Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis made by office-based physicians in children younger than 15 years. […] A study by Hasegawa et al, using a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, found that otitis media was the second most common cause of infectious disease-related emergency department visits in the United States in 2011. The study found that otitis media was diagnosed in 18% of such cases, compared with upper respiratory infection in 41% of cases. […] Rates of otitis media (OM) equal to or higher than rates in the United States are noted internationally, especially in less developed countries. […] A study by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators reported that 391 million new episodes of otitis media occurred globally in 2021, the incidence rate being 4958.9 per 100,000.

• #2 Otitis Media: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p350.html

  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children will have at least one episode of AOM. […] AOM is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits, accounting for 13.6 million office visits among children annually. […] The incidence of AOM peaks between six and 15 months of age. AOM is marginally more common in boys than in girls. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children experience at least one episode of AOM. However, after 24 months of age, the risk decreases with increasing age. […] The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

• #3 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Otitis media is a global problem and is found to be slightly more common in males than in females. The specific number of cases per year is difficult to determine due to the lack of reporting and different incidences across many different geographical regions. The peak incidence of otitis media occurs between six and twelve months of life and declines after age five. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will experience otitis media with an effusion before school age. Otitis media is less common in adults than in children, though it is more common in specific sub-populations such as those with a childhood history of recurrent OM, cleft palate, immunodeficiency or immunocompromised status, and others.

• #4 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Acute otitis media is defined as an infection of the middle ear and is the second most common pediatric diagnosis in the emergency department following upper respiratory infections. Although acute otitis media can occur at any age, it is most commonly seen between the ages of 6 to 24 months. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will have otitis media with an effusion before school age.

• #5 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis made by office-based physicians in children younger than 15 years. […] A study by Hasegawa et al, using a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, found that otitis media was the second most common cause of infectious disease-related emergency department visits in the United States in 2011. The study found that otitis media was diagnosed in 18% of such cases, compared with upper respiratory infection in 41% of cases. […] Rates of otitis media (OM) equal to or higher than rates in the United States are noted internationally, especially in less developed countries. […] A study by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators reported that 391 million new episodes of otitis media occurred globally in 2021, the incidence rate being 4958.9 per 100,000.

• #6 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Otitis media is a global problem and is found to be slightly more common in males than in females. The specific number of cases per year is difficult to determine due to the lack of reporting and different incidences across many different geographical regions. The peak incidence of otitis media occurs between six and twelve months of life and declines after age five. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will experience otitis media with an effusion before school age. Otitis media is less common in adults than in children, though it is more common in specific sub-populations such as those with a childhood history of recurrent OM, cleft palate, immunodeficiency or immunocompromised status, and others.

• #7 Otitis Media: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p350.html

  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children will have at least one episode of AOM. […] AOM is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits, accounting for 13.6 million office visits among children annually. […] The incidence of AOM peaks between six and 15 months of age. AOM is marginally more common in boys than in girls. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children experience at least one episode of AOM. However, after 24 months of age, the risk decreases with increasing age. […] The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

• #8 Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2732519/

  To determine the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and duration of middle ear effusion (MEE), we followed consecutively enrolled children from shortly after birth until 7 y of age. […] By 1 y of age, 62% of the children had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 17% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes; by 3 y of age, 83% had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 46% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes. […] Significantly increased risk (by multivariate analysis) for AOM was associated with male gender, sibling history of recurrent AOM, early occurrence of AOM, and not being breast fed. […] MEE persisted after onset of AOM for weeks to months; prolonged duration of MEE was associated with male gender, sibling history of ear infection, and not being breast fed.

• #9 Acute Otitis Media: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/859316-overview

  In the United States, 70% of all children experience one or more attacks of AOM before their second birthday. A study from Pittsburgh that prospectively followed urban and rural children for the first 2 years of life determined that the incidence of middle ear effusion episodes is approximately 48% at age 6 months, 79% at age 1 year, and 91% at age 2 years. […] The peak incidence of AOM is in children aged 3-18 months. Some infants may experience their first attack shortly after birth and are considered otitis-prone (ie, at risk for recurrent otitis media). A study by Megged et al found that 30% of pediatric patients who had neonatal AOM suffered from recurrent AOM later in childhood, compared with 10% of controls. […] In the Pittsburgh study, the incidence of AOM was highest among poor urban children. Differences in incidence between nations are influenced by racial, socioeconomic, and climatic factors.

• #10 Ear infection (middle ear) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616

  An ear infection, also known as acute otitis media, is an infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum, known as the middle ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] A bacterium or virus in the middle ear causes an ear infection. This infection often comes from another illness, such as a cold, flu or allergy. These can cause the inside the nose, throat and ears to be swollen and stuffy. […] Swollen eustachian tubes can become blocked, causing fluids to build up in the middle ear. This fluid can become infected and cause the symptoms of an ear infection. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more likely to get ear infections. That’s due to the size and shape of their eustachian tubes. […] Most ear infections don’t cause long-term complications. Ear infections that happen again and again can lead to serious complications: Hearing loss. Mild hearing loss is common with an ear infection. But hearing usually gets better after the infection clears. Ear infections that happen again and again or constant fluid in the middle ear can cause worse hearing loss. If there’s lasting damage to the eardrum or other parts of the middle ear, hearing might not get better. […] The following tips may lower the risk of getting ear infections: Prevent colds and other illnesses. Teach children to wash their hands often and well.

• #11 Ear Infection Basics | Ear Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ear-infection/about/index.html

  Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] Middle ear infection (acute otitis media) is an infection in the middle ear. […] Bacteria, like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (nontypeable), are the two most common bacteria causing middle ear infection. […] Pneumococcal vaccine protects against a common cause of middle ear infections, Streptococcus pneumonia. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a middle ear infection by asking about symptoms and examining your child. […] Severe middle ear infections or infections that last longer than 23 days need antibiotics right away.

• #12 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Acute otitis media is defined as an infection of the middle ear and is the second most common pediatric diagnosis in the emergency department following upper respiratory infections. Although acute otitis media can occur at any age, it is most commonly seen between the ages of 6 to 24 months. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will have otitis media with an effusion before school age.

• #13 Acute Otitis Media: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/859316-overview

  In the United States, 70% of all children experience one or more attacks of AOM before their second birthday. A study from Pittsburgh that prospectively followed urban and rural children for the first 2 years of life determined that the incidence of middle ear effusion episodes is approximately 48% at age 6 months, 79% at age 1 year, and 91% at age 2 years. […] The peak incidence of AOM is in children aged 3-18 months. Some infants may experience their first attack shortly after birth and are considered otitis-prone (ie, at risk for recurrent otitis media). A study by Megged et al found that 30% of pediatric patients who had neonatal AOM suffered from recurrent AOM later in childhood, compared with 10% of controls. […] In the Pittsburgh study, the incidence of AOM was highest among poor urban children. Differences in incidence between nations are influenced by racial, socioeconomic, and climatic factors.

• #14

  https://step2.medbullets.com/ear-nose-throat/120128/otitis-media

  Incidence […] peak of acute otitis media infection is between 6-18 months of age […] Risk factors […] immunocompromise […] viral upper respiratory tract infection […] family history.

• #15 Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8613-ear-infection-otitis-media

  Middle ear infections are the most common childhood illness other than colds. Ear infections occur most often in children between 6 months and 2 years. They’re common until age 8. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age: Infants and young children (between 6 months and 2 years) are at a greater risk for ear infections. […] Most ear infections don’t cause long-term issues. When complications happen, they’re usually related to repeated or ongoing ear infections. […] Your child may need ear tubes if they experience frequent ear infections, infections that don’t improve with antibiotics or hearing loss related to fluid buildup.

• #16 Acute otitis media in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-otitis-media-in-adults/print

  Acute otitis media (AOM) occurs much more commonly in children than in adults. The overall incidence of AOM has decreased over the last several decades. […] A 2005 global disease burden modeling-based study estimated the annual incidence of AOM as follows: children and adults aged 15 to 24 years, 3.1 to 3.5 percent; and adults aged 25 to 85 years, 1.5 to 2.3 percent. […] In a 2015 to 2018 Netherlands study including patients age ≥15, there was an overall incidence of AOM of 5.3 per 1000 person-years; the incidence declined with age (age 15 to 39, 7.1 per 1000 person-years; age ≥64 years, 2.7 per 1000 person-years).

• #17 Acute otitis media in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-otitis-media-in-adults/print

  Acute otitis media (AOM) occurs much more commonly in children than in adults. The overall incidence of AOM has decreased over the last several decades. […] A 2005 global disease burden modeling-based study estimated the annual incidence of AOM as follows: children and adults aged 15 to 24 years, 3.1 to 3.5 percent; and adults aged 25 to 85 years, 1.5 to 2.3 percent. […] In a 2015 to 2018 Netherlands study including patients age ≥15, there was an overall incidence of AOM of 5.3 per 1000 person-years; the incidence declined with age (age 15 to 39, 7.1 per 1000 person-years; age ≥64 years, 2.7 per 1000 person-years).

• #18 Ear infections in adults (middle ear): Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319788

  Ear infections can affect people with a weakened immune system or a chronic skin condition, such as psoriasis. […] A 2017 Northern Saudi Arabia study of 138 people ages 60 and over found that 9.4% had a middle ear infection. […] Ear infections usually occur in the middle ear and outer ear. […] The symptoms of an ear infection may include pain, tenderness, and hearing changes. […] Since an ear infection in adults can lead to serious health issues, it is important to see a doctor for treatment.

• #19 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Otitis media is a global problem and is found to be slightly more common in males than in females. The specific number of cases per year is difficult to determine due to the lack of reporting and different incidences across many different geographical regions. The peak incidence of otitis media occurs between six and twelve months of life and declines after age five. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will experience otitis media with an effusion before school age. Otitis media is less common in adults than in children, though it is more common in specific sub-populations such as those with a childhood history of recurrent OM, cleft palate, immunodeficiency or immunocompromised status, and others.

• #20 Otitis Media: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p350.html

  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children will have at least one episode of AOM. […] AOM is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits, accounting for 13.6 million office visits among children annually. […] The incidence of AOM peaks between six and 15 months of age. AOM is marginally more common in boys than in girls. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children experience at least one episode of AOM. However, after 24 months of age, the risk decreases with increasing age. […] The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

• #21 Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2732519/

  To determine the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and duration of middle ear effusion (MEE), we followed consecutively enrolled children from shortly after birth until 7 y of age. […] By 1 y of age, 62% of the children had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 17% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes; by 3 y of age, 83% had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 46% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes. […] Significantly increased risk (by multivariate analysis) for AOM was associated with male gender, sibling history of recurrent AOM, early occurrence of AOM, and not being breast fed. […] MEE persisted after onset of AOM for weeks to months; prolonged duration of MEE was associated with male gender, sibling history of ear infection, and not being breast fed.

• #22 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  Males have a higher prevalence of acute otitis media (AOM) and undergo myringotomies and tympanoplasties, more frequently than females do. […] Middle ear dysfunction and eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) are more common in the pediatric age group. Peak incidence of otitis media (OM) is in the first 2 years of life.

• #23 Acute Otitis Media: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/859316-overview

  Using 2011-2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, a study by Cwalina et al indicated that children in the United States with recurrent AOM are more likely to be experiencing food insecurity if they are older, Black, in a lower-income household, and on public insurance or uninsured, and if they have a self-reported health status of only poor to fair. The investigators suggested that food insecurity screening might be incorporated by otolaryngologists into patient visits for recurrent AOM. […] Children aged 6-11 months appear particularly susceptible to AOM, with frequency declining around age 18-20 months. The incidence is slightly higher in boys than in girls. A small percentage of children develop this disease later in life, often in the fourth and early fifth year. After the eruption of permanent teeth, incidence drops dramatically, although some otitis-prone individuals continue to have acute episodes into adulthood. Occasionally, an adult with an acute viral URTI but no previous history of ear disease presents with AOM. […] Definite racial differences exist in the incidence of AOM. Native Americans and Inuits have very high rates of acute and chronic ear infection, whereas African Americans appear to have a slightly lower rate than white children living in the same communities.

• #24 Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2732519/

  To determine the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and duration of middle ear effusion (MEE), we followed consecutively enrolled children from shortly after birth until 7 y of age. […] By 1 y of age, 62% of the children had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 17% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes; by 3 y of age, 83% had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 46% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes. […] Significantly increased risk (by multivariate analysis) for AOM was associated with male gender, sibling history of recurrent AOM, early occurrence of AOM, and not being breast fed. […] MEE persisted after onset of AOM for weeks to months; prolonged duration of MEE was associated with male gender, sibling history of ear infection, and not being breast fed.

• #25 Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/otitis-media.html

  Ear infections happen when viruses or bacteria get into the middle ear, the space behind the eardrum. […] A middle ear infection usually happens because of swelling in one or both of the eustachian tubes (which connect the middle ear to the back of the throat). […] Kids (especially in the first 2 to 4 years of life) get ear infections more than adults do for several reasons: Their shorter, more horizontal eustachian tubes let bacteria and viruses find their way into the middle ear more easily. […] Ear infections are more common in boys than girls. […] Ear infections are not contagious, but the colds that sometimes cause them can be. […] Middle ear infections often go away on their own within 2 or 3 days, even without any specific treatment. […] If it’s there for longer than than 3 months, more treatment might be needed.

• #26 Middle ear infection (otitis media) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media

  Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. […] Anyone can develop a middle ear infection, but theyre most common in young children. […] Middle ear infections are more common in younger children because: the Eustachian tube is smaller in children than in adults; a childs adenoids are relatively larger than an adults. […] Certain conditions can also increase the risk of middle ear infections, including: having a cleft palate; having Downs syndrome. […] Complications of middle ear infections are fairly rare, but can be serious.

• #27 Middle Ear Infection Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Antibiotics

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ear_infection/article.htm

  Chronic middle ear infections are persistent inflammation of the middle ear, typically for a minimum of three months. This is in distinction to an acute ear infection that usually lasts only several weeks. Following an acute infection, fluid (an effusion) may remain behind the eardrum (tympanic membrane) for up to three months before resolving. […] How common is acute middle ear infection or inflammation? This type of acute middle ear infection is an extremely common diagnosis. In the U.S., it is estimated that most children experience at least one middle ear infection before the age of 3. […] The Eustachian tube, a canal that runs from the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat, is shorter and more horizontal in infants and young children than in older children and adults. This allows easier entry into the middle ear for the microorganisms that cause infection and leads to otitis media. Young children also have more immature immune systems. The result is that infants and young children are at greater risk of acquiring ear infections than adults.

• #28 Ear infection (Middle Ear): Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/ear-infection-middle-ear

  Acute otitis media is an ear infection that occurs in the middle ear. It is more common for children to be infected with an ear infection than adults. […] Acute otitis media is an ear infection that occurs in the middle ear. It is an area with an air-filled space behind the eardrum. It is more common for children to be infected with an ear infection than adults. […] Multiple ear infections can lead to hearing problems and other complications. […] Other related conditions within the middle ear could be linked to an ear infection as well as those infections that produce similar problems in the middle ear. […] Younger children (aged 6 months to 2 years) are prone to ear infections as their immune system is still developing. It also depends on the size and the shape of their eustachian tubes.

• #29 Middle ear infection (otitis media) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media

  Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. […] Anyone can develop a middle ear infection, but theyre most common in young children. […] Middle ear infections are more common in younger children because: the Eustachian tube is smaller in children than in adults; a childs adenoids are relatively larger than an adults. […] Certain conditions can also increase the risk of middle ear infections, including: having a cleft palate; having Downs syndrome. […] Complications of middle ear infections are fairly rare, but can be serious.

• #30 Ear infection (middle ear) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ear-infection-middle-ear

  An ear infection, also known as acute otitis media, is an infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum, known as the middle ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] A bacterium or virus in the middle ear causes an ear infection. This infection often comes from another illness, such as a cold, flu or allergy. These can cause the inside the nose, throat and ears to be swollen and stuffy. […] Swollen eustachian tubes can become blocked, causing fluids to build up in the middle ear. This fluid can become infected and cause the symptoms of an ear infection. […] Adenoids are near the opening of the eustachian tubes. Swelling of the adenoids can block the tubes. This can lead to middle ear infection, especially in children. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more likely to get ear infections. That’s due to the size and shape of their eustachian tubes.

• #31 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Otitis media is a global problem and is found to be slightly more common in males than in females. The specific number of cases per year is difficult to determine due to the lack of reporting and different incidences across many different geographical regions. The peak incidence of otitis media occurs between six and twelve months of life and declines after age five. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will experience otitis media with an effusion before school age. Otitis media is less common in adults than in children, though it is more common in specific sub-populations such as those with a childhood history of recurrent OM, cleft palate, immunodeficiency or immunocompromised status, and others.

• #32 Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/otitis-media-middle-ear-infection

  Otitis media is often caused by bacteria or viruses. […] People with a middle ear infection experience the following symptoms: Ear pain, Muffled hearing, Perceived ringing in the ears, Difficulty sleeping, Decrease in appetite, Dizziness, Irritability, Fatigue, Fever, A cloudy or yellowish fluid that dribbles out of one ear (if an eardrum ruptures), Fussiness (in babies), Vomiting or diarrhea (in babies), Tugging at the ears (in babies or nonverbal toddlers). […] These factors may put babies and children at increased risk of otitis media: Being male, Being born prematurely (before 37 weeks gestation), Exposure to secondhand smoke, Using a pacifier, Having large adenoids, which may cause mouth breathing or nighttime snoring, Having a personal or family history of otitis media, Having a cleft palate, Having Down syndrome.

• #33 Acute Otitis Media: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/859316-overview

  Using 2011-2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, a study by Cwalina et al indicated that children in the United States with recurrent AOM are more likely to be experiencing food insecurity if they are older, Black, in a lower-income household, and on public insurance or uninsured, and if they have a self-reported health status of only poor to fair. The investigators suggested that food insecurity screening might be incorporated by otolaryngologists into patient visits for recurrent AOM. […] Children aged 6-11 months appear particularly susceptible to AOM, with frequency declining around age 18-20 months. The incidence is slightly higher in boys than in girls. A small percentage of children develop this disease later in life, often in the fourth and early fifth year. After the eruption of permanent teeth, incidence drops dramatically, although some otitis-prone individuals continue to have acute episodes into adulthood. Occasionally, an adult with an acute viral URTI but no previous history of ear disease presents with AOM. […] Definite racial differences exist in the incidence of AOM. Native Americans and Inuits have very high rates of acute and chronic ear infection, whereas African Americans appear to have a slightly lower rate than white children living in the same communities.

• #34 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  In the era of modern medicine, middle ear infection infrequently leads to mortality, except in rare cases of intracranial spread of infection. […] Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) affect 70% of children by age 7 years and are common causes of childhood hearing loss. […] Otitis media (OM) has not clearly been shown to affect the long-term acquisition of language skills in children; however, studies have predicted that early recurrent otitis media (OM) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) may be predictive of future decreases in hearing as measured by school screening tests and a decrease in overall school achievement. […] American Indian and Native Alaskan children, including the Inuit, have higher rates of chronic otitis media (COM) than Whites.

• #35 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Children of First Nations and Inuit descent, though its not clear why. […] Children with Down syndrome. […] Doctors diagnose ear infections by looking at the ear drum (tympanic membrane) with a special light called an otoscope. They look for fluid in the middle ear, at the colour and position of the ear drum, and monitor the pressure in the middle ear. […] If your child has frequent ear infections, or if they have trouble hearing because of ongoing fluid in the middle ear, they may need a tube inserted through the eardrum and into the middle ear. The tube helps to keep air pressure normal on both sides of the ear drum and helps fluid drain from the middle ear.

• #36 Otitis media (middle ear infection) – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/otitis-media

  Otitis media (middle ear infection) is common, especially in children. […] Most children have at least one middle ear infection before they reach school age. […] Middle ear infections are common in young children due to their smaller Eustachian tubes. […] Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children are also at higher risk of getting infections. […] It is estimated that around four out of five children will experience a middle ear infection at least once. […] Otitis media is an umbrella term encompassing all types of inflammation and infection of the middle ear, which is the air-filled, membrane-lined cavity located behind the eardrum. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, who have the highest rate of middle ear disease in the world.

• #37 Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2732519/

  To determine the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and duration of middle ear effusion (MEE), we followed consecutively enrolled children from shortly after birth until 7 y of age. […] By 1 y of age, 62% of the children had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 17% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes; by 3 y of age, 83% had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 46% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes. […] Significantly increased risk (by multivariate analysis) for AOM was associated with male gender, sibling history of recurrent AOM, early occurrence of AOM, and not being breast fed. […] MEE persisted after onset of AOM for weeks to months; prolonged duration of MEE was associated with male gender, sibling history of ear infection, and not being breast fed.

• #38

  https://step2.medbullets.com/ear-nose-throat/120128/otitis-media

  Incidence […] peak of acute otitis media infection is between 6-18 months of age […] Risk factors […] immunocompromise […] viral upper respiratory tract infection […] family history.

• #39 Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion (Middle Ear Infection and Middle Ear Fluid) | Pediatric Health Library | CHKD

  https://www.chkd.org/patient-family-resources/health-library/otitis-media-and-otitis-media-with-effusion-middle-ear-infection-and-middle-ear-fluid/

  Otitis media is a common childhood condition that can affect one or both ears. […] Children under 3 years old have shorter, narrower and straighter eustachian tubes than adults. It is easier for bacteria and viruses to get into the middle ear of young children. […] Middle ear fluid may persist even after the successful treatment of a middle ear infection. This fluid can take up to 3 months to completely clear even with the use of antibiotics. […] Some children are more prone to ear infections than others because of their genetics. Middle ear problems tend to run in families. […] If your child frequently has fluid behind the ear drum but does not have an ear infection, nasal steroid or oral steroid medications may help. […] If your child continues to get ear infections or build up of fluid in the ears and is having problems with speech or hearing, ear tubes may be recommended.

• #40 Ear infection (middle ear) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/ear-infection-middle-ear

  Chronic otitis media with effusion. This happens when fluid stays in the middle ear or keeps coming back. Children with this condition are likely to get new ear infections. […] Chronic suppurative otitis media. This is an ear infection that doesn’t go away with the usual treatments. It can lead to a hole in the eardrum. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more likely to get ear infections. […] Group child care. Children cared for in group settings are more likely to get colds and ear infections than are children who stay home. […] Most ear infections don’t cause long-term complications. Ear infections that happen again and again can lead to serious complications: Hearing loss. […] Ear tubes might help children who have repeated, long-lasting ear infections, also known as chronic otitis media. […] Ear tubes also might help children who have fluid buildup in the ear after an infection cleared up, known as otitis media with effusion.

• #41 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Middle ear infections are also called otitis media. They are very common, especially in children between 6 months and 3 years of age. […] Children less than 5 years old, because they have shorter eustachian tubes. […] Children who attend daycare, because they tend to have more colds. […] Children with allergies. […] Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoke causes inflammation of the eustachian tube, making ear infections more likely. […] Children who were not breastfed. Breast milk has antibodies that help fight infections. […] Babies who are being bottle-fed, especially if they swallow milk while lying too flat. Milk can enter the eustachian tube and cause inflammation, which increases the risk of an ear infection. […] Children with cleft palates, as their eustachian tubes are often inflamed.

• #42 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Middle ear infections are also called otitis media. They are very common, especially in children between 6 months and 3 years of age. […] Children less than 5 years old, because they have shorter eustachian tubes. […] Children who attend daycare, because they tend to have more colds. […] Children with allergies. […] Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoke causes inflammation of the eustachian tube, making ear infections more likely. […] Children who were not breastfed. Breast milk has antibodies that help fight infections. […] Babies who are being bottle-fed, especially if they swallow milk while lying too flat. Milk can enter the eustachian tube and cause inflammation, which increases the risk of an ear infection. […] Children with cleft palates, as their eustachian tubes are often inflamed.

• #43 Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media) in Adults

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/family-resources-library/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media-in-adults

  Middle ear infections can affect both children and adults. […] Without treatment, permanent hearing loss may happen. […] Keeping your home smoke-free or free of vaping devices can decrease the chances of ear infections.

• #44 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Middle ear infections are also called otitis media. They are very common, especially in children between 6 months and 3 years of age. […] Children less than 5 years old, because they have shorter eustachian tubes. […] Children who attend daycare, because they tend to have more colds. […] Children with allergies. […] Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoke causes inflammation of the eustachian tube, making ear infections more likely. […] Children who were not breastfed. Breast milk has antibodies that help fight infections. […] Babies who are being bottle-fed, especially if they swallow milk while lying too flat. Milk can enter the eustachian tube and cause inflammation, which increases the risk of an ear infection. […] Children with cleft palates, as their eustachian tubes are often inflamed.

• #45 Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2732519/

  To determine the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and duration of middle ear effusion (MEE), we followed consecutively enrolled children from shortly after birth until 7 y of age. […] By 1 y of age, 62% of the children had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 17% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes; by 3 y of age, 83% had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 46% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes. […] Significantly increased risk (by multivariate analysis) for AOM was associated with male gender, sibling history of recurrent AOM, early occurrence of AOM, and not being breast fed. […] MEE persisted after onset of AOM for weeks to months; prolonged duration of MEE was associated with male gender, sibling history of ear infection, and not being breast fed.

• #46 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Middle ear infections are also called otitis media. They are very common, especially in children between 6 months and 3 years of age. […] Children less than 5 years old, because they have shorter eustachian tubes. […] Children who attend daycare, because they tend to have more colds. […] Children with allergies. […] Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoke causes inflammation of the eustachian tube, making ear infections more likely. […] Children who were not breastfed. Breast milk has antibodies that help fight infections. […] Babies who are being bottle-fed, especially if they swallow milk while lying too flat. Milk can enter the eustachian tube and cause inflammation, which increases the risk of an ear infection. […] Children with cleft palates, as their eustachian tubes are often inflamed.

• #47 Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/otitis-media-middle-ear-infection

  Otitis media is often caused by bacteria or viruses. […] People with a middle ear infection experience the following symptoms: Ear pain, Muffled hearing, Perceived ringing in the ears, Difficulty sleeping, Decrease in appetite, Dizziness, Irritability, Fatigue, Fever, A cloudy or yellowish fluid that dribbles out of one ear (if an eardrum ruptures), Fussiness (in babies), Vomiting or diarrhea (in babies), Tugging at the ears (in babies or nonverbal toddlers). […] These factors may put babies and children at increased risk of otitis media: Being male, Being born prematurely (before 37 weeks gestation), Exposure to secondhand smoke, Using a pacifier, Having large adenoids, which may cause mouth breathing or nighttime snoring, Having a personal or family history of otitis media, Having a cleft palate, Having Down syndrome.

• #48 Ear infection (middle ear) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616

  An ear infection, also known as acute otitis media, is an infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum, known as the middle ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] A bacterium or virus in the middle ear causes an ear infection. This infection often comes from another illness, such as a cold, flu or allergy. These can cause the inside the nose, throat and ears to be swollen and stuffy. […] Swollen eustachian tubes can become blocked, causing fluids to build up in the middle ear. This fluid can become infected and cause the symptoms of an ear infection. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more likely to get ear infections. That’s due to the size and shape of their eustachian tubes. […] Most ear infections don’t cause long-term complications. Ear infections that happen again and again can lead to serious complications: Hearing loss. Mild hearing loss is common with an ear infection. But hearing usually gets better after the infection clears. Ear infections that happen again and again or constant fluid in the middle ear can cause worse hearing loss. If there’s lasting damage to the eardrum or other parts of the middle ear, hearing might not get better. […] The following tips may lower the risk of getting ear infections: Prevent colds and other illnesses. Teach children to wash their hands often and well.

• #49

  https://step2.medbullets.com/ear-nose-throat/120128/otitis-media

  Incidence […] peak of acute otitis media infection is between 6-18 months of age […] Risk factors […] immunocompromise […] viral upper respiratory tract infection […] family history.

• #50 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Middle ear infections are also called otitis media. They are very common, especially in children between 6 months and 3 years of age. […] Children less than 5 years old, because they have shorter eustachian tubes. […] Children who attend daycare, because they tend to have more colds. […] Children with allergies. […] Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoke causes inflammation of the eustachian tube, making ear infections more likely. […] Children who were not breastfed. Breast milk has antibodies that help fight infections. […] Babies who are being bottle-fed, especially if they swallow milk while lying too flat. Milk can enter the eustachian tube and cause inflammation, which increases the risk of an ear infection. […] Children with cleft palates, as their eustachian tubes are often inflamed.

• #51 Middle ear infection (otitis media) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media

  Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. […] Anyone can develop a middle ear infection, but theyre most common in young children. […] Middle ear infections are more common in younger children because: the Eustachian tube is smaller in children than in adults; a childs adenoids are relatively larger than an adults. […] Certain conditions can also increase the risk of middle ear infections, including: having a cleft palate; having Downs syndrome. […] Complications of middle ear infections are fairly rare, but can be serious.

• #52 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Middle ear infections are also called otitis media. They are very common, especially in children between 6 months and 3 years of age. […] Children less than 5 years old, because they have shorter eustachian tubes. […] Children who attend daycare, because they tend to have more colds. […] Children with allergies. […] Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoke causes inflammation of the eustachian tube, making ear infections more likely. […] Children who were not breastfed. Breast milk has antibodies that help fight infections. […] Babies who are being bottle-fed, especially if they swallow milk while lying too flat. Milk can enter the eustachian tube and cause inflammation, which increases the risk of an ear infection. […] Children with cleft palates, as their eustachian tubes are often inflamed.

• #53 Middle ear infection (otitis media) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media

  Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. […] Anyone can develop a middle ear infection, but theyre most common in young children. […] Middle ear infections are more common in younger children because: the Eustachian tube is smaller in children than in adults; a childs adenoids are relatively larger than an adults. […] Certain conditions can also increase the risk of middle ear infections, including: having a cleft palate; having Downs syndrome. […] Complications of middle ear infections are fairly rare, but can be serious.

• #54 Ear infections | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/ear_infections

  Children of First Nations and Inuit descent, though its not clear why. […] Children with Down syndrome. […] Doctors diagnose ear infections by looking at the ear drum (tympanic membrane) with a special light called an otoscope. They look for fluid in the middle ear, at the colour and position of the ear drum, and monitor the pressure in the middle ear. […] If your child has frequent ear infections, or if they have trouble hearing because of ongoing fluid in the middle ear, they may need a tube inserted through the eardrum and into the middle ear. The tube helps to keep air pressure normal on both sides of the ear drum and helps fluid drain from the middle ear.

• #55 Ear infections in adults (middle ear): Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319788

  Ear infections can affect people with a weakened immune system or a chronic skin condition, such as psoriasis. […] A 2017 Northern Saudi Arabia study of 138 people ages 60 and over found that 9.4% had a middle ear infection. […] Ear infections usually occur in the middle ear and outer ear. […] The symptoms of an ear infection may include pain, tenderness, and hearing changes. […] Since an ear infection in adults can lead to serious health issues, it is important to see a doctor for treatment.

• #56 Acute Otitis Media – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

  Acute otitis media is defined as an infection of the middle ear and is the second most common pediatric diagnosis in the emergency department following upper respiratory infections. Although acute otitis media can occur at any age, it is most commonly seen between the ages of 6 to 24 months. Approximately 80% of all children will experience a case of otitis media during their lifetime, and between 80% and 90% of all children will have otitis media with an effusion before school age.

• #57 Otitis Media: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p350.html

  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children will have at least one episode of AOM. […] AOM is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits, accounting for 13.6 million office visits among children annually. […] The incidence of AOM peaks between six and 15 months of age. AOM is marginally more common in boys than in girls. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children experience at least one episode of AOM. However, after 24 months of age, the risk decreases with increasing age. […] The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

• #58 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis made by office-based physicians in children younger than 15 years. […] A study by Hasegawa et al, using a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, found that otitis media was the second most common cause of infectious disease-related emergency department visits in the United States in 2011. The study found that otitis media was diagnosed in 18% of such cases, compared with upper respiratory infection in 41% of cases. […] Rates of otitis media (OM) equal to or higher than rates in the United States are noted internationally, especially in less developed countries. […] A study by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators reported that 391 million new episodes of otitis media occurred globally in 2021, the incidence rate being 4958.9 per 100,000.

• #59 Otitis Media: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p350.html

  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children will have at least one episode of AOM. […] AOM is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits, accounting for 13.6 million office visits among children annually. […] The incidence of AOM peaks between six and 15 months of age. AOM is marginally more common in boys than in girls. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children experience at least one episode of AOM. However, after 24 months of age, the risk decreases with increasing age. […] The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

• #60 Otitis Media: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p350.html

  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children will have at least one episode of AOM. […] AOM is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits, accounting for 13.6 million office visits among children annually. […] The incidence of AOM peaks between six and 15 months of age. AOM is marginally more common in boys than in girls. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children experience at least one episode of AOM. However, after 24 months of age, the risk decreases with increasing age. […] The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

• #61 Acute Otitis Media: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/859316-overview

  In the United States, 70% of all children experience one or more attacks of AOM before their second birthday. A study from Pittsburgh that prospectively followed urban and rural children for the first 2 years of life determined that the incidence of middle ear effusion episodes is approximately 48% at age 6 months, 79% at age 1 year, and 91% at age 2 years. […] The peak incidence of AOM is in children aged 3-18 months. Some infants may experience their first attack shortly after birth and are considered otitis-prone (ie, at risk for recurrent otitis media). A study by Megged et al found that 30% of pediatric patients who had neonatal AOM suffered from recurrent AOM later in childhood, compared with 10% of controls. […] In the Pittsburgh study, the incidence of AOM was highest among poor urban children. Differences in incidence between nations are influenced by racial, socioeconomic, and climatic factors.

• #62 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis made by office-based physicians in children younger than 15 years. […] A study by Hasegawa et al, using a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, found that otitis media was the second most common cause of infectious disease-related emergency department visits in the United States in 2011. The study found that otitis media was diagnosed in 18% of such cases, compared with upper respiratory infection in 41% of cases. […] Rates of otitis media (OM) equal to or higher than rates in the United States are noted internationally, especially in less developed countries. […] A study by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators reported that 391 million new episodes of otitis media occurred globally in 2021, the incidence rate being 4958.9 per 100,000.

• #63 Otitis Media: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p350.html

  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children will have at least one episode of AOM. […] AOM is the most common diagnosis in childhood acute sick visits, accounting for 13.6 million office visits among children annually. […] The incidence of AOM peaks between six and 15 months of age. AOM is marginally more common in boys than in girls. By three years of age, 50% to 85% of children experience at least one episode of AOM. However, after 24 months of age, the risk decreases with increasing age. […] The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

• #64 Ear Infection Basics | Ear Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ear-infection/about/index.html

  Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] Middle ear infection (acute otitis media) is an infection in the middle ear. […] Bacteria, like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (nontypeable), are the two most common bacteria causing middle ear infection. […] Pneumococcal vaccine protects against a common cause of middle ear infections, Streptococcus pneumonia. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a middle ear infection by asking about symptoms and examining your child. […] Severe middle ear infections or infections that last longer than 23 days need antibiotics right away.

• #65 Otitis Media: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1001/p435.html/1000

  Acute otitis media is diagnosed in patients with acute onset, presence of middle ear effusion, physical evidence of middle ear inflammation, and symptoms such as pain, irritability, or fever. […] Approximately 80% of children will have at least one episode of acute otitis media (AOM), and between 80% and 90% will have at least one episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) before school age. […] Bacteria can be isolated from middle ear fluid cultures in 50% to 90% of cases of AOM and OME. […] Risk factors for AOM are listed in Table 1. […] AOM should not be diagnosed in children who do not have objective evidence of middle ear effusion. […] OME is defined as middle ear effusion in the absence of acute symptoms. […] Antibiotics, decongestants, and nasal steroids do not hasten the clearance of middle ear fluid and are not recommended.

• #66 Middle Ear Infection Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Antibiotics

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ear_infection/article.htm

  Bacteria and viruses can cause middle ear infections: Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Hemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas, and Moraxella account for about 85% of cases of acute otitis media. Viruses account for the remaining 15%. […] Common causes of acute and middle ear infections include: Bottle-feeding, upper respiratory tract infection, exposure to air with irritants such as tobacco smoke, birth defects, Eustachian tube problems, immunosuppressed individuals, and ear infections later in childhood. […] Causes of chronic middle ear infection or inflammation include: The Eustachian tube normally prevents the accumulation of fluid by allowing fluid to drain through the tube. Chronic otitis media develops over time and often starts with a chronic middle ear effusion (fluid) that does not resolve.

• #67 Otitis Media: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1001/p435.html/1000

  Acute otitis media is diagnosed in patients with acute onset, presence of middle ear effusion, physical evidence of middle ear inflammation, and symptoms such as pain, irritability, or fever. […] Approximately 80% of children will have at least one episode of acute otitis media (AOM), and between 80% and 90% will have at least one episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) before school age. […] Bacteria can be isolated from middle ear fluid cultures in 50% to 90% of cases of AOM and OME. […] Risk factors for AOM are listed in Table 1. […] AOM should not be diagnosed in children who do not have objective evidence of middle ear effusion. […] OME is defined as middle ear effusion in the absence of acute symptoms. […] Antibiotics, decongestants, and nasal steroids do not hasten the clearance of middle ear fluid and are not recommended.

• #68 Ear infections Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ear-infections

  AOM generally affects children ages 6 to 18 months. […] Otitis media with effusion (OME) is very common in children age 6 months to 4 years, with about 90% of children having OME at some point. […] The best way to prevent ear infections is to prevent colds and flu. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) protects against 13 of the most important strains of S. pneumoniae that cause pneumococcal meningitis, pneumococcal pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. […] Tympanostomy surgery involves the insertion of a tiny tube to prevent fluid from building up in the middle ear.

• #69 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  In the era of modern medicine, middle ear infection infrequently leads to mortality, except in rare cases of intracranial spread of infection. […] Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) affect 70% of children by age 7 years and are common causes of childhood hearing loss. […] Otitis media (OM) has not clearly been shown to affect the long-term acquisition of language skills in children; however, studies have predicted that early recurrent otitis media (OM) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) may be predictive of future decreases in hearing as measured by school screening tests and a decrease in overall school achievement. […] American Indian and Native Alaskan children, including the Inuit, have higher rates of chronic otitis media (COM) than Whites.

• #70 Otitis Media With Effusion: Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ear-infection/research-protocol

  Otitis media with effusion (OME) is defined as a collection of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of ear infection. It typically arises when the Eustachian tubes are not functioning normally. When this happens, pressure changes occur in the middle ear and fluid can accumulate. […] OME is one of the most commonly occurring childhood illnesses in the United States with more than 2.2 million diagnosed cases each year at an estimated annual cost of 4 billion dollars. […] Many episodes of OME resolve spontaneously within 3 months, but 30 to 40 percent of children have recurrent episodes and 5 to 10 percent of cases last more than 1 year. […] Additionally, some subpopulations of children are disproportionately affected by OME. Those with cleft palate, Down syndrome, and other craniofacial anomalies are at high risk for anatomic causes of OME in addition to worsened function of the Eustachian tube.

• #71 Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/otitis-media.html

  The type of otitis affects treatment options. […] Some children, such as those who get ear infections a lot and those with lasting hearing loss or speech delay, may need ear tube surgery. […] Fluid buildup in the middle ear also blocks sound, which can lead to temporary hearing problems. […] In kids who have otitis media with effusion, the fluid behind the eardrum can block sound, so mild temporary hearing loss can happen, but might not be obvious. […] Some lifestyle choices can help protect kids from ear infections: Breastfeed infants for at least 6 months to help to prevent the development of early episodes of ear infections. […] Very rarely, ear infections that don’t go away or severe repeated middle ear infections can lead to complications.

• #72 Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2732519/

  To determine the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and duration of middle ear effusion (MEE), we followed consecutively enrolled children from shortly after birth until 7 y of age. […] By 1 y of age, 62% of the children had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 17% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes; by 3 y of age, 83% had greater than or equal to 1 episode of AOM and 46% had greater than or equal to 3 episodes. […] Significantly increased risk (by multivariate analysis) for AOM was associated with male gender, sibling history of recurrent AOM, early occurrence of AOM, and not being breast fed. […] MEE persisted after onset of AOM for weeks to months; prolonged duration of MEE was associated with male gender, sibling history of ear infection, and not being breast fed.

• #73 Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/otitis-media.html

  The type of otitis affects treatment options. […] Some children, such as those who get ear infections a lot and those with lasting hearing loss or speech delay, may need ear tube surgery. […] Fluid buildup in the middle ear also blocks sound, which can lead to temporary hearing problems. […] In kids who have otitis media with effusion, the fluid behind the eardrum can block sound, so mild temporary hearing loss can happen, but might not be obvious. […] Some lifestyle choices can help protect kids from ear infections: Breastfeed infants for at least 6 months to help to prevent the development of early episodes of ear infections. […] Very rarely, ear infections that don’t go away or severe repeated middle ear infections can lead to complications.

• #74 Otitis Media With Effusion: Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ear-infection/research-protocol

  Otitis media with effusion (OME) is defined as a collection of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of ear infection. It typically arises when the Eustachian tubes are not functioning normally. When this happens, pressure changes occur in the middle ear and fluid can accumulate. […] OME is one of the most commonly occurring childhood illnesses in the United States with more than 2.2 million diagnosed cases each year at an estimated annual cost of 4 billion dollars. […] Many episodes of OME resolve spontaneously within 3 months, but 30 to 40 percent of children have recurrent episodes and 5 to 10 percent of cases last more than 1 year. […] Additionally, some subpopulations of children are disproportionately affected by OME. Those with cleft palate, Down syndrome, and other craniofacial anomalies are at high risk for anatomic causes of OME in addition to worsened function of the Eustachian tube.

• #75 Otitis Media With Effusion: Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ear-infection/research-protocol

  Individuals of American Indian, Alaskan, and Asian backgrounds are believed to be at greater risk, as are children with adenoid hyperplasia. […] OME can be associated with discomfort and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Patients with OME are also prone to episodes of acute otitis media (AOM). […] Diagnostically, OME must be first identified and then distinguished from AOM. OME is diagnosed with the presence of fluid behind the tympanic membrane, without acute onset or signs of inflammation or infection. […] AOM on the other hand, while it may include Eustachian tube dysfunction and middle ear fluid, it must include signs of acute inflammation or infection. […] Tympanocentesis (use of a needle to puncture the tympanic membrane to allow for fluid drainage, aeration), usually performed at the time of myringotomy with or without tympanostomy tube placement, remains the gold standard for diagnosing OME.

• #76 Otitis media – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_media

  Acute otitis media is very common in childhood. It is the most common condition for which medical care is provided in children under five years of age in the US. Acute otitis media affects 11% of people each year (709 million cases) with half occurring in those below five years. Chronic suppurative otitis media affects about 5% or 31 million of these cases with 22.6% of cases occurring annually under the age of five years. Otitis media resulted in 2,400 deaths in 2013 down from 4,900 deaths in 1990. […] Australian Aboriginals experience a high level of conductive hearing loss largely due to the massive incidence of middle ear disease among the young in Aboriginal communities. Aboriginal children experience middle ear disease for two and a half years on average during childhood compared with three months for non indigenous children. If untreated it can leave a permanent legacy of hearing loss. The higher incidence of deafness in turn contributes to poor social, educational and emotional outcomes for the children concerned. Such children as they grow into adults are also more likely to experience employment difficulties and find themselves caught up in the criminal justice system. Research in 2012 revealed that nine out of ten Aboriginal prison inmates in the Northern Territory suffer from significant hearing loss.

• #77 Otitis media – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_media

  Acute otitis media is very common in childhood. It is the most common condition for which medical care is provided in children under five years of age in the US. Acute otitis media affects 11% of people each year (709 million cases) with half occurring in those below five years. Chronic suppurative otitis media affects about 5% or 31 million of these cases with 22.6% of cases occurring annually under the age of five years. Otitis media resulted in 2,400 deaths in 2013 down from 4,900 deaths in 1990. […] Australian Aboriginals experience a high level of conductive hearing loss largely due to the massive incidence of middle ear disease among the young in Aboriginal communities. Aboriginal children experience middle ear disease for two and a half years on average during childhood compared with three months for non indigenous children. If untreated it can leave a permanent legacy of hearing loss. The higher incidence of deafness in turn contributes to poor social, educational and emotional outcomes for the children concerned. Such children as they grow into adults are also more likely to experience employment difficulties and find themselves caught up in the criminal justice system. Research in 2012 revealed that nine out of ten Aboriginal prison inmates in the Northern Territory suffer from significant hearing loss.

• #78 Ear infection – chronic – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ear-infection-chronic

  Chronic ear infection is fluid, swelling, or an infection behind the eardrum that does not go away or keeps coming back. It causes long-term or permanent damage to the ear. It often involves a hole in the eardrum that does not heal. […] Otitis media is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear. Acute otitis media (acute ear infection) occurs when there is bacterial or viral infection of the fluid of the middle ear, which causes production of fluid or pus. Chronic otitis media occurs when the eustachian tube becomes blocked repeatedly due to allergies, multiple infections, ear trauma, or swelling of the adenoids. […] Ear infections are more common in children because their eustachian tubes are shorter, narrower, and more horizontal than in adults. Chronic ear infections are much less common than acute ear infections.

• #79 Ear infections | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/ear-infections

  The ear can become infected by bacteria, fungi or viruses in the ear canal, or the Eustachian tube that connects the ear to the throat. […] Children are particularly prone to middle ear infections (otitis media). It is estimated that around four out of five children will experience a middle ear infection at least once. […] Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear, which can be either acute or chronic. Children are most commonly affected by acute otitis media because it is caused by colds and blocked Eustachian tubes both typical ailments of childhood. […] Frequent bouts of acute otitis media or one lingering attack can lead to chronic otitis media. Without medical intervention, the chronic infection can burst the eardrum or damage the delicate structures within the middle ear. […] Serous otitis media is known as glue ear. Children aged between six months and two years of age are most vulnerable to this type of ear infection.

• #80 Ear infection (middle ear) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616

  An ear infection, also known as acute otitis media, is an infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum, known as the middle ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] A bacterium or virus in the middle ear causes an ear infection. This infection often comes from another illness, such as a cold, flu or allergy. These can cause the inside the nose, throat and ears to be swollen and stuffy. […] Swollen eustachian tubes can become blocked, causing fluids to build up in the middle ear. This fluid can become infected and cause the symptoms of an ear infection. […] Risk factors for ear infections include: Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more likely to get ear infections. That’s due to the size and shape of their eustachian tubes. […] Most ear infections don’t cause long-term complications. Ear infections that happen again and again can lead to serious complications: Hearing loss. Mild hearing loss is common with an ear infection. But hearing usually gets better after the infection clears. Ear infections that happen again and again or constant fluid in the middle ear can cause worse hearing loss. If there’s lasting damage to the eardrum or other parts of the middle ear, hearing might not get better. […] The following tips may lower the risk of getting ear infections: Prevent colds and other illnesses. Teach children to wash their hands often and well.

• #81 Ear infection (middle ear) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ear-infection-middle-ear

  Most ear infections don’t cause long-term complications. Ear infections that happen again and again can lead to serious complications: Hearing loss. Mild hearing loss is common with an ear infection. But hearing usually gets better after the infection clears. […] The following tips may lower the risk of getting ear infections: Prevent colds and other illnesses. Teach children to wash their hands often and well. […] A healthcare professional can often diagnose an ear infection based on symptoms and an exam. […] Many children’s ear infections clear up without antibiotics. Treatment depends on the person’s age and how bad the symptoms are. […] Ear tubes might help children who have repeated, long-lasting ear infections, also known as chronic otitis media. Ear tubes also might help children who have fluid buildup in the ear after an infection cleared up, known as otitis media with effusion.

• #82 Ear infection – chronic – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ear-infection-chronic

  Chronic ear infection is fluid, swelling, or an infection behind the eardrum that does not go away or keeps coming back. It causes long-term or permanent damage to the ear. It often involves a hole in the eardrum that does not heal. […] Otitis media is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear. Acute otitis media (acute ear infection) occurs when there is bacterial or viral infection of the fluid of the middle ear, which causes production of fluid or pus. Chronic otitis media occurs when the eustachian tube becomes blocked repeatedly due to allergies, multiple infections, ear trauma, or swelling of the adenoids. […] Ear infections are more common in children because their eustachian tubes are shorter, narrower, and more horizontal than in adults. Chronic ear infections are much less common than acute ear infections.

• #83 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis made by office-based physicians in children younger than 15 years. […] A study by Hasegawa et al, using a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, found that otitis media was the second most common cause of infectious disease-related emergency department visits in the United States in 2011. The study found that otitis media was diagnosed in 18% of such cases, compared with upper respiratory infection in 41% of cases. […] Rates of otitis media (OM) equal to or higher than rates in the United States are noted internationally, especially in less developed countries. […] A study by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators reported that 391 million new episodes of otitis media occurred globally in 2021, the incidence rate being 4958.9 per 100,000.

• #84 Ear infection – chronic – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ear-infection-chronic

  Chronic ear infections often respond to treatment. However, your child may need to keep taking medicines for several months. […] Chronic ear infections are not life threatening. However, they can be uncomfortable and may result in hearing loss and other serious complications. […] Hearing loss from damage to the middle ear may slow language and speech development. This is more likely if both ears are affected. […] Permanent hearing loss is rare, but the risk increases with the number and length of infections. […] Getting prompt treatment for an acute ear infection may reduce the risk of developing a chronic ear infection. Have a follow-up exam with your provider after an ear infection has been treated to make sure that it is completely cured.

• #85 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  In the era of modern medicine, middle ear infection infrequently leads to mortality, except in rare cases of intracranial spread of infection. […] Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) affect 70% of children by age 7 years and are common causes of childhood hearing loss. […] Otitis media (OM) has not clearly been shown to affect the long-term acquisition of language skills in children; however, studies have predicted that early recurrent otitis media (OM) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) may be predictive of future decreases in hearing as measured by school screening tests and a decrease in overall school achievement. […] American Indian and Native Alaskan children, including the Inuit, have higher rates of chronic otitis media (COM) than Whites.

• #86 Middle ear infection: babies, kids & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/babies/health-daily-care/health-concerns/middle-ear-infection

  A middle ear infection is an infection in the fluid behind the eardrum. […] Middle ear infections are very common in young children. More than 80% of children will have had one by the time theyre 3 years old. […] Ear infections that keep coming back might lead to glue ear, which is a thick, glue-like ooze in the middle ear. This thick fluid can stop sound getting through to the inner ear, which leads to varying degrees of hearing loss. This might lead to behaviour, language and learning difficulties. […] Most middle ear infections are caused by a virus. The symptoms of this type of middle ear infection usually improve by themselves within 24-48 hours. […] Recurrent ear infections Some children with recurrent ear infections or glue ear might need a long course of antibiotics. […] Some children who get recurrent ear infections have grommets put into their eardrums to prevent infection. Grommets are special ventilating tubes that stop fluid from building up behind the eardrum and help preserve hearing.

• #87 Otitis Media: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1001/p435.html/1000

  Acute otitis media is diagnosed in patients with acute onset, presence of middle ear effusion, physical evidence of middle ear inflammation, and symptoms such as pain, irritability, or fever. […] Approximately 80% of children will have at least one episode of acute otitis media (AOM), and between 80% and 90% will have at least one episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) before school age. […] Bacteria can be isolated from middle ear fluid cultures in 50% to 90% of cases of AOM and OME. […] Risk factors for AOM are listed in Table 1. […] AOM should not be diagnosed in children who do not have objective evidence of middle ear effusion. […] OME is defined as middle ear effusion in the absence of acute symptoms. […] Antibiotics, decongestants, and nasal steroids do not hasten the clearance of middle ear fluid and are not recommended.

• #88 Ear infection (middle ear) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351622

  A healthcare professional can often diagnose an ear infection based on symptoms and an exam. The exam likely includes looking inside the child’s ears with a lighted instrument known as an otoscope. If the eardrum is red and bulging, there’s likely an infection. […] The diagnosis of ear infection often means acute otitis media. This involves having fluid in the middle ear or symptoms of an infection, such as fluid suddenly coming from the ear. […] Ear tubes drain fluid from the middle ear. Ear tubes might help children who have repeated, long-lasting ear infections, also known as chronic otitis media. Ear tubes also might help children who have fluid buildup in the ear after an infection cleared up, known as otitis media with effusion. […] Children who have infections often or who always have fluid in the middle ear will need to be watched. Talk to your child’s healthcare professional about how often to schedule follow-up appointments. Follow-up might include regular hearing and language tests.

• #89 Otitis Media: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1001/p435.html/1000

  Children with persistent, significant AOM symptoms despite at least 48 to 72 hours of antibiotic therapy should be reexamined. […] For children with recurrent AOM (i.e., three or more episodes in six months, or four episodes within 12 months with at least one episode during the preceding six months) with middle ear effusion, tympanostomy tubes may be considered to reduce the need for systemic antibiotics in favor of observation, or topical antibiotics for tube otorrhea. […] Management of OME is summarized in Table 5. […] Two rare complications of OME are transient hearing loss potentially associated with language delay, and chronic anatomic injury to the tympanic membrane requiring reconstructive surgery.

• #90 Ear infection (middle ear) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351622

  A healthcare professional can often diagnose an ear infection based on symptoms and an exam. The exam likely includes looking inside the child’s ears with a lighted instrument known as an otoscope. If the eardrum is red and bulging, there’s likely an infection. […] The diagnosis of ear infection often means acute otitis media. This involves having fluid in the middle ear or symptoms of an infection, such as fluid suddenly coming from the ear. […] Ear tubes drain fluid from the middle ear. Ear tubes might help children who have repeated, long-lasting ear infections, also known as chronic otitis media. Ear tubes also might help children who have fluid buildup in the ear after an infection cleared up, known as otitis media with effusion. […] Children who have infections often or who always have fluid in the middle ear will need to be watched. Talk to your child’s healthcare professional about how often to schedule follow-up appointments. Follow-up might include regular hearing and language tests.

• #91 Pediatric chronic ear infections (otitis media) – Children’s Health ENT

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/chronic-ear-infection

  If your child has had persistent ear infections or persistent fluid buildup in the middle ear, your doctor may refer you to a hearing specialist (audiologist), speech therapist or developmental therapist to test your child’s hearing, speech skills, language comprehension or developmental abilities. […] The most common cause is a buildup of fluid and mucus behind the eardrum, which does not drain properly through the ear’s eustachian tube. […] The eustachian tube, which connects the upper throat to the middle ear, is smaller in children, making it more difficult for fluid to drain out of the ear. […] Children are more prone to ear infections between ages two and four, when their eustachian tubes are shorter and narrower and prone to blockage. […] If your child is diagnosed with a chronic ear infection, treatments may include a combination of over-the-counter pain medication and ear drops. In rare instances, antibiotics may be prescribed.

• #92 Ear Infections | Otitis Media | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/earinfections.html

  Ear infections are the most common reason parents bring their child to a doctor. Three out of four children will have at least one ear infection by their third birthday. Adults can also get ear infections, but they are less common. […] The infection usually affects the middle ear and is called otitis media. […] Statistics about Hearing, Balance, Ear Infections and Deafness From the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders). […] ClinicalTrials.gov: Otitis Media From the National Institutes of Health (National Institutes of Health).

• #93 Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

  Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis made by office-based physicians in children younger than 15 years. […] A study by Hasegawa et al, using a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, found that otitis media was the second most common cause of infectious disease-related emergency department visits in the United States in 2011. The study found that otitis media was diagnosed in 18% of such cases, compared with upper respiratory infection in 41% of cases. […] Rates of otitis media (OM) equal to or higher than rates in the United States are noted internationally, especially in less developed countries. […] A study by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators reported that 391 million new episodes of otitis media occurred globally in 2021, the incidence rate being 4958.9 per 100,000.

• #94 Q&A: The rate of common colds and ear infections are declining | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/videos/qa-rate-common-colds-and-ear-infections-are-declining

  Otitis media is commonly known as middle ear infection. […] Globally, the incidence rates of URIs and otitis media have declined gradually over time. […] According to our results, in children younger than two years old experienced the highest incidence rates of both URIs and otitis media in 2021. […] Acute otitis media often develops during or after a cold. […] This issue is more common in children, whose Eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal, making them more susceptible to blockage and infections. […] Regarding the combined burden of URIs and otitis media, they accounted for an estimated just under 7 million years lived with disability and a little over 8 million disability-adjusted life years in 2021, underscoring a substantial health loss.

• #95 Acute otitis media in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-otitis-media-in-adults/print

  Acute otitis media (AOM) occurs much more commonly in children than in adults. The overall incidence of AOM has decreased over the last several decades. […] A 2005 global disease burden modeling-based study estimated the annual incidence of AOM as follows: children and adults aged 15 to 24 years, 3.1 to 3.5 percent; and adults aged 25 to 85 years, 1.5 to 2.3 percent. […] In a 2015 to 2018 Netherlands study including patients age ≥15, there was an overall incidence of AOM of 5.3 per 1000 person-years; the incidence declined with age (age 15 to 39, 7.1 per 1000 person-years; age ≥64 years, 2.7 per 1000 person-years).

• #96 Q&A: The rate of common colds and ear infections are declining | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/videos/qa-rate-common-colds-and-ear-infections-are-declining

  Otitis media is commonly known as middle ear infection. […] Globally, the incidence rates of URIs and otitis media have declined gradually over time. […] According to our results, in children younger than two years old experienced the highest incidence rates of both URIs and otitis media in 2021. […] Acute otitis media often develops during or after a cold. […] This issue is more common in children, whose Eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal, making them more susceptible to blockage and infections. […] Regarding the combined burden of URIs and otitis media, they accounted for an estimated just under 7 million years lived with disability and a little over 8 million disability-adjusted life years in 2021, underscoring a substantial health loss.

• #97 Ear Infection Basics | Ear Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ear-infection/about/index.html

  Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. […] Middle ear infection (acute otitis media) is an infection in the middle ear. […] Bacteria, like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (nontypeable), are the two most common bacteria causing middle ear infection. […] Pneumococcal vaccine protects against a common cause of middle ear infections, Streptococcus pneumonia. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose a middle ear infection by asking about symptoms and examining your child. […] Severe middle ear infections or infections that last longer than 23 days need antibiotics right away.

• #98 Ear infections Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ear-infections

  AOM generally affects children ages 6 to 18 months. […] Otitis media with effusion (OME) is very common in children age 6 months to 4 years, with about 90% of children having OME at some point. […] The best way to prevent ear infections is to prevent colds and flu. […] The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) protects against 13 of the most important strains of S. pneumoniae that cause pneumococcal meningitis, pneumococcal pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. […] Tympanostomy surgery involves the insertion of a tiny tube to prevent fluid from building up in the middle ear.

• #99 Otitis Media With Effusion: Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ear-infection/research-protocol

  Otitis media with effusion (OME) is defined as a collection of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of ear infection. It typically arises when the Eustachian tubes are not functioning normally. When this happens, pressure changes occur in the middle ear and fluid can accumulate. […] OME is one of the most commonly occurring childhood illnesses in the United States with more than 2.2 million diagnosed cases each year at an estimated annual cost of 4 billion dollars. […] Many episodes of OME resolve spontaneously within 3 months, but 30 to 40 percent of children have recurrent episodes and 5 to 10 percent of cases last more than 1 year. […] Additionally, some subpopulations of children are disproportionately affected by OME. Those with cleft palate, Down syndrome, and other craniofacial anomalies are at high risk for anatomic causes of OME in addition to worsened function of the Eustachian tube.

• #100 Ear Infection Treatment Market Statistics | Forecast – 2032

  https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/ear-infection-treatment-market-A08432

  The global ear infection treatment market size was valued at $11.8 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach $19.5 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.1% from 2023 to 2032. An ear infection is defined as an infection of the ear that can affect different parts of the ear including the inner ear, middle ear, and outer ear. The middle ear infection is the most common ear infection. A middle ear infection, also known as otitis media, is a condition in which the middle ear becomes inflamed. It often occurs in children and is usually caused by bacterial infection, often following a cold or upper respiratory infection. […] The growth of the ear infection treatment market size is driven by the rise in prevalence of ear infection, which further increases the demand for ear infection treatment.

• #101 Ear Infection Treatment Market Statistics | Forecast – 2032

  https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/ear-infection-treatment-market-A08432

  The middle ear segment generated maximum revenue in 2022, owing to a higher number of people suffering from middle ear infection and the high number of surgery performed for the treatment of middle ear infection. […] The leading segment of the Ear Infection Treatment Market is the middle ear infection.

• #102 Ear Infection Treatment Market Statistics | Forecast – 2032

  https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/ear-infection-treatment-market-A08432

  The global ear infection treatment market size was valued at $11.8 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach $19.5 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.1% from 2023 to 2032. An ear infection is defined as an infection of the ear that can affect different parts of the ear including the inner ear, middle ear, and outer ear. The middle ear infection is the most common ear infection. A middle ear infection, also known as otitis media, is a condition in which the middle ear becomes inflamed. It often occurs in children and is usually caused by bacterial infection, often following a cold or upper respiratory infection. […] The growth of the ear infection treatment market size is driven by the rise in prevalence of ear infection, which further increases the demand for ear infection treatment.

• #103 Otitis Media With Effusion: Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ear-infection/research-protocol

  Given the natural history of OME, particularly in relation to the high instance of spontaneous resolution, clinical decisions are complicated, and despite recent practice guidelines and systematic reviews, the comparative benefits and harms of treatments and treatment strategies for OME are uncertain.

• #104 Middle Ear Infection Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Antibiotics

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ear_infection/article.htm

  Otitis media is not contagious (although the initial cold that caused it may be). Currently, the best way to prevent acute otitis media is to assure a child is vaccinated. Ensuring that your child receives an annual flu vaccine and is up to date with his/her pneumococcal vaccine is the best way to prevent the most common causes of middle ear infections (otitis media).

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