Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ear infection (middle ear) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/ear-infection-middle-ear

  An ear infection, also known as acute otitis media, is an infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum, known as the middle ear. […] A bacterium or virus in the middle ear causes an ear infection. This infection often comes from another illness, such as a cold, flu or allergy. These can cause the inside the nose, throat and ears to be swollen and stuffy. […] Swollen eustachian tubes can become blocked, causing fluids to build up in the middle ear. This fluid can become infected and cause the symptoms of an ear infection. […] Adenoids are near the opening of the eustachian tubes. Swelling of the adenoids can block the tubes. This can lead to middle ear infection, especially in children.

• #1 Ear Infection Basics | Ear Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ear-infection/about/index.html

  Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] Middle ear infection (acute otitis media) is an infection in the middle ear. […] Bacteria, like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (nontypeable), are the two most common bacteria causing middle ear infection. […] Viruses, like those that cause colds can cause middle ear infection. […] Pneumococcal vaccine protects against a common cause of middle ear infections, Streptococcus pneumonia.

• #1 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-clinical

  Most studies agree that viruses directly damage eustachian tube lining and can result in decreased mucociliary clearance. […] Studies also suggest a more direct role for viruses in the development of middle ear inflammation. Research has demonstrated direct viral invasion of middle ear mucosa without evidence of bacterial secondary infection. […] Other theories include reflux of nasopharyngeal bacteria through the eustachian tube, causing infection of the middle ear cleft. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most commonly isolated bacteria of middle ear infections. […] Historically, allergy has been associated with the development of eustachian tube and middle ear inflammation; however, clear evidence has not been elucidated.

• #1 Ear Infections: Causes, Acute vs. Chronic, and Recovery Time

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/understanding-otitis-media-basics

  The middle ear is a small space behind your eardrum. It contains tiny bones that vibrate and help you hear. This part of your ear is supposed to be vented by air that passes into your nose and throat and through a passage called the eustachian tube. If anything blocks air from getting through, the middle ear can become damp and warm a perfect breeding ground for germs. […] In babies and kids, the eustachian tube is often very soft and has a hard time staying open. Allergies, post-nasal drainage, sinus infections, common cold viruses, and problems with the tonsils can all prevent enough air from passing into the middle ear. […] The most common trigger of an ear infection in kids is an upper respiratory infection, like a cold or the flu. These viruses can swell the eustachian tube so that air can’t flow into the middle ear. Allergies to pollen, dust, animal dander, or food can have the same effect. So can smoke, fumes, and other environmental toxins. Bacteria can cause an ear infection, but usually these germs come after a virus or an allergic reaction. Bacteria can infect an already inflamed ear and cause other symptoms, like a fever.

• #1 Otitis media – causes and treatment I KIND

  https://www.kind.com/en-sg/magazine/ear-diseases/middle-ear-infection/

  Severe, throbbing earaches that occur mainly in the evening or at night are a characteristic feature of an acute middle ear infection. […] A harmless cold can be just as much the starting point for a middle ear infection as a respiratory tract infection or tonsillitis. Viruses or bacteria then ascend via the nasopharynx to the middle ear. […] Either a cold or flu caused by viruses is the trigger, or: The viral infection was the initial trigger for an additional bacterial infection, in which bacteria now cause a purulent inflammatory reaction in the middle ear area. […] Since the „connecting piece” between the ear and the nasopharynx is still different in children and is also very short and wide, children are particularly susceptible to middle ear infections. Germs can penetrate the middle ear more easily.

• #1 Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/otitis-media.html

  Ear infections happen when viruses or bacteria get into the middle ear, the space behind the eardrum. […] A middle ear infection usually happens because of swelling in one or both of the eustachian tubes (which connect the middle ear to the back of the throat). […] A cold, throat infection, acid reflux, or allergies can make the eustachian tubes swell. This blocks the mucus from draining. Then, viruses or bacteria grow in the mucus and make pus, which builds up in the middle ear. […] Kids (especially in the first 2 to 4 years of life) get ear infections more than adults do for several reasons: Their shorter, more horizontal eustachian tubes let bacteria and viruses find their way into the middle ear more easily. The tubes are also narrower, so more likely to get blocked. […] Other things that can put kids at risk include secondhand smoke, bottle-feeding, and being around other kids in childcare.

• #1 Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8613-ear-infection-otitis-media

  Fluid buildup inside the middle ear. Viruses and bacteria can infect undrained fluid inside your middle ear, causing an ear infection. […] Bacteria and viruses cause ear infections. Often, ear infections begin after a cold or another upper respiratory infection. The germs travel into your middle ear through the eustachian tube. Once inside, the virus or bacteria can cause your eustachian tubes to swell. The swelling can cause the tube to become blocked, leading to poor eustachian tube function and infected fluid in your middle ear. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age: Infants and young children (between 6 months and 2 years) are at a greater risk for ear infections. Family history: Getting ear infections can run in the family. Colds: Having a cold increases your risk of developing an ear infection. Children in daycare and group settings are at a greater risk of ear infections because theyre more likely to be around children with colds or other contagious respiratory illnesses. Chronic illnesses: Long-term illnesses, including immune deficiency and chronic respiratory diseases (such as cystic fibrosis and asthma), can increase your risk of ear infections. Ethnicity: Children who are Native American, Hispanic and Alaska Natives have more ear infections than children of other ethnic groups. Poor air quality and smoky environments: Air pollution and exposure to secondhand smoke increase your risk of getting an ear infection.

• #1 Ear infection (middle ear) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351622

  Acute otitis media. The diagnosis of ear infection often means acute otitis media. This involves having fluid in the middle ear or symptoms of an infection, such as fluid suddenly coming from the ear. […] Chronic suppurative otitis media. This is caused by a long-term ear infection that caused a tear in the eardrum. This condition often involves pus coming from the ear. […] Antibiotics might be helpful for some children and for adults with ear infections. But using antibiotics too often can cause the medicine to not work as well against the bacteria. […] Ear tubes drain fluid from the middle ear. Ear tubes might help children who have repeated, long-lasting ear infections, also known as chronic otitis media. Ear tubes also might help children who have fluid buildup in the ear after an infection cleared up, known as otitis media with effusion. […] Chronic infection that causes a tear in the eardrum, called chronic suppurative otitis media, is hard to treat. Antibiotics drops put into the ear might treat the condition.

• #1 CoxHealth | Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media) in Adults

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media-in-adults/

  A middle ear infection occurs behind the eardrum. It’s most often caused by a virus or bacteria. […] Inflammation in the middle ear most often starts after you’ve had a sore throat, cold, or other upper respiratory problem. The infection spreads to the middle ear and causes fluid buildup behind the eardrum. […] Untreated ear infections can lead to: Infection in other parts of the head, Lasting (permanent) hearing loss, Speech and language problems. […] Cold and allergy medicines don’t seem to prevent ear infections. And currently there is no vaccine that can prevent the disease. […] Keeping your home smoke-free or free of vaping devices can decrease the chances of ear infections.

• #1 Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/otitis-media.html

  Ear infections are not contagious, but the colds that sometimes cause them can be. […] The type of otitis affects treatment options. Not all kinds need to be treated with antibiotics. […] Some children, such as those who get ear infections a lot and those with lasting hearing loss or speech delay, may need ear tube surgery. An ear, nose, and throat (ENT) doctor will surgically insert tubes (called tympanostomy tubes) that let fluid drain from the middle ear. This helps equalize the pressure in the ear. […] Some lifestyle choices can help protect kids from ear infections: Breastfeed infants for at least 6 months to help to prevent the development of early episodes of ear infections. […] Prevent exposure to secondhand smoke, which can increase the number and severity of ear infections. […] Keep children’s immunizations up to date because certain vaccines can help prevent ear infections.

• #1 Ear Infections: Causes, Acute vs. Chronic, and Recovery Time

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/understanding-otitis-media-basics

  Some kids only get an ear infection once, or once in awhile. If so, it’s called acute ear infection (or acute otitis media). If the infection clears up but comes back as many as three times in a 6-month period (or four times in a year), your child may be diagnosed with recurrent acute otitis media. That’s often a sign that your child’s eustachian tube isn’t working well. […] The following can put your child at risk for repeat middle ear infections. […] Repeat ear infections can be a concern since they’re linked to short-term hearing loss. In early childhood, hearing is key to speech development. If your child has severe hearing loss for a long time, learning to speak and understand language may be harder.

• #2 Middle ear infection (otitis media) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media/

  Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. […] Most middle ear infections occur when an infection, such as a cold, leads to a build-up of mucus in the middle ear. This causes the Eustachian tube (a thin tube that runs from the middle ear to the back of the nose) to become swollen or blocked. The mucus cant drain away properly, making it easier for an infection to spread into the middle ear. […] An enlarged adenoid (soft tissue at the back of the throat) can also block the Eustachian tube. The adenoid can be removed if it often causes ear infections. […] Middle ear infections are more common in younger children because the Eustachian tube is smaller in children than in adults. […] Certain conditions can also increase the risk of middle ear infections, including having a cleft palate and having Downs syndrome.

• #2 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Acute otitis media is defined as an infection of the middle ear space. […] Infection of the middle ear can be viral, bacterial, or coinfection. The most common bacterial organisms causing otitis media are Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis. […] Otitis media is a multifactorial disease. Infectious, allergic, and environmental factors contribute to otitis media. […] These causes and risk factors include: Decreased immunity due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetes, and other immuno-deficiencies; Genetic predisposition; Mucins that include abnormalities of this gene expression, especially upregulation of MUC5B; Anatomic abnormalities of the palate and tensor veli palatini; Ciliary dysfunction; Cochlear implants; Vitamin A deficiency; Bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis are responsible for more than 95%; Viral pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus; Allergies; Lack of breastfeeding; Passive smoke exposure; Daycare attendance; Lower socioeconomic status; Family history of recurrent AOM in parents or siblings.

• #2 Ear infections | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/ear-infections

  The infectious agent can be either viral or bacterial, with research suggesting that viruses are responsible for most cases. […] Frequent bouts of acute otitis media or one lingering attack can lead to chronic otitis media. […] Without medical intervention, the chronic infection can burst the eardrum or damage the delicate structures within the middle ear.

• #2 Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8613-ear-infection-otitis-media

  Fluid buildup inside the middle ear. Viruses and bacteria can infect undrained fluid inside your middle ear, causing an ear infection. […] Bacteria and viruses cause ear infections. Often, ear infections begin after a cold or another upper respiratory infection. The germs travel into your middle ear through the eustachian tube. Once inside, the virus or bacteria can cause your eustachian tubes to swell. The swelling can cause the tube to become blocked, leading to poor eustachian tube function and infected fluid in your middle ear. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age: Infants and young children (between 6 months and 2 years) are at a greater risk for ear infections. Family history: Getting ear infections can run in the family. Colds: Having a cold increases your risk of developing an ear infection. Children in daycare and group settings are at a greater risk of ear infections because theyre more likely to be around children with colds or other contagious respiratory illnesses. Chronic illnesses: Long-term illnesses, including immune deficiency and chronic respiratory diseases (such as cystic fibrosis and asthma), can increase your risk of ear infections. Ethnicity: Children who are Native American, Hispanic and Alaska Natives have more ear infections than children of other ethnic groups. Poor air quality and smoky environments: Air pollution and exposure to secondhand smoke increase your risk of getting an ear infection.

• #2 Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection) in Adults | Columbia University Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/specialties/ear-nose-throat/conditions/middle-ear-infection

  A middle ear infection (also called otitis media) is an infection behind your eardrum. It can happen after any condition that traps fluid in the middle ear, such as a cold, allergies, sore throat, or respiratory infection. […] The middle ear connects to the throat by the eustachian tube. A cold or allergy can irritate this tube or cause it to swell, blocking fluid from draining from the ear. The fluid builds up behind the eardrum allowing the growth of bacteria and viruses that cause infection. […] You are more likely to get an ear infection if you: Smoke or are around someone who smokes, Have allergies, Have a cold or other upper respiratory infection.

• #2 Ear Infections in Children, Babies & Toddlers | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/ear-infections-children

  An ear infection usually is caused by bacteria and often begins after a child has a sore throat, cold, or other upper respiratory infection. […] If the upper respiratory infection is bacterial, these same bacteria may spread to the middle ear; if the upper respiratory infection is caused by a virus, such as a cold, bacteria may be drawn to the microbe-friendly environment and move into the middle ear as a secondary infection. […] Because of the infection, fluid builds up behind the eardrum.

• #2 Ear infections and glue ear

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Ear_infections_and_Otitis_media/

  Ear infections are very common in small children. Most infections get better quickly and are not usually serious. The two types of ear infections often seen in children are middle ear infections (otitis media) and outer ear infections (otitis externa). Most ear infections involve the middle ear. […] Babies and young children get more middle ear infections than older children because they have smaller tubes (called the Eustachian tubes) that connect the middle ear to the throat. When your child has a cold, germs from the throat can travel up to the middle ear and cause an infection. Infections develop more easily in smaller tubes and it’s not uncommon for small children to have lots of ear infections in one year, sometimes as often as once every month. […] Glue ear is caused by fluid that collects behind the eardrum, in the middle ear. It usually clears on its own with no treatment, but sometimes requires surgery to insert grommets for drainage. […] Hearing and speech development can be affected if glue ear is persistent.

• #2 Ear infection – acute – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ear-infection-acute

  Ear infections are also more likely in children who spend a lot of time drinking from a sippy cup or bottle while lying on their back. Milk may enter the eustachian tube, which may increase the risk of an ear infection. […] Other risk factors for acute ear infections include: Attending day care (especially centers with more than 6 children), Changes in altitude or climate, Cold climate, Exposure to smoke, Family history of ear infections, Not being breastfed, Pacifier use, Recent ear infection, Recent illness of any type (because illness lowers the body’s resistance to infection), Birth defect, leading to deficiency in eustachian tube function. […] A virus or bacteria can cause ear infections. Antibiotics will not help an infection that is caused by a virus. Most providers don’t prescribe antibiotics for every ear infection. However, all children younger than 6 months with an ear infection are treated with antibiotics. […] If an infection does not go away with the usual medical treatment, or if a child has many ear infections over a short period of time, the provider may recommend ear tubes.

• #2 Ear infection (Middle Ear): Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/ear-infection-middle-ear

  Acute otitis media is an ear infection that occurs in the middle ear. […] Bacterium or viruses cause ear infections and are usually the result of illnesses such as colds, flu, or allergies. […] Other related conditions within the middle ear could be linked to an ear infection as well as those infections that produce similar problems in the middle ear. […] Otitis media with effusion is when there is a symptom of swelling or a liquid build-up in the middle ear without any infections from bacteria or viruses or fluid that still persisted after the infection had gone. […] Chronic otitis media with effusion is when some fluid remains in the middle ears without any bacteria or virus infections. […] Chronic suppurative otitis media is an infection located in the ear that does not go away with regular treatments. This can lead to a perforated eardrum.

• #2 Ear infection – chronic – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ear-infection-chronic

  Chronic ear infection is fluid, swelling, or an infection behind the eardrum that does not go away or keeps coming back. […] A chronic ear infection develops when fluid or an infection behind the eardrum does not go away. […] Chronic otitis media occurs when the eustachian tube becomes blocked repeatedly due to allergies, multiple infections, ear trauma, or swelling of the adenoids. […] A chronic ear infection may be caused by: An acute ear infection that does not completely go away; Repeated ear infections. […] Chronic ear infections are not life threatening. However, they can be uncomfortable and may result in hearing loss and other serious complications. […] Hearing loss from damage to the middle ear may slow language and speech development. This is more likely if both ears are affected. […] Permanent hearing loss is rare, but the risk increases with the number and length of infections.

• #2 Otitis media – causes and treatment I KIND

  https://www.kind.com/en-sg/magazine/ear-diseases/middle-ear-infection/

  If a middle ear infection develops again and again in small children, it can damage their hearing in the long run. […] In children, enlarged palatine tonsils are often one of the causes of the eustachian tubes being squeezed shut, so ENT doctors may advise removing the tonsils. […] If a middle ear infection does not subside despite medication, so-called tympanostomy tubes can be inserted into the eardrum. […] Dangerous complications such as inflammation of the bone behind the auricle (mastoiditis), meningitis or facial nerve paralysis are rare, but justify that earaches should always be examined by a doctor. […] However, scientific evidence suggests that vaccination against pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can protect against middle ear infections. […] Other scientific studies have shown that breastfeeding during the first six months of life and a tobacco smoke-free environment reduce the risk of acute otitis media.

• #2 Middle Ear Infection Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Antibiotics

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ear_infection/article.htm

  Common causes of acute and middle ear infections include: Bottle-feeding: The position of the breastfeeding child is better than that of the bottle-feeding position in terms of the function of the Eustachian tube that leads into the middle ear. […] Eustachian tube problems: Any problems with the Eustachian tubes (for example, blockage, malformation, inflammation) will increase the risk of infection. […] Causes of chronic middle ear infection or inflammation include: The Eustachian tube normally prevents the accumulation of fluid by allowing fluid to drain through the tube. […] Chronic otitis media develops over time and often starts with a chronic middle ear effusion (fluid) that does not resolve. […] This persistent fluid will often become contaminated with bacteria, and the bacteria found in chronic otitis media are often different from those found in acute otitis media. […] Therefore, anything that disturbs the function of the Eustachian tube can lead to chronic otitis media.

• #3 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Several risk factors can predispose children to develop acute otitis media. The most common risk factor is a preceding upper respiratory tract infection. Other risk factors include male gender, adenoid hypertrophy (obstructing), allergy, daycare attendance, environmental smoke exposure, pacifier use, immunodeficiency, gastroesophageal reflux, parental history of recurrent childhood OM, and other genetic predispositions.

• #3 Loyola Otolaryngologists Find Ear Infections Can Lead to Neurological Complications | News | Loyola Medicine

  https://www.loyolamedicine.org/newsroom/press-releases/ear-infections-can-lead-neurological-complications

  While antibiotics have greatly reduced the dangers of ear infections, serious neurological complications, including hearing loss, facial paralysis, meningitis and brain abscess still occur, according to an article in the journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. […] It describes the symptoms, diagnosis and management of the neurologic complications of acute and chronic otitis media (middle ear infection). […] Otitis media occurs when a cold, allergy or upper respiratory infection leads to the accumulation of pus and mucus behind the eardrum, causing ear ache and swelling. […] The deadliest complication of otitis media is a brain abscess, an accumulation of pus in the brain due to an infection. […] Other complications include: Bacterial meningitis: Symptoms include severe headache, high fever, neck stiffness, irritability, altered mental status and malaise. […] Antibiotic therapy has greatly reduced the frequency of complications of otitis media. […] However, it is of vital importance to remain aware of the possible development of neurologic complication.

Zobacz więcej