University
    http://librarysearch.mtroyal.ca/discovery/fulldisplay/cdi_unpaywall_primary_10_1007_s12576_016_0512_x/01MTROYAL_INST:02MTROYAL_INST
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. These changes extend to the pre-and post-stenotic aorta and impair arterial elasticity. […] The aim of this review is to present current findings on the pathology and molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling due to CoA. In particular, we will discuss the association between CoA and the ductus arteriosus since the most common site for the stenosis is in the proximity of the ductus arteriosus.
  • #23 RNA sequencing analyses in infants patients with coarctation of the aorta | Hereditas | Full Text
    https://hereditasjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41065-021-00194-w
    So far, the underlying mechanisms of CoA remain unclear. […] Although Yoon and Kim showed that the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the ductus leads to aortic isthmus, the exact molecular regulation mechanisms underlying the development of CoA need further verification, especially in infants. […] Novel findings of morphological and molecular biological research suggest that CoA is characterized by intimal thickening and impaired elastic fibers formation. […] These changes impair arterial elasticity. […] Two processes are involved in the formation of intimal thickening in CoA: (1) ECM accumulation in the subendothelial area; and (2) SMC migration of ductus arteriosus into inner media, resulting in internal elasticity of the frag-arteriosus. […] Despite these findings, the origin and phenotypic nature of SMCs in CoA are still elusive.
  • #24 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430913/
    In cases where aortic coarctation is associated with other congenital heart defects, upstream obstructions can impair fetal blood flow through the aorta, leading to the underdevelopment of the aortic arch. […] Coarctation of the aorta leads to significant hemodynamic consequences, most notably increased afterload on the LV, which results in LV hypertrophy and hypertension, particularly in the upper extremities. […] Over time, the body may develop collateral circulation to bypass the coarctation, particularly involving the intercostal arteries, which can become prominent and tortuous. However, despite these compensatory mechanisms, the long-term effects of untreated aortic coarctation include significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of early detection and intervention.
  • #25 Coarctation of the Aorta | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37463
    In cases where this closure process extends into the aorta, a coarctation results. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in the development of aortic coarctations. This congenital anomaly is frequently seen in patients with Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,XO), suggesting a genetic predisposition. […] The pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta is multifaceted, involving both congenital and postnatal mechanisms. The most common cause of an isolated aortic coarctation is abnormal tissue ingrowth from the ductus arteriosus into the aorta. […] Coarctation of the aorta leads to significant hemodynamic consequences, most notably increased afterload on the LV, which results in LV hypertrophy and hypertension, particularly in the upper extremities. […] Over time, the body may develop collateral circulation to bypass the coarctation, particularly involving the intercostal arteries, which can become prominent and tortuous. However, despite these compensatory mechanisms, the long-term effects of untreated aortic coarctation include significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of early detection and intervention.
  • #26 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta
    Coarctation of the aorta is a localized narrowing of the aortic lumen that results in upper-extremity hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and, if severe, malperfusion of the abdominal organs and lower extremities. […] Coarctation of the aorta usually occurs at the proximal thoracic aorta just beyond the left subclavian artery and just across from the opening of the ductus arteriosus. […] Physiologic consequences involve 2 phenomena: Pressure overload in the arterial circulation proximal to the coarctation […] Hypoperfusion distal to the coarctation. […] Pressure overload causes left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension in the upper part of the body, including the brain. […] Hypoperfusion affects the abdominal organs and lower extremities. Malperfusion of the intestine increases the risk of sepsis due to enteric organisms.
  • #27 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta
    Coarctation of the aorta is a localized narrowing of the aortic lumen that results in upper-extremity hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and, if severe, malperfusion of the abdominal organs and lower extremities. […] Coarctation of the aorta usually occurs at the proximal thoracic aorta just beyond the left subclavian artery and just across from the opening of the ductus arteriosus. […] Physiologic consequences involve 2 phenomena: Pressure overload in the arterial circulation proximal to the coarctation […] Hypoperfusion distal to the coarctation. […] Pressure overload causes left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension in the upper part of the body, including the brain. […] Hypoperfusion affects the abdominal organs and lower extremities. Malperfusion of the intestine increases the risk of sepsis due to enteric organisms.
  • #28 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta
    Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Untreated coarctation may result in left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, collateral vessel formation, bacterial endocarditis, intracranial hemorrhage, hypertensive encephalopathy, and hypertensive cardiovascular disease during adulthood. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy. […] Manifestations depend on severity of coarctation but typically involve pressure overload proximal to the coarctation, leading to heart failure, and hypoperfusion distal to the coarctation.
  • #29 Coarctation of the Aorta – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430913/
    In cases where aortic coarctation is associated with other congenital heart defects, upstream obstructions can impair fetal blood flow through the aorta, leading to the underdevelopment of the aortic arch. […] Coarctation of the aorta leads to significant hemodynamic consequences, most notably increased afterload on the LV, which results in LV hypertrophy and hypertension, particularly in the upper extremities. […] Over time, the body may develop collateral circulation to bypass the coarctation, particularly involving the intercostal arteries, which can become prominent and tortuous. However, despite these compensatory mechanisms, the long-term effects of untreated aortic coarctation include significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of early detection and intervention.
  • #30 Coarctation of the Aorta | Concise Medical Knowledge
    https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/coarctation-of-the-aorta/
    Coarctation of the aorta is typically congenital and the clinical presentation depends on the age of the patient. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta caused by the thickening of the medial layer at a localized point, most commonly near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. […] The narrowing of the aorta causes increased afterload increasing systolic pressure in the LV and the proximal aorta. […] In contrast, there is hypoperfusion of the tissues distal to the narrowing. […] To compensate, the LV undergoes hypertrophy to maintain the ejection fraction. […] To bypass the narrowing, collateral blood flow develops through the inferior intercostal, internal mammary, and scapular arteries.
  • #31 Coarctation of the Aorta – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/coarctation-of-the-aorta
    Ultimately, the pressure gradient increases collateral circulation to the abdomen and lower extremities via intercostal, internal mammary, scapular, and other arteries. […] Untreated coarctation may result in left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, collateral vessel formation, bacterial endocarditis, intracranial hemorrhage, hypertensive encephalopathy, and hypertensive cardiovascular disease during adulthood. […] Current data suggest that this risk is less likely a direct consequence of the coarctation and more likely related to a bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy. […] Manifestations depend on severity of coarctation but typically involve pressure overload proximal to the coarctation, leading to heart failure, and hypoperfusion distal to the coarctation.
  • #32 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] Recent findings have demonstrated phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of excessive collagen, and inborn impaired arterial elasticity in patients with CoA. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] It is widely accepted that CoA consists of ductal tissue extending into the aortic wall.
  • #33 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] Recent findings have demonstrated phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of excessive collagen, and inborn impaired arterial elasticity in patients with CoA. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] It is widely accepted that CoA consists of ductal tissue extending into the aortic wall.
  • #34 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Recent findings have revealed that smooth muscle cells in the intima of CoA stenotic segments dedifferentiate at an early stage and redifferentiate in older populations. […] In addition to this localized phenotypic modulation of the aorta, vascular distensibility is decreased and collagen content is increased in precoarctational aortas, even in preoperative patients with simple CoA that does not exhibit apparent gross pathology in precoarctational segments. […] Further research into the cellular mechanisms involved in CoA could have great implications for ensuring that longer-term morbidity, secondary to early-onset hypertension and atherosclerotic progression, is minimized.
  • #35 :: KCJ :: Korean Circulation Journal
    https://e-kcj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4070/kcj.2018.0433
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a common form of congenital heart disease. […] The underlying pathogenesis of CoA is not fully understood. However, there are three theories that may shed some light on this: 1. Abnormal genetic mutation. 2. Distal aortic arch underdevelopment due to reduced anterograde intrauterine blood flow leading to underdevelopment of the fetal aortic arch. 3. Aberrant PDA tissue extrusion into the wall of the fetal thoracic aorta. […] Most cases of CoA are due to sporadic mutations. Several genes have been implicated in CoA etiology, including the NOTCH1 gene, which plays an important role in cardiovascular development. […] CoA is also considered a general arteriopathy, given the often-abnormal histology of the arterial wall adjacent to and distant to the site of CoA. In particular medial wall degeneration has been observed in pre- and post-stenotic specimens and this may lead to increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection. However, some argue that these changes occur as results of increased blood pressure and the hemodynamic disturbance due to the narrowing.
  • #36 Management of adults with coarctation of aorta
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v12/i5/167.htm
    Abnormal histology of the arterial wall adjacent and distal to CoA site often observed with medial degeneration noted in pre- and post-stenotic specimens leading to increased incidence of aortic dissection and aneurysm. Hence, CoA is considered a generalized arteriopathy. […] Mechanical models indicate that blood flow abnormalities, defective endothelial cell migration, and excessive deposition of aortic duct tissue at the aortic isthmus can lead to coarctation. […] Coarctation can also be acquired in inflammatory diseases of aorta, such as Takayasu arteritis, and also in severe atherosclerosis. […] Environmental factors such as chemical exposures, particularly solvents have been suggested to have a possible role in development of CoA and studies noting the geographical variations in CoA also suggest the same.
  • #37 Coarctation of the Aorta | Radiology Key
    https://radiologykey.com/coarctation-of-the-aorta-2/
    Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of a segment of the aortic lumen along the aortic arch, which results in an obstruction to blood flow. In more than 90% of cases, this narrowing is located between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the ductus arteriosus, also known as the aortic isthmus. The severity of the coarctation can range from a slight narrowing of the distal end of the arch to severe hypoplasia of the entire arch. […] Three types of coarctation are described according to the location of the aortic narrowing in relation to the ductus arteriosus: Preductal coarctation: narrowing occurring proximal to the ductus arteriosus […] Ductal coarctation: narrowing occurring at the level of the ductus arteriosus […] Postductal coarctation: narrowing occurring distal to the ductus arteriosus.
  • #38 Coarctation of the Aorta | Radiology Key
    https://radiologykey.com/coarctation-of-the-aorta-2/
    Preductal coarctation accounts for approximately 2% of all coarctations. They are seen most commonly in infants and are usually associated with other intracardiac abnormalities. Preductal coarctations occur early in embryological development and are thought to result from decreased blood flow through the left side of the fetal heart. […] Ductal and postductal coarctations account for the remaining 98% of coarctations. They are usually an isolated finding, but an association with aortic valve abnormalities has been reported. Ductal and postductal coarctations occur as a result of the presence of abnormal muscular-ductal tissue. This type of coarctation occurs after birth when the ductus arteriosus closes. […] Coarctation is a primary developmental defect that results from abnormal development of the embryological left fourth and sixth aortic arches. Two theories have been proposed to explain the different types of coarctation. A preductal coarctation is thought to result from decreased blood flow through the left side of the fetal heart, resulting in impaired growth of the isthmus.
  • #39 Coarctation of the Aorta | Radiology Key
    https://radiologykey.com/coarctation-of-the-aorta-2/
    Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of a segment of the aortic lumen along the aortic arch, which results in an obstruction to blood flow. In more than 90% of cases, this narrowing is located between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the ductus arteriosus, also known as the aortic isthmus. The severity of the coarctation can range from a slight narrowing of the distal end of the arch to severe hypoplasia of the entire arch. […] Three types of coarctation are described according to the location of the aortic narrowing in relation to the ductus arteriosus: Preductal coarctation: narrowing occurring proximal to the ductus arteriosus […] Ductal coarctation: narrowing occurring at the level of the ductus arteriosus […] Postductal coarctation: narrowing occurring distal to the ductus arteriosus.
  • #40 Coarctation of the Aorta | Radiology Key
    https://radiologykey.com/coarctation-of-the-aorta-2/
    Preductal coarctation accounts for approximately 2% of all coarctations. They are seen most commonly in infants and are usually associated with other intracardiac abnormalities. Preductal coarctations occur early in embryological development and are thought to result from decreased blood flow through the left side of the fetal heart. […] Ductal and postductal coarctations account for the remaining 98% of coarctations. They are usually an isolated finding, but an association with aortic valve abnormalities has been reported. Ductal and postductal coarctations occur as a result of the presence of abnormal muscular-ductal tissue. This type of coarctation occurs after birth when the ductus arteriosus closes. […] Coarctation is a primary developmental defect that results from abnormal development of the embryological left fourth and sixth aortic arches. Two theories have been proposed to explain the different types of coarctation. A preductal coarctation is thought to result from decreased blood flow through the left side of the fetal heart, resulting in impaired growth of the isthmus.
  • #41 Coarctation of the aorta: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000191.htm
    The exact cause of coarctation of the aorta is unknown. It results from abnormalities in development of the aorta prior to birth. […] Aortic coarctation is more common in people with certain genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome. […] Aortic coarctation is one of the more common heart conditions that are present at birth (congenital heart defects). This abnormality accounts for about 5% of all congenital heart defects. It is most often diagnosed in children or adults under age 40. […] People who have this problem with their aorta may also have a weak area in the wall of blood vessels in their brain. This weakness causes the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out. This is known as a berry aneurysm. These may rupture causing a certain type of stroke (due to bleeding). […] Coarctation of the aorta may be seen with other congenital heart defects, such as: Bicuspid aortic valve, Aortic stenosis, Ventricular septal defect, Patent ductus arteriosus. […] Narrowing or coarctation of the artery can return after surgery. This is more likely in people who had surgery as a newborn.
  • #42 Coarctation of the Aorta | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/coarctation-aorta
    Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that delivers oxygen-rich (red) blood to the body. A coarctation is located just past the aortic arch, which has branches providing blood to the head and arms. When this defect is present, blood flow is restricted and the left ventricle of the heart must pump harder to push blood through the narrowed opening. […] Coarctation of the aorta may be due to improper development of the aorta in the first eight weeks of fetal growth. Congenital heart defects, like coarctation of the aorta, usually occur by chance, with no clear reason for their development. […] This condition also may be associated with other heart defects such as Shones syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and ventricular septal defect.
  • #43 Hypertension and coarctation of the aorta: an inevitable consequence of developmental pathophysiology | Hypertension Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/hr201122
    Patients with coarctation of the aorta develop early onset hypertension in spite of early effective repair. […] Indeed, some reports claim that hypertension is the single most important long-term outcome variable in patients with repaired CoA. […] This suggests that hypertension may be an inevitable consequence of CoA, even when an effective anatomical repair has been achieved early in life. […] Although it is unclear why this may be the case, it is postulated that there is dysfunction of the normal control mechanisms regulating blood pressure during growth and development in patients with repaired CoA. […] Prevalence ranges vary according to the report; however many investigators would accept that hypertension is an inevitable consequence of CoA. […] As discussed, malfunction in a number of systems has been implicated including autonomic control of blood pressure, impaired vascular function and hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin system; however, studies to date have mostly concentrated on individual systems. […] It is possible that more than one of the systems described above are involved in the delayed hypertensive response seen in patients following CoA repair.
  • #44 Hypertension and coarctation of the aorta: an inevitable consequence of developmental pathophysiology | Hypertension Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/hr201122
    Patients with coarctation of the aorta develop early onset hypertension in spite of early effective repair. […] Indeed, some reports claim that hypertension is the single most important long-term outcome variable in patients with repaired CoA. […] This suggests that hypertension may be an inevitable consequence of CoA, even when an effective anatomical repair has been achieved early in life. […] Although it is unclear why this may be the case, it is postulated that there is dysfunction of the normal control mechanisms regulating blood pressure during growth and development in patients with repaired CoA. […] Prevalence ranges vary according to the report; however many investigators would accept that hypertension is an inevitable consequence of CoA. […] As discussed, malfunction in a number of systems has been implicated including autonomic control of blood pressure, impaired vascular function and hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin system; however, studies to date have mostly concentrated on individual systems. […] It is possible that more than one of the systems described above are involved in the delayed hypertensive response seen in patients following CoA repair.
  • #45 Hypertension and coarctation of the aorta: an inevitable consequence of developmental pathophysiology | Hypertension Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/hr201122
    Patients with coarctation of the aorta develop early onset hypertension in spite of early effective repair. […] Indeed, some reports claim that hypertension is the single most important long-term outcome variable in patients with repaired CoA. […] This suggests that hypertension may be an inevitable consequence of CoA, even when an effective anatomical repair has been achieved early in life. […] Although it is unclear why this may be the case, it is postulated that there is dysfunction of the normal control mechanisms regulating blood pressure during growth and development in patients with repaired CoA. […] Prevalence ranges vary according to the report; however many investigators would accept that hypertension is an inevitable consequence of CoA. […] As discussed, malfunction in a number of systems has been implicated including autonomic control of blood pressure, impaired vascular function and hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin system; however, studies to date have mostly concentrated on individual systems. […] It is possible that more than one of the systems described above are involved in the delayed hypertensive response seen in patients following CoA repair.
  • #46 Hypertension and coarctation of the aorta: an inevitable consequence of developmental pathophysiology | Hypertension Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/hr201122
    Patients with coarctation of the aorta develop early onset hypertension in spite of early effective repair. […] Indeed, some reports claim that hypertension is the single most important long-term outcome variable in patients with repaired CoA. […] This suggests that hypertension may be an inevitable consequence of CoA, even when an effective anatomical repair has been achieved early in life. […] Although it is unclear why this may be the case, it is postulated that there is dysfunction of the normal control mechanisms regulating blood pressure during growth and development in patients with repaired CoA. […] Prevalence ranges vary according to the report; however many investigators would accept that hypertension is an inevitable consequence of CoA. […] As discussed, malfunction in a number of systems has been implicated including autonomic control of blood pressure, impaired vascular function and hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin system; however, studies to date have mostly concentrated on individual systems. […] It is possible that more than one of the systems described above are involved in the delayed hypertensive response seen in patients following CoA repair.
  • #47 Coarctation: A Review | USC Journal
    https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/coarctation-review?language_content_entity=en
    Even in the absence of early complications with good initial relief of obstruction, recurrent CoA and aneurysm formation at the site of coarctation repair are seen. […] Aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm formation, both of the ascending aorta and in the region of the aortic isthmus, if left untreated, can lead to rupture with rates up to 100% within 15 years. […] It is felt that associated bicuspid aortic valve, aortic wall changes, and systemic hypertension are largely responsible for aneurysm formation in the ascending aorta. […] Given this, screening for cerebrovascular aneurysms is recommended.
  • #48 Coarctation: A Review | USC Journal
    https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/coarctation-review?language_content_entity=en
    Even in the absence of early complications with good initial relief of obstruction, recurrent CoA and aneurysm formation at the site of coarctation repair are seen. […] Aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm formation, both of the ascending aorta and in the region of the aortic isthmus, if left untreated, can lead to rupture with rates up to 100% within 15 years. […] It is felt that associated bicuspid aortic valve, aortic wall changes, and systemic hypertension are largely responsible for aneurysm formation in the ascending aorta. […] Given this, screening for cerebrovascular aneurysms is recommended.
  • #49 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. […] Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. […] Recent findings have demonstrated phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of excessive collagen, and inborn impaired arterial elasticity in patients with CoA. […] This accumulating body of evidence suggests that CoA is a systemic vascular disease rather than a simple mechanical obstruction that can be resolved through surgical intervention alone. […] It is widely accepted that CoA consists of ductal tissue extending into the aortic wall.
  • #50 Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus | The Journal of Physiological Sciences | Full Text
    https://jps.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12576-016-0512-x
    Recent findings have revealed that smooth muscle cells in the intima of CoA stenotic segments dedifferentiate at an early stage and redifferentiate in older populations. […] In addition to this localized phenotypic modulation of the aorta, vascular distensibility is decreased and collagen content is increased in precoarctational aortas, even in preoperative patients with simple CoA that does not exhibit apparent gross pathology in precoarctational segments. […] Further research into the cellular mechanisms involved in CoA could have great implications for ensuring that longer-term morbidity, secondary to early-onset hypertension and atherosclerotic progression, is minimized.
  • #51 Coarctation of the Aorta: Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/13/2189
    The most studied of these theories is the ductal theory, with substantial evidence in the literature for the histological and biomolecular similarity of ductal and CoA tissue. […] A deeper understanding of the cellular mechanism of CoA is important in guiding therapeutic approach. […] The ductal theory does not however explain the pathophysiology of CoA in its entirety though, since the coarctation site can be at some distance from the site of the ductus arteriosus.