Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ear Infection Basics | Ear Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ear-infection/about/index.html

  Help prevent ear infections by doing your best to stay healthy and keep others healthy: […] Receive recommended vaccines, such as flu vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine. […] Pneumococcal vaccine protects against a common cause of middle ear infections, Streptococcus pneumonia. […] Clean your hands. […] Breastfeed exclusively until your baby is 6 months old and continue to breastfeed for at least 12 months. […] Don’t smoke and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Dry your ears thoroughly after swimming.

• #2 Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8613-ear-infection-otitis-media

  What can I do to prevent ear infections? Here are some ways to reduce your or your childs risk of ear infections: […] Prevent colds and other respiratory illnesses. Be proactive in preventing colds, especially during your childs first year. Teach them about frequent handwashing and coughing or sneezing into their elbow. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke, and dont allow others to smoke around your child. […] Breastfeed your baby. If possible, breastfeed your baby during the first six to 12 months. Antibodies in breast milk fight viruses and bacteria that cause infections. […] Bottle-feed your baby in an upright position. If you bottle-feed, hold your baby upright so their head is higher than their stomach. This position can prevent formula or other fluids from flowing backward and collecting in their eustachian tubes. […] Stay up to date on vaccinations. Ensure your childs immunizations are current, including yearly flu shots for children 6 months and older. Ask your childs pediatrician about vaccines for pneumococcal disease and meningitis.

• #3 Otitis Media: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1001/p435.html

  Antibiotics, decongestants, or nasal steroids do not hasten the clearance of middle ear fluid and are not recommended. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended. […] Strategies include a scheduled follow-up visit or providing patients with a backup antibiotic prescription to be filled only if symptoms persist. […] Probiotics, particularly in infants, have been suggested to reduce the incidence of infections during the first year of life. Although available evidence has not demonstrated that probiotics prevent respiratory infections, probiotics do not cause adverse effects and need not be discouraged. […] Other strategies may help prevent recurrence. […] Routinely immunize with the pneumococcal conjugate and influenza vaccines. […] Eliminate exposure to passive smoke. […] Eliminate bottle propping and pacifiers. […] Check for undiagnosed allergies leading to chronic rhinorrhea.

• #4 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines prevent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children. Apart from this, the avoidance of tobacco smoke can decrease the risk of URTI. Tobacco smoke is a respiratory stimulant that increases the risk of pneumonia in children. Infants with otitis media should be breastfed whenever possible, as breast milk contains immunoglobulins that protect infants from foreign pathogens in key phases of early extra-uterine life. […] Patients who have experienced four or more episodes of AOM in the past twelve months should be considered candidates for myringotomy with tube (grommet) placement, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. Recurrent infections requiring antibiotics are clinical evidence of Eustachian tube dysfunction, and placement of the tympanostomy tube allows ventilation of the middle ear space and maintenance of normal hearing. Furthermore, should the patient acquire otitis media while a functioning tube is in place, they can be treated with ototopical antibiotic drops rather than systemic antibiotics.

• #5 Patient education: Ear infections (otitis media) in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ear-infections-otitis-media-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Ear infection prevention […] In addition to receiving the pneumococcal conjugate and influenza vaccines, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Practice for all children, several interventions can help reduce the risk of recurrent infections. These include feeding at the breast, avoiding tobacco smoke, avoiding supine positioning while drinking from a bottle, using oral xylitol products on a daily basis, and reducing exposure to other children with respiratory infections. […] If your child has had recurrent infections, your clinician may talk to you about the different options for preventing new infections, including expectant management (closely observing your child over time and treating ear infections as needed), preventive antibiotics to take daily, and/or surgery.

• #5 Patient education: Ear infections (otitis media) in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ear-infections-otitis-media-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Expectant management — Some children with recurrent ear infections can be carefully observed over time and treated with antibiotics only when they have an ear infection. Expectant management avoids side effects and antibiotic resistance that might occur from taking antibiotics on a daily basis. […] Preventive antibiotics — Children who have recurrent ear infections are sometimes treated with a preventive regimen of a daily antibiotic during the fall, winter, and early spring months. […] Surgery — Some studies show that having surgery to place tympanostomy tubes in the ears helps to prevent recurrent ear infections and improve quality of life.

• #6 Ear infections Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ear-infections

  Middle ear (otitis media) infections are very common in young children. […] Preventing colds and influenza („flu”) is the best way to prevent ear infections. Make sure children wash their hands frequently and receive an influenza vaccine annually and the recommended series of pneumococcal vaccinations. […] Breastfeeding for a baby’s first 6 months can help protect against ear infections. […] The best way to prevent ear infections is to prevent colds and flu. The American Academy of Pediatricians recommends that all children receive the pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) and an annual flu shot. […] Preventing the flu (influenza) is an important protective measure against ear infections. […] Breastfeeding offers protection against many early infections, including ear infections. Mother’s milk provides immune factors that help protect the child from infections.

• #7 Otitis Media Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-treatment

  This clearly increases the risk for AOM in infants and small children, although the reason for this predisposition is uncertain. […] Breastfeeding protects young infants from OM and GI tract illness. […] Pneumococcal vaccine […] In February 2000, the FDA approved use of heptavalent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine (PCV7), composed of seven pneumococcal antigens […] As of 2023, the 13-valent and 20-valent pneumococcal vaccines are approved by the FDA for children aged 6 weeks through 5 years to prevent OM caused by S pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. […] Influenza vaccine is strongly recommended for any person older than 6 months in whom age or an underlying medical condition creates increased risk for complications of influenza. […] Many studies in the 1970s and 1980s showed the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with recurrent AOM. […] The use of antibiotic prophylaxis for AOM has become widely questioned because of the increasing antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens responsible for middle-ear infections.

• #7 Otitis Media Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-treatment

  Medical strategies to prevent OM include eliminating risk factors for AOM, immunologic interventions, and antibiotic prophylaxis. Surgical strategies to prevent recurrent OM include prophylactic myringotomy and TT insertion. […] Risk factors include daycare attendance, secondary exposure to tobacco smoke, pacifier use, and breastfeeding for less than 3 months (breastfeeding for 3 months decreases risk). […] A meta-analysis of studies of risk factors for AOM reported that care outside the home leads to an approximately 2.5-fold increase in the relative risk of recurrent AOM, probably because of greater exposure to respiratory infections. […] Tobacco smoke is an upper respiratory irritant, and multiple studies have shown that passive smoke exposure places children at increased risk for pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, chronic MEE, and more frequent and severe asthma.

• #8 Ear infection (middle ear) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ear-infection-middle-ear

  The following tips may lower the risk of getting ear infections: […] Prevent colds and other illnesses. Teach children to wash their hands often and well. Tell children not to share cups, forks and spoons. Teach children to cough or sneeze into their elbows. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. Make sure that no one smokes in your home. Away from home, stay in places that are smoke-free. […] Breastfeed. Breast milk might help protect babies from ear infections if they breastfeed for at least six months. […] Hold bottle-fed babies upright while they feed. Don’t prop a bottle in the mouth of a baby who’s lying down. Don’t put bottles in the crib with a baby. […] Getting vaccinated. Ask your child’s healthcare professional what vaccinations the child needs. Seasonal flu shots and other vaccines might help prevent ear infections.

• #9 Ear infections Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ear-infections

  If possible, new mothers should breastfeed their infants for at least 4 to 6 months. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, exclusively breastfeeding for a baby’s first 6 months helps to prevent ear and other respiratory infections. […] No one should smoke around children. Studies indicate that children who live with smokers have a significantly increased risk for ear infections.

• #10 Ear Infections: Causes, Acute vs. Chronic, and Recovery Time

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/understanding-otitis-media-basics

  How Can I Prevent an Ear Infection? […] For starters, remove as many pollutants from your home as you can, including: […] Taking steps to prevent colds, the flu, and other illnesses can prevent some ear infections. To do that: […] Breastfeed your baby for at least 6 months, if you can. Babies who are formula-fed have a 70% greater risk of ear infections. […] Avoid tobacco smoke. Babies and kids who are around secondhand smoke are at a higher risk for ear infections.

• #11 Middle-ear infection (otitis media) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media.html

  You may be able to lower your child’s risk of otitis media by doing the following: […] Breastfeed your child, because breastfeeding seems to offer some protection against otitis media. […] Make sure your child gets all of his or her pneumococcal and Haemophilus vaccines. […] Avoid rooms with secondhand smoke, because environmental cigarette smoke may increase a child’s risk of ear infections. Secondhand smoke disrupts the function of the eustachian tube and changes the protection mucus provides. If you smoke cigarettes, try to quit, or at least avoid smoking near children.

• #12 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-treatment

  Measures for the prevention of eustachian tube dysfunction include the following: Avoidance of frequent upper respiratory infections, Treatment of allergic rhinitis, Treatment of chronic sinusitis, Treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux. […] Other means for avoiding middle ear and eustachian tube infection are below. […] Breastfeeding is recommended for at least 3-6 months. A meta-analysis reported a 13% reduction in the frequency of otitis media (OM) associated with breastfeeding for this period of time. […] Smoking in proximity to children is not recommended. Two meta-analyses reported the relative risks (1.2-1.7) of passive smoke in the development of otitis media (OM). […] Limit pacifier use to the moments when the child is falling asleep. A study revealed a 29% lower rate of acute otitis media (AOM) in children with limited pacifier usage.

• #13 How do I prevent middle ear infections? – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/home-remedies-middle-ear-infections/

  How do I prevent middle ear infections? […] The following tips may reduce the risk of developing ear infections: […] Prevent common colds and other illnesses. Teach your children to wash their hands frequently and thoroughly and to not share eating and drinking utensils. Teach your children to cough or sneeze into their arm crook. If possible, limit the time your child spends in group child care. A child care setting with fewer children may help. Try to keep your child home from child care or school when ill. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. Make sure that no one smokes in your home. Away from home, stay in smoke-free environments. […] Breast-feed your baby. If possible, breast-feed your baby for at least six months. Breast milk contains antibodies that may offer protection from ear infections. […] If you bottle-feed, hold your baby in an upright position. Avoid propping a bottle in your baby’s mouth while he

• #14 Seven Tips to Prevent Ear Infections in Children | South Shore Health

  https://www.southshorehealth.org/wellness/blog/seven-tips-prevent-ear-infections-children

  Get a flu vaccination. The most common cause of an ear infection is an upper respiratory viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. In addition, the routine pneumococcal vaccination given in childhood has been shown to decrease the incidence of ear infections. […] Wash hands frequently. This simple step is so important. It prevents the spread of germs and can prevent your child from catching a cold or the flu. […] Keep the nose clear. Middle-ear infections usually follow a cold, so what’s coming out of the nose often reflects what’s going on in the ear. Try to keep the nose clear by using saline nose drops, steam, and suctioning. […] Control allergies. Allergies lead to inflammation in the ear and may cause fluid accumulation that can promote ear infections. […] Bottle-feed upright. If your baby is bottle fed, feed in an upright position (at least 30 degrees) and keep him/her upright at least 30 minutes after feeding. Breastfeeding has also been associated with a decreased risk of ear infections.

• #14 Seven Tips to Prevent Ear Infections in Children | South Shore Health

  https://www.southshorehealth.org/wellness/blog/seven-tips-prevent-ear-infections-children

  Ditch the pacifier. Studies show a correlation between the frequency of pacifier use and ear infections. Limit pacifier use to when baby is falling asleep at night, especially after six months or older. […] Don’t smoke. Ear infections are more common in kids who are exposed to cigarette smoke in the home.

• #15 Ear infection – acute – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ear-infection-acute

  You can reduce your child’s risk of ear infections with the following measures: […] Wash your hands and your child’s hands and toys to decrease the chance of getting a cold. […] If possible, choose a day care that has 6 or fewer children. This can reduce your child’s chances of getting a cold or other infection. […] Avoid using pacifiers. […] Breastfeed your baby. […] Avoid bottle feeding your child when they are lying down. […] Avoid smoking. […] Make sure your child’s immunizations are up to date. The pneumococcal vaccine prevents infections from the bacteria that most commonly cause acute ear infections and many respiratory infections.

• #16 Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/otitis-media.html

  Some lifestyle choices can help protect kids from ear infections: […] Breastfeed infants for at least 6 months to help to prevent the development of early episodes of ear infections. If a baby is bottle-fed, hold the baby at an angle instead of lying the child down with the bottle. […] Prevent exposure to secondhand smoke, which can increase the number and severity of ear infections. […] Parents and kids should wash their hands well and often. This is one of the most important ways to stop the spread of germs that can cause colds and, therefore, ear infections. […] Keep children’s immunizations up to date because certain vaccines can help prevent ear infections.

• #17 Ear infection (otitis media) in children

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/earinfection

  Otitis media is a middle ear infection caused by a backup of fluid behind the eardrum. […] You can prevent repeat middle ear infections by washing your hands and your child’s toys, following routine vaccination schedules and protecting your child from second-hand smoke. […] Viral upper respiratory infections, including colds, can lead to otitis media. If possible, reducing your child’s exposure to those with symptoms of a virus may help reduce the number of viral infections that they experience. […] Wash hands and your child’s toys often. […] Ensure that your child is up to date with their vaccinations. Schedule your child’s vaccinations (shots) when they are due. Vaccinations such as the flu shot for influenza and the pneumococcal vaccine that is part of the routine vaccination schedule offer protection against acute otitis media.

• #17 Ear infection (otitis media) in children

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/earinfection

  Protect your child from second-hand tobacco smoke. Exposure to tobacco smoke can increase the number of infections. […] If you can, offer your child only breast milk for at least the first three months. The antibodies in breast milk may reduce the rate of ear infections and reduce the risk of acute otitis media for your baby during the first six to 12 months of life. […] If your child has had otitis media, try phasing out the use of a pacifier (soother). Using a pacifier may increase the risk of repeated ear infections. […] Consider seeing your doctor if your toddler snores or breathes through their mouth. This can be a sign of large adenoids, which increase the risk of ear infections. Your health-care provider can refer your child to a specialist to check their adenoids if necessary.

• #18 How to Prevent Ear Infections When It’s Cold – Keck Medicine of USC

  https://www.keckmedicine.org/blog/how-to-prevent-ear-infections-when-its-cold/

  Its not just kids who get ear infections adults can have them, too. Heres how to reduce your risk. […] You can take measures to reduce your risk of infection, especially in the colder months when they are more common: […] Practice cold prevention. The more youre sick with colds, the more likely one will turn into an ear infection. So, remember to wash your hands well, especially before touching your face or eating, and avoid sick people. […] Try nasal irrigation. Dr. Oghalai recommends rinsing out your nose, to keep your passages free and clear. The best preventive measure is probably daily nasal irrigation with saline, to remove irritants and allergens from the nasopharynx, the back of the nose where the Eustachian tube opening is, he says. […] Get a flu shot. Along with cold prevention, you should take measures for avoiding the flu, as well. Reducing your risk of coming down with influenza means less risk of germs migrating to your ears, while youre sick.

• #18 How to Prevent Ear Infections When It’s Cold – Keck Medicine of USC

  https://www.keckmedicine.org/blog/how-to-prevent-ear-infections-when-its-cold/

  Take care of allergies. Allergies can wreak havoc, when heading into winter, but keeping them under control can keep your ear tubes from getting swollen. Oghalai recommends anti-allergy nasal sprays, such as Flonase or Nasonex. […] Keep your ears clean and dry. Proper hygiene also can help keep your ears healthy. After showering, use your finger and a tissue. You can even use a blow-dryer, while youre drying your hair. But, never use a cotton swab, according to Oghalai. […] Dont smoke. Cigarette smoke is an irritant, and smoking can lead to your tubes becoming inflamed. And secondhand smoke can have a similar effect. Stay away from irritants, pollution and smoke, Oghalai says.

• #19 Ear Infection Prevention: How To Prevent Ear Infections

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/tips-prevent-ear-infections

  You cant always stop all ear infections. But you can learn what causes them and then take steps to lower the chances that you or a child in your care will get them. […] These things can help reduce the number of infections your child may get: […] Babies who nurse for 12 months or more tend to have fewer infections. If breastfeeding isnt an option, bottle feed your child in an upright, sitting position. […] Dont expose your baby to cigarette smoke. Try to avoid other forms of air pollution, too, when you can. […] Keep up to date on your childs shots. […] If your baby is using a pacifier after 12 months old, the chance for ear infections increases. Do your best to wean your little one off them. […] Clean your childs hands and your own often with soap and water. This can reduce the spread of germs and prevent your child from catching the flu or a cold. Another tip, even though it can be very hard: Try to keep dirty objects away from your childs mouth.

• #20 Ear infections

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ear-infections/

  You cannot always prevent ear infections, particularly infections caused by colds and flu. […] But there are things that can help: make sure your child has had all their childhood vaccinations […] keep your child away from smoky environments […] try not to give your child a dummy after they’re 6 months old […] do not stick cotton wool buds or your fingers in your ears […] use earplugs or a swimming hat over your ears when you swim […] try to avoid water or shampoo getting into your ears when you have a shower or bath you could put cotton wool smeared with petroleum jelly into your ear while showering if it’s difficult to keep water out of your ears […] treat conditions that affect your ears, such as eczema or an allergy to hearing aids.

• #21 Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/earache-ear-pain/ear-infection-otitis-media

  Ear infections are very common in children although it can occur in people of any age. […] The middle ear space should contain air but it may become filled with fluid (mucus), which typically occurs during a cold. The mucus may then become infected by germs (bacteria or viruses). This may then lead to otitis media. […] There is generally nothing that can be done to prevent the infection from occurring. However, there is some evidence to suggest that an ear infection is less likely to develop: In breastfed children. In children who live in a smoke-free home. (Passive smoking of babies and children can increase the risk of developing ear infections.) In babies and young children who do not use dummies. However, research studies have shown that the use of a dummy in young babies when settling to sleep possibly reduces the risk of cot death. Some experts advise using a dummy at the start of any sleep period in babies under the age of 6-12 months once breastfeeding has been well established (approximately one month of age). However not all experts agree that the evidence is good enough to advise the use of dummies.

• #22 Ear Infection: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/ear-infection

  Preventing ear infections involves: […] Decreasing your child’s exposure to ear infection-causing bacteria […] Keep day care size to six or fewer children (especially in the winter months for children under age 2) […] Stop giving them a pacifier. Sucking on a pacifier can pull germs into the middle ear. Avoiding pacifiers can reduce ear infections by 50 percent for children in day care. […] Xylitol is a natural sweetener found in raspberries and plums. Most sugars promote bacterial growth. Xylitol inhibits it. Gums, lozenges, and syrups containing sufficient xylitol have been shown to be effective at reducing ear infections by almost half. […] The respiratory infections that lead to ear infections are often spread by touch or by fomites. Frequent hand washing and cleaning of toys are both helpful.

• #22 Ear Infection: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/ear-infection

  Avoid having your child drink while lying flat on his back. […] Identify and treat allergies. Up to 40 percent of ear infections are caused in part by Eustachian tubes swollen by allergies. Dust is the most common airborne allergen. There may be an association between cows milk allergy and otitis media in a small number of children. […] Identify and treat GE reflux. Research published in 2002 suggests that in some children with frequent ear infections, undiagnosed GE reflux is responsible for the inflammation of the Eustachian tube.

• #23 Yes, Adults Get Ear Infections Too. Here’s How To Treat Them | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2023/09/adult-ear-infections

  How To Prevent Adult Ear Infections […] Dr. Brainard says there are several steps you can take to keep your ears healthy: […] Make sure to drain any water trapped in your ears after swimming and bathing. […] Avoid using a Q-tip or other instruments to clean the ear canal. Ear wax will work its way out on its own. […] Stop smoking to improve your overall health and reduce inflammation in your ear, nose and throat. […] Don’t delay seeing your doctor if you have concerns about your ears or hearing. The sooner you seek care, the more effectively we can treat the cause of your discomfort and maintain or restore your hearing, says Dr. Brainard.

• #24 Ear infections in adults (middle ear): Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319788

  Some simple every day steps and lifestyle choices help prevent many ear infections. Some basic hygiene tips and lifestyle choices will also support prevention. […] Quitting smoking can help reduce respiratory and ear infections. […] Cleaning and drying ears after swimming. […] Refraining from cotton swab use. […] Practicing regular handwashing and overall hygiene.

• #25 How to Prevent Ear Infections and Fluid in the Ears

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-prevent-ear-infections-5180181

  Ear infections cant always be avoided, but there are ways to reduce the risk. […] Avoid cigarette smoke: Quit smoking (or dont start), and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Control allergies: Speak to your healthcare provider about identifying and managing your allergies. […] Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and warm water, and take measures to avoid colds and other respiratory infections. […] Get vaccinated: Make sure all of your vaccinations are up to date, including boosters (adults also need regular booster shots), and get your yearly flu shot. […] Keep ears clean and dry: Regularly clean excess earwax, and dry ears after swimming and showering. Do not put cotton swabs or any foreign objects into the ear, and never use ear candles. […] Breastfeed: Breastfeeding for at least the first year can help reduce ear infections during a childs first five years.

• #26 Patient education: Ear infections (otitis media) in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ear-infections-otitis-media-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  Ear infections are a common problem in children. […] Some children develop ear infections frequently. Recurrent ear infections are defined as three or more infections in six months, or four or more infections within 12 months. In addition to receiving the pneumococcal conjugate and influenza vaccines, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Practice for all children, several interventions can help reduce the risk of recurrent infections. These include feeding at the breast, avoiding tobacco smoke, avoiding supine positioning while drinking from a bottle, using oral xylitol products on a daily basis, and reducing exposure to other children with respiratory infections. […] If your child has had recurrent infections, your clinician may talk to you about the different options for preventing new infections, including expectant management (closely observing your child over time and treating ear infections as needed), preventive antibiotics to take daily, and/or surgery.

• #26 Patient education: Ear infections (otitis media) in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ear-infections-otitis-media-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  Expectant management — Some children with recurrent ear infections can be carefully observed over time and treated with antibiotics only when they have an ear infection. Expectant management avoids side effects and antibiotic resistance that might occur from taking antibiotics on a daily basis. […] Preventive antibiotics — Children who have recurrent ear infections are sometimes treated with a preventive regimen of a daily antibiotic during the fall, winter, and early spring months. […] Surgery — Some studies show that having surgery to place tympanostomy tubes in the ears helps to prevent recurrent ear infections and improve quality of life.

• #27 Recurrent Acute Otitis Media: What Are the Options for Treatment and Prevention?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5446546/

  To survey current strategies for treatment and prevention of recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM). […] Antibiotics also provide effective prophylaxis for rAOM. […] A recommendation against cigarette smoke exposure as a measure to prevent otitis seems warranted. […] Systemic antibiotics provide effective prophylaxis in rAOM, but must be used with extreme caution due to the emerging antibiotic resistance. […] The importance of breastfeeding for the development of rAOM has been much discussed, with the assumption that the immune factors provided within the breast milk (secretory IgA, antimicrobial proteins, fatty acids, and cytokines) have a protective effect against URTI and AOM. […] There are data supporting that breastfeeding for at least the first 4 months of life can reduce the risk of early AOM.

• #27 Recurrent Acute Otitis Media: What Are the Options for Treatment and Prevention?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5446546/

  Parental smoking has also been listed as a risk factor for various types of respiratory problems and URTIs, including AOM. […] In a recent review comparing studies on antibiotic prophylaxis, adenoidectomy, and tympanostomy tube insertion (TT), antibiotic prophylaxis proved to be the most effective preventive treatment. […] Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines seem to have a moderate reductive effect on overall otitis media. […] The effect on rAOM is still unclear. […] The effect on AOM was only seen when the vaccine was introduced at an early age. […] The effect of PCV on rAOM populations is still unclear, although it is possible that PCVs can have a slight reductive effect. […] Recent findings imply that rAOM children have an immunologically poorer answer to PCV than average. […] As a conclusion, adenoidectomy can be considered as an adjuvant surgical procedure in rAOM children with clinically significant signs and symptoms of a large adenoid, for example obstructive nighttime breathing problems. […] Preventive treatments with probiotics look promising in clinical studies, and can hopefully evolve to effective clinically applied prevention methods. […] There are also some progresses regarding topical intranasal treatment with safe bacteria that can inhibit AOM pathogens.

• #28 Antibiotics to prevent acute ear infections in children | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD004401/ARI_antibiotics-to-prevent-acute-ear-infections-in-children

  Acute otitis media (AOM, infection in the middle ear space) is common in children, causing pain and deafness. […] Interventions (antibiotics, vaccines or reduced exposure to bacterial and viral pathogens) that decrease the frequency and/or the severity of infection are needed. Antibiotics given once or twice daily may reduce episodes of bacterial AOM and their complications. […] Long-term antibiotics (equal to or more than six weeks) almost halved the risk of further infections. […] For children at risk, antibiotics given once or twice daily will reduce the probability of AOM while the child is on treatment. […] We believe that larger absolute benefits are likely in high-risk children. […] Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of long-term antibiotics (six weeks or longer) in preventing any AOM, AOM with perforation and CSOM.

• #28 Antibiotics to prevent acute ear infections in children | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD004401/ARI_antibiotics-to-prevent-acute-ear-infections-in-children

  Long-term antibiotics reduced any episode of AOM (14 studies, 1461 children, risk ratio (RR) 0.65, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.79; random-effects model) and number of episodes of AOM (13 studies, 1327 children, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.51, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.66; random-effects model). […] Approximately five children would need to be treated long-term to prevent one child experiencing AOM whilst on treatment. Antibiotics prevented 1.5 episodes of AOM for every 12 months of treatment per child.

• #29 Otitus Media (Ear Infections) and Complications – Pediatric ENT

  https://pediatric-ent.com/otitus-media-ear-infections-and-complications/

  Otitis media is also known as a middle ear infection (an infection in the space behind the eardrum). […] Because of the severity of these possible complications, many physicians recommend treatment for most ear infections with antibiotics. […] If the ear infections keep recurring but completely clear in-between, your pediatrician or family doctor may suggest prophylactic (preventive) therapy. This involves daily low-dose antibiotics (amoxicillin or gantrisin) for 4-6 weeks. […] Tympanostomy tubes may be suggested when your child has failed to improve with antibiotics or has fluid that will not clear after an appropriate length of time. Tubes are especially helpful in reversing hearing loss due to fluid trapped behind the ear drum. […] TYMPANOSTOMY TUBES may be suggested when your child has failed to improve with antibiotics or has fluid that will not clear after an appropriate amount of time. Tubes are especially helpful in reversing hearing loss due to fluid trapped behind the eardrum.

• #30 Otitis media – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_media

  History of recurrence, environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, use of daycare, and lack of breastfeeding have all been associated with increased risk of development, recurrence, and persistent MEE. […] Long-term antibiotics, while they decrease rates of infection during treatment, have an unknown effect on long-term outcomes such as hearing loss. […] There is moderate evidence that the sugar substitute xylitol may reduce infection rates in healthy children who go to daycare. […] Evidence does not support zinc supplementation as an effort to reduce otitis rates except maybe in those with severe malnutrition such as marasmus. […] Probiotics do not show evidence of preventing acute otitis media in children.

• #31 Middle ear infections in children (acute otitis media) — Mr Daniel Tweedie – Consultant Paediatric ENT Surgeon, London

  https://www.danieltweedie.com/middle-ear-infections-in-children-acute-otitis-media

  The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that reversible causes should be looked at first (no smoking in the household, immunisations should be up-to-date, dummies should be avoided and breast feeding should be encouraged until the age of six months etc). […] Although many studies have looked at the benefits of grommets for glue ear, few have looked at the role of grommets purely for middle ear infections. The Cochrane Review of the best evidence suggests some benefits with grommets, in terms of reducing the frequency of middle ear infections and improving quality of life. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics supports the use of grommets if the middle ear infections are recurrent (three in six months or four in a year- with at least one in the previous six months).

• #32 How can middle ear infections in children be prevented?

  https://www.informedhealth.org/how-can-middle-ear-infections-in-children-be-prevented.html

  Babies who are vaccinated against pneumococcal infection are somewhat less likely to have a middle ear infection. This vaccination will only offer protection from infections that were caused by pneumococcus bacteria. […] Flu vaccinations can prevent infections caused by flu viruses. They may also lower the risk of middle ear infections. […] Xylitol can slow the growth of some types of bacteria, including those that can cause middle ear infections. Research suggests that children who go to daycare will develop fewer middle ear infections if they regularly chew xylitol gum or take syrup containing xylitol. […] Although adenoidectomy on its own probably can’t prevent middle ear infections, the use of ear tubes may lower the risk of developing another middle ear infection.

• #33

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/symptom-checker/Pages/symptomviewer.aspx?symptom=Ear+Infection+Questions

  Some children have ear infections that keep coming back. […] Here are some ways to prevent future ones. […] Contact with tobacco smoke can lead to ear infections. […] Most ear infections start with a cold. […] Antibodies in breast milk lower the rate of ear infections. […] Feeding while lying down flat can lead to ear infections. […] Vaccines protect your child from serious infections. […] Allergies may lead to some ear infections. […] Large adenoids can contribute to ear infections.

• #34 Stanford Otology and Neurotology | Otolaryngology⁠ — Head & Neck Surgery | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/ohns/OHNS-healthcare/earinstitute/conditions-and-services/conditions/eustachian-tube-dysfunction.html

  The primary goal of surgical treatment is to bypass the Eustachian tube and re-establish ventilation of the middle ear. This will restore hearing, relieve pressure sensation in the ear, and reduce the tendency for middle ear infections. […] Decongestant medications help to reduce swelling in the lining of the tube and open its passageway. These medications should be taken so that their peak activity is during the last hour of flight. Generally, oral decongestants should be taken from 2 to 3 hours before the anticipated arrival time while nasal sprays should be used about 1 hour before arrival. […] Avoid Flying when you have a cold, the flu, or nasal allergies. […] A pressure equalization tube will resolve the symptoms of Eustachian tube dysfunction, although the risks of ear infection and eardrum perforation must be weighed against this benefit.

• #35 Middle Ear Infection Outline

  https://med.uth.edu/orl/online-ear-disease-photo-book/chapter-8-middle-ear-infection/middle-ear-infection-outline/

  Most children with ear infections can benefit from preventive measures. […] Try and clear up fluid in the ear so that the infection does not get started. Also try to minimize exposure to upper respiratory tract infections.

• #36 Ear Infection | University Health Center | Nebraska

  https://health.unl.edu/ear-infection/

  Preventing common colds and other illnesses is the best prevention for ear infections since they are often related to the development of ear infections. Washing your hands frequently, coughing and sneezing into your elbow, limiting exposure to sick people, and staying home when you are sick are all good ways to prevent getting an illness […] Avoid secondhand smoke when possible. This can cause inflammation of the airway and in turn Eustachian tubes, which can cause an ear infection […] Get vaccinations as indicated by your provider. These include seasonal flu shots and other vaccines.

• #37 Symptoms of an Ear Infection | Ear Infection Symptoms

  https://www.metropediatrics.com/pediatric-blog/most-common-symptoms-of-an-ear-infection/

  Encourage good hand hygiene and teach children to avoid putting objects in their ears. […] If bottle-feeding, feed your baby in a semi-upright position to prevent milk from entering the eustachian tubes. […] Understanding the cause of infection helps in both preventing and identifying future ear infections. At Metro Pediatrics, we work to educate parents and caregivers about these factors, so they can take proactive steps to prevent illness and know when to call when the child needs support.

• #38

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/middle-ear-infections-acute-otitis-media

  It is impossible to prevent middle ear infection totally. However, some useful measures include: […] Discourage the use of pacifiers as this predisposes the child to middle ear infection. Also avoid letting the child drink while lying flat on his back. […] Wash hands and clean toys frequently as the viruses that cause upper respiratory tract infections (flu/cold) can be transmitted by contact. […] Avoid being in a small room with other sick children or adults as respiratory tract infections can also be spread through the air. […] Breastfeeding is very useful in reducing the number of ear infections. A child should be nursed throughout the first year. Even a few weeks of breastfeeding can result in fewer ear infections. […] Vaccinate your child with the pneumococcal and flu vaccines as they help in the prevention of ear infections. […] Treat your child for allergies and avoid exposure to cigarette smoke. […] Ensure that the child gets sufficient sleep and good nutrition.

• #39 Ear infection (middle ear) | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20164000/

  The following tips may reduce the risk of developing ear infections: […] Teach your children to wash their hands frequently and thoroughly and to not share eating and drinking utensils. […] If possible, limit the time your child spends in group child care. […] A child care setting with fewer children may help. […] Try to keep your child home from child care or school when ill. […] Make sure that no one smokes in your home. […] Away from home, stay in smoke-free environments. […] If possible, breast-feed your baby for at least six months. […] Avoid propping a bottle in your baby’s mouth while he or she is lying down. […] Talk to your doctor about vaccinations.

• #40 Otitis: prevention, causes, symptoms and treatment | Amplifon CA

  https://www.amplifon.com/ca/diseases-and-hearing-loss/otitis

  Take care to dispose of used tissues and wash your hands thoroughly after coughing or sneezing. […] Do not stay in contact with sick people for too long, otitis is indeed a contagious disease. […] Take good care of illnesses like colds or nasopharyngitis. […] Request an appointment with your doctor or an ENT physician if you identify any symptoms suggestive of ear infections. […] If you have been subject to ear infections in your childhood or even recently and if you have a doubt about their impact on your hearing, you can make an appointment at an Amplifon hearing clinic.

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