Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Studies have also suggested a higher prevalence of PCOS among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. […] There are changes in phenotypic prevalence of PCOS with women with classic PCOS (type A) decreasing over time to not meeting PCOS criteria in a 5-year long-term follow-up study.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 613% of reproductive-aged women. […] Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide. […] PCOS is the commonest cause of anovulation and a leading cause of infertility. […] PCOS is a significant public health problem and is one of the commonest hormonal disturbances affecting women of reproductive age. The condition affects an estimated 613% of women of reproductive age, and up to 70% of cases are undiagnosed. […] The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. […] WHO supports the generation of statistics on how common infertility and its causes (such as PCOS) are.

• #3 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. These studies consistently report that the prevalence estimates using the Rotterdam criteria are two to three times greater than those obtained using the NIH/NICHD criteria.

• #4 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome

  PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder among women between the ages of 18 and 44. […] It affects approximately 2% to 20% of this age group depending on how it is defined. […] The World Health Organization estimates that it affects 116 million women worldwide as of 2010 (3.4% of women). […] Another estimate indicates that 7% of women of reproductive age are affected. […] Another study using the Rotterdam criteria found that about 18% of women had PCOS, and that 70% of them were previously undiagnosed. […] Prevalence also varies across countries due to a lack of large-scale scientific studies; India, for example, has a purported rate of 1 in 5 women having PCOS. […] Few studies have investigated the racial differences in cardiometabolic factors in women with PCOS. […] The first study to comprehensively examine racial differences discovered notable racial differences in risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

• #5 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. […] Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. These studies consistently report that the prevalence estimates using the Rotterdam criteria are two to three times greater than those obtained using the NIH/NICHD criteria.

• #6 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. These studies consistently report that the prevalence estimates using the Rotterdam criteria are two to three times greater than those obtained using the NIH/NICHD criteria.

• #7 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. […] Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. These studies consistently report that the prevalence estimates using the Rotterdam criteria are two to three times greater than those obtained using the NIH/NICHD criteria.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2019/50040/epidemiology,_pathogenesis,_genetics___management.5.aspx

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. […] Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. […] Only a few researchers have studied the prevalence of PCOS in India and among those, most of the sampling was convenience based, which might not reflect the true status of PCOS prevalence in the community. […] A pilot cross-sectional study conducted in Tamil Nadu assessed young adolescent females and found a prevalence of 18 per cent for PCOS. […] A similar study conducted in Mumbai, which was an urban community-based study, found that the prevalence of PCOS was 22.5 per cent by the Rotterdam criteria and 10.7 per cent by the Androgen Excess Society criteria.

• #9 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. These studies consistently report that the prevalence estimates using the Rotterdam criteria are two to three times greater than those obtained using the NIH/NICHD criteria.

• #10 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. […] Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. These studies consistently report that the prevalence estimates using the Rotterdam criteria are two to three times greater than those obtained using the NIH/NICHD criteria.

• #11 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  The Guideline includes a focus on equity, cultural and ethnic diversity, avoidance of stigma and inclusivity. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware of the high prevalence of PCOS in all ethnicities and across world regions, ranging from 10-13% globally using the Rotterdam criteria. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that PCOS prevalence is broadly similar across world regions, but may be higher in South East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean regions. […] The guideline provides 77 evidence-based and 54 consensus recommendations, with 123 practice points underpinned by a technical report on evidence synthesis and GRADE detailed considerations. […] Key recommendations and updates include that PCOS should be diagnosed using the 2018 International Evidence-based Guideline criteria, which built on the consensus based 2003 Rotterdam criteria.

• #12 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  The Guideline includes a focus on equity, cultural and ethnic diversity, avoidance of stigma and inclusivity. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware of the high prevalence of PCOS in all ethnicities and across world regions, ranging from 10-13% globally using the Rotterdam criteria. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that PCOS prevalence is broadly similar across world regions, but may be higher in South East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean regions. […] The guideline provides 77 evidence-based and 54 consensus recommendations, with 123 practice points underpinned by a technical report on evidence synthesis and GRADE detailed considerations. […] Key recommendations and updates include that PCOS should be diagnosed using the 2018 International Evidence-based Guideline criteria, which built on the consensus based 2003 Rotterdam criteria.

• #13 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. […] Twice as many women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome as in the general population, and about one-half of women with PCOS are obese. […] The presence of PCOS is also associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2019/50040/epidemiology,_pathogenesis,_genetics___management.5.aspx

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. […] Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. […] Only a few researchers have studied the prevalence of PCOS in India and among those, most of the sampling was convenience based, which might not reflect the true status of PCOS prevalence in the community. […] A pilot cross-sectional study conducted in Tamil Nadu assessed young adolescent females and found a prevalence of 18 per cent for PCOS. […] A similar study conducted in Mumbai, which was an urban community-based study, found that the prevalence of PCOS was 22.5 per cent by the Rotterdam criteria and 10.7 per cent by the Androgen Excess Society criteria.

• #15 Epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross sectional study of university students at An-Najah national university-Palestine | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

  https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-11-47

  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynecological endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. Despite its heavy burden on female reproduction and general health, there is no study regarding PCOS prevalence in Palestine. This study aims to establish prevalence of PCOS among female university students at An-Najah National University-Palestine and to explore its possible risk factors. […] The estimated prevalence of PCOS was 7.3%, acne was the only studied risk factor among others to be statistically significantly related to PCOS patients (OR=8.430, P-value=0.015). […] Prevalence of PCOS in Palestine seems to be relatively high but similar to other Mediterranean statistics. We recommend further studies using wider age group and larger sample for all parts of Palestine in order to generalize results.

• #16 Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome among Malaysian Female University Staff

  https://jmrh.mums.ac.ir/article_12032.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic disease with diverse etiologies. The prevalence of PCOS varies among different ethnicities and across various geographical and social settings. Scarce data exist on the prevalence of PCOS in Asia, especially in Malaysia. […] The prevalence of PCOS is not well defined in Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia. Given the health risks of PCOS, it seems both important and necessary to evaluate the current status and features of PCOS in the community and identifies the risk factors for this syndrome to design and implement interventions in order to prevent from this disorder and manage the affected women in the community. […] The high prevalence of PCOS (12.6%) among Malaysian women could be a sign of an emerging public health issue in Malaysia. Regarding this, more studies are required on larger scales to identify the burden of PCOS in Malaysian population. The findings of this study also suggested the necessity for adopting preventive strategies through health education, as well as the prevention and treatment of PCOS in community-dwelling women, especially those who are obese. Further research should examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and each of its criteria among Malaysian women with PCOS in order to shed light on the focus of attention in the treatment of women with PCOS in Malaysia.

• #17 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most important contributing factors to infertility. […] In 2019, the age-standardised point prevalence and incidence rate for PCOS in the MENA region were 2079.7 (95% UI: 1392.0 to 2812.3) and 77.2 (95% UI: 51.6 to 105.4) per 100,000, respectively, which represents a 37.9% (95% UI: 31.7 to 45.0) and a 33.7% (95% UI: 27.7 to 40.3) increase since 1990, respectively. […] The total prevalent number and point prevalence of PCOS (per 100,000) were both highest in the 20-24 age group. […] Moreover, at the country level there was a positive association between SDI and the age-standardised YLD rates of PCOS. […] The growing prevalence and burden of PCOS in the MENA region highlights the need to implement cost-effective preventive programs, especially for women in their third decade of life, and in MENA countries with higher SDI levels.

• #18 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  The Guideline includes a focus on equity, cultural and ethnic diversity, avoidance of stigma and inclusivity. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware of the high prevalence of PCOS in all ethnicities and across world regions, ranging from 10-13% globally using the Rotterdam criteria. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that PCOS prevalence is broadly similar across world regions, but may be higher in South East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean regions. […] The guideline provides 77 evidence-based and 54 consensus recommendations, with 123 practice points underpinned by a technical report on evidence synthesis and GRADE detailed considerations. […] Key recommendations and updates include that PCOS should be diagnosed using the 2018 International Evidence-based Guideline criteria, which built on the consensus based 2003 Rotterdam criteria.

• #19 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Studies have also suggested a higher prevalence of PCOS among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. […] There are changes in phenotypic prevalence of PCOS with women with classic PCOS (type A) decreasing over time to not meeting PCOS criteria in a 5-year long-term follow-up study.

• #20 Australian-led PCOS guideline an international first | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2018/australian-led-pcos-guideline-international-first

  AN Australian-led international and multidisciplinary collaboration of health professionals and consumers has produced the first international evidence-based guideline for the diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with an unprecedented international translation program, summarised today in a supplement published by the Medical Journal of Australia. […] PCOS affects 813% of reproductive age women, with around 21% of Indigenous women affected. […] The guidelines main recommendations cover diagnosis, screening and risk assessment depending on life stage; emotional wellbeing; healthy lifestyle; pharmacological treatment for non-fertility indications; and assessment and treatment of infertility. […] The PCOS guideline and translation resources aim to accelerate the delivery of consistent, evidence-based care across Australia, Teede and colleagues concluded.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 613% of reproductive-aged women. […] Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide. […] PCOS is the commonest cause of anovulation and a leading cause of infertility. […] PCOS is a significant public health problem and is one of the commonest hormonal disturbances affecting women of reproductive age. The condition affects an estimated 613% of women of reproductive age, and up to 70% of cases are undiagnosed. […] The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. […] WHO supports the generation of statistics on how common infertility and its causes (such as PCOS) are.

• #22 Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/6/1567

  The results of the analysis of PCOS prevalence in 204 countries in the years 1990–2019 were published in 2022. In 2019, the global point and annual age-standardized PCOS incidence rates increased by almost 30% since 1990. According to the Global PCOS Treatment Market, Forecast & Opportunities report, PCOS prevalence could reach around 5.1 million by 2025. It seems that the increase in the incidence of this syndrome is related to the increasingly common diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin-glucose metabolism disorders, as well as the plague of obesity and oxidative stress associated with a poor lifestyle and excessive supply of simple sugars in the diet.

• #23 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most important contributing factors to infertility. […] In 2019, the age-standardised point prevalence and incidence rate for PCOS in the MENA region were 2079.7 (95% UI: 1392.0 to 2812.3) and 77.2 (95% UI: 51.6 to 105.4) per 100,000, respectively, which represents a 37.9% (95% UI: 31.7 to 45.0) and a 33.7% (95% UI: 27.7 to 40.3) increase since 1990, respectively. […] The total prevalent number and point prevalence of PCOS (per 100,000) were both highest in the 20-24 age group. […] Moreover, at the country level there was a positive association between SDI and the age-standardised YLD rates of PCOS. […] The growing prevalence and burden of PCOS in the MENA region highlights the need to implement cost-effective preventive programs, especially for women in their third decade of life, and in MENA countries with higher SDI levels.

• #24 Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/6/1567

  The results of the analysis of PCOS prevalence in 204 countries in the years 1990–2019 were published in 2022. In 2019, the global point and annual age-standardized PCOS incidence rates increased by almost 30% since 1990. According to the Global PCOS Treatment Market, Forecast & Opportunities report, PCOS prevalence could reach around 5.1 million by 2025. It seems that the increase in the incidence of this syndrome is related to the increasingly common diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin-glucose metabolism disorders, as well as the plague of obesity and oxidative stress associated with a poor lifestyle and excessive supply of simple sugars in the diet.

• #25 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction?type=Topic+Pages

  Ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence gradually increased during this period, driven almost entirely by polycystic ovary syndrome, of which the incidence increased from 32.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2014 to 60.3 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2023. […] This increase in incidence was observed in all demographic subgroups and had the strongest independent association with pre-existing obesity. […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. […] Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome in recent years could manifest in negative career impacts, including disqualification from certain military occupations and fewer service women able to meet retention standards.

• #26 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction?type=Topic+Pages

  Ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence gradually increased during this period, driven almost entirely by polycystic ovary syndrome, of which the incidence increased from 32.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2014 to 60.3 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2023. […] This increase in incidence was observed in all demographic subgroups and had the strongest independent association with pre-existing obesity. […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. […] Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome in recent years could manifest in negative career impacts, including disqualification from certain military occupations and fewer service women able to meet retention standards.

• #27 Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/6/1567

  The results of the analysis of PCOS prevalence in 204 countries in the years 1990–2019 were published in 2022. In 2019, the global point and annual age-standardized PCOS incidence rates increased by almost 30% since 1990. According to the Global PCOS Treatment Market, Forecast & Opportunities report, PCOS prevalence could reach around 5.1 million by 2025. It seems that the increase in the incidence of this syndrome is related to the increasingly common diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin-glucose metabolism disorders, as well as the plague of obesity and oxidative stress associated with a poor lifestyle and excessive supply of simple sugars in the diet.

• #28 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  In 2019, there were 6,647,566 prevalent cases of PCOS in the MENA region, with an age-standardised point prevalence of 2079.7 per 100,000 women, which represents a 37.9% increase since 1990. […] The age-standardised annual incidence rate of PCOS also varied substantially by country. […] The percentage change in the age-standardised YLD rate of PCOS, from 1990 to 2019, also differed substantially by country. […] The YLD rate of PCOS in the MENA region was higher than the global average (18.7 vs. 14.7 per 100,000 population). […] The overall increase in PCOS, that was found in this study, might be due to the inherited nature of this syndrome, along with changes in the diagnostic criteria over the last few decades. […] The highest number of PCOS incident cases were found among women aged 10-14 years old and the highest number of YLDs were found in the 20-24 age group.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 613% of reproductive-aged women. […] Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide. […] PCOS is the commonest cause of anovulation and a leading cause of infertility. […] PCOS is a significant public health problem and is one of the commonest hormonal disturbances affecting women of reproductive age. The condition affects an estimated 613% of women of reproductive age, and up to 70% of cases are undiagnosed. […] The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. […] WHO supports the generation of statistics on how common infertility and its causes (such as PCOS) are.

• #30 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome

  PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder among women between the ages of 18 and 44. […] It affects approximately 2% to 20% of this age group depending on how it is defined. […] The World Health Organization estimates that it affects 116 million women worldwide as of 2010 (3.4% of women). […] Another estimate indicates that 7% of women of reproductive age are affected. […] Another study using the Rotterdam criteria found that about 18% of women had PCOS, and that 70% of them were previously undiagnosed. […] Prevalence also varies across countries due to a lack of large-scale scientific studies; India, for example, has a purported rate of 1 in 5 women having PCOS. […] Few studies have investigated the racial differences in cardiometabolic factors in women with PCOS. […] The first study to comprehensively examine racial differences discovered notable racial differences in risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

• #31 PCOS Demographics, Prevalence, Pregnancy Stats and More | livestrong

  https://www.livestrong.com/article/13765305-pcos-statistics/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder, but the condition which may affect up to 18 percent of people with ovaries globally, per an October 2022 entry in the Lancet Regional Health-Europe is also connected to fertility, metabolism and even heart, skin and mental health. […] PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in people with uteruses of reproductive age. About 10 percent of people with ovaries will be affected by PCOS during those reproductive years, according to the Endocrine Society. […] Because people with PCOS can have a wide range of symptoms and because doctor education on the condition is relatively lacking, it’s likely that PCOS is under-diagnosed. In fact, it’s estimated that 50 to 75 percent of people with PCOS don’t know they have it, according to a November 2018 paper in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

• #32 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting reproductive-aged women, with impacts across the lifespan from adolescence to post menopause. PCOS prevalence is between 10 to 13% as demonstrated in the guideline process. […] Women internationally experience delayed diagnosis and dissatisfaction with care. […] This comprehensive evidence-based Guideline is constructed from a rigorous, Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation-II (AGREEII)- compliant, evidence-based guideline development process. It provides a single source of international evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical practice with the opportunity for adaptation in relevant health systems.

• #33 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder. A high prevalence of PCOS or its features among first-degree relatives is suggestive of genetic influences. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. A history of weight gain often precedes the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and following a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce body weight, abdominal fat, reduce testosterone, improve insulin resistance, and decrease hirsutism in women with PCOS. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of PCOS is warranted in adolescents with persistently irregular menses and these risk factors.

• #34 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. A history of weight gain often precedes the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and following a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce body weight, abdominal fat, reduce testosterone, improve insulin resistance, and decrease hirsutism in women with PCOS. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of PCOS is warranted in adolescents with persistently irregular menses and these risk factors.

• #35 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder. A high prevalence of PCOS or its features among first-degree relatives is suggestive of genetic influences. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. A history of weight gain often precedes the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and following a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce body weight, abdominal fat, reduce testosterone, improve insulin resistance, and decrease hirsutism in women with PCOS. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of PCOS is warranted in adolescents with persistently irregular menses and these risk factors.

• #36 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. A history of weight gain often precedes the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and following a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce body weight, abdominal fat, reduce testosterone, improve insulin resistance, and decrease hirsutism in women with PCOS. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of PCOS is warranted in adolescents with persistently irregular menses and these risk factors.

• #37 Polycystic ovary syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women, with a prevalence of 4-12% in the United States. Up to 10% of women are diagnosed with PCOS. […] Approximately 5% to 10% of women of reproductive age are affected. […] Prevalence among first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS is 25% to 50%, suggesting a strong inheritance of the syndrome; there is evidence for possible X-linked dominant transmission. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome can appear anytime from menarche until menopause but generally, is seen around menarche and is diagnosed then or in early adulthood. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 10 women. […] There is no racial predilection for polycystic ovary syndrome.

• #38 Polycystic ovary syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women, with a prevalence of 4-12% in the United States. Up to 10% of women are diagnosed with PCOS. […] Approximately 5% to 10% of women of reproductive age are affected. […] Prevalence among first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS is 25% to 50%, suggesting a strong inheritance of the syndrome; there is evidence for possible X-linked dominant transmission. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome can appear anytime from menarche until menopause but generally, is seen around menarche and is diagnosed then or in early adulthood. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 10 women. […] There is no racial predilection for polycystic ovary syndrome.

• #39 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/pcos

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 710% of women of childbearing age and is the most common cause of infertility. In the United States, an estimated 5 to 6 million women have PCOS. PCOS is the most common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, but many women don’t know they have it. […] PCOS seems to be inherited. Female relatives or children of patients with PCOS are at increased risk for having PCOS. […] Many women with PCOS have decreased sensitivity to insulin, the hormone that regulates glucose (sugar) in the blood. This condition, known as insulin resistance, is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Women with PCOS often have type 2 diabetes, which occurs more frequently in women with PCOS. […] Because of irregular menstrual cycles and lack of ovulation, the lining of the uterus may not shed as often as it should. Left untreated, this may increase the risk of cancer of the uterine lining (endometrium).

• #40 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/advancing-research/scientific-statements/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous and complex disorder that has both adverse reproductive and metabolic implications for affected women. […] The phenotype can vary by race and ethnicity, is difficult to define in the perimenarchal and perimenopausal period, and is exacerbated by obesity. […] PCOS clusters in families and both female and male relatives can show stigmata of the syndrome, including metabolic abnormalities. […] Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of candidate regions, although their role in contributing to PCOS is still largely unknown.

• #41 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/advancing-research/scientific-statements/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous and complex disorder that has both adverse reproductive and metabolic implications for affected women. […] The phenotype can vary by race and ethnicity, is difficult to define in the perimenarchal and perimenopausal period, and is exacerbated by obesity. […] PCOS clusters in families and both female and male relatives can show stigmata of the syndrome, including metabolic abnormalities. […] Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of candidate regions, although their role in contributing to PCOS is still largely unknown.

• #42 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder. A high prevalence of PCOS or its features among first-degree relatives is suggestive of genetic influences. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. A history of weight gain often precedes the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and following a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce body weight, abdominal fat, reduce testosterone, improve insulin resistance, and decrease hirsutism in women with PCOS. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of PCOS is warranted in adolescents with persistently irregular menses and these risk factors.

• #43 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. A history of weight gain often precedes the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and following a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce body weight, abdominal fat, reduce testosterone, improve insulin resistance, and decrease hirsutism in women with PCOS. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of PCOS is warranted in adolescents with persistently irregular menses and these risk factors.

• #44 Polycystic ovarian syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-1?lang=us

  The estimated prevalence is ~10% (range 8-13%) of women of reproductive age but this varies (up to 20%) depending on the diagnostic criteria used 11,23. […] The classic triad of PCOS is: […] obesity is present in up to 80% of women from the United States of America with polycystic ovarian syndrome, however, this association is not as strong outside of the United States of America 24. […] long-term increased risk of […] type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 […] hyperlipidemia 25 […] cardiovascular disease 25 […] hypertension 25 […] endometrial cancer (two to six-fold increased risk) 6,18. […] high prevalence of anxiety and depression. […] women with polycystic ovarian morphology are at increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) when undergoing IVF, regardless of whether they have PCOS 15.

• #45 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder. A high prevalence of PCOS or its features among first-degree relatives is suggestive of genetic influences. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. A history of weight gain often precedes the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and following a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce body weight, abdominal fat, reduce testosterone, improve insulin resistance, and decrease hirsutism in women with PCOS. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of PCOS is warranted in adolescents with persistently irregular menses and these risk factors.

• #46 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Insulin resistance is recognized as a key feature of PCOS, yet routinely available measures of insulin resistance are inaccurate and clinical measurement is not currently recommended. […] PCOS should be considered a high-risk condition in pregnancy with women identified and monitored. […] An increased premenopausal risk of endometrial cancer should also be recognized, whilst absolute risks remain low. […] Symptoms of depression and anxiety are significantly increased and should be screened for in all women with PCOS, with psychological assessment and therapy as indicated. […] Greater awareness of psychological features including eating disorders and impacts on body image and quality of life is needed. […] Overall, evidence in PCOS is low to moderate quality. Based on high prevalence and significant health impact, greater priority, education, models of care, funding, and research are recommended.

• #47 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617159/all/Polycystic_Ovary_Syndrome?q=Chronic+Hepatitis

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a syndrome of hyperandrogenism, altered ovarian morphology, and chronic anovulation with infertility. […] Present in 614% of postpubertal women. […] Risk factors may be noted in childhood, including low birth weight, premature adrenarche, and earlier menarche. […] Insulin resistance, often with obesity, is a frequent accompanying feature.

• #48 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. […] Twice as many women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome as in the general population, and about one-half of women with PCOS are obese. […] The presence of PCOS is also associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #49 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. […] Twice as many women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome as in the general population, and about one-half of women with PCOS are obese. […] The presence of PCOS is also associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #50 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Studies have also suggested a higher prevalence of PCOS among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. […] There are changes in phenotypic prevalence of PCOS with women with classic PCOS (type A) decreasing over time to not meeting PCOS criteria in a 5-year long-term follow-up study.

• #51 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Absent from National Surveillance and Present Online: Implications for Mental and Behavioral Health.

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/113329

  In the United States there is a need to increase awareness and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a metabolic, reproductive, and endocrine condition the National Institutes of Health has described as a major public health problem for women. […] Limited information on behavioral health education and mental health including depression screening, depression diagnosis, and mental health care underscores the need to strengthen national surveillance to further understand behavioral health care services for PCOS. […] Given that individuals look to the internet and magazines, in addition to health care providers, for health information, these studies highlight how the digital landscape and health care intersect and provide directions for future research to improve womens health.

• #52 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Studies have also suggested a higher prevalence of PCOS among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. […] There are changes in phenotypic prevalence of PCOS with women with classic PCOS (type A) decreasing over time to not meeting PCOS criteria in a 5-year long-term follow-up study.

• #53 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Studies have also suggested a higher prevalence of PCOS among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. […] There are changes in phenotypic prevalence of PCOS with women with classic PCOS (type A) decreasing over time to not meeting PCOS criteria in a 5-year long-term follow-up study.

• #54 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction?type=Topic+Pages

  Ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence gradually increased during this period, driven almost entirely by polycystic ovary syndrome, of which the incidence increased from 32.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2014 to 60.3 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2023. […] This increase in incidence was observed in all demographic subgroups and had the strongest independent association with pre-existing obesity. […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. […] Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome in recent years could manifest in negative career impacts, including disqualification from certain military occupations and fewer service women able to meet retention standards.

• #55 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction?type=Topic+Pages

  Ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence gradually increased during this period, driven almost entirely by polycystic ovary syndrome, of which the incidence increased from 32.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2014 to 60.3 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2023. […] This increase in incidence was observed in all demographic subgroups and had the strongest independent association with pre-existing obesity. […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. […] Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome in recent years could manifest in negative career impacts, including disqualification from certain military occupations and fewer service women able to meet retention standards.

• #56 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Absent from National Surveillance and Present Online: Implications for Mental and Behavioral Health.

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/113329

  In the United States there is a need to increase awareness and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a metabolic, reproductive, and endocrine condition the National Institutes of Health has described as a major public health problem for women. […] Limited information on behavioral health education and mental health including depression screening, depression diagnosis, and mental health care underscores the need to strengthen national surveillance to further understand behavioral health care services for PCOS. […] Given that individuals look to the internet and magazines, in addition to health care providers, for health information, these studies highlight how the digital landscape and health care intersect and provide directions for future research to improve womens health.

• #57 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Absent from National Surveillance and Present Online: Implications for Mental and Behavioral Health.

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/113329

  In the United States there is a need to increase awareness and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a metabolic, reproductive, and endocrine condition the National Institutes of Health has described as a major public health problem for women. […] Limited information on behavioral health education and mental health including depression screening, depression diagnosis, and mental health care underscores the need to strengthen national surveillance to further understand behavioral health care services for PCOS. […] Given that individuals look to the internet and magazines, in addition to health care providers, for health information, these studies highlight how the digital landscape and health care intersect and provide directions for future research to improve womens health.

• #58

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 613% of reproductive-aged women. […] Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide. […] PCOS is the commonest cause of anovulation and a leading cause of infertility. […] PCOS is a significant public health problem and is one of the commonest hormonal disturbances affecting women of reproductive age. The condition affects an estimated 613% of women of reproductive age, and up to 70% of cases are undiagnosed. […] The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. […] WHO supports the generation of statistics on how common infertility and its causes (such as PCOS) are.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2019/50040/epidemiology,_pathogenesis,_genetics___management.5.aspx

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. […] Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. […] Only a few researchers have studied the prevalence of PCOS in India and among those, most of the sampling was convenience based, which might not reflect the true status of PCOS prevalence in the community. […] A pilot cross-sectional study conducted in Tamil Nadu assessed young adolescent females and found a prevalence of 18 per cent for PCOS. […] A similar study conducted in Mumbai, which was an urban community-based study, found that the prevalence of PCOS was 22.5 per cent by the Rotterdam criteria and 10.7 per cent by the Androgen Excess Society criteria.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/jhrs/fulltext/2020/13040/the_prevalence_of_polycystic_ovary_syndrome__a.4.aspx

  In recent years, the geographic variations of PCOS prevalence have been studied worldwide. The prevalence of PCOS is frequently quoted between 2% and 26%. […] The need to improve the clinical and therapeutic management of PCOS patients has become increasingly evident in the last decade. […] We therefore aimed to collate different prevalence studies conducted till date in order to explore key variables that may influence prevalence estimates. […] The present study highlighted past to present-day accepted guidelines used for PCOS diagnosis. This review also stressed on current treatment and screening guidelines used with specific emphasis on potential new therapies that can be used for better management of PCOS. […] The discrepancies might be partly attributed to small sample sizes, socioeconomic differences, clinical heterogeneity, low statistical power, differing ethnic backgrounds among various populations, geographic variations, and interactions with other environmental plus genetic factors. […] To offer novel insights into the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of PCOS, future population-based prospective casecontrol studies in compliance with family-based linkage studies involving a large number of individuals in various populations are clearly warranted.

• #61 Epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross sectional study of university students at An-Najah national university-Palestine | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

  https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-11-47

  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynecological endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. Despite its heavy burden on female reproduction and general health, there is no study regarding PCOS prevalence in Palestine. This study aims to establish prevalence of PCOS among female university students at An-Najah National University-Palestine and to explore its possible risk factors. […] The estimated prevalence of PCOS was 7.3%, acne was the only studied risk factor among others to be statistically significantly related to PCOS patients (OR=8.430, P-value=0.015). […] Prevalence of PCOS in Palestine seems to be relatively high but similar to other Mediterranean statistics. We recommend further studies using wider age group and larger sample for all parts of Palestine in order to generalize results.

• #62

  https://journals.lww.com/jhrs/fulltext/2020/13040/the_prevalence_of_polycystic_ovary_syndrome__a.4.aspx

  In recent years, the geographic variations of PCOS prevalence have been studied worldwide. The prevalence of PCOS is frequently quoted between 2% and 26%. […] The need to improve the clinical and therapeutic management of PCOS patients has become increasingly evident in the last decade. […] We therefore aimed to collate different prevalence studies conducted till date in order to explore key variables that may influence prevalence estimates. […] The present study highlighted past to present-day accepted guidelines used for PCOS diagnosis. This review also stressed on current treatment and screening guidelines used with specific emphasis on potential new therapies that can be used for better management of PCOS. […] The discrepancies might be partly attributed to small sample sizes, socioeconomic differences, clinical heterogeneity, low statistical power, differing ethnic backgrounds among various populations, geographic variations, and interactions with other environmental plus genetic factors. […] To offer novel insights into the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of PCOS, future population-based prospective casecontrol studies in compliance with family-based linkage studies involving a large number of individuals in various populations are clearly warranted.

• #63 Epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross sectional study of university students at An-Najah national university-Palestine | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

  https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-11-47

  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynecological endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. Despite its heavy burden on female reproduction and general health, there is no study regarding PCOS prevalence in Palestine. This study aims to establish prevalence of PCOS among female university students at An-Najah National University-Palestine and to explore its possible risk factors. […] The estimated prevalence of PCOS was 7.3%, acne was the only studied risk factor among others to be statistically significantly related to PCOS patients (OR=8.430, P-value=0.015). […] Prevalence of PCOS in Palestine seems to be relatively high but similar to other Mediterranean statistics. We recommend further studies using wider age group and larger sample for all parts of Palestine in order to generalize results.

• #64 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Studies have also suggested a higher prevalence of PCOS among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. […] There are changes in phenotypic prevalence of PCOS with women with classic PCOS (type A) decreasing over time to not meeting PCOS criteria in a 5-year long-term follow-up study.

• #65 Definition and Epidemiology of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59745-179-6_13

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder of functional androgen excess, although its definition remains fluid and controversial. […] The prevalence of PCOS among unselected reproductive-aged women is at least 6.5 8.0% using the NIH 1990 criteria. […] Future studies must establish the prevalence of the disorder in different populations and using the various criteria proposed to define PCOS. […] Finally, studies on the long-term development of reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in women with the two new phenotypes of PCOS defined by Rotterdam 2003 are needed to determine whether these have risks similar to classic PCOS.

• #66 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Insulin resistance is recognized as a key feature of PCOS, yet routinely available measures of insulin resistance are inaccurate and clinical measurement is not currently recommended. […] PCOS should be considered a high-risk condition in pregnancy with women identified and monitored. […] An increased premenopausal risk of endometrial cancer should also be recognized, whilst absolute risks remain low. […] Symptoms of depression and anxiety are significantly increased and should be screened for in all women with PCOS, with psychological assessment and therapy as indicated. […] Greater awareness of psychological features including eating disorders and impacts on body image and quality of life is needed. […] Overall, evidence in PCOS is low to moderate quality. Based on high prevalence and significant health impact, greater priority, education, models of care, funding, and research are recommended.

• #67 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40. […] Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS.

• #68 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. […] Twice as many women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome as in the general population, and about one-half of women with PCOS are obese. […] The presence of PCOS is also associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #69 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40. […] Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS.

• #70 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. […] Twice as many women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome as in the general population, and about one-half of women with PCOS are obese. […] The presence of PCOS is also associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #71 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40. […] Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS.

• #72 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40. […] Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS.

• #73 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40. […] Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS.

• #74 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. […] Twice as many women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome as in the general population, and about one-half of women with PCOS are obese. […] The presence of PCOS is also associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #75 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in 5 to 10% of women (1). In the US, it is the most common cause of infertility. […] Studies indicate that PCOS is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and that women with PCOS are at increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (1). […] Because women with PCOS-associated obesity have a higher risk of pregnancy complications (including gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and preeclampsia), preconception assessment of body mass index, blood pressure, and oral glucose tolerance is recommended.

• #76 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Might Spell Trouble for Middle-Aged Women | News Center | University of Michigan School of Public Health

  https://sph.umich.edu/news/2018posts/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-middle-aged.html

  Women with polycystic ovary syndrome develop metabolic syndrome earlier than women without the condition likely putting them at higher risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease, according to a new study by the University of Michigan. […] The study is published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. […] „Knowing that women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at greater risk for metabolic syndrome earlier in their life warrants more careful follow up by their health care providers,” said senior author Carrie Karvonen-Gutierrez, assistant professor of epidemiology at U-M’s School of Public Health. […] „However, given that metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for health outcomes such as heart attack, heart failure and diabetes, our data suggests that women with polycystic ovary syndrome should be monitored more closely, and earlier in their life, for these major health outcomes.”

• #77 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome

  PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder among women between the ages of 18 and 44. […] It affects approximately 2% to 20% of this age group depending on how it is defined. […] The World Health Organization estimates that it affects 116 million women worldwide as of 2010 (3.4% of women). […] Another estimate indicates that 7% of women of reproductive age are affected. […] Another study using the Rotterdam criteria found that about 18% of women had PCOS, and that 70% of them were previously undiagnosed. […] Prevalence also varies across countries due to a lack of large-scale scientific studies; India, for example, has a purported rate of 1 in 5 women having PCOS. […] Few studies have investigated the racial differences in cardiometabolic factors in women with PCOS. […] The first study to comprehensively examine racial differences discovered notable racial differences in risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

• #78

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 613% of reproductive-aged women. […] Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide. […] PCOS is the commonest cause of anovulation and a leading cause of infertility. […] PCOS is a significant public health problem and is one of the commonest hormonal disturbances affecting women of reproductive age. The condition affects an estimated 613% of women of reproductive age, and up to 70% of cases are undiagnosed. […] The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. […] WHO supports the generation of statistics on how common infertility and its causes (such as PCOS) are.

• #79 Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/6/1567

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common disease with over-representation in infertile women. PCOS contributes to up to 56% of infertility cases. The diagnosis criteria for this syndrome are based on the Rotterdam Criteria which were approved in 2003 requiring two out of three criteria to be present: absent or infrequent ovulation, clinically and/or biochemically confirmed hyperandrogenism, and an ultrasound image of polycystic ovaries (the presence of at least 12 follicles with a diameter of 2–9 mm and/or ovarian volume of >10 mL). Furthermore, in 2006, the Androgen Excess Society recognized hyperandrogenism as a core symptom of PCOS. The current indications for the Rotterdam Criteria are considered the best clinical treatment when it comes to PCOS and the path to obtain the most accurate determination of the individual phenotypes of this syndrome.

• #80 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Insulin resistance is recognized as a key feature of PCOS, yet routinely available measures of insulin resistance are inaccurate and clinical measurement is not currently recommended. […] PCOS should be considered a high-risk condition in pregnancy with women identified and monitored. […] An increased premenopausal risk of endometrial cancer should also be recognized, whilst absolute risks remain low. […] Symptoms of depression and anxiety are significantly increased and should be screened for in all women with PCOS, with psychological assessment and therapy as indicated. […] Greater awareness of psychological features including eating disorders and impacts on body image and quality of life is needed. […] Overall, evidence in PCOS is low to moderate quality. Based on high prevalence and significant health impact, greater priority, education, models of care, funding, and research are recommended.

• #81 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in 5 to 10% of women (1). In the US, it is the most common cause of infertility. […] Studies indicate that PCOS is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and that women with PCOS are at increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (1). […] Because women with PCOS-associated obesity have a higher risk of pregnancy complications (including gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and preeclampsia), preconception assessment of body mass index, blood pressure, and oral glucose tolerance is recommended.

• #82 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Problems with ovulation, obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes (all common in women with PCOS) increase the risk of developing cancer of the endometrium (lining of the uterus or womb). […] The risks of PCOS-related health problems, such as diabetes, stroke, and heart attack, increase with age. […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PCOS.

• #83 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Problems with ovulation, obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes (all common in women with PCOS) increase the risk of developing cancer of the endometrium (lining of the uterus or womb). […] The risks of PCOS-related health problems, such as diabetes, stroke, and heart attack, increase with age. […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PCOS.

• #84 Polycystic ovarian syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-1?lang=us

  The estimated prevalence is ~10% (range 8-13%) of women of reproductive age but this varies (up to 20%) depending on the diagnostic criteria used 11,23. […] The classic triad of PCOS is: […] obesity is present in up to 80% of women from the United States of America with polycystic ovarian syndrome, however, this association is not as strong outside of the United States of America 24. […] long-term increased risk of […] type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 […] hyperlipidemia 25 […] cardiovascular disease 25 […] hypertension 25 […] endometrial cancer (two to six-fold increased risk) 6,18. […] high prevalence of anxiety and depression. […] women with polycystic ovarian morphology are at increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) when undergoing IVF, regardless of whether they have PCOS 15.

• #85 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Associated With Higher Risk of Pancreatic Cancer, New Study Shows | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-associated-higher-risk-pancreatic-cancer-new-study-shows

  Epidemiologist Margaret Du says women with PCOS may benefit from increased surveillance for pancreatic cancer, although more research is needed. […] A study suggests PCOS may be associated with as much as double the risk of pancreatic cancer. […] We found that having PCOS nearly doubled a persons risk of developing pancreatic cancer. […] If we can prove that PCOS is a marker for increased pancreatic cancer risk, it could mean that women with PCOS may benefit from increased surveillance for pancreatic cancer. […] We need to do more research, but what we have learned combined with data from the Swedish study suggests that it may be worthwhile for clinicians to be mindful of pancreatic cancer risk when patients have PCOS.

• #86 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Insulin resistance is recognized as a key feature of PCOS, yet routinely available measures of insulin resistance are inaccurate and clinical measurement is not currently recommended. […] PCOS should be considered a high-risk condition in pregnancy with women identified and monitored. […] An increased premenopausal risk of endometrial cancer should also be recognized, whilst absolute risks remain low. […] Symptoms of depression and anxiety are significantly increased and should be screened for in all women with PCOS, with psychological assessment and therapy as indicated. […] Greater awareness of psychological features including eating disorders and impacts on body image and quality of life is needed. […] Overall, evidence in PCOS is low to moderate quality. Based on high prevalence and significant health impact, greater priority, education, models of care, funding, and research are recommended.

• #87 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40. […] Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS.

• #88 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40. […] Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS.

• #89 Polycystic ovarian syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-1?lang=us

  The estimated prevalence is ~10% (range 8-13%) of women of reproductive age but this varies (up to 20%) depending on the diagnostic criteria used 11,23. […] The classic triad of PCOS is: […] obesity is present in up to 80% of women from the United States of America with polycystic ovarian syndrome, however, this association is not as strong outside of the United States of America 24. […] long-term increased risk of […] type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 […] hyperlipidemia 25 […] cardiovascular disease 25 […] hypertension 25 […] endometrial cancer (two to six-fold increased risk) 6,18. […] high prevalence of anxiety and depression. […] women with polycystic ovarian morphology are at increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) when undergoing IVF, regardless of whether they have PCOS 15.

• #90 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Insulin resistance is recognized as a key feature of PCOS, yet routinely available measures of insulin resistance are inaccurate and clinical measurement is not currently recommended. […] PCOS should be considered a high-risk condition in pregnancy with women identified and monitored. […] An increased premenopausal risk of endometrial cancer should also be recognized, whilst absolute risks remain low. […] Symptoms of depression and anxiety are significantly increased and should be screened for in all women with PCOS, with psychological assessment and therapy as indicated. […] Greater awareness of psychological features including eating disorders and impacts on body image and quality of life is needed. […] Overall, evidence in PCOS is low to moderate quality. Based on high prevalence and significant health impact, greater priority, education, models of care, funding, and research are recommended.

• #91 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Insulin resistance is recognized as a key feature of PCOS, yet routinely available measures of insulin resistance are inaccurate and clinical measurement is not currently recommended. […] PCOS should be considered a high-risk condition in pregnancy with women identified and monitored. […] An increased premenopausal risk of endometrial cancer should also be recognized, whilst absolute risks remain low. […] Symptoms of depression and anxiety are significantly increased and should be screened for in all women with PCOS, with psychological assessment and therapy as indicated. […] Greater awareness of psychological features including eating disorders and impacts on body image and quality of life is needed. […] Overall, evidence in PCOS is low to moderate quality. Based on high prevalence and significant health impact, greater priority, education, models of care, funding, and research are recommended.

• #92 Polycystic ovary syndrome and its impact on Iranian women’s quality of life: a population-based study | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-018-0658-1

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major public health concern worldwide affecting up to one in five women at reproductive age. […] The prevalence of the syndrome in Iran has been reported to be between 7.1 and 14.6%. […] PCOS is the most common hormonal disturbance causing lifelong physical and financial burden and can affect women’s health even after menopause. […] It is considered as leading cause of infertility and is associated with adverse clinical complications including reproductive (menstrual irregularity, infertility), metabolic (insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk), and psychological disability (anxiety, depression). […] Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is widely considered as an important parameter for evaluating the quality and outcome of health care, especially in chronic disorders such as PCOS. […] The findings indicated that quality of life impairment in women with PCOS was associated with hirsutism, infertility and menstrual irregularity.

• #93 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Appraising Unmet Needs and Misinformation Spread About Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in 85,872 YouTube Comments Over 12 Years: Big Data Infodemiology Study

  https://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e49220/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women, with a prevalence of 8% to 10% worldwide. […] A systematic review of the lived experiences of people with PCOS highlighted the need for better public awareness to limit stigma and build positive social support. […] However, we did not find similar research at a worldwide level. […] YouTube is one of the largest sources of health-related information, where many visitors share their views as questions or comments. […] Analysis of YouTube’s comments provides an excellent opportunity to understand the public’s perceptions on a global scale. […] The key themes associated with female users were symptoms of PCOS, positive personal experiences, negative personal experiences, motherhood, self-diagnosis, and use of professional terminology detailing their journey.

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