Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammation of the conjunctival tissue, engorgement of the blood vessels, pain, and ocular discharge, and is classified as acute or chronic and infectious or noninfectious. […] Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes inflamed due to an infection or an irritant. As a result of this inflammation, the blood vessels in the conjunctiva dilate, causing redness or hyperemia, and the conjunctiva can also become swollen. The inflammation affects the entire conjunctiva, and depending on the cause, discharge may also be present. Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs when the eye’s surface tissues are colonized by normal flora like Staphylococci sp., Streptococci, and Corynebacteria. The epithelial covering of the conjunctiva is the primary defense mechanism against infection, and any disruption in this barrier can lead to infection. […] Secondary defense mechanisms include immune reactions carried out by the tear film immunoglobulins and lysozyme, conjunctival vasculature, and the rinsing action of blinking and lacrimation.

• #2 Pink eye (conjunctivitis) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20376355

  Pink eye is the inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane that lines your eyelid and eyeball. […] Pink eye is an inflammation of the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and eyeball. This membrane is called the conjunctiva. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become swollen and irritated, they’re more visible. This is what causes the whites of the eyes to appear reddish or pink. Pink eye also is called conjunctivitis. […] Pink eye is most often caused by a viral infection. It also can be caused by a bacterial infection, an allergic reaction or in babies an incompletely opened tear duct. […] Most cases of pink eye are caused by adenovirus. It also can be caused by other viruses, including herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. […] Both viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can occur along with colds or symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as a sore throat. Wearing contact lenses that aren’t cleaned properly or aren’t your own can cause bacterial conjunctivitis.

• #3 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva — the thin, clear tissue that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid. […] Treatment will depend on whether your pink eye is due to a virus, bacteria, allergies, or an irritating substance. […] Several things could be to blame, but the most common causes of pink eye are: Viruses, including the kind that causes the common cold, Bacteria, Allergens such as pollen, dust, or smoke. It could also be due to a special type of allergy that affects some people who wear contact lenses. […] Conjunctivitis sometimes results from an STD. Gonorrhea can bring on a rare but dangerous form of bacterial conjunctivitis. It can lead to vision loss if you dont treat it. Chlamydia can cause conjunctivitis in adults.

• #4 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Inflammation of the conjunctiva is known as conjunctivitis and is characterized by dilation of the conjunctival vessels, resulting in hyperemia and edema of the conjunctiva, typically with associated discharge. […] Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa. Bacteria infiltrate the conjunctival epithelial layer and sometimes the substantia propia as well.

• #5 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Direct infection and inflammation of the conjunctival surface, bystander effects on adjacent tissues such as the cornea, and the host’s acute inflammatory response and long-term reparative response all contribute to the pathology. […] The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent, vascular mucous membrane of a non-keratinizing squamous epithelium investing the inner lid surfaces and the anterior sclera, and it is important in maintaining a suitable environment for the cornea and as defense against infection and trauma. Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva and is characterized by dilation of the conjunctival vessels, resulting in hyperemia and edema of the conjunctiva, typically with associated discharge. […] Between 65% and 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses, and they produce two of the common clinical entities associated with viral conjunctivitis: pharyngoconjunctival fever, and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

• #6 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammation of the conjunctival tissue, engorgement of the blood vessels, pain, and ocular discharge, and is classified as acute or chronic and infectious or noninfectious. […] Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes inflamed due to an infection or an irritant. As a result of this inflammation, the blood vessels in the conjunctiva dilate, causing redness or hyperemia, and the conjunctiva can also become swollen. The inflammation affects the entire conjunctiva, and depending on the cause, discharge may also be present. Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs when the eye’s surface tissues are colonized by normal flora like Staphylococci sp., Streptococci, and Corynebacteria. The epithelial covering of the conjunctiva is the primary defense mechanism against infection, and any disruption in this barrier can lead to infection. […] Secondary defense mechanisms include immune reactions carried out by the tear film immunoglobulins and lysozyme, conjunctival vasculature, and the rinsing action of blinking and lacrimation.

• #7 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  The surface tissues of the eye and the ocular adnexa are colonized by normal flora such as streptococci, staphylococci, and corynebacteria. Alterations in the host defense, in the bacterial titer, or in the species of bacteria can lead to clinical infection. Alteration in the flora also can result from external contamination (eg, contact lens wear, swimming), the use of topical or systemic antibiotics, or spread from adjacent infectious sites (eg, rubbing of the eyes). […] The primary defense against infection is the epithelial layer covering the conjunctiva. Disruption of this barrier can lead to infection. Secondary defenses include hematologic immune mechanisms carried by the conjunctival vasculature, tear film immunoglobulins, and lysozyme and the rinsing action of lacrimation and blinking.

• #8 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  The surface tissues of the eye and the ocular adnexa are colonized by normal flora such as streptococci, staphylococci, and corynebacteria. Alterations in the host defense, in the bacterial titer, or in the species of bacteria can lead to clinical infection. Alteration in the flora also can result from external contamination (eg, contact lens wear, swimming), the use of topical or systemic antibiotics, or spread from adjacent infectious sites (eg, rubbing of the eyes). […] The primary defense against infection is the epithelial layer covering the conjunctiva. Disruption of this barrier can lead to infection. Secondary defenses include hematologic immune mechanisms carried by the conjunctival vasculature, tear film immunoglobulins, and lysozyme and the rinsing action of lacrimation and blinking.

• #9 Pink eye (conjunctivitis) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20376355

  Both types are very contagious. They are spread through direct or indirect contact with the liquid that drains from the eye of someone who’s infected. One or both eyes may be affected. […] Allergic conjunctivitis affects both eyes. It is a response to an allergy-causing substance such as pollen. In response to allergens, your body produces an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE triggers special cells in the mucous lining of your eyes and airways to release inflammatory substances, including histamines. Your body’s release of histamine can produce a number of allergy symptoms, including red or pink eyes. […] Irritation from a chemical splash or foreign object in the eye also is associated with conjunctivitis. Sometimes flushing and cleaning the eye to wash out the chemical or object causes redness and irritation. Symptoms, which may include watery eyes and a mucous discharge, usually clear up on their own within about a day.

• #10 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Direct infection and inflammation of the conjunctival surface, bystander effects on adjacent tissues such as the cornea, and the host’s acute inflammatory response and long-term reparative response all contribute to the pathology. […] The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent, vascular mucous membrane of a non-keratinizing squamous epithelium investing the inner lid surfaces and the anterior sclera, and it is important in maintaining a suitable environment for the cornea and as defense against infection and trauma. Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva and is characterized by dilation of the conjunctival vessels, resulting in hyperemia and edema of the conjunctiva, typically with associated discharge. […] Between 65% and 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses, and they produce two of the common clinical entities associated with viral conjunctivitis: pharyngoconjunctival fever, and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

• #11 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. Conjunctivitis causes the eye to appear erythematous secondary to the dilation of blood vessels and is usually accompanied by increased tearing and/or mucoid discharge. […] Viral conjunctivitis is responsible for the majority of infectious conjunctivitis, accounting for up to 75% of cases. Characteristics of viral conjunctivitis include redness, blood vessel engorgement, ocular discharge, pain, photophobia, and pseudomembranes. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. Frequently associated infections caused by the adenovirus include upper respiratory tract infections, eye infections, and diarrhea in children.

• #12 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Inflammation of the conjunctiva is known as conjunctivitis and is characterized by dilation of the conjunctival vessels, resulting in hyperemia and edema of the conjunctiva, typically with associated discharge. […] Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa. Bacteria infiltrate the conjunctival epithelial layer and sometimes the substantia propia as well.

• #13 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. Conjunctivitis causes the eye to appear erythematous secondary to the dilation of blood vessels and is usually accompanied by increased tearing and/or mucoid discharge. […] Viral conjunctivitis is responsible for the majority of infectious conjunctivitis, accounting for up to 75% of cases. Characteristics of viral conjunctivitis include redness, blood vessel engorgement, ocular discharge, pain, photophobia, and pseudomembranes. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. Frequently associated infections caused by the adenovirus include upper respiratory tract infections, eye infections, and diarrhea in children.

• #14 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) Causes – All About Vision

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/conjunctivitis/causes/

  Pink eye (conjunctivitis) does not have a single, universal cause. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens and several kinds of eye irritants. […] Viruses cause an estimated 80% of pink eye cases. Of that number, around 90% are caused by adenoviruses the same viruses responsible for the common cold. […] Bacterial pink eye is also extremely contagious. It is often due to staph and strep bacteria. […] The bacterial form spreads in ways much like the viral form. These include coughs and sneezes, infrequent hand washing and physical contact with an infected person. […] The basic definition of conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the eyes conjunctiva. […] GPC is characterized by bumps (called papillae) that appear inside the upper eyelid. These bumps are part of an abnormal immune response to eyelid irritation.

• #15 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. In children pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) due to HAdV types 3, 4, and 7 results in acute follicular conjunctivitis with fever, pharyngitis, periauricular lymphadenopathy. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is the most severe ocular infection caused by adenovirus and is classically associated with serotypes 8, 19, and 37. […] The cornea can be affected by the viral replication in the epithelium and anterior stroma leading to superficial punctate keratopathy and subepithelial infiltrates. […] Regardless of the etiology, most cases of conjunctivitis can be categorized as either papillary or follicular. Neither classification is pathognomonic for a particular disease entity. Papillary conjunctivitis produces a cobblestone arrangement of flattened nodules with central vascular cores.

• #16 Viral Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview

  Viral conjunctivitis, or pinkeye (see the image below), is a common, self-limiting condition that typically is caused by adenovirus. […] Adenoviral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis. […] Particular subtypes of adenoviral conjunctivitis include epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC; pink eye) and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF). […] Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious, usually for 10-12 days from onset as long as the eyes are red, in addition to a prodromal period of 3-7 days. […] Transmission may occur through accidental inoculation of viral particles from the patient’s hands or by contact with infected upper respiratory droplets, fomites, or contaminated swimming pools. […] Primary ocular herpes simplex infection is common in children and usually is associated with a follicular conjunctivitis.

• #17 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. In children pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) due to HAdV types 3, 4, and 7 results in acute follicular conjunctivitis with fever, pharyngitis, periauricular lymphadenopathy. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is the most severe ocular infection caused by adenovirus and is classically associated with serotypes 8, 19, and 37. […] The cornea can be affected by the viral replication in the epithelium and anterior stroma leading to superficial punctate keratopathy and subepithelial infiltrates. […] Regardless of the etiology, most cases of conjunctivitis can be categorized as either papillary or follicular. Neither classification is pathognomonic for a particular disease entity. Papillary conjunctivitis produces a cobblestone arrangement of flattened nodules with central vascular cores.

• #18 Viral Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview

  VZV can affect the conjunctiva during primary infection (chickenpox) or secondary infection (zoster). […] Picornaviruses cause an acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) that is clinically similar to adenoviral conjunctivitis but is more severe and hemorrhagic. […] Molluscum contagiosum may produce a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that occurs secondary to shedding of viral particles into the conjunctival sac from an irritative eyelid lesion. […] HIV is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

• #19 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. In children pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) due to HAdV types 3, 4, and 7 results in acute follicular conjunctivitis with fever, pharyngitis, periauricular lymphadenopathy. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is the most severe ocular infection caused by adenovirus and is classically associated with serotypes 8, 19, and 37. […] The cornea can be affected by the viral replication in the epithelium and anterior stroma leading to superficial punctate keratopathy and subepithelial infiltrates. […] Regardless of the etiology, most cases of conjunctivitis can be categorized as either papillary or follicular. Neither classification is pathognomonic for a particular disease entity. Papillary conjunctivitis produces a cobblestone arrangement of flattened nodules with central vascular cores.

• #20 Viral Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview

  Viral conjunctivitis, or pinkeye (see the image below), is a common, self-limiting condition that typically is caused by adenovirus. […] Adenoviral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis. […] Particular subtypes of adenoviral conjunctivitis include epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC; pink eye) and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF). […] Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious, usually for 10-12 days from onset as long as the eyes are red, in addition to a prodromal period of 3-7 days. […] Transmission may occur through accidental inoculation of viral particles from the patient’s hands or by contact with infected upper respiratory droplets, fomites, or contaminated swimming pools. […] Primary ocular herpes simplex infection is common in children and usually is associated with a follicular conjunctivitis.

• #21 Viral Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview

  Viral conjunctivitis, or pinkeye (see the image below), is a common, self-limiting condition that typically is caused by adenovirus. […] Adenoviral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis. […] Particular subtypes of adenoviral conjunctivitis include epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC; pink eye) and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF). […] Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious, usually for 10-12 days from onset as long as the eyes are red, in addition to a prodromal period of 3-7 days. […] Transmission may occur through accidental inoculation of viral particles from the patient’s hands or by contact with infected upper respiratory droplets, fomites, or contaminated swimming pools. […] Primary ocular herpes simplex infection is common in children and usually is associated with a follicular conjunctivitis.

• #22 Infective Conjunctivitis – Its Pathogenesis, Management and Complications | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44041

  Infective conjunctivitis can be caused by several bacterial and viral pathogens. Infective conjunctivitis can be further differentiated into acute infective conjunctivitis, defined as inflammation of the conjunctiva due to infection that does not last longer than 3 weeks, and chronic conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva that lasts longer than 3 weeks. […] Many general practitioners find it difficult to differentiate between bacterial and viral conjunctivitis. The uncertainty of the pathogenic cause of acute conjunctivitis has led to the routine practice of prescribing a broad spectrum antibiotic topically even though the pathogen has not been proved to be bacterial in nature. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be broadly split into three major categories; hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis, acute conjunctivitis and chronic conjunctivitis.

• #23 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis […] Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. When the infection does not respond to standard antibiotic therapy in sexually active patients, Chlamydia trachomatis should be suspected. […] The most common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults are Staphylococcal species, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.

• #24 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) – All About Vision

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/conjunctivitis/overview/

  Viruses are the most common cause of contagious conjunctivitis, but it is often also caused by bacteria. If certain viruses or bacteria enter the eye, conjunctivitis can develop. It can also develop if a person has a virus or bacterial infection that works its way through the body to the eyes. The viral and bacterial forms are very contagious and spread extremely easily. […] Several different types of bacteria can cause pink eye. However, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are behind most cases, especially in children. Less often, it can develop due to Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningitis. It can also be caused by STD bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. All bacterial forms are usually spread by direct contact, like touching an infected person or item and then rubbing your eyes. […] Most cases of pink eye clear up in a week or two without any complications. However, chronic or severe cases can lead to corneal inflammation, ulcers and even scarring. They may also lead to uveitis. These conditions can be vision threatening.

• #25 So, you think your child has pink eye symptoms. Now what?

  https://www.bswhealth.com/blog/so-you-think-your-child-has-pink-eye-symptoms-now-what

  Pink eye, more formally known as conjunctivitis, is the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye. Pink eye can be caused by several factors, with viral or bacterial infections and allergies being the most common causes. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. Its characterized by redness, swelling and irritation in the affected eye, accompanied by a thick, sticky discharge that is typically yellow or green. […] Viral conjunctivitis is caused by a virus, typically one that causes upper respiratory infections (the common cold). Viral conjunctivitis is usually associated with nasal congestion, runny nose or cough. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by seasonal or non-seasonal allergies. Its typically associated with allergy symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion and postnasal drip. The classic signs of allergic conjunctivitis are itchy, watery eyes.

• #26 Infective Conjunctivitis – Its Pathogenesis, Management and Complications | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44041

  Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly seen in patients affected with N. Gonorrhoea. The onset is often rapid with an exaggerated form of conjunctival injection, chemosis and copious purulent discharge. […] Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is the most commonly seen bacterial conjunctivitis and often presents with a typical presentation, time course and prognosis. […] Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis, ie, red eye with purulent discharge persisting for longer than a few weeks, is generally caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or is associated with a nidus for infection such as in dacryocystitis. […] In certain bacterial conjunctivitis, it is essential to identify a pathogen. […] These pathogens contain proteolytic enzymes which may cause long term damage to the parenchyma of the conjunctiva.

• #27 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is a severe, sight-threatening ocular infection that warrants immediate ophthalmic work-up and management. The infection has an abrupt onset and is characterized by a copious yellow-green purulent discharge that reaccumulates after being wiped away. The most frequent causes of hyperacute purulent conjunctivitis are N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, with N. gonorrhoeae being by far the more common. […] Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection can occur in two distinct clinical forms: trachoma (associated with serotypes A through C) and inclusion conjunctivitis (associated with serotypes D through K). Trachoma, a chronic keratoconjunctivitis, is the most common cause of ocular morbidity and preventable blindness throughout the world. […] Inclusion conjunctivitis is a common, primarily sexually transmitted disease that occurs in both newborns (ophthalmia neonatorum) and adults (adult inclusion conjunctivitis). It is the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis in neonates, followed, in order of decreasing prevalence, by infections with several bacteria species and, finally, N. gonorrhoeae.

• #28 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Inflammation of the conjunctiva is known as conjunctivitis and is characterized by dilation of the conjunctival vessels, resulting in hyperemia and edema of the conjunctiva, typically with associated discharge. […] Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa. Bacteria infiltrate the conjunctival epithelial layer and sometimes the substantia propia as well.

• #29 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Direct infection and inflammation of the conjunctival surface, bystander effects on adjacent tissues such as the cornea, and the host’s acute inflammatory response and long-term reparative response all contribute to the pathology. […] The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent, vascular mucous membrane of a non-keratinizing squamous epithelium investing the inner lid surfaces and the anterior sclera, and it is important in maintaining a suitable environment for the cornea and as defense against infection and trauma. Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva and is characterized by dilation of the conjunctival vessels, resulting in hyperemia and edema of the conjunctiva, typically with associated discharge. […] Between 65% and 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses, and they produce two of the common clinical entities associated with viral conjunctivitis: pharyngoconjunctival fever, and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

• #30 Conjunctivitis or pink eye: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001010.htm

  The conjunctiva is a clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes swollen or inflamed. […] This swelling can be due to an infection, an irritant, dry eyes, or an allergy. […] Conjunctivitis is most often caused by germs such as viruses and bacteria. […] „Pink eye” most often refers to a highly contagious viral infection that spreads easily among children. […] Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes inflamed due to a reaction to pollen, dander, mold, or other allergy-causing substances. […] Anything which irritates the eye may also cause conjunctivitis. These include chemicals, smoke, dust, and over-use of contact lenses (often extended-wear lenses) can lead to conjunctivitis. […] Treatment of conjunctivitis depends on the cause.

• #31 Pink eye (conjunctivitis) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20376355

  Both types are very contagious. They are spread through direct or indirect contact with the liquid that drains from the eye of someone who’s infected. One or both eyes may be affected. […] Allergic conjunctivitis affects both eyes. It is a response to an allergy-causing substance such as pollen. In response to allergens, your body produces an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE triggers special cells in the mucous lining of your eyes and airways to release inflammatory substances, including histamines. Your body’s release of histamine can produce a number of allergy symptoms, including red or pink eyes. […] Irritation from a chemical splash or foreign object in the eye also is associated with conjunctivitis. Sometimes flushing and cleaning the eye to wash out the chemical or object causes redness and irritation. Symptoms, which may include watery eyes and a mucous discharge, usually clear up on their own within about a day.

• #32 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Most frequently, conjunctivitis (and thus red eye) is caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydial infection and gonorrhea are less common causes of conjunctivitis. However, these infections are becoming more prevalent and are important to recognize because of their significant associated systemic, ocular and social implications. […] Ocular allergy in its many forms is one of the major causes of chronic conjunctivitis. Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), dry eye and the prolonged use of ophthalmic medications, contact lenses and ophthalmic solutions are also relatively frequent causes of chronic conjunctival inflammation. […] The term conjunctivitis encompasses a broad group of conditions presenting as inflammation of the conjunctiva. The inflammation can be hyperacute, acute or chronic in presentation and infectious or noninfectious in origin. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye.

• #33

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/conjunctivitis-what-is-pink-eye-copy

  Pink eye (often called conjunctivitis) is when the conjunctiva is irritated by an infection or allergies. […] Conjunctivitis can be caused by a virus, bacteria or by allergies. Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are easily spread from person to person. […] Viral conjunctivitis is the most common type of conjunctivitis. This type of pink eye is very contagious and often spreads through schools and other crowded places. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is also very contagious. An infection from bacteria causes this form of pink eye. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is a type of pink eye that comes from an allergic reaction to pollen, animals, cigarette smoke, pool chlorine, car fumes or something else in the environment. […] Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis can be quite contagious. […] If your pink eye is caused by a bacterial infection, your ophthalmologist may prescribe antibiotic eye drops, depending on how severe your symptoms are. […] Conjunctivitis usually goes away on its own within 12 weeks.

• #34 Pink Eye: Causes, Treatment and Prevention – Texas Health Care

  https://www.txhealthcare.com/posts/pink-eye-causes-treatment-and-prevention/

  Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when an allergen, such as pollen, causes the body to release histamines as part of a natural immune response. […] There are a lot of irritants in the environment that can irritate eyes and cause conjunctivitis. Exposure to chemicals – splashed directly in the eye or through fumes – can cause pink eye.

• #35 Pink eye (conjunctivitis) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20376355

  Both types are very contagious. They are spread through direct or indirect contact with the liquid that drains from the eye of someone who’s infected. One or both eyes may be affected. […] Allergic conjunctivitis affects both eyes. It is a response to an allergy-causing substance such as pollen. In response to allergens, your body produces an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE triggers special cells in the mucous lining of your eyes and airways to release inflammatory substances, including histamines. Your body’s release of histamine can produce a number of allergy symptoms, including red or pink eyes. […] Irritation from a chemical splash or foreign object in the eye also is associated with conjunctivitis. Sometimes flushing and cleaning the eye to wash out the chemical or object causes redness and irritation. Symptoms, which may include watery eyes and a mucous discharge, usually clear up on their own within about a day.

• #36 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Pink eye, caused by some bacteria and viruses, can spread quickly from person to person. But it isnt a serious health risk if diagnosed promptly. […] Bacterial strains affect children more often than adults. These infections spread easily and are typically seen from December through April. […] If treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment, it goes away quickly without causing eye problems. […] Pink eye in newborns is called neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum. It can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection, a blocked tear duct, or irritation from topical medicines given to the baby at birth. […] It’s a serious form of pink eye, so get medical help immediately if your baby has discharge in their eye or if their eyelids look puffy and tender. […] Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is linked to long-term contact lens use, but it can also happen around surgery stitches near the eyelid.

• #37 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-of-conjunctivitis-3421988

  This can happen in conditions like ocular rosacea/dry eye, Sjgren’s, and thyroid eye disease. […] The symptoms of pink eye are triggered when the immune system responds to an infection or irritant with inflammation. Blood vessels dilate to help immune cells reach the area, causing redness and swelling. […] If there is an infection, the accumulation of dead white blood cells and dead bacteria (or viruses) can lead to the formation of pus. […] Depending on the type and severity of your condition, your healthcare provider may want to get a sample of eye discharge to identify the cause of infection. Other tests may include a rapid adenovirus screening to confirm EKC or a fluorescein eye stain to look for abrasions or evidence of a sore or lesion (such as might occur with the herpes simplex virus). […] The treatment of pink eye is dependent on the underlying cause. In some cases, the symptoms may resolve on their own. In other cases, they may require treatment with topical eye drops or oral medications to treat an underlying infection.

• #38 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. In children pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) due to HAdV types 3, 4, and 7 results in acute follicular conjunctivitis with fever, pharyngitis, periauricular lymphadenopathy. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is the most severe ocular infection caused by adenovirus and is classically associated with serotypes 8, 19, and 37. […] The cornea can be affected by the viral replication in the epithelium and anterior stroma leading to superficial punctate keratopathy and subepithelial infiltrates. […] Regardless of the etiology, most cases of conjunctivitis can be categorized as either papillary or follicular. Neither classification is pathognomonic for a particular disease entity. Papillary conjunctivitis produces a cobblestone arrangement of flattened nodules with central vascular cores.

• #39 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Independent of the etiology, the histologic appearance of papillary conjunctivitis is the same: closely packed, flat-topped projections, with numerous eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells in the stroma surrounding a central vascular channel. […] Follicular conjunctivitis is seen in a variety of conditions, including inflammation caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, toxins, and topical medications. In contrast to papillae, follicles are small, dome-shaped nodules without a prominent central vessel. Histologically, a lymphoid follicle is situated in the subepithelial region and consists of a germinal center with immature, proliferating lymphocytes surrounded by a ring of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. […] The diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis is based on clinical and laboratory signs. Correct and early identification of etiology allows appropriate treatment and the avoidance of longer-term complications. […] The majority of cases of virus conjunctivitis resolve on their own. In rare cases, chronic infection may occur. Most cases resolve within 14-30 days.

• #40 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Independent of the etiology, the histologic appearance of papillary conjunctivitis is the same: closely packed, flat-topped projections, with numerous eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells in the stroma surrounding a central vascular channel. […] Follicular conjunctivitis is seen in a variety of conditions, including inflammation caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, toxins, and topical medications. In contrast to papillae, follicles are small, dome-shaped nodules without a prominent central vessel. Histologically, a lymphoid follicle is situated in the subepithelial region and consists of a germinal center with immature, proliferating lymphocytes surrounded by a ring of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. […] The diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis is based on clinical and laboratory signs. Correct and early identification of etiology allows appropriate treatment and the avoidance of longer-term complications. […] The majority of cases of virus conjunctivitis resolve on their own. In rare cases, chronic infection may occur. Most cases resolve within 14-30 days.

• #41 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Independent of the etiology, the histologic appearance of papillary conjunctivitis is the same: closely packed, flat-topped projections, with numerous eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells in the stroma surrounding a central vascular channel. […] Follicular conjunctivitis is seen in a variety of conditions, including inflammation caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, toxins, and topical medications. In contrast to papillae, follicles are small, dome-shaped nodules without a prominent central vessel. Histologically, a lymphoid follicle is situated in the subepithelial region and consists of a germinal center with immature, proliferating lymphocytes surrounded by a ring of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. […] The diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis is based on clinical and laboratory signs. Correct and early identification of etiology allows appropriate treatment and the avoidance of longer-term complications. […] The majority of cases of virus conjunctivitis resolve on their own. In rare cases, chronic infection may occur. Most cases resolve within 14-30 days.

• #42 Conjunctivitis or pink eye: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001010.htm

  Antibiotic medicines work well to treat conjunctivitis caused by bacteria. […] Most cases of viral conjunctivitis will go away on its own without antibiotic eye drops. […] The outcome for bacterial infections is most often good with early antibiotic treatment. Pinkeye (viral conjunctivitis) can easily spread through entire households or classrooms, but a full recovery is expected.

• #43 Infective Conjunctivitis – Its Pathogenesis, Management and Complications | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44041

  The prognosis of bacterial conjunctivitis is normally very good with the correct and prompt treatment of the infection. In many cases, spontaneous remission, without a cure, is seen. […] Viral conjunctivitis is a common infection amongst the Western population, and is often associated with other infections around the body. […] The key symptom of viral conjunctivitis is pink eye. This shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva, which is often easily mistaken for the ciliary injection of iritis. […] The most serious complication of viral conjunctivitis is herpes simplex keratitis, a corneal ulcer, which can ultimately lead to blindness. This is an extremely rare side effect of viral conjunctivitis and requires immediate transfer to hospital and review by the ophthalmologists.

• #44 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) Causes – All About Vision

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/conjunctivitis/causes/

  Chemical conjunctivitis is another subtype of the irritant form. Its the name sometimes used for cases that are caused specifically by a chemical irritant. […] Toxic conjunctivitis generally develops gradually, over many weeks of using the eye drops. […] Chronic conjunctivitis means that the symptoms have lasted for four weeks or longer. […] The most common types of pink eye do not generally cause any harmful complications. But complications are possible, especially in newborns and in severe or chronic cases. If left untreated, these cases can cause vision-threatening corneal damage and other problems.

• #45 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Pink eye, caused by some bacteria and viruses, can spread quickly from person to person. But it isnt a serious health risk if diagnosed promptly. […] Bacterial strains affect children more often than adults. These infections spread easily and are typically seen from December through April. […] If treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment, it goes away quickly without causing eye problems. […] Pink eye in newborns is called neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum. It can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection, a blocked tear duct, or irritation from topical medicines given to the baby at birth. […] It’s a serious form of pink eye, so get medical help immediately if your baby has discharge in their eye or if their eyelids look puffy and tender. […] Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is linked to long-term contact lens use, but it can also happen around surgery stitches near the eyelid.

• #46 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)

  http://www.hertzogfamilyeyecare.com/pink-eye-conjunctivitis.html

  Antibiotics can help shorten the illness and reduce the spread of infection to others. Your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotic eye drops or ointment, which should resolve the infection within several days. […] Conjunctivitis caused by an allergy usually improves by eliminating or significantly reducing contact with the allergen (such as pollen or animal dander). […] If you develop conjunctivitis and you wear contacts, stop using them temporarily until the conjunctivitis resolves. […] Newborns can develop pink eye, which is called neonatal conjunctivitis, or less commonly, ophthalmia neonatorum. Common symptoms include eye discharge and puffy, red eyelids within one day to two weeks after birth. […] A mother can pass on infectious conjunctivitis to her newborn during childbirth, even she has no symptoms herself, because she may carry bacteria or viruses in the birth canal. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis may be treated with topical antibiotic eye drops and ointments, oral antibiotics, or intravenous (given through a vein) antibiotics.

• #47 Conjunctivitis | Pink Eye in Kids | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/conjunctivitis/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye,” is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye. […] There are many bacterial and viral causes of conjunctivitis. Common bacterial causes include Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis. Common viral causes include adenoviruses and herpes virus. Conjunctivitis can also be caused by chemicals (seen mostly in the newborn period, after the use of medicine in the eye to prevent other problems) and allergies. […] Infection can be spread from one eye to the other, or to other people, by touching the affected eye or drainage from the eye. Proper hand washing is very important. Drainage from the eye is contagious for 24 to 48 hours after beginning treatment. […] Gonococcal conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhea. The newborn obtains this type of conjunctivitis by the passage through the birth canal from an infected mother. This type of conjunctivitis may be prevented with the use of eye drops in newborns at birth.

• #48 Conjunctivitis | Pink Eye in Kids | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/conjunctivitis/

  Inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. The symptoms include moderate drainage from the eyes, redness of the eyes, swelling of the conjunctiva, and some swelling of the eyelids. This type of conjunctivitis usually starts 5 to 12 days after birth. […] After the first week of life, other bacteria may be the cause of conjunctivitis in the newborn. The eyes may be red and swollen with some drainage.

• #49 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Pink eye, caused by some bacteria and viruses, can spread quickly from person to person. But it isnt a serious health risk if diagnosed promptly. […] Bacterial strains affect children more often than adults. These infections spread easily and are typically seen from December through April. […] If treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment, it goes away quickly without causing eye problems. […] Pink eye in newborns is called neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum. It can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection, a blocked tear duct, or irritation from topical medicines given to the baby at birth. […] It’s a serious form of pink eye, so get medical help immediately if your baby has discharge in their eye or if their eyelids look puffy and tender. […] Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is linked to long-term contact lens use, but it can also happen around surgery stitches near the eyelid.

Zobacz więcej