Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease or PID?

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/3804/

  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, or PID, is when part of a woman’s reproductive system gets infected. This includes the uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries and even inside the lower belly (abdomen). About 1 million women get PID each year in the United States. Most often, women under 25, especially teens, get PID. […] Many kinds of bacteria can cause PID. The most common bacteria are two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), gonorrhea and Chlamydia. But, bacteria that are usually found in the vagina may also cause PID. […] Most people have an STD before they get PID. But, not everyone gets PID by having sex. […] Your risk for getting PID may rise if you: Have sex with many partners, Use an IUD (an intrauterine device for birth control), or Douche. […] Once you have had PID, you have a greater risk of getting it again.

• #2 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It is a common illness. PID is diagnosed in more than 1 million women each year in the United States. […] PID occurs when bacteria move from the vagina and cervix upward into the uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes. The bacteria can lead to an abscess in a fallopian tube or ovary. Long-term problems can occur if PID is not treated promptly. […] Two sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia are the main causes of PID. Gonorrhea and chlamydia may cause vague symptoms or even no symptoms in a woman. When a woman is infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia and does not receive treatment, it can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks before she develops PID. PID also can be caused by infections that are not sexually transmitted, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV).

• #3 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The majority of cases of PID are related to a sexually transmitted infection. […] Ascending infection from the cervix causes PID. In 85% of cases, the infection is caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Of the offending agents, the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common pathogens. Approximately 10% to 15% of women with endocervical N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis will go on to develop PID. […] Other cervical microbes, including Mycoplasma genitalium, have been thought to contribute to the disease. Additionally, pathogens responsible for bacterial vaginosis (Peptostreptococcus species, Bacteroides species), respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus), and enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, group B Streptococci) have been implicated in acute PID. They account for approximately 15% of cases overall.

• #4 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Symptoms | Dr. Len Kliman

  https://drlenkliman.com.au/articles/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-symptoms-causes/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a condition characterised by an infection of the upper genital tract organs within the pelvis, primarily caused by sexually transmitted organisms. It is estimated that 85-90% of PID cases are due to sexually transmitted diseases, with chlamydia being the most common. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by ascending bacteria travelling up through the vagina, through the cervix, into the uterus and from there into the actual pelvis. From there, it can spread throughout the pelvis as the pelvis is a large space with no restrictions to movement. […] As mentioned previously, the most common organisms or bacteria associated with pelvic inflammatory disease are sexually transmitted in majority of cases. These sexual diseases include: Chlamydia, Neisseria, Gonorrhoea or germs that may live normally within the vagina that overgrow such as E.coli, anaerobic germs and other what we call gram negative organisms.

• #5 Etiology and Diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Looking Beyond Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8365120/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome that has been associated with a wide range of potential causal pathogens. Three broad groups of organisms have been isolated from the genital tract of people with PID: sexually transmitted organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis; bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated species and genera such as Atopobium vaginae, Sneathia, and Megasphaera; and genera and species usually associated with the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts such as Bacteroides, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, or Haemophilus influenza. […] Although PID is often considered to be synonymous with gonorrhea or chlamydia, these pathogens are found in only one quarter to one third of people with PID, suggesting that broader screening and diagnostic and treatment strategies need to be considered to reduce the burden of PID and its associated sequelae.

• #6 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9129-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that occurs in your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Sexually transmitted infections typically cause it. […] PID develops when certain types of bacteria spread from your vagina to your reproductive organs. Bacteria from untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the most common cause of PID. However, bacteria normally found in your vagina can also cause PID. […] Bacteria entering your reproductive tract causes pelvic inflammatory disease. These bacteria are passed from your vagina, through your cervix and up into your uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] Many types of bacteria can cause PID, but the two most common infections that cause PID are gonorrhea and chlamydia. You get both of these infections through unprotected sex. These two STIs cause about 90% of all PID cases.

• #7 About Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pid/about/index.html

  Untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious condition, in women. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs. It is a complication often caused by some STIs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea. Other infections that are not sexually transmitted can also cause PID. You can get PID if you have an STI and do not get treated. You can get PID again if you get infected with an STI again. Also, if you have had PID before, you have a higher chance of getting it again.

• #8 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The majority of cases of PID are related to a sexually transmitted infection. […] Ascending infection from the cervix causes PID. In 85% of cases, the infection is caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Of the offending agents, the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common pathogens. Approximately 10% to 15% of women with endocervical N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis will go on to develop PID. […] Other cervical microbes, including Mycoplasma genitalium, have been thought to contribute to the disease. Additionally, pathogens responsible for bacterial vaginosis (Peptostreptococcus species, Bacteroides species), respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus), and enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, group B Streptococci) have been implicated in acute PID. They account for approximately 15% of cases overall.

• #9 PID is a leading cause of infertility in women

  https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/pid/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a serious infection in the upper genital tract/reproductive organs (uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries) of women. PID can be sexually transmitted or naturally occurring. […] The most common causes of PID are two sexually transmitted infections (STIs) chlamydia and gonorrhea that go untreated. Other bacteria or germs that are not passed through sex may also be a cause. […] Untreated, about 10-15% of women with chlamydia will develop PID. […] PID can develop anywhere from several days to several months after infection with an STI. […] Untreated PID infections may lead to infertility. Because of PID, each year more than 100,000 women will not be able to have children as a result of scarring or damage to cells lining the fallopian tubes.

• #10

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive system, which includes the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] Most cases of PID are caused by a bacterial infection that’s spread from the vagina or the cervix to the reproductive organs higher up. […] Many different types of bacteria can cause PID. In many cases, it’s caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea. […] Another type of STI called mycoplasma genitalium is thought to be increasingly responsible for cases of PID. […] In many other cases, it’s caused by bacteria that normally live in the vagina.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-Etiology.aspx

  In addition to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, one of the most common causative factors is another sexually transmitted agent obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. Mathematical modeling based on relevant microbiological and epidemiological studies suggests that up to 10 percent of women infected with chlamydia may develop PID if left untreated. […] Some other sexually transmitted agents also play a certain role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Mycoplasma hominis is isolated in 50 percent of sexually active women, but found in only 7 percent of those with PID. On the other hand, Mycoplasma genitalium has been more closely associated with PID, though the prevalence of this bacterium is low in the majority of studied populations. […] A large number of non-sexually transmitted pathogens (i.e. non-chlamydial and non-gonococcal microorganisms) can be found in the upper genital tract of women with acute PID. They are closely associated with bacterial vaginosis this is a complex disruption of the vaginal flora that leads to the loss of lactobacilli that normally produce hydrogen peroxide, and the overgrowth of Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, Prevotella, alpha-hemolytic streptococci and black-pigmented anaerobic rods. […] In any case, agents associated with this type of pelvic inflammatory disease are the most common putative microorganisms, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-Etiology.aspx

  In addition to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, one of the most common causative factors is another sexually transmitted agent obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. Mathematical modeling based on relevant microbiological and epidemiological studies suggests that up to 10 percent of women infected with chlamydia may develop PID if left untreated. […] Some other sexually transmitted agents also play a certain role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Mycoplasma hominis is isolated in 50 percent of sexually active women, but found in only 7 percent of those with PID. On the other hand, Mycoplasma genitalium has been more closely associated with PID, though the prevalence of this bacterium is low in the majority of studied populations. […] A large number of non-sexually transmitted pathogens (i.e. non-chlamydial and non-gonococcal microorganisms) can be found in the upper genital tract of women with acute PID. They are closely associated with bacterial vaginosis this is a complex disruption of the vaginal flora that leads to the loss of lactobacilli that normally produce hydrogen peroxide, and the overgrowth of Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, Prevotella, alpha-hemolytic streptococci and black-pigmented anaerobic rods. […] In any case, agents associated with this type of pelvic inflammatory disease are the most common putative microorganisms, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

• #13 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and adjacent pelvic structures. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the predominant sexually transmitted organism associated with PID. Of all acute PID cases, less than 50% test positive for the sexually transmitted organisms such as C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae. […] The organisms most commonly isolated in cases of acute PID are N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] Cultures of specimens collected during laparoscopy have demonstrated that PID is a polymicrobial infection in as many as 30-40% of cases. Polymicrobial PID may begin as an isolated infection with N gonorrhoeae or C trachomatis, which causes inflammation of the upper genital tract that facilitates the involvement of other pathogens (anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and other bacteria).

• #14 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and adjacent pelvic structures. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the predominant sexually transmitted organism associated with PID. Of all acute PID cases, less than 50% test positive for the sexually transmitted organisms such as C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae. […] The organisms most commonly isolated in cases of acute PID are N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] Cultures of specimens collected during laparoscopy have demonstrated that PID is a polymicrobial infection in as many as 30-40% of cases. Polymicrobial PID may begin as an isolated infection with N gonorrhoeae or C trachomatis, which causes inflammation of the upper genital tract that facilitates the involvement of other pathogens (anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and other bacteria).

• #15 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  In addition to N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis, organisms involved in PID include the following: Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Trichomonas vaginalis, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enteric gram-negative rods (eg, Escherichia coli), Enterococcus, Peptococcus species, Anaerobes. […] The microbiology of PID reflects the predominant sexually transmitted pathogens within a specific population, as well as some organisms less commonly seen in that population. […] A study by Mitchell et al reported that fewer than half of patients with a diagnosis of PID have gonococcal or chlamydial infection. Mycoplasma genitalium, respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens, and bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis may account for a considerable number of PID cases.

• #16 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  PID comprises a spectrum of inflammatory disorders of the upper female genital tract, including any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. Sexually transmitted organisms, especially N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis, often are implicated. Recent studies report that the proportion of PID cases attributable to N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis is decreasing; of women who received a diagnosis of acute PID, approximately 50% have a positive test for either of those organisms. Micro-organisms that comprise the vaginal flora, such as strict and facultative anaerobes and G. vaginalis, H. influenzae, enteric gram-negative rods, and Streptococcus agalactiae, have been associated with PID. In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV), T. vaginalis, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum might be associated with certain PID cases. Data also indicate that M. genitalium might have a role in PID pathogenesis and might be associated with milder symptoms, although one study failed to demonstrate a substantial increase in PID after detection of M. genitalium in the lower genital tract.

• #17 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The majority of cases of PID are related to a sexually transmitted infection. […] Ascending infection from the cervix causes PID. In 85% of cases, the infection is caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Of the offending agents, the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common pathogens. Approximately 10% to 15% of women with endocervical N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis will go on to develop PID. […] Other cervical microbes, including Mycoplasma genitalium, have been thought to contribute to the disease. Additionally, pathogens responsible for bacterial vaginosis (Peptostreptococcus species, Bacteroides species), respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus), and enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, group B Streptococci) have been implicated in acute PID. They account for approximately 15% of cases overall.

• #18 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Screening and treating sexually active women for chlamydia and gonorrhea reduces their risk for PID. Although BV is associated with PID, whether PID incidence can be reduced by identifying and treating women with BV is unclear. Whether screening young women for M. genitalium is associated with a reduction in PID is unknown. […] Anaerobic bacteria have been isolated from the upper genital tract of women who have PID, and data from in vitro studies have revealed that some anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis) can cause tubal and epithelial destruction. BV is often present among women who have PID. Addition of metronidazole to IM or oral PID regimens more effectively eradicates anaerobic organisms from the upper genital tract. Until treatment regimens that do not cover anaerobic microbes have been demonstrated to prevent long-term sequelae (e.g., infertility and ectopic pregnancy) as successfully as the regimens that are effective against these microbes, using regimens with anaerobic activity should be considered.

• #19 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p791.html/1000

  Pelvic inflammatory disease is a polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract. It primarily affects young, sexually active women. […] Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most commonly implicated microorganisms; however, other microorganisms may be involved. […] The spectrum of disease ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening tubo-ovarian abscess. […] Approximately 10 to 20 percent of women with chlamydial or gonorrheal infections may develop PID if not treated. […] Women with PID have a 20 percent chance of developing infertility from tubal scarring, a 9 percent chance of having an ectopic pregnancy, and an 18 percent chance of developing chronic pelvic pain. […] The microorganisms that are implicated in PID are thought to spread in three ways: Intra-abdominally, traveling from the cervix to the endometrium, through the salpinx, and into the peritoneal cavity (causing endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, or pelvic peritonitis); Through the lymphatic systems, such as infection of the parametrium from an intrauterine device (IUD); Through hematogenous routes, such as with tuberculosis, although this is rare.

• #20 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-treatment

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is characterised by inflammation of a woman’s reproductive organs (uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries), which is caused by infection. It is generally an ascending infection, spreading from the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina) to the upper genital tract (uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes). […] Pelvic inflammatory disease causes include different types of bacteria. However, PID is commonly caused by the bacteria from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) – Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mycoplasma genitalium (another type of STI) is considered to be increasingly responsible for PID cases. […] About 85% of PID cases occur by sexually transmitted bacteria that travel from the vagina to the cervix and up into the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. A woman gets PID without having a sexually transmitted infection. In some cases, it may also be caused by the normal bacteria that found in the vagina.

• #21 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. […] Many types of bacteria can cause PID, but gonorrhea or chlamydia infections are the most common. These bacteria are usually acquired during unprotected sex. […] Less commonly, bacteria can enter your reproductive tract anytime the normal barrier created by the cervix is disturbed. This can happen during menstruation and after childbirth, miscarriage or abortion. Rarely, bacteria can also enter the reproductive tract during the insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) a form of long-term birth control or any medical procedure that involves inserting instruments into the uterus.

• #22 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000888.htm

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman’s womb (uterus), ovaries, or fallopian tubes. […] PID is an infection caused by bacteria. When bacteria from the vagina or cervix travel to your womb, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, they can cause an infection. […] Most of the time, PID is caused by the bacteria chlamydia or gonorrhea. These are sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Having unprotected sex with someone who has an STI can cause PID. […] Bacteria normally found in the cervix can also travel into the uterus and fallopian tubes during a medical procedure such as childbirth, endometrial biopsy, getting an intrauterine device (IUD), miscarriage, or abortion. […] You are more likely to get PID if you have a sex partner with gonorrhea or chlamydia, have sex with many different people, have had an STI in the past, have recently had PID, have contracted gonorrhea or chlamydia and have an IUD, or have had sex before age 20.

• #23 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. Several different types of bacteria can cause PID, including the same bacteria that cause the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia. What commonly occurs is that bacteria first enter the vagina and cause an infection. As time passes, this infection can move into the pelvic organs. […] Your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease increases if you have gonorrhea or chlamydia, or have had an STI before. However, you can develop PID without ever having an STI. […] The bacteria that cause PID can spread through sexual contact. If you’re sexually active, your partner should also get treated for PID. […] If you don’t treat your PID, your symptoms can worsen and lead to problems, such as infertility, an inability to conceive a child, ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb, chronic pelvic pain, pain in the lower abdomen caused by scarring of the fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs. […] The infection can also spread to other parts of your body. If it spreads to your blood, it can become life-threatening.

• #24 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | Pacific Fertility Clinic Los Angeles

  https://www.pfcla.com/fertility-101/causes-of-female-infertility/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  PID occurs when bacteria travels from the vagina to the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes, causing pain and inflammation. This infection spreads throughout a womans reproductive organs and causes permanent damage, resulting in fertility challenges. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can cause PID, creating a challenge for pregnancy. […] Many infections can cause PID, but gonorrhea or chlamydia are common culprits. In other cases, bacteria can enter the reproductive tract from childbirth, miscarriage, or abortion. […] Many of the risk factors associated with PID are connected to unprotected sex. Women may be at a higher risk for developing PID if they: Have multiple sexual partners, Are in a relationship with a person who has more than one sexual partner, Have unprotected sex, Are younger than 25 years of age, Have a history of pelvic inflammatory disease or STDs, Douching regularly, which upsets the balance of healthy bacteria in the vagina.

• #25 What Causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease? – Rosh MFM9F448E6E-79B5-4C03-9ECD-FEF0683499EB274A8763-1EFE-4DED-9513-815AB19642CC@3x00412BFF-D498-42B1-BA81-65046BFBE71D@3x9F448E6E-79B5-4C03-9ECD-FEF0683499EB274A8763-1EFE-4DED-9513-815AB19642CC@3x00412BFF-D498-4

  https://roshmfm.com/what-causes-pid-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  When the gonorrhea and chlamydia cause about 90% of the PID cases, the other 10% can be caused by: Abortion. Childbirth. Pelvic procedures. Insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD), either copper or hormonal. The risk is highest in the few weeks after insertion. […] PID is not always caused by an STI and some of the reasons may be unpreventable. Sometimes bacteria in your vagina can travel up to your reproductive organs and cause PID. […] PID can damage the reproductive system. This could mean damage to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. PID can also make it difficult for a woman to get pregnant in the future. […] The chances of getting pregnant tend to be lower if you have had a PID more than once. Once the bacteria gets into the fallopian tubes it can cause inflammation. This can cause scarring in the tissue that makes up your fallopian tubes which can make getting pregnant difficult. […] Ectopic pregnancies are more than six times more likely in women who have had PID compared to women who have never had PID.

• #26 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/std/pelvic-inflammatory-disease.html

  Recent data indicate that women who douche once or twice a month may be more likely to have PID than those who douche less than once a month. […] Because culture of specimens from the upper genital tract are difficult to obtain and because multiple organisms may be responsible for an episode of PID, especially if it is not the first one, the doctor will prescribe at least two antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of infectious agents. […] Women with recurrent episodes of PID are more likely than women with a single episode to suffer scarring of the tubes that leads to infertility, tubal pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. […] Infertility occurs in approximately 20 percent of women who have had PID. […] A women who has had PID has a six-to-tenfold increased risk of tubal pregnancy, in which the egg can become fertilized but cannot pass into the uterus to grow. […] Another complication of PID is the risk of repeated attacks of PID.

• #27 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. […] Many types of bacteria can cause PID, but gonorrhea or chlamydia infections are the most common. These bacteria are usually acquired during unprotected sex. […] Less commonly, bacteria can enter your reproductive tract anytime the normal barrier created by the cervix is disturbed. This can happen during menstruation and after childbirth, miscarriage or abortion. Rarely, bacteria can also enter the reproductive tract during the insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) a form of long-term birth control or any medical procedure that involves inserting instruments into the uterus.

• #28 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is infection of the female reproductive organs. The disease is most commonly caused by bacteria from a sexually transmitted disease, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, which spread through the vagina after sexual contact with an infected person. These bacteria then spread to the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, eventually infecting the reproductive system. […] Bacteria normally found in the vagina and cervix can enter the uterus or fallopian tubes during medical procedures through the cervix including childbirth (more common with C-section delivery), D and C (dilation and curettage), endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, placement of an intrauterine device (IUD), miscarriage or abortion.

• #29 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common causes of PID. However, PID can also be caused by other untreated infections, like bacterial vaginosis. Data suggest that PID is often polymicrobial. Isolated anaerobes and facultative microorganisms have been obtained from the upper genital tract. N. gonorrhoeae has been isolated from fallopian tubes, facultative and anaerobic organisms were recovered from endometrial tissues. […] Cases of PID have developed in people who have stated they have never had sex.

• #30 Pelvic inflammatory disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pelvic-inflammatory-disease?lang=us

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a broad term that encompasses a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract, resulting in a range of abnormalities. […] PID is defined as an acute clinical syndrome associated with ascending spread of micro-organisms, unrelated to pregnancy or surgery. The infection generally ascends from the vagina or cervix (cervicitis) to the endometrium (endometritis), then to the fallopian tubes (salpingitis, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx), and then to and/or contiguous structures (oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, peritonitis). […] PID can result from a number of causative organisms: common Chlamydia trachomatis: pelvic chlamydial infection, Neisseria gonorrhoeae: pelvic gonococcal infection, polymicrobial infection: can account for ~35% of cases. […] PID is usually bilateral, except when it is caused by the direct extension of an adjacent inflammatory process such as appendiceal, diverticular, or post-surgical abscesses.

• #31 Pelvic inflammatory disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pelvic-inflammatory-disease?lang=us

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a broad term that encompasses a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract, resulting in a range of abnormalities. […] PID is defined as an acute clinical syndrome associated with ascending spread of micro-organisms, unrelated to pregnancy or surgery. The infection generally ascends from the vagina or cervix (cervicitis) to the endometrium (endometritis), then to the fallopian tubes (salpingitis, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx), and then to and/or contiguous structures (oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, peritonitis). […] PID can result from a number of causative organisms: common Chlamydia trachomatis: pelvic chlamydial infection, Neisseria gonorrhoeae: pelvic gonococcal infection, polymicrobial infection: can account for ~35% of cases. […] PID is usually bilateral, except when it is caused by the direct extension of an adjacent inflammatory process such as appendiceal, diverticular, or post-surgical abscesses.

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease-Etiology.aspx

  In addition to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, one of the most common causative factors is another sexually transmitted agent obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. Mathematical modeling based on relevant microbiological and epidemiological studies suggests that up to 10 percent of women infected with chlamydia may develop PID if left untreated. […] Some other sexually transmitted agents also play a certain role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Mycoplasma hominis is isolated in 50 percent of sexually active women, but found in only 7 percent of those with PID. On the other hand, Mycoplasma genitalium has been more closely associated with PID, though the prevalence of this bacterium is low in the majority of studied populations. […] A large number of non-sexually transmitted pathogens (i.e. non-chlamydial and non-gonococcal microorganisms) can be found in the upper genital tract of women with acute PID. They are closely associated with bacterial vaginosis this is a complex disruption of the vaginal flora that leads to the loss of lactobacilli that normally produce hydrogen peroxide, and the overgrowth of Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, Prevotella, alpha-hemolytic streptococci and black-pigmented anaerobic rods. […] In any case, agents associated with this type of pelvic inflammatory disease are the most common putative microorganisms, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

• #33 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Screening and treating sexually active women for chlamydia and gonorrhea reduces their risk for PID. Although BV is associated with PID, whether PID incidence can be reduced by identifying and treating women with BV is unclear. Whether screening young women for M. genitalium is associated with a reduction in PID is unknown. […] Anaerobic bacteria have been isolated from the upper genital tract of women who have PID, and data from in vitro studies have revealed that some anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis) can cause tubal and epithelial destruction. BV is often present among women who have PID. Addition of metronidazole to IM or oral PID regimens more effectively eradicates anaerobic organisms from the upper genital tract. Until treatment regimens that do not cover anaerobic microbes have been demonstrated to prevent long-term sequelae (e.g., infertility and ectopic pregnancy) as successfully as the regimens that are effective against these microbes, using regimens with anaerobic activity should be considered.

• #34 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection or inflammation of organs affecting the female reproductive system (such as the uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes). […] Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) – chlamydia, mycoplasma genitalium and gonorrhoea are the most common cause of PID. […] PID is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common cause are sexually transmissible infections (STIs) mainly: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma genitalium. […] Other causes of PID include: ruptured (burst) appendix, bowel infection (such as gastroenteritis), vaginal infections (such as bacterial vaginosis or BV), some surgical procedures (such as dilatation and curettage (DC), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) or surgical abortion). […] If left untreated, PID can cause long-term scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This may lead to infertility because the fertilised egg is unable to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb). […] One episode of PID can double your risk of tubal infertility. […] If you have had 3 or more episodes of PID, your risk of fallopian tube blockage increases 75%. […] One episode of PID increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where the fetus develops outside the uterus) sevenfold.

• #35 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. Several different types of bacteria can cause PID, including the same bacteria that cause the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia. What commonly occurs is that bacteria first enter the vagina and cause an infection. As time passes, this infection can move into the pelvic organs. […] Your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease increases if you have gonorrhea or chlamydia, or have had an STI before. However, you can develop PID without ever having an STI. […] The bacteria that cause PID can spread through sexual contact. If you’re sexually active, your partner should also get treated for PID. […] If you don’t treat your PID, your symptoms can worsen and lead to problems, such as infertility, an inability to conceive a child, ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb, chronic pelvic pain, pain in the lower abdomen caused by scarring of the fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs. […] The infection can also spread to other parts of your body. If it spreads to your blood, it can become life-threatening.

• #36 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p791.html/1000

  Pelvic inflammatory disease is a polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract. It primarily affects young, sexually active women. […] Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most commonly implicated microorganisms; however, other microorganisms may be involved. […] The spectrum of disease ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening tubo-ovarian abscess. […] Approximately 10 to 20 percent of women with chlamydial or gonorrheal infections may develop PID if not treated. […] Women with PID have a 20 percent chance of developing infertility from tubal scarring, a 9 percent chance of having an ectopic pregnancy, and an 18 percent chance of developing chronic pelvic pain. […] The microorganisms that are implicated in PID are thought to spread in three ways: Intra-abdominally, traveling from the cervix to the endometrium, through the salpinx, and into the peritoneal cavity (causing endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, or pelvic peritonitis); Through the lymphatic systems, such as infection of the parametrium from an intrauterine device (IUD); Through hematogenous routes, such as with tuberculosis, although this is rare.

• #37 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection or inflammation of organs affecting the female reproductive system (such as the uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes). […] Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) – chlamydia, mycoplasma genitalium and gonorrhoea are the most common cause of PID. […] PID is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common cause are sexually transmissible infections (STIs) mainly: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma genitalium. […] Other causes of PID include: ruptured (burst) appendix, bowel infection (such as gastroenteritis), vaginal infections (such as bacterial vaginosis or BV), some surgical procedures (such as dilatation and curettage (DC), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) or surgical abortion). […] If left untreated, PID can cause long-term scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This may lead to infertility because the fertilised egg is unable to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb). […] One episode of PID can double your risk of tubal infertility. […] If you have had 3 or more episodes of PID, your risk of fallopian tube blockage increases 75%. […] One episode of PID increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where the fetus develops outside the uterus) sevenfold.

• #38 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9129-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Sometimes, PID isn’t due to a sexually transmitted infection. It can come from normal vaginal bacteria traveling to your reproductive organs. Avoiding douching may lower the risk. […] Yes, PID spreads most often during direct sexual contact. […] If you have pelvic inflammatory disease, tell your sexual partner(s). They should receive treatment. Otherwise, you may get PID again when you resume sex. […] PID can affect fertility. Of the people who had PID, studies found that 1 in 8 had difficulty getting pregnant. Up to 1 in 10 people ultimately received a diagnosis of infertility. […] Yes, it’s possible to get PID when the bacteria that normally exist in your vagina travel up into your reproductive organs. This is usually not the cause, though.

• #39 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection or inflammation of organs affecting the female reproductive system (such as the uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes). […] Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) – chlamydia, mycoplasma genitalium and gonorrhoea are the most common cause of PID. […] PID is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common cause are sexually transmissible infections (STIs) mainly: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma genitalium. […] Other causes of PID include: ruptured (burst) appendix, bowel infection (such as gastroenteritis), vaginal infections (such as bacterial vaginosis or BV), some surgical procedures (such as dilatation and curettage (DC), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) or surgical abortion). […] If left untreated, PID can cause long-term scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This may lead to infertility because the fertilised egg is unable to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb). […] One episode of PID can double your risk of tubal infertility. […] If you have had 3 or more episodes of PID, your risk of fallopian tube blockage increases 75%. […] One episode of PID increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where the fetus develops outside the uterus) sevenfold.

• #40 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection or inflammation of organs affecting the female reproductive system (such as the uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes). […] Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) – chlamydia, mycoplasma genitalium and gonorrhoea are the most common cause of PID. […] PID is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common cause are sexually transmissible infections (STIs) mainly: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma genitalium. […] Other causes of PID include: ruptured (burst) appendix, bowel infection (such as gastroenteritis), vaginal infections (such as bacterial vaginosis or BV), some surgical procedures (such as dilatation and curettage (DC), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) or surgical abortion). […] If left untreated, PID can cause long-term scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This may lead to infertility because the fertilised egg is unable to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb). […] One episode of PID can double your risk of tubal infertility. […] If you have had 3 or more episodes of PID, your risk of fallopian tube blockage increases 75%. […] One episode of PID increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where the fetus develops outside the uterus) sevenfold.

• #41 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/std/pelvic-inflammatory-disease.html

  Recent data indicate that women who douche once or twice a month may be more likely to have PID than those who douche less than once a month. […] Because culture of specimens from the upper genital tract are difficult to obtain and because multiple organisms may be responsible for an episode of PID, especially if it is not the first one, the doctor will prescribe at least two antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of infectious agents. […] Women with recurrent episodes of PID are more likely than women with a single episode to suffer scarring of the tubes that leads to infertility, tubal pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. […] Infertility occurs in approximately 20 percent of women who have had PID. […] A women who has had PID has a six-to-tenfold increased risk of tubal pregnancy, in which the egg can become fertilized but cannot pass into the uterus to grow. […] Another complication of PID is the risk of repeated attacks of PID.

• #42 Pelvic inflammatory disease

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs. PID is often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI). PID can be caused by many different types of bacteria. Usually PID is caused by bacteria from STIs. Sometimes PID is caused by normal bacteria found in the vagina. A woman can get PID if bacteria move up from her vagina or cervix and into her reproductive organs. Most often, PID is caused by infection from two common STIs: gonorrhea and chlamydia. You can also get PID without having an STI. Normal bacteria in the vagina can travel into a woman’s reproductive organs and can sometimes cause PID. Douching can push bacteria into the reproductive organs and cause PID. Without treatment, PID can lead to serious problems like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain (pain that does not go away). When you have PID, bacteria can get into the fallopian tubes or cause inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Scar tissue can block an egg from your ovary from entering or traveling down the fallopian tube to your uterus (womb). Scar tissue from PID can also cause a dangerous ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside of the uterus) instead of a normal pregnancy.

• #43 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Prevention

  https://www.morulaivf.co.id/en/blog/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  If pelvic inflammatory disease is not properly treated or is identified late, it can trigger a range of serious long-term complications, including infertility or the inability to conceive. […] The risk of infertility increases with the severity of the infection and the number of PID episodes experienced. It is estimated that 1 in 10 women who have PID are at risk of infertility. […] Scarring in the fallopian tubes also increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy, a condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube. […] PID can also lead to the formation of a tubovarian abscess, which is a pus-filled cavity in the fallopian tube or ovary. […] These complications highlight the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of symptoms related to pelvic inflammatory disease. Timely detection and appropriate management can prevent permanent damage to reproductive organs and other serious health risks.

• #44 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. Several different types of bacteria can cause PID, including the same bacteria that cause the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia. What commonly occurs is that bacteria first enter the vagina and cause an infection. As time passes, this infection can move into the pelvic organs. […] Your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease increases if you have gonorrhea or chlamydia, or have had an STI before. However, you can develop PID without ever having an STI. […] The bacteria that cause PID can spread through sexual contact. If you’re sexually active, your partner should also get treated for PID. […] If you don’t treat your PID, your symptoms can worsen and lead to problems, such as infertility, an inability to conceive a child, ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb, chronic pelvic pain, pain in the lower abdomen caused by scarring of the fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs. […] The infection can also spread to other parts of your body. If it spreads to your blood, it can become life-threatening.

• #45 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. Several different types of bacteria can cause PID, including the same bacteria that cause the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia. What commonly occurs is that bacteria first enter the vagina and cause an infection. As time passes, this infection can move into the pelvic organs. […] Your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease increases if you have gonorrhea or chlamydia, or have had an STI before. However, you can develop PID without ever having an STI. […] The bacteria that cause PID can spread through sexual contact. If you’re sexually active, your partner should also get treated for PID. […] If you don’t treat your PID, your symptoms can worsen and lead to problems, such as infertility, an inability to conceive a child, ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb, chronic pelvic pain, pain in the lower abdomen caused by scarring of the fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs. […] The infection can also spread to other parts of your body. If it spreads to your blood, it can become life-threatening.

• #46 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – WomenCare of Baldwin Park

  https://www.wcbaldwinpark.com/services/gyn-problems/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects the female reproductive organs. PID can be treated with success if it is caught early. Many cases of PID are caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The two STDs that are the main cause of PID are gonorrhea and chlamydia. PID occurs when bacteria move from the vagina and cervix upward into the uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes. Long-term problems can occur if PID is not treated promptly. PID can lead to serious, long-term problems: One in ten women with PID becomes infertile. PID can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes. Scarring from PID also can prevent a fertilized egg from moving into the uterus. PID may lead to long-lasting pelvic pain. PID can occur at any age in women who are sexually active. Women with the following risk factors also are more likely to have PID: Infection with an STD, most often gonorrhea or chlamydia. PID can be treated. However, treatment of PID cannot reverse the scarring caused by the infection. The longer the infection goes untreated, the greater the risk for long-term problems, such as infertility. PID is treated first with antibiotics. A womans sex partners must be treated. STDs can lead to PID, and PID can cause long-term problems.

• #47 Etiology and Diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Looking Beyond Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8365120/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome associated with adverse reproductive health sequelae such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. […] The goal of broadly inclusive diagnostic criteria is to ensure identification of all potential cases, so that they can be provided antibiotic treatment to reduce the sequelae of PID. […] The clinical diagnostic criteria do not grade the severity of disease, do not require evaluation of adnexa versus endometrium, nor do they require identification of the causal agent(s), all of which contribute to the heterogeneity of the syndrome. […] Thus, there is a gap between people identified by the clinical diagnostic algorithm and the entire population at risk for adverse outcomes from PID. Examining the etiology of PID may allow better screening, testing, and evaluation algorithms to bridge that gap between clinically diagnosed, symptomatic cases and the full spectrum of disease. […] The proportion of participants with each of these types of pathogens detected differs depending on the era in which studies were performed, how PID was defined in each study, and the sensitivity and type of testing performed. […] The data we have reviewed suggest a significant role for pathogens other than C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae in the etiology of PID. […] As we have outlined, PID is rarely due to just C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae, and our treatment choices should reflect that.

• #48 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The majority of cases of PID are related to a sexually transmitted infection. […] Ascending infection from the cervix causes PID. In 85% of cases, the infection is caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Of the offending agents, the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common pathogens. Approximately 10% to 15% of women with endocervical N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis will go on to develop PID. […] Other cervical microbes, including Mycoplasma genitalium, have been thought to contribute to the disease. Additionally, pathogens responsible for bacterial vaginosis (Peptostreptococcus species, Bacteroides species), respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus), and enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, group B Streptococci) have been implicated in acute PID. They account for approximately 15% of cases overall.

• #49 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder, is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, mainly the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. It has been reported that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. However, in the UK it is reported by the NHS that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are responsible for only a quarter of PID cases. Often, multiple different bacteria are involved. […] Without treatment, about 10 percent of those with a chlamydial infection and 40 percent of those with a gonorrhea infection will develop PID. Risk factors are generally similar to those of sexually transmitted infections and include a high number of sexual partners and drug use. The disturbance of the naturally occurring vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis increases the risk of PID.

• #50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and adjacent pelvic structures. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the predominant sexually transmitted organism associated with PID. Of all acute PID cases, less than 50% test positive for the sexually transmitted organisms such as C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae. […] The organisms most commonly isolated in cases of acute PID are N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] Cultures of specimens collected during laparoscopy have demonstrated that PID is a polymicrobial infection in as many as 30-40% of cases. Polymicrobial PID may begin as an isolated infection with N gonorrhoeae or C trachomatis, which causes inflammation of the upper genital tract that facilitates the involvement of other pathogens (anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and other bacteria).

• #51 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder, is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, mainly the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. It has been reported that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. However, in the UK it is reported by the NHS that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are responsible for only a quarter of PID cases. Often, multiple different bacteria are involved. […] Without treatment, about 10 percent of those with a chlamydial infection and 40 percent of those with a gonorrhea infection will develop PID. Risk factors are generally similar to those of sexually transmitted infections and include a high number of sexual partners and drug use. The disturbance of the naturally occurring vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis increases the risk of PID.

• #52 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. […] Many types of bacteria can cause PID, but gonorrhea or chlamydia infections are the most common. These bacteria are usually acquired during unprotected sex. […] Less commonly, bacteria can enter your reproductive tract anytime the normal barrier created by the cervix is disturbed. This can happen during menstruation and after childbirth, miscarriage or abortion. Rarely, bacteria can also enter the reproductive tract during the insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) a form of long-term birth control or any medical procedure that involves inserting instruments into the uterus.

• #53 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Screening and treating sexually active women for chlamydia and gonorrhea reduces their risk for PID. Although BV is associated with PID, whether PID incidence can be reduced by identifying and treating women with BV is unclear. Whether screening young women for M. genitalium is associated with a reduction in PID is unknown. […] Anaerobic bacteria have been isolated from the upper genital tract of women who have PID, and data from in vitro studies have revealed that some anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis) can cause tubal and epithelial destruction. BV is often present among women who have PID. Addition of metronidazole to IM or oral PID regimens more effectively eradicates anaerobic organisms from the upper genital tract. Until treatment regimens that do not cover anaerobic microbes have been demonstrated to prevent long-term sequelae (e.g., infertility and ectopic pregnancy) as successfully as the regimens that are effective against these microbes, using regimens with anaerobic activity should be considered.

• #54 Etiology and Diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Looking Beyond Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8365120/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome associated with adverse reproductive health sequelae such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. […] The goal of broadly inclusive diagnostic criteria is to ensure identification of all potential cases, so that they can be provided antibiotic treatment to reduce the sequelae of PID. […] The clinical diagnostic criteria do not grade the severity of disease, do not require evaluation of adnexa versus endometrium, nor do they require identification of the causal agent(s), all of which contribute to the heterogeneity of the syndrome. […] Thus, there is a gap between people identified by the clinical diagnostic algorithm and the entire population at risk for adverse outcomes from PID. Examining the etiology of PID may allow better screening, testing, and evaluation algorithms to bridge that gap between clinically diagnosed, symptomatic cases and the full spectrum of disease. […] The proportion of participants with each of these types of pathogens detected differs depending on the era in which studies were performed, how PID was defined in each study, and the sensitivity and type of testing performed. […] The data we have reviewed suggest a significant role for pathogens other than C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae in the etiology of PID. […] As we have outlined, PID is rarely due to just C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae, and our treatment choices should reflect that.

Zobacz więcej