Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and trea | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-improving-awareness-prevention-and-treatme-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common disorder of the reproductive tract that is frequently misdiagnosed and inadequately treated. PID and its complications, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, are preventable by screening asymptomatic patients for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and promptly treating individuals with STIs and PID. […] There are key opportunities for prevention including improving provider adherence with national screening guidelines for STIs and PID treatment recommendations and patient medication adherence. […] Prevention of PID falls broadly into the following two categories: 1) prevention of the first PID episode and 2) prevention of recurrent disease. Women who have had one episode of PID need to prevent STI infection given the relationship between recurrent STIs, such as C. trachomatis and infertility.

• #2 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-a-to-z

  Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United States. […] Other than avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse, there is no guaranteed way to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease. However, women who are in monogamous sexual relationships have very little risk if neither person was infected with an STD from a previous partner. […] Because most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are linked to sexually transmitted infections, treating a woman’s sex partners is essential to prevent repeat infections. All recent sex partners of a woman with pelvic inflammatory disease should be treated as if they had both gonorrhea and chlamydia. A woman with pelvic inflammatory disease should not have sex again until her sex partners have been treated. […] To avoid reinfection, your sex partner(s) also should be treated, and you should follow all of the recommendations for prevention.

• #3 Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4998032/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common disorder of the reproductive tract that is frequently misdiagnosed and inadequately treated. PID and its complications, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, are preventable by screening asymptomatic patients for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and promptly treating individuals with STIs and PID. […] Prevention of PID falls broadly into the following two categories: 1) prevention of the first PID episode and 2) prevention of recurrent disease. Women who have had one episode of PID need to prevent STI infection given the relationship between recurrent STIs, such as C. trachomatis and infertility. […] Prevention of the first episode of PID requires early diagnosis of STIs and therefore improved provider adherence to the United States Preventive Screening Task Force and CDC guidelines.

• #4

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031002.htm

  This report provides comprehensive guidelines to aid practitioners and decision makers in achieving PID prevention and management objectives. […] The best strategies for preventing PID are: a) prevention of lower-genital-tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among both men and women, b) when this fails, early detection of lower-tract infection followed by prompt and effective treatment. […] Implementing these two strategies requires the establishment and maintenance of effective sexually transmitted disease (STD) control programs nationally and locally. Along with appropriate medical management of illness, essential elements of such programs include: a) educating individuals to adopt healthy behaviors, b) training clinicians to counsel patients about risky behavior, c) screening persons at risk of STD, and d) involving male partners in prevention and management plans.

• #5 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-strategies-for-treatment-and-prevention

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) remains a relevant public health concern due to long-term effects on reproductive potential. […] Given the correlation between PID and sexual activity, practitioners should be cognizant of this disease in adolescents and young adults. […] The most effective measure for the prevention of PID is prevention of STDs. […] To reduce the risk of STDs, patients should be encouraged to use latex condoms and receive routine screening for STDs, including HIV. […] Women should be counseled on the signs and symptoms of both STDs and PID, educated about avoidance of high-risk behaviors, and advised of the benefits of consistent condom use. […] Screening women for and treating cervical C trachomatis infection can reduce a woman’s risk of PID by approximately 30% to 50% over 1 year.

• #6 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  To reduce your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease: […] Practice safe sex. Use condoms every time you have sex, limit your number of partners and ask about a potential partner’s sexual history. […] Talk to your health care provider about contraception. Many forms of contraception do not protect against the development of PID. Using barrier methods, such as a condom, helps to reduce your risk. Even if you take birth control pills, use a condom every time you have sex with a new partner to protect against STIs. […] Get tested. If you’re at risk of an STI, make an appointment with your provider for testing. Set up a regular screening schedule with your provider if needed. Early treatment of an STI gives you the best chance of avoiding PID. […] Request that your partner be tested. If you have pelvic inflammatory disease or an STI, advise your partner to be tested and treated. This can prevent the spread of STIs and possible recurrence of PID. […] Don’t douche. Douching upsets the balance of bacteria in your vagina.

• #7 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9129-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Getting tested and treated for STIs is the best way to prevent PID. […] Avoiding douching may lower the risk. […] Most of the time, though, PID happens because of unprotected sex. Take steps to practice safe sex. Ways to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can cause PID include: Limiting sexual partners: Your risk increases if you have multiple partners. […] Seeking treatment if you notice symptoms: If you notice signs of PID or other STIs, get treatment right away. Symptoms include unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain or bleeding between periods. […] Getting regular checkups: Have regular gynecological exams and screenings. Often, providers can identify and treat cervical infections before they spread to reproductive organs. […] If you’re sexually active, talk to your healthcare provider about yearly testing for sexually transmitted infections. Providers often recommend testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea to help keep you safe. Also, before having sex with a new partner, it’s a good idea for both of you to get tested for STIs. […] Use condoms or dental dams every time you have sex to protect yourself from infections. […] You can prevent PID by using a condom every time you have sex.

• #8 Pelvic inflammatory disease

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  You may not be able to prevent PID. It is not always caused by an STI. Sometimes, normal bacteria in your vagina can travel up to your reproductive organs and cause PID. […] But, you can lower your risk of PID by not douching. You can also prevent STIs by not having vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] If you do have sex, lower your risk of getting an STI with the following steps: Use condoms. Condoms are the best way to prevent STIs when you have sex. […] Get tested. Be sure you and your partner are tested for STIs. Talk to each other about the test results before you have sex. […] Be monogamous. Having sex with just one partner can lower your risk for STIs. […] Limit your number of sex partners. Your risk of getting STIs goes up with the number of partners you have. […] Do not douche. Douching removes some of the normal bacteria in the vagina that protect you from infection. Douching may also raise your risk for PID by helping bacteria travel to other areas, like your uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. […] Do not abuse alcohol or drugs. Drinking too much alcohol or using drugs increases risky behavior and may put you at risk of sexual assault and possible exposure to STIs. […] The steps work best when used together. No single step can protect you from every single type of STI.

• #9 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  To help prevent PID, take the following steps to avoid STIs: […] Use condoms every time you have sex to prevent STIs. Use condoms even if you use other methods of birth control. […] Have sex only with a partner who does not have an STI and who only has sex with you. […] Limit your number of sex partners. If you or your partner has had previous partners, your risk of getting an STI is increased.

• #10 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p357.html

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract occurring predominantly in sexually active young women. […] Prevention of PID includes screening for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in all women younger than 25 years and those who are at risk or pregnant, plus intensive behavioral counseling for all adolescents and adults at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening are listed in Table 5 and apply to all sexually active women, including pregnant women. […] Specifically, annual screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea is recommended for all sexually active women younger than 25 years and for women at increased risk. […] The American Academy of Family Physicians supports these recommendations.

• #11 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-treatment

  Education should concentrate on strategies to prevent PID and STIs, including reducing the number of sexual partners, avoiding unsafe sexual practices, and routinely using appropriate barrier protection. […] Adolescents, being at an increased risk for PID, should be advised to delay the onset of sexual intercourse until age 16 years or older. […] Women with PID should be counseled to abstain from sexual activity or use barrier protection strictly and appropriately until their symptoms and those of their partner have fully abated and they have completed their entire treatment regimen. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for chlamydial infection in all sexually active nonpregnant women up to age 25 years and in nonpregnant women aged 25 years or older who are at increased risk, as well as in all pregnant women up to age 25 years and in pregnant women aged 25 years or older who are at increased risk.

• #12 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  You can lower your risk of PID by: […] practicing safe sex […] getting tested for sexually transmitted infections […] avoiding douches […] wiping from front to back after using the bathroom to stop bacteria from entering your vagina.

• #13 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Prevention & Symptom Relief – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  Experts recommend that people under the age of 25 who are sexually active get tested for chlamydia every year. […] If you are diagnosed with an STD or PID, then getting treated right away lowers your risk for developing long-term complications. […] Some of the ways you can help prevent infections from developing or recurring include: Using mild soap and detergent. […] Because douching disrupts the normal bacterial balance inside the vagina, it’s a risk factor for developing infections. […] Douching does not actually help to cleanse the vagina. And it can actually make an infection worse by removing beneficial bacteria that are there to protect against harmful bacteria. […] 4 Ways to Help Prevent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice safe sex. […] Screen early for STDs and treat PID right away. […] Prevent vaginal infections by using hygiene products, probiotics and boosting your immunity. […] Don’t douche.

• #14 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  You can lower your risk of PID by: […] practicing safe sex […] getting tested for sexually transmitted infections […] avoiding douches […] wiping from front to back after using the bathroom to stop bacteria from entering your vagina.

• #15 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p357.html

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract occurring predominantly in sexually active young women. […] Prevention of PID includes screening for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in all women younger than 25 years and those who are at risk or pregnant, plus intensive behavioral counseling for all adolescents and adults at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening are listed in Table 5 and apply to all sexually active women, including pregnant women. […] Specifically, annual screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea is recommended for all sexually active women younger than 25 years and for women at increased risk. […] The American Academy of Family Physicians supports these recommendations.

• #16 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-treatment

  Education should concentrate on strategies to prevent PID and STIs, including reducing the number of sexual partners, avoiding unsafe sexual practices, and routinely using appropriate barrier protection. […] Adolescents, being at an increased risk for PID, should be advised to delay the onset of sexual intercourse until age 16 years or older. […] Women with PID should be counseled to abstain from sexual activity or use barrier protection strictly and appropriately until their symptoms and those of their partner have fully abated and they have completed their entire treatment regimen. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for chlamydial infection in all sexually active nonpregnant women up to age 25 years and in nonpregnant women aged 25 years or older who are at increased risk, as well as in all pregnant women up to age 25 years and in pregnant women aged 25 years or older who are at increased risk.

• #17 Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4998032/

  The CDC recommends annual chlamydia and gonorrhea screening in all sexually active women younger than 25 years of age and in sexually active women 25 years of age and older at increased risk defined as women who have a new sex partner, those who have more than one sex partner, those whose sex partner has concurrent partners, or those with a sex partner who has an STI. […] Screening and early treatment of STIs can also decrease the incidence of subclinical PID, which has similar morbidity to acute PID. […] Prevention of recurrent PID is also a public health priority. It is well established that patients with recurrent PID are at risk for greater reproductive sequelae than those who avoid subsequent disease. […] These data suggest that additional efforts to implement clinical interventions aimed at adequate treatment and prevention of recurrent disease are warranted.

• #18 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p791.html/1000

  Pelvic inflammatory disease should be suspected in at risk patients who present with pelvic or lower abdominal pain with no identified etiology, and who have cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness. […] Strategies for preventing pelvic inflammatory disease include routine screening for chlamydia and patient education. […] Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in young women has been shown to decrease the incidence of PID in high-risk populations. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for chlamydia in all sexually active women younger than 25 years and in those 25 years and older at increased risk. […] There is evidence that screening more than once per year may be more effective than annual screening in high-risk groups. […] Women should be screened each time they have a new sex partner. […] Counseling about condom use can decrease the risk of PID. […] Greater awareness about the importance of screening and adequate education on PID prevention are needed for high-risk populations.

• #19 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31524362/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract occurring predominantly in sexually active young women. […] Prevention of PID includes screening for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in all women younger than 25 years and those who are at risk or pregnant, plus intensive behavioral counseling for all adolescents and adults at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections.

• #20 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p791.html/1000

  Pelvic inflammatory disease should be suspected in at risk patients who present with pelvic or lower abdominal pain with no identified etiology, and who have cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness. […] Strategies for preventing pelvic inflammatory disease include routine screening for chlamydia and patient education. […] Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in young women has been shown to decrease the incidence of PID in high-risk populations. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for chlamydia in all sexually active women younger than 25 years and in those 25 years and older at increased risk. […] There is evidence that screening more than once per year may be more effective than annual screening in high-risk groups. […] Women should be screened each time they have a new sex partner. […] Counseling about condom use can decrease the risk of PID. […] Greater awareness about the importance of screening and adequate education on PID prevention are needed for high-risk populations.

• #21 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-strategies-for-treatment-and-prevention

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) remains a relevant public health concern due to long-term effects on reproductive potential. […] Given the correlation between PID and sexual activity, practitioners should be cognizant of this disease in adolescents and young adults. […] The most effective measure for the prevention of PID is prevention of STDs. […] To reduce the risk of STDs, patients should be encouraged to use latex condoms and receive routine screening for STDs, including HIV. […] Women should be counseled on the signs and symptoms of both STDs and PID, educated about avoidance of high-risk behaviors, and advised of the benefits of consistent condom use. […] Screening women for and treating cervical C trachomatis infection can reduce a woman’s risk of PID by approximately 30% to 50% over 1 year.

• #22 Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a narrative review – Greydanus – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/4950/html

  PID requires antibiotics as per established protocols such as found with the CDC and the WHO. […] Various STI/PID screening programs have been utilized around the world over the past few decades such as that of the annual C. trachomatis screening recommended by the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) for all sexually active females under age 26 years of age. […] One study noted a 56% lowering of PID incidence in sexually active females (18 to 34 years of age) who received appropriate C. trachomatis screening. […] Table 8 lists other prevention considerations that have been utilized to reduce PID as well as other STIs. […] Education to delay adolescent coital activity Education about correct condom use Education of potential cause of abdominal pain and need for medical evaluation in such situations Comprehensive sexuality education in schools Include sexuality education to those at high-risk for STIsrunaway teens, incarcerated teens Further research on immunological defenses for infections Further research on vaccines for STIs (as C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae).

• #23

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031002.htm

  Providers should play a leading role in preventing PID and its sequelae. Therefore, clinicians must assume a greater responsibility for such primary prevention activities as counseling, patient education, and community awareness, in addition to their traditional role of diagnosing illness and treating patients.

• #24 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-strategies-for-treatment-and-prevention

  If a female has been diagnosed with PID, she should be encouraged to abstain from sexual intercourse until she and her partner(s) have completed treatment. […] Sexual partners of women with PID should be screened for STDs, including partners from the previous 2 months. […] Education of women, especially adolescents, is critical. […] Vaccine development for the STD pathogens that ultimately cause PID has remained challenging. […] Despite challenges in previous vaccines against pathogens such as Treponema pallidum, C trachomatis, and N gonorrhoeae, new technologies provide hope for development of safe and effective vaccines against STDs, ultimately decreasing PID infection rates as well.

• #25 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9129-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Getting tested and treated for STIs is the best way to prevent PID. […] Avoiding douching may lower the risk. […] Most of the time, though, PID happens because of unprotected sex. Take steps to practice safe sex. Ways to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can cause PID include: Limiting sexual partners: Your risk increases if you have multiple partners. […] Seeking treatment if you notice symptoms: If you notice signs of PID or other STIs, get treatment right away. Symptoms include unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain or bleeding between periods. […] Getting regular checkups: Have regular gynecological exams and screenings. Often, providers can identify and treat cervical infections before they spread to reproductive organs. […] If you’re sexually active, talk to your healthcare provider about yearly testing for sexually transmitted infections. Providers often recommend testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea to help keep you safe. Also, before having sex with a new partner, it’s a good idea for both of you to get tested for STIs. […] Use condoms or dental dams every time you have sex to protect yourself from infections. […] You can prevent PID by using a condom every time you have sex.

• #26 LA County Department of Public Health

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/dhsp/PIDinfo.htm

  If a woman has any of these symptoms, she should stop having sex and consult a health care provider immediately. […] Treating STDs early can prevent PID. […] Women who are told they have an STD and are treated for it should notify all of their recent sex partners so they can see a health care provider and be evaluated for STDs. […] Sexual activity should not resume until all sex partners have been examined and, if necessary, treated.

• #27 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Causes and Prevention

  https://penfieldobgyn.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-causes-and-prevention/

  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a pressing concern for women’s health. It’s crucial to understand its causes and take proactive measures to prevent it. […] Preventing PID is essential. Here are effective strategies to minimize your risk: […] Always practice safe sex and use protection. Regular screenings for STIs are also highly recommended. […] Avoid douching unless specifically recommended by a healthcare professional. […] Maintain good hygiene practices, and always remember to wipe from front to back after using the toilet. […] Regular gynecological check-ups are crucial for detecting and treating infections early. […] Consider vaccines against STIs, such as the HPV vaccine, to reduce the risk of PID. […] A balanced diet, regular exercise, and not smoking can boost your immunity against infections. […] Understanding its causes and implementing preventive measures is crucial. By following safe sex practices, maintaining good hygiene, and seeking early medical attention, you can significantly reduce the risk of PID.

• #28 Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a narrative review – Greydanus – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/4950/html

  PID requires antibiotics as per established protocols such as found with the CDC and the WHO. […] Various STI/PID screening programs have been utilized around the world over the past few decades such as that of the annual C. trachomatis screening recommended by the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) for all sexually active females under age 26 years of age. […] One study noted a 56% lowering of PID incidence in sexually active females (18 to 34 years of age) who received appropriate C. trachomatis screening. […] Table 8 lists other prevention considerations that have been utilized to reduce PID as well as other STIs. […] Education to delay adolescent coital activity Education about correct condom use Education of potential cause of abdominal pain and need for medical evaluation in such situations Comprehensive sexuality education in schools Include sexuality education to those at high-risk for STIsrunaway teens, incarcerated teens Further research on immunological defenses for infections Further research on vaccines for STIs (as C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae).

• #29 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-treatment

  Education should concentrate on strategies to prevent PID and STIs, including reducing the number of sexual partners, avoiding unsafe sexual practices, and routinely using appropriate barrier protection. […] Adolescents, being at an increased risk for PID, should be advised to delay the onset of sexual intercourse until age 16 years or older. […] Women with PID should be counseled to abstain from sexual activity or use barrier protection strictly and appropriately until their symptoms and those of their partner have fully abated and they have completed their entire treatment regimen. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for chlamydial infection in all sexually active nonpregnant women up to age 25 years and in nonpregnant women aged 25 years or older who are at increased risk, as well as in all pregnant women up to age 25 years and in pregnant women aged 25 years or older who are at increased risk.

• #30 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Health Information Library | PeaceHealth

  https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/hw43366

  Your risk of chronic pelvic pain and infertility increases each time you have PID, so it’s important to prevent future infections. […] Use a condom each time you have sex. This can reduce your risk of getting a sexually transmitted infection that might lead to PID. […] Avoid douching. Douching may increase your risk for pelvic infections.

• #31 Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and trea | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-improving-awareness-prevention-and-treatme-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common disorder of the reproductive tract that is frequently misdiagnosed and inadequately treated. PID and its complications, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, are preventable by screening asymptomatic patients for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and promptly treating individuals with STIs and PID. […] There are key opportunities for prevention including improving provider adherence with national screening guidelines for STIs and PID treatment recommendations and patient medication adherence. […] Prevention of PID falls broadly into the following two categories: 1) prevention of the first PID episode and 2) prevention of recurrent disease. Women who have had one episode of PID need to prevent STI infection given the relationship between recurrent STIs, such as C. trachomatis and infertility.

• #32 Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4998032/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common disorder of the reproductive tract that is frequently misdiagnosed and inadequately treated. PID and its complications, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, are preventable by screening asymptomatic patients for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and promptly treating individuals with STIs and PID. […] Prevention of PID falls broadly into the following two categories: 1) prevention of the first PID episode and 2) prevention of recurrent disease. Women who have had one episode of PID need to prevent STI infection given the relationship between recurrent STIs, such as C. trachomatis and infertility. […] Prevention of the first episode of PID requires early diagnosis of STIs and therefore improved provider adherence to the United States Preventive Screening Task Force and CDC guidelines.

• #33 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Prevention

  https://risaaivf.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-symptoms-prevention/

  Preventing Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is important to protect reproductive health and avoid complications like infertility. Since PID is often caused by infections, taking precautions can lower the risk of getting it. Here’s some ways from which you can prevent PID: […] Practice Safe Sex: Using condoms can help lower the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Get Regular Checkups: Routine STI tests help in early detection and treatment. […] Limit Sexual Partners: Having fewer partners lowers the risk of infections. […] Avoid Douching: It can push bacteria deeper into the reproductive organs. […] Complete Treatment for Infections: If diagnosed with an STI, follow the full course of antibiotics. […] Ensure Partner Treatment: If you have an STI, your partner should also get tested and treated. […] Taking these precautions can help protect your reproductive health and prevent PID.

• #34 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-treatment

  Randomized, controlled trials suggest that preventing chlamydial infection reduces the incidence of PID. […] In addition, anyone who has had sexual contact with a woman with PID in the 60 days preceding the onset of her symptoms should be treated empirically for C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae. […] CDC guidelines recommend that even if a patient last had sexual intercourse more than 60 days before symptom onset or diagnosis, the most recent sex partner should be treated. […] Regardless of whether a woman’s sex partners were treated, women diagnosed with chlamydial or gonococcal infection should follow up with repeat testing within 3-6 months. […] Improved education, routine screening, diagnosis, and empirical treatment of these infections should reduce the incidence and prevalence of these processes and the development of long-term sequelae.

• #35 Core Concepts – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/core-concept/all

  The 2024 United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (US MEC) recommended that purulent cervicitis or current N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection are contraindications to IUD insertion. […] Clinicians should have a low threshold for diagnosing and promptly treating PID in sexually active women with pelvic or lower abdominal pain. […] Timely administration of antimicrobial therapy improves outcomes and reduces the risk of long-term adverse sequelae. […] Prompt presumptive PID treatment should be initiated for sexually active young women (and other women at risk of STIs) if they are experiencing pelvic or lower abdominal pain, if no cause for the illness other than PID can be identified, or if one or more minimum clinical criteria are met. […] All recent sex partners of women with PID should receive evaluation and empiric treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea, regardless of the pathogens identified in the woman with PID.

• #36 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Screening and treating sexually active women for chlamydia and gonorrhea reduces their risk for PID. […] Although BV is associated with PID, whether PID incidence can be reduced by identifying and treating women with BV is unclear. […] Treatment should be initiated as soon as the presumptive diagnosis has been made because prevention of long-term sequelae is dependent on early administration of recommended antimicrobials. […] To minimize disease transmission, women should be instructed to abstain from sexual intercourse until therapy is complete, symptoms have resolved, and sex partners have been treated. […] All women who receive a diagnosis of PID should be tested for gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, and syphilis. […] If no clinical improvement has occurred 72 hours after outpatient IM or oral therapy, then hospitalization, assessment of the antimicrobial regimen, and additional diagnostics, including consideration of diagnostic laparoscopy for alternative diagnoses, are recommended.

• #37 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600

  Prompt treatment with medicine can get rid of the infection that causes pelvic inflammatory disease. […] To prevent reinfection with a sexually transmitted infection (STI), your sexual partner or partners should be examined and treated. […] Avoid sexual intercourse until treatment is completed and symptoms have resolved. […] Finding out that you have an STI can be traumatic for you or your partner. Nevertheless, you and your partner should both seek immediate treatment to lessen the severity of PID and to prevent reinfection. […] If you’ve been trying to get pregnant without success, make an appointment for an infertility evaluation. […] How can I prevent future episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease?

• #38 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-treatment

  Randomized, controlled trials suggest that preventing chlamydial infection reduces the incidence of PID. […] In addition, anyone who has had sexual contact with a woman with PID in the 60 days preceding the onset of her symptoms should be treated empirically for C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae. […] CDC guidelines recommend that even if a patient last had sexual intercourse more than 60 days before symptom onset or diagnosis, the most recent sex partner should be treated. […] Regardless of whether a woman’s sex partners were treated, women diagnosed with chlamydial or gonococcal infection should follow up with repeat testing within 3-6 months. […] Improved education, routine screening, diagnosis, and empirical treatment of these infections should reduce the incidence and prevalence of these processes and the development of long-term sequelae.

• #39 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p357.html

  The CDC provides behavioral intervention resources and counseling methods. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not recommend prophylactic antibiotics for colposcopy, loop electrosurgical excision, endometrial biopsy, IUD insertion, or endometrial ablation. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended in a woman undergoing hysterosalpingography if she has a history of PID or dilated tubes at the time of the procedure, uterine evacuation for early pregnancy loss, and first- or second-trimester abortions.

• #40 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0915/p357.html

  The CDC provides behavioral intervention resources and counseling methods. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not recommend prophylactic antibiotics for colposcopy, loop electrosurgical excision, endometrial biopsy, IUD insertion, or endometrial ablation. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended in a woman undergoing hysterosalpingography if she has a history of PID or dilated tubes at the time of the procedure, uterine evacuation for early pregnancy loss, and first- or second-trimester abortions.

• #41

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/

  You can reduce your risk of PID by always using barrier contraception, such as condoms, with a new sexual partner until they have had a sexual health check. […] If you’re worried you may have an STI, visit your local genitourinary medicine (GUM) or sexual health clinic for advice. […] If you need an invasive gynaecological procedure, such as insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) or an abortion, have a check-up beforehand.

• #42 Core Concepts – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/core-concept/all

  The 2024 United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (US MEC) recommended that purulent cervicitis or current N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection are contraindications to IUD insertion. […] Clinicians should have a low threshold for diagnosing and promptly treating PID in sexually active women with pelvic or lower abdominal pain. […] Timely administration of antimicrobial therapy improves outcomes and reduces the risk of long-term adverse sequelae. […] Prompt presumptive PID treatment should be initiated for sexually active young women (and other women at risk of STIs) if they are experiencing pelvic or lower abdominal pain, if no cause for the illness other than PID can be identified, or if one or more minimum clinical criteria are met. […] All recent sex partners of women with PID should receive evaluation and empiric treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea, regardless of the pathogens identified in the woman with PID.

• #43 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  Prevention Not having sex, having few sexual partners, using condoms. […] Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms. […] Regular testing for sexually transmitted infections is encouraged for prevention. The risk of contracting pelvic inflammatory disease can be reduced by the following: Using barrier methods such as condoms; see human sexual behaviour for other listings. Using latex condoms to prevent STIs that may go untreated. Seeking medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of PID. Using hormonal combined contraceptive pills also helps in reducing the chances of PID by thickening the cervical mucosal plug hence preventing the ascent of causative organisms from the lower genital tract. Seeking medical attention after learning that a current or former sex partner has, or might have had a sexually transmitted infection. Getting a STI history from your current partner and strongly encouraging they be tested and treated before intercourse. Diligence in avoiding vaginal activity, particularly intercourse, after the end of a pregnancy (delivery, miscarriage, or abortion) or certain gynecological procedures, to ensure that the cervix closes. Reducing the number of sexual partners; As in sexual monogamy. Avoiding the use of a douche that can upset the natural vaginal microbiota balance.

• #44 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  To reduce your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease: […] Practice safe sex. Use condoms every time you have sex, limit your number of partners and ask about a potential partner’s sexual history. […] Talk to your health care provider about contraception. Many forms of contraception do not protect against the development of PID. Using barrier methods, such as a condom, helps to reduce your risk. Even if you take birth control pills, use a condom every time you have sex with a new partner to protect against STIs. […] Get tested. If you’re at risk of an STI, make an appointment with your provider for testing. Set up a regular screening schedule with your provider if needed. Early treatment of an STI gives you the best chance of avoiding PID. […] Request that your partner be tested. If you have pelvic inflammatory disease or an STI, advise your partner to be tested and treated. This can prevent the spread of STIs and possible recurrence of PID. […] Don’t douche. Douching upsets the balance of bacteria in your vagina.

• #45 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Some risk factors of PID are preventable by: […] Refraining from having multiple sexual partners. Selecting and knowing the sexual history of the partner, ask him to get tested if he is at risk. […] Use of condoms during sexual activity. Other forms of contraception cannot prevent PIDs or STIs. […] Do not douche vagina. […] Seeking proper tests and medical treatment with abnormal vaginal discharge or symptoms of STI. The treatment of an STI can prevent the development of PID. […] If you experience any symptoms suggesting STI (abnormal vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, bleeding between periods, painful urination, etc.), stop having sex and seek medical care as soon as possible. PID can be prevented with a timely treatment of STI. […] Stop having sex until the treatment is completed and the disease resolves. Ask your sexual partner to seek medical care to find out if he is infected because the infection is often asymptomatic. An appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the partner can also help prevent the spread and reinfection.

• #46 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  Prevention Not having sex, having few sexual partners, using condoms. […] Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms. […] Regular testing for sexually transmitted infections is encouraged for prevention. The risk of contracting pelvic inflammatory disease can be reduced by the following: Using barrier methods such as condoms; see human sexual behaviour for other listings. Using latex condoms to prevent STIs that may go untreated. Seeking medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of PID. Using hormonal combined contraceptive pills also helps in reducing the chances of PID by thickening the cervical mucosal plug hence preventing the ascent of causative organisms from the lower genital tract. Seeking medical attention after learning that a current or former sex partner has, or might have had a sexually transmitted infection. Getting a STI history from your current partner and strongly encouraging they be tested and treated before intercourse. Diligence in avoiding vaginal activity, particularly intercourse, after the end of a pregnancy (delivery, miscarriage, or abortion) or certain gynecological procedures, to ensure that the cervix closes. Reducing the number of sexual partners; As in sexual monogamy. Avoiding the use of a douche that can upset the natural vaginal microbiota balance.

• #47 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-3133135

  Intrauterine devices (IUDs): There is an increased risk of PID within the first few weeks after IUD insertion. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease can be treated and cured when diagnosed early. Antibiotics and surgery are two possible treatment options. […] Oral (by mouth) antibiotics can be used to treat STIs and bacterial vaginitis before PID develops. If PID is detected, antibiotics can be used to target the infection. Typically the antibiotic is selected to provide broad-spectrum coverage of the likely bacteria responsible for the infection. […] If you have an STI, your partner will need to be treated as well so that the infection will not continue to be transmitted back and forth.

• #48 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

  https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/health/symptoms-and-diseases/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Lower your chances of developing pelvic inflammatory disease by doing the following: […] Practice safe sex: Always use condoms for intercourse, and inquire about the sexual history of every potential partner. […] Do your research: Discuss with your doctor the types of contraception methods you’re considering since not all of them prevent pelvic inflammatory disease. If you take oral contraceptives, for example, it’s critical to use a condom to protect against STIs. […] Get tested regularly: This is especially important if you think you might be more susceptible to contracting an STI. […] Be responsible: If you’ve been diagnosed with an STI or pelvic inflammatory disease, ask your partner to get tested and treated if necessary. […] Stop douching: As mentioned, this destroys the balance of bacteria in your vagina and should be avoided.

• #49 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-strategies-for-treatment-and-prevention

  If a female has been diagnosed with PID, she should be encouraged to abstain from sexual intercourse until she and her partner(s) have completed treatment. […] Sexual partners of women with PID should be screened for STDs, including partners from the previous 2 months. […] Education of women, especially adolescents, is critical. […] Vaccine development for the STD pathogens that ultimately cause PID has remained challenging. […] Despite challenges in previous vaccines against pathogens such as Treponema pallidum, C trachomatis, and N gonorrhoeae, new technologies provide hope for development of safe and effective vaccines against STDs, ultimately decreasing PID infection rates as well.

• #50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-strategies-for-treatment-and-prevention

  If a female has been diagnosed with PID, she should be encouraged to abstain from sexual intercourse until she and her partner(s) have completed treatment. […] Sexual partners of women with PID should be screened for STDs, including partners from the previous 2 months. […] Education of women, especially adolescents, is critical. […] Vaccine development for the STD pathogens that ultimately cause PID has remained challenging. […] Despite challenges in previous vaccines against pathogens such as Treponema pallidum, C trachomatis, and N gonorrhoeae, new technologies provide hope for development of safe and effective vaccines against STDs, ultimately decreasing PID infection rates as well.

• #51 Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a narrative review – Greydanus – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/4950/html

  PID requires antibiotics as per established protocols such as found with the CDC and the WHO. […] Various STI/PID screening programs have been utilized around the world over the past few decades such as that of the annual C. trachomatis screening recommended by the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) for all sexually active females under age 26 years of age. […] One study noted a 56% lowering of PID incidence in sexually active females (18 to 34 years of age) who received appropriate C. trachomatis screening. […] Table 8 lists other prevention considerations that have been utilized to reduce PID as well as other STIs. […] Education to delay adolescent coital activity Education about correct condom use Education of potential cause of abdominal pain and need for medical evaluation in such situations Comprehensive sexuality education in schools Include sexuality education to those at high-risk for STIsrunaway teens, incarcerated teens Further research on immunological defenses for infections Further research on vaccines for STIs (as C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae).

• #52 Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and trea | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-improving-awareness-prevention-and-treatme-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Prevention of the first episode of PID requires early diagnosis of STIs and therefore improved provider adherence to the United States Preventive Screening Task Force and CDC guidelines. […] The CDC also recommends considering regular screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in women receiving care in high STI prevalence settings and women engaged in high risk behaviors, such as sex with multiple partners, exchanging sex for money or drugs, use of illicit drugs, and prior history of an STI. […] Screening and early treatment of STIs can also decrease the incidence of subclinical PID, which has similar morbidity to acute PID. […] Prevention of recurrent PID is also a public health priority. […] These data suggest that additional efforts to implement clinical interventions aimed at adequate treatment and prevention of recurrent disease are warranted. […] The authors postulate that established interventions, such as OUs and community health nursing, used in new ways have promise for improving patient outcomes after PID.

• #53

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031002.htm

  Preventing PID and its sequelae can take place on three levels — primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention involves avoiding acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. Secondary prevention involves preventing a lower-genital-tract infection from ascending to the upper-genital-tract. Tertiary prevention involves preventing upper-genital-tract infection from leading to tubal dysfunction/obstruction and functional or structural damage to other abdominal/pelvic organs. At each of these levels of prevention, communities, individuals, and health-care providers can play a role. […] Community support is essential if STD-prevention activities are to succeed. Community-based approaches to STD/PID prevention should be aimed at providing a) information, b) motivation, and c) skills to consumers and providers.

• #54

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031002.htm

  Preventing PID and its sequelae can take place on three levels — primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention involves avoiding acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. Secondary prevention involves preventing a lower-genital-tract infection from ascending to the upper-genital-tract. Tertiary prevention involves preventing upper-genital-tract infection from leading to tubal dysfunction/obstruction and functional or structural damage to other abdominal/pelvic organs. At each of these levels of prevention, communities, individuals, and health-care providers can play a role. […] Community support is essential if STD-prevention activities are to succeed. Community-based approaches to STD/PID prevention should be aimed at providing a) information, b) motivation, and c) skills to consumers and providers.

• #55

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031002.htm

  A vital element of any community strategy for prevention of PID is a community STD-control program to prevent lower-genital-tract chlamydial and gonococcal infection. Such programs are important in reducing both symptomatic and asymptomatic PID. […] Health-care-seeking behavior of both men and women influences the risk of lower- and upper-genital-tract infection. Prompt evaluation, compliance with management instructions, and referral of sex partners are likely to decrease the risk of PID. […] Individuals must assume an active role in self-protection. Most of these recommendations are based only on expert opinions since few prevention strategies for individuals have been appropriately evaluated. […] Specific sexual behaviors that decrease the risk of having sex with an infected person can be adopted. These include postponing sexual debut and limiting the number of sex partners.

• #56 Core Concepts – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/core-concept/all

  The 2024 United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (US MEC) recommended that purulent cervicitis or current N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection are contraindications to IUD insertion. […] Clinicians should have a low threshold for diagnosing and promptly treating PID in sexually active women with pelvic or lower abdominal pain. […] Timely administration of antimicrobial therapy improves outcomes and reduces the risk of long-term adverse sequelae. […] Prompt presumptive PID treatment should be initiated for sexually active young women (and other women at risk of STIs) if they are experiencing pelvic or lower abdominal pain, if no cause for the illness other than PID can be identified, or if one or more minimum clinical criteria are met. […] All recent sex partners of women with PID should receive evaluation and empiric treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea, regardless of the pathogens identified in the woman with PID.

• #57 Core Concepts – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/core-concept/all

  The 2024 United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (US MEC) recommended that purulent cervicitis or current N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection are contraindications to IUD insertion. […] Clinicians should have a low threshold for diagnosing and promptly treating PID in sexually active women with pelvic or lower abdominal pain. […] Timely administration of antimicrobial therapy improves outcomes and reduces the risk of long-term adverse sequelae. […] Prompt presumptive PID treatment should be initiated for sexually active young women (and other women at risk of STIs) if they are experiencing pelvic or lower abdominal pain, if no cause for the illness other than PID can be identified, or if one or more minimum clinical criteria are met. […] All recent sex partners of women with PID should receive evaluation and empiric treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea, regardless of the pathogens identified in the woman with PID.

• #58 Core Concepts – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/core-concept/all

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome characterized by infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract. […] Effective parenteral and oral treatments are available for PID that provide short-term clinical benefit and reduce the risk of developing long-term complications. […] When considering the severe potential long-term consequences associated with PID, it is extremely important for clinicians to diagnose PID and promptly provide appropriate and effective antimicrobial therapy. […] Multiple sex partners, age younger than 20 years, and current or prior infection with gonorrhea or chlamydia have consistently been demonstrated as significant factors associated with women developing PID. […] Screening young, sexually active women for cervical chlamydial infection, with treatment of chlamydia for those who test positive, can substantially reduce the incidence of PID.

• #59 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Screening and treating sexually active women for chlamydia and gonorrhea reduces their risk for PID. […] Although BV is associated with PID, whether PID incidence can be reduced by identifying and treating women with BV is unclear. […] Treatment should be initiated as soon as the presumptive diagnosis has been made because prevention of long-term sequelae is dependent on early administration of recommended antimicrobials. […] To minimize disease transmission, women should be instructed to abstain from sexual intercourse until therapy is complete, symptoms have resolved, and sex partners have been treated. […] All women who receive a diagnosis of PID should be tested for gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, and syphilis. […] If no clinical improvement has occurred 72 hours after outpatient IM or oral therapy, then hospitalization, assessment of the antimicrobial regimen, and additional diagnostics, including consideration of diagnostic laparoscopy for alternative diagnoses, are recommended.

• #60 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Screening and treating sexually active women for chlamydia and gonorrhea reduces their risk for PID. […] Although BV is associated with PID, whether PID incidence can be reduced by identifying and treating women with BV is unclear. […] Treatment should be initiated as soon as the presumptive diagnosis has been made because prevention of long-term sequelae is dependent on early administration of recommended antimicrobials. […] To minimize disease transmission, women should be instructed to abstain from sexual intercourse until therapy is complete, symptoms have resolved, and sex partners have been treated. […] All women who receive a diagnosis of PID should be tested for gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, and syphilis. […] If no clinical improvement has occurred 72 hours after outpatient IM or oral therapy, then hospitalization, assessment of the antimicrobial regimen, and additional diagnostics, including consideration of diagnostic laparoscopy for alternative diagnoses, are recommended.

• #61

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031002.htm

  This report provides comprehensive guidelines to aid practitioners and decision makers in achieving PID prevention and management objectives. […] The best strategies for preventing PID are: a) prevention of lower-genital-tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among both men and women, b) when this fails, early detection of lower-tract infection followed by prompt and effective treatment. […] Implementing these two strategies requires the establishment and maintenance of effective sexually transmitted disease (STD) control programs nationally and locally. Along with appropriate medical management of illness, essential elements of such programs include: a) educating individuals to adopt healthy behaviors, b) training clinicians to counsel patients about risky behavior, c) screening persons at risk of STD, and d) involving male partners in prevention and management plans.

• #62 Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and trea | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-improving-awareness-prevention-and-treatme-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Prevention of the first episode of PID requires early diagnosis of STIs and therefore improved provider adherence to the United States Preventive Screening Task Force and CDC guidelines. […] The CDC also recommends considering regular screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in women receiving care in high STI prevalence settings and women engaged in high risk behaviors, such as sex with multiple partners, exchanging sex for money or drugs, use of illicit drugs, and prior history of an STI. […] Screening and early treatment of STIs can also decrease the incidence of subclinical PID, which has similar morbidity to acute PID. […] Prevention of recurrent PID is also a public health priority. […] These data suggest that additional efforts to implement clinical interventions aimed at adequate treatment and prevention of recurrent disease are warranted. […] The authors postulate that established interventions, such as OUs and community health nursing, used in new ways have promise for improving patient outcomes after PID.

• #63 Effective Treatment for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

  https://maygrant.com/blog/treating-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a condition affecting the female reproductive organs, typically caused by bacterial infections. […] At May-Grant OB/GYN, our multiple providers specialize in diagnosing and treating PID to help women regain their health and prevent long-term issues. […] Timely treatment not only alleviates symptoms but also reduces the risk of these complications. […] The providers at May-Grant OB/GYN emphasize patient education and preventative measures, including: […] Practicing safe sex by using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners. […] Regular STI screenings, particularly if you have new or multiple partners. […] Seeking prompt treatment for any suspected STIs. […] Adopting these habits can significantly reduce your risk of recurring infections and complications. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease is a treatable condition, but early intervention is essential to prevent complications. […] By following your treatment plan, practicing preventive measures, and working closely with your healthcare team, you can overcome PID and protect your reproductive health.

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