Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It is a common illness. PID is diagnosed in more than 1 million women each year in the United States. […] PID occurs when bacteria move from the vagina and cervix upward into the uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes. The bacteria can lead to an abscess in a fallopian tube or ovary. Long-term problems can occur if PID is not treated promptly. […] Some women with PID have only mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all. Because the symptoms can be vague, many cases are not recognized by women or their gynecologists or other health care professionals. Listed are the most common signs and symptoms of PID: Abnormal vaginal discharge, Pain in the lower abdomen (often a mild ache), Pain in the upper right abdomen, Abnormal menstrual bleeding, Fever and chills, Painful urination, Nausea and vomiting, Painful sexual intercourse.

• #2 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It can affect the fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix, and the uterus. It can lead to various complications. […] According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this condition affects about 5 percent of women in the United States. […] Several different types of bacteria can cause PID, including the same bacteria that cause the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia. What commonly occurs is that bacteria first enter the vagina and cause an infection. As time passes, this infection can move into the pelvic organs. […] Some women with pelvic inflammatory disease dont have symptoms. For the women who do have symptoms, these can include: pain in the lower abdomen (the most common symptom), pain in the upper abdomen, fever, painful sex, painful urination, irregular bleeding, increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, tiredness.

• #3 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract, including the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It mostly affects sexually active women aged 15 to 24. See your GP if you have any symptoms. […] PID often doesn’t cause any obvious symptoms. […] Most women have mild symptoms that may include one or more of the following: pain around the pelvis or lower abdomen (tummy), discomfort or pain during sex that’s felt deep inside the pelvis, pain during urination, bleeding between periods and after sex, heavy periods, painful periods, unusual vaginal discharge, especially if it’s yellow or green. […] A few women become very ill with: severe lower abdominal pain, a high temperature (fever), nausea and vomiting. […] It’s important to visit your GP or a sexual health clinic if you experience any of the above symptoms.

• #4 Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): tests and treatment | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/acute-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-tests-and-treatment/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammation of the pelvic organs. […] Acute PID is the inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and pelvic area caused by an infection. If left untreated, it can cause abdominal pain and fertility problems in the future. […] What are the symptoms of acute PID? Sometimes you may not have any obvious symptoms. You may have one or more of the following, which can vary from mild to severe: smelly or unusual vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen that is usually on both sides and can feel like period pains, pain deep inside during or after sex, vaginal bleeding in between periods, bleeding after sex, or heavy periods, nausea and vomiting, fever, low backache. […] Many of these symptoms are common and can be caused by other conditions. This means that PID can be difficult to diagnose so, if you have any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible.

• #5 Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to acute and subclinical infection of the upper genital tract in females, involving any or all of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries; this is often accompanied by involvement of the neighboring pelvic organs. It results in endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, peritonitis, perihepatitis, and/or tubo-ovarian abscess. […] The majority of PID cases (over 85 percent) are caused by sexually transmitted pathogens or bacterial vaginosis-associated pathogens. Fewer than 15 percent of acute PID cases are associated with enteric (eg, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Group B streptococci, and Campylobacter spp) or respiratory pathogens (eg, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group A streptococci, and Staphylococcus aureus) that have colonized the lower genital tract.

• #6 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  PID may produce tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) and may progress to peritonitis and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis). Note that a rare but life-threatening complication of acute rupture of a TOA may result in diffuse peritonitis and necessitate urgent abdominal surgery. […] Most patients with PID are treated in an outpatient setting. In selected cases, however, physicians should consider hospitalization. […] Empirical antibiotic treatment is recommended for patients with otherwise unexplained uterine or adnexal tenderness and cervical motion tenderness, according to guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antibiotic regimens for PID must be effective against Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as well as against gram-negative facultative organisms, anaerobes, and streptococci.

• #7 The Challenge of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0301/p859.html

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract in women that can include endometritis, parametritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. The spectrum of disease ranges from subclinical, asymptomatic infection to severe, life-threatening illness; sequelae include chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. […] Symptoms of PID include lower abdominal pain, dyspareunia, fever, back pain, and vomiting, as well as symptoms of lower genital tract infection such as abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding, itching, and odor. In some women, symptoms are mild or even absent. The strong association of the disease with sexually transmitted infection and the potential for serious sequelae such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy contribute to the significant psychological distress that often accompanies a diagnosis of PID. […] The CDC considers the most specific diagnostic criteria for acute PID to be histologic endometritis on endometrial biopsy specimen; thickened, fluid-filled tubes on transvaginal ultrasound or MRI; and abnormal laparoscopic findings.

• #8 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Acute PID is difficult to diagnose because of the considerable variation in symptoms and signs associated with this condition. Women with PID often have subtle or nonspecific symptoms or are asymptomatic. […] Episodes of PID often go unrecognized. Although certain cases are asymptomatic, others are not diagnosed because the patient or the health care provider do not recognize the implications of mild or nonspecific symptoms or signs (e.g., abnormal bleeding, dyspareunia, and vaginal discharge). Even women with mild or asymptomatic PID might be at risk for infertility. […] The majority of women with PID have either mucopurulent cervical discharge or evidence of WBCs on a microscopic evaluation of a saline preparation of vaginal fluid (i.e., wet prep). If the cervical discharge appears normal and no WBCs are observed on the wet prep of vaginal fluid, a PID diagnosis is unlikely, and alternative causes of pain should be considered.

• #9 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder, is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, mainly the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Often, there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms, when present, may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, bleeding after sex, or irregular menstruation. Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer. […] Symptoms in PID range from none to severe. If there are symptoms, fever, cervical motion tenderness, lower abdominal pain, new or different discharge, painful intercourse, uterine tenderness, adnexal tenderness, or irregular menstruation may be noted.

• #10 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of one or more of the upper reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Untreated can cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid (abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract, which can cause permanent damage. […] The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease can be subtle or mild. Some women don’t experience any signs or symptoms. As a result, you might not realize you have it until you have trouble getting pregnant or you develop chronic pelvic pain. […] The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease might be mild and difficult to recognize. Some women don’t have any signs or symptoms. When signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are present, they most often include: Pain ranging from mild to severe in your lower abdomen and pelvis, Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor, Unusual bleeding from the vagina, especially during or after sex, or between periods, Pain during sex, Fever, sometimes with chills, Painful, frequent or difficult urination.

• #11 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9129-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that occurs in your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Symptoms include stomach, lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. The most common symptoms are pain in your lower abdomen or pelvis, irregular vaginal discharge and painful sex. When you have PID, you may feel pain in your lower abdomen (belly) or pelvis. You may also have unusual discharge (leaking) from your vagina. Severe PID can cause permanent damage your reproductive organs and prevent you from getting pregnant. Symptoms might be mild or unnoticeable. But symptoms of PID can also start suddenly. They can include: Pain or tenderness in your stomach or lower abdomen (belly), the most common symptom. Abnormal vaginal discharge, usually yellow or green with an unusual odor. Chills or fever. Nausea and vomiting. Pain during sex. Burning when you pee. Irregular periods or having spotting or cramping throughout the month. Pelvic inflammatory disease pain is mainly felt in your lower abdomen or pelvic region. It may feel tender and sore or like a dull ache. You may also feel pain deep in your pelvis during sex. It can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to develop PID if untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia is the cause. If you get PID from something else, it may take several months to develop it. The longer you have PID, the more serious its effects can become. The infection can cause scar tissue to form inside your fallopian tubes. The scarring can lead to several problems, including: Chronic pelvic pain: Long-lasting pelvic pain is the most common complication. One study estimates about 20% of people develop chronic pelvic pain. Ectopic pregnancy: Scarring can prevent a fertilized egg from moving into your uterus. This can cause it to implant inside your fallopian tubes instead. The rate of ectopic pregnancy in people with PID is much higher than in people without PID. Infertility: Up to 10% of people with PID lose the ability to get pregnant because scar tissue blocks their fallopian tubes and prevents them from releasing an egg. PID can affect fertility. Of the people who had PID, studies found that 1 in 8 had difficulty getting pregnant. Up to 1 in 10 people ultimately received a diagnosis of infertility. People who had repeat infections had a harder time getting pregnant. Bacteria from PID can cause scarring on your fallopian tubes. This scar tissue makes it harder for an egg to get from your ovary to your fallopian tube, then down to your uterus. If an egg cant get through your fallopian tube, sperm cant fertilize it. Yes, you can get PID again. Getting PID once doesnt protect you from getting it again. If you feel symptoms of PID, see your healthcare provider right away. If you have PID, the most important thing you can do is get treatment. See your provider if you experience any symptoms of PID. Seek immediate medical care if you have: Intense lower belly pain. Smelly or discolored vaginal discharge. Severe vomiting. High fever. Yes, PID can be serious. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reducing your risk of long-term complications like infertility.

• #12 Pelvic inflammatory disease

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs. If left untreated, PID can cause problems getting pregnant, problems during pregnancy, and long-term pelvic pain. […] Many women do not know they have PID because they do not have any signs or symptoms. When symptoms do happen, they can be mild or more serious. […] Signs and symptoms include: Pain in the lower abdomen (this is the most common symptom), Fever (100.4 F or higher), Vaginal discharge that may smell foul, Painful sex, Pain when urinating, Irregular menstrual periods, Pain in the upper right abdomen (this is rare). […] PID can come on fast, with extreme pain and fever, especially if it is caused by gonorrhea. […] Without treatment, PID can lead to serious problems like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain (pain that does not go away).

• #13 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease commonly causes lower abdominal pain, fever, cervical discharge, and abnormal uterine bleeding, particularly during or after menses. […] Lower abdominal pain is usually present and bilateral but may be unilateral, even when both tubes are involved. Pain may also occur in the upper abdomen. Nausea and vomiting are common when pain is severe. Irregular bleeding (caused by endometritis) and/or fever each occur in up to one third of patients. […] In the early stages, signs may be mild or absent. Later, cervical motion tenderness, guarding, and rebound tenderness are common. […] PID due to N. gonorrhoeae is usually more acute and causes more severe symptoms than that due to C. trachomatis, which can be indolent. PID due to M. genitalium, like that due to C. trachomatis, is also mild and should be considered in women who do not respond to first-line therapy for PID.

• #14 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman’s womb (uterus), ovaries, or fallopian tubes. […] Common symptoms of PID include: Fever, Pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower belly, or lower back, Fluid from your vagina that has an unusual color, texture, or smell. […] Other symptoms that may occur with PID: Bleeding after intercourse, Chills, Being very tired, Pain when you urinate, Having to urinate often, Period cramps that hurt more than usual or last longer than usual, Unusual bleeding or spotting during your period, Not feeling hungry, Nausea and vomiting, Skipping your period, Pain when you have intercourse. […] You can have PID and not have any severe symptoms. For example, chlamydia can cause PID with no symptoms. Women who have an ectopic pregnancy or who are infertile often have PID caused by chlamydia. An ectopic pregnancy is when an egg grows outside of the uterus. It puts the mother’s life in danger.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive system, which includes the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] PID often does not cause any obvious symptoms. Most symptoms are mild and may include 1 or more of the following: pain around the pelvis or lower tummy, discomfort or pain during sex that’s felt deep inside the pelvis, pain when peeing, bleeding between periods and after sex, heavy periods, painful periods, unusual vaginal discharge, especially if it’s yellow, green or smelly. […] A few people become very ill with: severe pain in the tummy, a high temperature (fever), feeling and being sick. […] It’s important to visit a GP or a sexual health clinic if you experience any symptoms of PID. […] Delaying treatment for PID or having repeated episodes of PID can increase your risk of serious and long-term complications. […] If diagnosed at an early stage, PID can be treated with a course of antibiotics, which usually lasts for 14 days. […] If you keep getting PID or treatment is delayed, it can increase your risk of infertility.

• #16 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection or inflammation of organs affecting the female reproductive system (such as the uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes). […] PID commonly affects young sexually active women. For some, PID causes a range of symptoms while for others, it does not cause any. […] PID can cause chronic pelvic pain in some people, while in others symptoms can be mild or silent meaning some people may not even know they have PID. […] Signs and symptoms of PID can include: lower abdominal pain or tenderness that may worsen with movement, menstrual problems (such as painful periods, ovulation pain, heavy discharge), change in smell, colour or amount of vaginal discharge (such as unpleasant or fishy odour), bleeding and spotting after sex, painful sex (dyspareunia), fever, nausea and vomiting.

• #17 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/what-is-pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects one or more of the reproductive organs. These organs include the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The cause is often a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. […] PID can cause pain in your lower belly and make it harder to have a baby if you dont treat it. […] You might not notice any symptoms of PID early on. But as the infection gets worse, you can have: Pain in your lower belly and pelvis, Heavy discharge from your vagina that may be green or yellow and have a bad smell, More bleeding than usual during your period, Bleeding between periods, Pain or bleeding during sex, Fever and chills, Pain when you pee or trouble peeing, Throwing up, or feeling like youre going to throw up. […] In some cases, PID can bring on more intense symptoms, and youll need to go to the emergency room. Get medical help right away if you have: Severe pain in your lower belly, Signs of shock, such as fainting, Vomiting, Fever higher than 101 F.

• #18 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of one or more of the upper reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Untreated can cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid (abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract, which can cause permanent damage. […] The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease can be subtle or mild. Some women don’t experience any signs or symptoms. As a result, you might not realize you have it until you have trouble getting pregnant or you develop chronic pelvic pain. […] The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease might be mild and difficult to recognize. Some women don’t have any signs or symptoms. When signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are present, they most often include: Pain ranging from mild to severe in your lower abdomen and pelvis, Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor, Unusual bleeding from the vagina, especially during or after sex, or between periods, Pain during sex, Fever, sometimes with chills, Painful, frequent or difficult urination.

• #19

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive system, which includes the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] PID often does not cause any obvious symptoms. Most symptoms are mild and may include 1 or more of the following: pain around the pelvis or lower tummy, discomfort or pain during sex that’s felt deep inside the pelvis, pain when peeing, bleeding between periods and after sex, heavy periods, painful periods, unusual vaginal discharge, especially if it’s yellow, green or smelly. […] A few people become very ill with: severe pain in the tummy, a high temperature (fever), feeling and being sick. […] It’s important to visit a GP or a sexual health clinic if you experience any symptoms of PID. […] Delaying treatment for PID or having repeated episodes of PID can increase your risk of serious and long-term complications. […] If diagnosed at an early stage, PID can be treated with a course of antibiotics, which usually lasts for 14 days. […] If you keep getting PID or treatment is delayed, it can increase your risk of infertility.

• #20 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection or inflammation of organs affecting the female reproductive system (such as the uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes). […] PID commonly affects young sexually active women. For some, PID causes a range of symptoms while for others, it does not cause any. […] PID can cause chronic pelvic pain in some people, while in others symptoms can be mild or silent meaning some people may not even know they have PID. […] Signs and symptoms of PID can include: lower abdominal pain or tenderness that may worsen with movement, menstrual problems (such as painful periods, ovulation pain, heavy discharge), change in smell, colour or amount of vaginal discharge (such as unpleasant or fishy odour), bleeding and spotting after sex, painful sex (dyspareunia), fever, nausea and vomiting.

• #21 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/what-is-pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects one or more of the reproductive organs. These organs include the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The cause is often a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. […] PID can cause pain in your lower belly and make it harder to have a baby if you dont treat it. […] You might not notice any symptoms of PID early on. But as the infection gets worse, you can have: Pain in your lower belly and pelvis, Heavy discharge from your vagina that may be green or yellow and have a bad smell, More bleeding than usual during your period, Bleeding between periods, Pain or bleeding during sex, Fever and chills, Pain when you pee or trouble peeing, Throwing up, or feeling like youre going to throw up. […] In some cases, PID can bring on more intense symptoms, and youll need to go to the emergency room. Get medical help right away if you have: Severe pain in your lower belly, Signs of shock, such as fainting, Vomiting, Fever higher than 101 F.

• #22 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  See your health care provider or seek urgent medical care if you experience: Severe pain low in your abdomen, Nausea and vomiting, with an inability to keep anything down, Fever, with a temperature higher than 101 F (38.3 C), Foul vaginal discharge. […] If you have signs and symptoms of PID that aren’t severe, still see your provider as soon as possible. Vaginal discharge with an odor, painful urination or bleeding between periods can also be symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If these signs and symptoms occur, stop having sex and see your provider soon. Prompt treatment of an sexually transmitted infection (STI) can help prevent PID. […] Untreated pelvic inflammatory disease might cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid (abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract. These can cause permanent damage to the reproductive organs. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause pelvic pain that might last for months or years. Scarring in your fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs can cause pain during intercourse and ovulation.

• #23 Pelvic inflammatory disease | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/p/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper reproductive organs in your pelvis. […] Common symptoms include lower abdominal (tummy) pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain during sex, and fever, nausea or vomiting. […] Its important to treat PID as soon as possible to reduce the risk of complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside your womb) and chronic (long-term) pelvic pain. […] The most common symptoms are: pain or tenderness in your lower abdomen (tummy), abnormal vaginal discharge, unusually heavy or painful periods, unusual vaginal bleeding such as after sex or between periods, pain during or after sex, fever, nausea or vomiting. […] If you have the following symptoms, contact your healthcare provider or go to the nearest emergency department immediately as they may indicate severe PID: Severe tummy pain, Fever and chills, Repeated episodes of vomiting where it’s hard to keep anything down, Unusually heavy vaginal bleeding that isn’t stopping.

• #24 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/what-is-pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects one or more of the reproductive organs. These organs include the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The cause is often a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. […] PID can cause pain in your lower belly and make it harder to have a baby if you dont treat it. […] You might not notice any symptoms of PID early on. But as the infection gets worse, you can have: Pain in your lower belly and pelvis, Heavy discharge from your vagina that may be green or yellow and have a bad smell, More bleeding than usual during your period, Bleeding between periods, Pain or bleeding during sex, Fever and chills, Pain when you pee or trouble peeing, Throwing up, or feeling like youre going to throw up. […] In some cases, PID can bring on more intense symptoms, and youll need to go to the emergency room. Get medical help right away if you have: Severe pain in your lower belly, Signs of shock, such as fainting, Vomiting, Fever higher than 101 F.

• #25 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  See your health care provider or seek urgent medical care if you experience: Severe pain low in your abdomen, Nausea and vomiting, with an inability to keep anything down, Fever, with a temperature higher than 101 F (38.3 C), Foul vaginal discharge. […] If you have signs and symptoms of PID that aren’t severe, still see your provider as soon as possible. Vaginal discharge with an odor, painful urination or bleeding between periods can also be symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If these signs and symptoms occur, stop having sex and see your provider soon. Prompt treatment of an sexually transmitted infection (STI) can help prevent PID. […] Untreated pelvic inflammatory disease might cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid (abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract. These can cause permanent damage to the reproductive organs. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause pelvic pain that might last for months or years. Scarring in your fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs can cause pain during intercourse and ovulation.

• #26 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  See your health care provider or seek urgent medical care if you experience: Severe pain low in your abdomen, Nausea and vomiting, with an inability to keep anything down, Fever, with a temperature higher than 101 F (38.3 C), Foul vaginal discharge. […] If you have signs and symptoms of PID that aren’t severe, still see your provider as soon as possible. Vaginal discharge with an odor, painful urination or bleeding between periods can also be symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If these signs and symptoms occur, stop having sex and see your provider soon. Prompt treatment of an sexually transmitted infection (STI) can help prevent PID. […] Untreated pelvic inflammatory disease might cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid (abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract. These can cause permanent damage to the reproductive organs. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause pelvic pain that might last for months or years. Scarring in your fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs can cause pain during intercourse and ovulation.

• #27 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease commonly causes lower abdominal pain, fever, cervical discharge, and abnormal uterine bleeding, particularly during or after menses. […] Lower abdominal pain is usually present and bilateral but may be unilateral, even when both tubes are involved. Pain may also occur in the upper abdomen. Nausea and vomiting are common when pain is severe. Irregular bleeding (caused by endometritis) and/or fever each occur in up to one third of patients. […] In the early stages, signs may be mild or absent. Later, cervical motion tenderness, guarding, and rebound tenderness are common. […] PID due to N. gonorrhoeae is usually more acute and causes more severe symptoms than that due to C. trachomatis, which can be indolent. PID due to M. genitalium, like that due to C. trachomatis, is also mild and should be considered in women who do not respond to first-line therapy for PID.

• #28 Pelvic inflammatory disease: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177923

  Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause pain and lead to infertility. […] Many women with PID have no symptoms. If symptoms appear, they can vary from mild to severe. However, untreated PID can have serious consequences. […] Possible symptoms include: pain, possibly severe, especially in the pelvic area, fever, fatigue, bleeding or spotting between periods, irregular menstruation, pain in the lower back and the rectum, pain during sexual intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge, frequent urination, vomiting. […] PID can be acute, lasting up to 30 days, or chronic if it lasts more than 30 days. […] One difficulty with treating PID is that the symptoms are varied and that some women may have no symptoms. […] Complications that can arise if PID is not treated include: scarring that can lead to fertility problems, recurring PID, severe pelvic pain, a tubo-ovarian abscess.

• #29 Core Concepts – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/core-concept/all

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome characterized by infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract. This process results from the ascending spread of microorganisms in the vagina or cervix to the structures of the upper female genital tract, with potential infection and inflammation of the endometrium, fallopian tubes, pelvic peritoneum, and, in some instances, formation of tubo-ovarian abscess. Typically, PID is classified as either acute (less than or equal to 30 days duration), subclinical (asymptomatic disease of unknown duration), or chronic (greater than 30 days duration). The diagnosis of PID may be challenging as women with PID often experience subtle clinical manifestations, and precise diagnostic criteria are lacking. Women who experience PID may have adverse reproductive sequelae, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Effective parenteral and oral treatments are available for PID that provide short-term clinical benefit and reduce the risk of developing long-term complications. When considering the severe potential long-term consequences associated with PID, it is extremely important for clinicians to diagnose PID and promptly provide appropriate and effective antimicrobial therapy.

• #30 How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8161938/

  Our PID Scoring System seems to identify the risk factors of PID and predict well the PID likelihood. This score predicts that women with higher parity, who used contraceptives and underwent any invasive medical procedure are expected to score higher in the PID Symptom Score. […] The women in our study exhibited 8 of the most common symptoms of PID, namely chronic pelvic pain, pelvic heaviness, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, dyspareunia, vaginal discharge, urinary symptoms, and smelly urine, and reported history of 3 conditions that can be attributed to PID, that is infertility, preterm labour, and miscarriages. […] Our data also suggest that the women experienced mild chronic symptoms, suggesting that chronic or subclinical PID is more prevalent, while acute PID is rare, which is consistent with the literature.

• #31 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid.html

  Pelvic inflammatory disease typically develops in a two-stage process. First, the organisms infect the cervix (opening of the uterus). Then, in about 10% of women, bacteria migrate up to the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. […] Symptoms can be severe, minor or nonexistent. The most common symptoms include: pain in the pelvis and lower abdomen, discharge from the vagina with an unpleasant odor, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, pain during sexual intercourse. […] Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease clear up after 10 to 14 days of antibiotic treatment. More severe cases may need to be treated in a hospital. […] The primary treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease is antibiotics, and in most cases, antibiotics alone can cure the infection. Because pelvic inflammatory disease often is caused by more than one type of organism, two or more antibiotics may be necessary. […] Getting prompt treatment and follow-up care can cure pelvic inflammatory disease and keep it from causing further problems.

• #32 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9129-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that occurs in your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Symptoms include stomach, lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. The most common symptoms are pain in your lower abdomen or pelvis, irregular vaginal discharge and painful sex. When you have PID, you may feel pain in your lower abdomen (belly) or pelvis. You may also have unusual discharge (leaking) from your vagina. Severe PID can cause permanent damage your reproductive organs and prevent you from getting pregnant. Symptoms might be mild or unnoticeable. But symptoms of PID can also start suddenly. They can include: Pain or tenderness in your stomach or lower abdomen (belly), the most common symptom. Abnormal vaginal discharge, usually yellow or green with an unusual odor. Chills or fever. Nausea and vomiting. Pain during sex. Burning when you pee. Irregular periods or having spotting or cramping throughout the month. Pelvic inflammatory disease pain is mainly felt in your lower abdomen or pelvic region. It may feel tender and sore or like a dull ache. You may also feel pain deep in your pelvis during sex. It can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to develop PID if untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia is the cause. If you get PID from something else, it may take several months to develop it. The longer you have PID, the more serious its effects can become. The infection can cause scar tissue to form inside your fallopian tubes. The scarring can lead to several problems, including: Chronic pelvic pain: Long-lasting pelvic pain is the most common complication. One study estimates about 20% of people develop chronic pelvic pain. Ectopic pregnancy: Scarring can prevent a fertilized egg from moving into your uterus. This can cause it to implant inside your fallopian tubes instead. The rate of ectopic pregnancy in people with PID is much higher than in people without PID. Infertility: Up to 10% of people with PID lose the ability to get pregnant because scar tissue blocks their fallopian tubes and prevents them from releasing an egg. PID can affect fertility. Of the people who had PID, studies found that 1 in 8 had difficulty getting pregnant. Up to 1 in 10 people ultimately received a diagnosis of infertility. People who had repeat infections had a harder time getting pregnant. Bacteria from PID can cause scarring on your fallopian tubes. This scar tissue makes it harder for an egg to get from your ovary to your fallopian tube, then down to your uterus. If an egg cant get through your fallopian tube, sperm cant fertilize it. Yes, you can get PID again. Getting PID once doesnt protect you from getting it again. If you feel symptoms of PID, see your healthcare provider right away. If you have PID, the most important thing you can do is get treatment. See your provider if you experience any symptoms of PID. Seek immediate medical care if you have: Intense lower belly pain. Smelly or discolored vaginal discharge. Severe vomiting. High fever. Yes, PID can be serious. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reducing your risk of long-term complications like infertility.

• #33 Timing of progression from Chlamydia trachomatisinfection to pelvic inflammatory disease: a mathematical modelling study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-12-187

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from the ascending spread of microorganisms from the vagina and endocervix to the upper genital tract. PID can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. […] The findings of this study suggest that clinical PID can occur throughout the course of a chlamydia infection, which will leave a window of opportunity for screening to prevent PID. […] The predicted cumulative incidence of PID cases from all causes after one year depends on the fraction of chlamydia infected women that progresses to PID and on the type of progression. […] The model estimates, for constant progression and progression at the end, that 10% (95% CI 7-13%) of chlamydia infections progress to PID.

• #34 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. […] Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are vital in reducing the chances of later complications from PID. Delaying treatment for even a few days could greatly increase the chances of further complications. Even when the PID infection is cured, effects of the infection may be permanent, or long lasting. This makes early identification essential. […] Around 20 percent of women with PID develop infertility. Even women who do not experience intense symptoms or are asymptomatic can become infertile. This can be caused by the formation of scar tissue due to one or more episodes of PID, and can lead to tubal blockage. Both of these increase the risk of the inability to get pregnant, and 1% results in an ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic/abdominal pain develops post PID 40% of the time.

• #35 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women/pelvic-inflammatory-disease

  Symptoms may develop quickly over just a few days. Sometimes symptoms are mild and develop slowly for example, a relatively mild abdominal pain that may 'grumble on’ for weeks. In some cases no symptoms develop at all. However, there is still a risk of complications even if there are no symptoms at first. […] Long-term complications are less likely to develop if treatment is started within 2-3 days of symptoms starting. This may be possible if symptoms develop quickly. However, some women with PID have mild symptoms, or no symptoms at all and therefore the infection may progress for quite some time before it is diagnosed or treated. […] The risk of developing complications such as infertility or chronic pelvic pain is greatly increased with repeated episodes of PID.

• #36 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease commonly causes lower abdominal pain, fever, cervical discharge, and abnormal uterine bleeding, particularly during or after menses. […] Lower abdominal pain is usually present and bilateral but may be unilateral, even when both tubes are involved. Pain may also occur in the upper abdomen. Nausea and vomiting are common when pain is severe. Irregular bleeding (caused by endometritis) and/or fever each occur in up to one third of patients. […] In the early stages, signs may be mild or absent. Later, cervical motion tenderness, guarding, and rebound tenderness are common. […] PID due to N. gonorrhoeae is usually more acute and causes more severe symptoms than that due to C. trachomatis, which can be indolent. PID due to M. genitalium, like that due to C. trachomatis, is also mild and should be considered in women who do not respond to first-line therapy for PID.

• #37 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #38

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/p/article/pelvicinflammatorydisease/

  If diagnosed at an early stage, PID can be treated with a course of antibiotics, which usually lasts for 14 days. […] The fallopian tubes can become scarred and narrowed if they’re affected by PID. This can make it difficult for eggs to pass from the ovaries into the womb. […] Some people with PID become infertile as a result of the condition. If you have delayed treatment or had repeated episodes of PID, you’re most at risk. […] But most women treated for PID are still able to get pregnant without any problems. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can sometimes lead to serious and long-term problems, particularly if the condition isn’t treated with antibiotics quickly. […] Sometimes you can experience repeated episodes of PID. This is known as recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease.

• #39 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #40 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause mild or moderate pain. However, some women have severe pain and symptoms, such as: sharp pain in the abdomen, vomiting, fainting, a high fever (greater than 101F). […] If you have severe symptoms, call your doctor immediately or go to the emergency room. The infection may have spread to your bloodstream or other parts of your body. This can be life-threatening. […] If you dont treat your PID, your symptoms can worsen and lead to problems, such as: infertility, an inability to conceive a child, ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb, chronic pelvic pain, pain in the lower abdomen caused by scarring of the fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs. […] The infection can also spread to other parts of your body. If it spreads to your blood, it can become life-threatening. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease is a very treatable condition and most women make a full recovery. […] However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1 in 8 women with a history of PID will have difficulty getting pregnant. Pregnancy is still possible for most women.

• #41 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Patients with PID may develop chronic pain, an ectopic pregnancy, or infertility. About 25% will have chronic pelvic pain, usually due to adhesions. Impaired fertility affects 10-50% of females and is usually due to scarring and adhesions within the fallopian tubes. The rates of infertility usually increase with the number of infection episodes. The final problem is an ectopic pregnancy which may occur in 15-60% of women and is usually due to damage to the fallopian tubes.

• #42 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis that causes upper right quadrant pain) may result from acute gonococcal or chlamydial salpingitis. Infection may become chronic, characterized by intermittent exacerbations and remissions. […] A tubo-ovarian abscess (collection of pus in the adnexa) develops in about 15% of women with salpingitis. It can accompany acute or chronic infection and is more likely if treatment is late or incomplete. […] Salpingitis may cause tubal scarring and adhesions, which commonly result in chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.

• #43 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  PID may produce TOA and extend to produce pelvic peritonitis and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis). TOA is reported in as many as one third of women hospitalized for PID. Acute rupture of a TOA with resultant diffuse peritonitis is a rare but life-threatening event that calls for urgent abdominal surgery.

• #44 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis that causes upper right quadrant pain) may result from acute gonococcal or chlamydial salpingitis. Infection may become chronic, characterized by intermittent exacerbations and remissions. […] A tubo-ovarian abscess (collection of pus in the adnexa) develops in about 15% of women with salpingitis. It can accompany acute or chronic infection and is more likely if treatment is late or incomplete. […] Salpingitis may cause tubal scarring and adhesions, which commonly result in chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.

• #45 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  PID may produce TOA and extend to produce pelvic peritonitis and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis). TOA is reported in as many as one third of women hospitalized for PID. Acute rupture of a TOA with resultant diffuse peritonitis is a rare but life-threatening event that calls for urgent abdominal surgery.

• #46 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis that causes upper right quadrant pain) may result from acute gonococcal or chlamydial salpingitis. Infection may become chronic, characterized by intermittent exacerbations and remissions. […] A tubo-ovarian abscess (collection of pus in the adnexa) develops in about 15% of women with salpingitis. It can accompany acute or chronic infection and is more likely if treatment is late or incomplete. […] Salpingitis may cause tubal scarring and adhesions, which commonly result in chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.

• #47 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause mild or moderate pain. However, some women have severe pain and symptoms, such as: sharp pain in the abdomen, vomiting, fainting, a high fever (greater than 101F). […] If you have severe symptoms, call your doctor immediately or go to the emergency room. The infection may have spread to your bloodstream or other parts of your body. This can be life-threatening. […] If you dont treat your PID, your symptoms can worsen and lead to problems, such as: infertility, an inability to conceive a child, ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb, chronic pelvic pain, pain in the lower abdomen caused by scarring of the fallopian tubes and other pelvic organs. […] The infection can also spread to other parts of your body. If it spreads to your blood, it can become life-threatening. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease is a very treatable condition and most women make a full recovery. […] However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1 in 8 women with a history of PID will have difficulty getting pregnant. Pregnancy is still possible for most women.

• #48 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #49 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  PID has 3 principal complications, as follows: Chronic pelvic pain, Infertility, Ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic pain occurs in approximately 25% of patients with a history of PID. This pain is thought to be related to cyclic menstrual changes, but it also may be the result of adhesions or hydrosalpinx. Impaired fertility is a major concern in women with a history of PID. Infection and inflammation can lead to scarring and adhesions within tubal lumens. The rate of infertility increases with the number of episodes of infection. These sequelae help guide the CDC recommendation and United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) to annually screen sexually active females under age 25 or those older than age 25 who are high risk for C. trachomatis. The risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased 15-50% in women with a history of PID. Ectopic pregnancy is a direct result of damage to the fallopian tube.

• #50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #51 Pelvic inflammatory disease: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177923

  Many women do not realize they have had a PID until they seek medical advice for infertility problems. […] A woman who has had PID has a 20 percent chance of infertility due to scarring of the fallopian tubes and a 9 percent risk of a future ectopic pregnancy. The odds of developing chronic pelvic pain are 18 percent.

• #52 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #53 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  PID has 3 principal complications, as follows: Chronic pelvic pain, Infertility, Ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic pain occurs in approximately 25% of patients with a history of PID. This pain is thought to be related to cyclic menstrual changes, but it also may be the result of adhesions or hydrosalpinx. Impaired fertility is a major concern in women with a history of PID. Infection and inflammation can lead to scarring and adhesions within tubal lumens. The rate of infertility increases with the number of episodes of infection. These sequelae help guide the CDC recommendation and United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) to annually screen sexually active females under age 25 or those older than age 25 who are high risk for C. trachomatis. The risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased 15-50% in women with a history of PID. Ectopic pregnancy is a direct result of damage to the fallopian tube.

• #54 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #55 Pelvic inflammatory disease: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177923

  Many women do not realize they have had a PID until they seek medical advice for infertility problems. […] A woman who has had PID has a 20 percent chance of infertility due to scarring of the fallopian tubes and a 9 percent risk of a future ectopic pregnancy. The odds of developing chronic pelvic pain are 18 percent.

• #56 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  If left untreated, PID can cause long-term scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This may lead to infertility because the fertilised egg is unable to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb). […] One episode of PID can double your risk of tubal infertility. […] If you have had 3 or more episodes of PID, your risk of fallopian tube blockage increases 75%. […] One episode of PID increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where the fetus develops outside the uterus) sevenfold.

• #57 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Symptoms | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  If you have the above symptoms, or if you think you have been exposed to an STI, call your doctor. The sooner you see your doctor, the better. Waiting can allow the infection to spread and cause more pain and damage. […] The sooner your PID is treated, the better. The longer PID is left untreated, the more damage it can cause, and the more likely there will be complications. […] Early and complete treatment can help prevent complications of pelvic inflammatory disease. However, if PID isn’t treated, it can cause permanent damage to your internal organs. Scar tissue can form in the fallopian tubes and around the abdomen. This tissue can prevent pregnancy. It can also cause the pregnancy to form outside the uterus. This is called a tubal or ectopic pregnancy. Scarring can cause pain that lasts for months or even years. Occasionally, the effects of PID can be so severe that surgery is required to remove pus, get rid of scar tissue, or remove damaged organs. […] PID is more likely to come back if you’re exposed to STIs again. Each time you have PID, it causes more damage and a greater possibility of complications.

• #58 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  If left untreated, PID can cause long-term scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This may lead to infertility because the fertilised egg is unable to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb). […] One episode of PID can double your risk of tubal infertility. […] If you have had 3 or more episodes of PID, your risk of fallopian tube blockage increases 75%. […] One episode of PID increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where the fetus develops outside the uterus) sevenfold.

• #59 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  If left untreated, PID can cause long-term scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This may lead to infertility because the fertilised egg is unable to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb). […] One episode of PID can double your risk of tubal infertility. […] If you have had 3 or more episodes of PID, your risk of fallopian tube blockage increases 75%. […] One episode of PID increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where the fetus develops outside the uterus) sevenfold.

• #60 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/pelvic-inflammatory-disease.html

  PID can be misdiagnosed as appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, ruptured ovarian cysts or other problems. […] Prompt and appropriate treatment can help prevent complications of PID, including permanent damage to the female reproductive organs. […] As many as 15 percent of women with PID may become infertile, and if a woman has multiple episodes of PID, her chances of becoming infertile increase. […] Women with repeated episodes of PID are more likely to suffer infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. […] The diagnosis of PID can be made when all three of the following symptoms are found during a pelvic exam: lower abdominal tenderness, tenderness of fallopian tubes and ovaries, tenderness of the cervix. […] PID is difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are often subtle and mild.

• #61 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. […] Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are vital in reducing the chances of later complications from PID. Delaying treatment for even a few days could greatly increase the chances of further complications. Even when the PID infection is cured, effects of the infection may be permanent, or long lasting. This makes early identification essential. […] Around 20 percent of women with PID develop infertility. Even women who do not experience intense symptoms or are asymptomatic can become infertile. This can be caused by the formation of scar tissue due to one or more episodes of PID, and can lead to tubal blockage. Both of these increase the risk of the inability to get pregnant, and 1% results in an ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic/abdominal pain develops post PID 40% of the time.

• #62 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #63 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. […] Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are vital in reducing the chances of later complications from PID. Delaying treatment for even a few days could greatly increase the chances of further complications. Even when the PID infection is cured, effects of the infection may be permanent, or long lasting. This makes early identification essential. […] Around 20 percent of women with PID develop infertility. Even women who do not experience intense symptoms or are asymptomatic can become infertile. This can be caused by the formation of scar tissue due to one or more episodes of PID, and can lead to tubal blockage. Both of these increase the risk of the inability to get pregnant, and 1% results in an ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic/abdominal pain develops post PID 40% of the time.

• #64 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

  Acute PID is difficult to diagnose because of the considerable variation in symptoms and signs associated with this condition. Women with PID often have subtle or nonspecific symptoms or are asymptomatic. […] Episodes of PID often go unrecognized. Although certain cases are asymptomatic, others are not diagnosed because the patient or the health care provider do not recognize the implications of mild or nonspecific symptoms or signs (e.g., abnormal bleeding, dyspareunia, and vaginal discharge). Even women with mild or asymptomatic PID might be at risk for infertility. […] The majority of women with PID have either mucopurulent cervical discharge or evidence of WBCs on a microscopic evaluation of a saline preparation of vaginal fluid (i.e., wet prep). If the cervical discharge appears normal and no WBCs are observed on the wet prep of vaginal fluid, a PID diagnosis is unlikely, and alternative causes of pain should be considered.

• #65 Core Concepts – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/core-concept/all

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome characterized by infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract. This process results from the ascending spread of microorganisms in the vagina or cervix to the structures of the upper female genital tract, with potential infection and inflammation of the endometrium, fallopian tubes, pelvic peritoneum, and, in some instances, formation of tubo-ovarian abscess. Typically, PID is classified as either acute (less than or equal to 30 days duration), subclinical (asymptomatic disease of unknown duration), or chronic (greater than 30 days duration). The diagnosis of PID may be challenging as women with PID often experience subtle clinical manifestations, and precise diagnostic criteria are lacking. Women who experience PID may have adverse reproductive sequelae, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Effective parenteral and oral treatments are available for PID that provide short-term clinical benefit and reduce the risk of developing long-term complications. When considering the severe potential long-term consequences associated with PID, it is extremely important for clinicians to diagnose PID and promptly provide appropriate and effective antimicrobial therapy.

• #66 About Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pid/about/index.html

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs. It is a complication often caused by some STIs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea. Other infections that are not sexually transmitted can also cause PID. […] There are no tests for PID. A diagnosis is usually based on a combination of your medical history, physical exam, and other test results. You may not realize you have PID because your symptoms may be mild, or you may not experience any symptoms. However, if you do have symptoms, you may notice […] Pain in your lower abdomen […] Fever […] An unusual discharge with a bad odor from your vagina […] Pain and/or bleeding when you have sex […] Burning sensation when you urinate […] Bleeding between periods. […] If diagnosed and treated early, the complications of PID can be prevented. Some of the complications of PID are […] Infertility (inability to get pregnant) […] Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain.

• #67 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/womens-health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  Approximately 100,000 women a year begin struggling with infertility as a result of PID. The scar tissue may partially block or slightly damage the fallopian tube. This can prevent the fertilized egg from leaving the tube creating an ectopic or tubal pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancies can rupture the fallopian tubes causing severe pain, internal bleeding, and even death. Scarring of the fallopian tubes and ovaries can also lead to pelvic pain that lasts for months or even years. […] PID is caused by vaginal intercourse with a partner infected with Gonorrhea or Chlamydia. The more sexual partners a woman has, the greater the risk of PID. PID is a common progression from an infection of either chlamydia, gonorrhea, or in rare cases, bacterial vaginosis. […] PID is difficult to diagnose because symptoms are often mild and many cases go undetected. There are no specific tests for PID. If you are sexually active and experiencing lower abdominal pain, the first thing your healthcare provider will probably do is to run cultures of your cervix to test for chlamydia and gonorrhea. An ultrasound or possibly surgery may be necessary to diagnose PID.

• #68 Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): tests and treatment | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/acute-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-tests-and-treatment/

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammation of the pelvic organs. […] Acute PID is the inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and pelvic area caused by an infection. If left untreated, it can cause abdominal pain and fertility problems in the future. […] What are the symptoms of acute PID? Sometimes you may not have any obvious symptoms. You may have one or more of the following, which can vary from mild to severe: smelly or unusual vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen that is usually on both sides and can feel like period pains, pain deep inside during or after sex, vaginal bleeding in between periods, bleeding after sex, or heavy periods, nausea and vomiting, fever, low backache. […] Many of these symptoms are common and can be caused by other conditions. This means that PID can be difficult to diagnose so, if you have any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible.

• #69 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p797.html

  Pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID, is a common infection that women get in their pelvic organs. It usually starts in the vagina and cervix, and spreads into the uterus (womb), fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Most women with PID are 15 to 29 years of age. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe. They may include lower abdominal or pelvic pain, pain during sex, abnormal bleeding or spotting, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever, frequent urination, low back pain, and nausea or vomiting. You should see your doctor if you have any of these symptoms. Sometimes the symptoms of PID are similar to those of appendicitis, ovarian cyst, urinary tract infections, or endometriosis. Some women have no symptoms. […] If you don’t get treated, you could have chronic pain in your pelvis. You could also have scarring in your fallopian tubes, which may lead to infertility or an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Rarely, PID causes a serious infection in your ovary called a tubo-ovarian abscess. This can be life-threatening.

• #70 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid-a-to-z

  Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. It most often affects sexually active women during their reproductive years. […] Symptoms can be severe, minor or nonexistent. The most common symptoms include: pain in the pelvis and lower abdomen, discharge from the vagina with an unpleasant odor, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, pain during sexual intercourse. […] Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease clear up after 10 to 14 days of antibiotic treatment. More severe cases may need to be treated in a hospital. […] If you experience any symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease, see your doctor promptly. […] Getting prompt treatment and follow-up care can cure pelvic inflammatory disease and keep it from causing further problems.

• #71 What Is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pid/guide/

  Prompt treatment can cure PID. Still, antibiotic treatment cant undo damage (like scarring) already caused by chronic PID. […] With antibiotic treatment, PID usually clears up within two weeks, and most people will start to feel better within a few days. […] If PID isnt treated, it can cause scarring of the pelvic organs, which can lead to: Chronic pelvic pain, An ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility, An abscess in the fallopian tubes or ovaries. […] Its important to see a doctor right away if you think you may have PID. Antibiotics can treat your infection, but they wont reverse any permanent damage that has already occurred in your internal organs.

• #72 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600

  There is no one test that can accurately diagnose pelvic inflammatory disease. Instead, your health care provider will rely on a combination of findings from: […] Tell your provider about any symptoms you’re experiencing, even if they’re mild. […] Prompt treatment with medicine can get rid of the infection that causes pelvic inflammatory disease. But there’s no way to reverse any scarring or damage to the reproductive tract that pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) might have caused. […] If you’re pregnant, seriously ill, have a suspected abscess or haven’t responded to oral medications, you might need hospitalization. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease can bring up difficult or stressful feelings. You may be dealing with the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection, possible infertility or chronic pain. […] If you’ve experienced more than one episode of pelvic inflammatory disease, you’re at greater risk of infertility. […] If you have signs or symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease, make an appointment to see your health care provider.

• #73 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600

  There is no one test that can accurately diagnose pelvic inflammatory disease. Instead, your health care provider will rely on a combination of findings from: […] Tell your provider about any symptoms you’re experiencing, even if they’re mild. […] Prompt treatment with medicine can get rid of the infection that causes pelvic inflammatory disease. But there’s no way to reverse any scarring or damage to the reproductive tract that pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) might have caused. […] If you’re pregnant, seriously ill, have a suspected abscess or haven’t responded to oral medications, you might need hospitalization. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease can bring up difficult or stressful feelings. You may be dealing with the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection, possible infertility or chronic pain. […] If you’ve experienced more than one episode of pelvic inflammatory disease, you’re at greater risk of infertility. […] If you have signs or symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease, make an appointment to see your health care provider.

• #74 What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease or PID?

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/3804/

  Yes. You are definitely at risk of getting PID again if you have oral, vaginal or anal contact and you and your partners have not been treated. Some women get PID again, even if they are not re-infected. This is because their first infection was not fully treated. […] Not having sex (abstinence) is the only sure way to avoid infection. If you choose to be sexually active, use latex or polyurethane condoms every time you have oral, anal or vaginal sex. This will lower your chances of having PID again. But, using condoms will not totally stop your risk of giving or getting PID. This is because condoms are not 100% effective. Condoms do help prevent the spread of other STDs, including HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

• #75 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. […] Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are vital in reducing the chances of later complications from PID. Delaying treatment for even a few days could greatly increase the chances of further complications. Even when the PID infection is cured, effects of the infection may be permanent, or long lasting. This makes early identification essential. […] Around 20 percent of women with PID develop infertility. Even women who do not experience intense symptoms or are asymptomatic can become infertile. This can be caused by the formation of scar tissue due to one or more episodes of PID, and can lead to tubal blockage. Both of these increase the risk of the inability to get pregnant, and 1% results in an ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic/abdominal pain develops post PID 40% of the time.

• #76 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of one or more of the upper reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Untreated can cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid (abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract, which can cause permanent damage. […] The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease can be subtle or mild. Some women don’t experience any signs or symptoms. As a result, you might not realize you have it until you have trouble getting pregnant or you develop chronic pelvic pain. […] The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease might be mild and difficult to recognize. Some women don’t have any signs or symptoms. When signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are present, they most often include: Pain ranging from mild to severe in your lower abdomen and pelvis, Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor, Unusual bleeding from the vagina, especially during or after sex, or between periods, Pain during sex, Fever, sometimes with chills, Painful, frequent or difficult urination.

• #77 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9129-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that occurs in your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Symptoms include stomach, lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. The most common symptoms are pain in your lower abdomen or pelvis, irregular vaginal discharge and painful sex. When you have PID, you may feel pain in your lower abdomen (belly) or pelvis. You may also have unusual discharge (leaking) from your vagina. Severe PID can cause permanent damage your reproductive organs and prevent you from getting pregnant. Symptoms might be mild or unnoticeable. But symptoms of PID can also start suddenly. They can include: Pain or tenderness in your stomach or lower abdomen (belly), the most common symptom. Abnormal vaginal discharge, usually yellow or green with an unusual odor. Chills or fever. Nausea and vomiting. Pain during sex. Burning when you pee. Irregular periods or having spotting or cramping throughout the month. Pelvic inflammatory disease pain is mainly felt in your lower abdomen or pelvic region. It may feel tender and sore or like a dull ache. You may also feel pain deep in your pelvis during sex. It can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to develop PID if untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia is the cause. If you get PID from something else, it may take several months to develop it. The longer you have PID, the more serious its effects can become. The infection can cause scar tissue to form inside your fallopian tubes. The scarring can lead to several problems, including: Chronic pelvic pain: Long-lasting pelvic pain is the most common complication. One study estimates about 20% of people develop chronic pelvic pain. Ectopic pregnancy: Scarring can prevent a fertilized egg from moving into your uterus. This can cause it to implant inside your fallopian tubes instead. The rate of ectopic pregnancy in people with PID is much higher than in people without PID. Infertility: Up to 10% of people with PID lose the ability to get pregnant because scar tissue blocks their fallopian tubes and prevents them from releasing an egg. PID can affect fertility. Of the people who had PID, studies found that 1 in 8 had difficulty getting pregnant. Up to 1 in 10 people ultimately received a diagnosis of infertility. People who had repeat infections had a harder time getting pregnant. Bacteria from PID can cause scarring on your fallopian tubes. This scar tissue makes it harder for an egg to get from your ovary to your fallopian tube, then down to your uterus. If an egg cant get through your fallopian tube, sperm cant fertilize it. Yes, you can get PID again. Getting PID once doesnt protect you from getting it again. If you feel symptoms of PID, see your healthcare provider right away. If you have PID, the most important thing you can do is get treatment. See your provider if you experience any symptoms of PID. Seek immediate medical care if you have: Intense lower belly pain. Smelly or discolored vaginal discharge. Severe vomiting. High fever. Yes, PID can be serious. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reducing your risk of long-term complications like infertility.

• #78 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/

  Delayed treatment of PID has a strong association with worsened outcomes and long-term complications. However, even with timely treatment, long-term complications can occur. […] Chronic pelvic pain is seen in as many as one-third of women with PID. The pain is thought to be related to inflammation, scarring, and adhesions from the infectious process. […] Infertility can also result from PID, regardless if the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic from the pelvic infection. The infection can cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes, including loss of the ciliary epithelial cells of the Fallopian tube and occlusion of the tube. […] The increased risk for ectopic pregnancy following PID is also related to damage to the fallopian tubes. In one study, the rate of ectopic pregnancy following PID is approximately 7.8%, according to one study, while the non-PID ectopic rate is 1.3%.

• #79 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overview

  PID has 3 principal complications, as follows: Chronic pelvic pain, Infertility, Ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic pain occurs in approximately 25% of patients with a history of PID. This pain is thought to be related to cyclic menstrual changes, but it also may be the result of adhesions or hydrosalpinx. Impaired fertility is a major concern in women with a history of PID. Infection and inflammation can lead to scarring and adhesions within tubal lumens. The rate of infertility increases with the number of episodes of infection. These sequelae help guide the CDC recommendation and United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) to annually screen sexually active females under age 25 or those older than age 25 who are high risk for C. trachomatis. The risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased 15-50% in women with a history of PID. Ectopic pregnancy is a direct result of damage to the fallopian tube.

• #80 Pelvic inflammatory disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

  PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. […] Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are vital in reducing the chances of later complications from PID. Delaying treatment for even a few days could greatly increase the chances of further complications. Even when the PID infection is cured, effects of the infection may be permanent, or long lasting. This makes early identification essential. […] Around 20 percent of women with PID develop infertility. Even women who do not experience intense symptoms or are asymptomatic can become infertile. This can be caused by the formation of scar tissue due to one or more episodes of PID, and can lead to tubal blockage. Both of these increase the risk of the inability to get pregnant, and 1% results in an ectopic pregnancy. Chronic pelvic/abdominal pain develops post PID 40% of the time.

• #81 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600

  There is no one test that can accurately diagnose pelvic inflammatory disease. Instead, your health care provider will rely on a combination of findings from: […] Tell your provider about any symptoms you’re experiencing, even if they’re mild. […] Prompt treatment with medicine can get rid of the infection that causes pelvic inflammatory disease. But there’s no way to reverse any scarring or damage to the reproductive tract that pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) might have caused. […] If you’re pregnant, seriously ill, have a suspected abscess or haven’t responded to oral medications, you might need hospitalization. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease can bring up difficult or stressful feelings. You may be dealing with the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection, possible infertility or chronic pain. […] If you’ve experienced more than one episode of pelvic inflammatory disease, you’re at greater risk of infertility. […] If you have signs or symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease, make an appointment to see your health care provider.

• #82

• #83 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/N_R/Pelvic-inflammatory-disease-PID

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by an infection such as gonorrhoea, chlamydia or Mycoplasm genitalium spreading into the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] It is a serious disease that can damage or scar the fallopian tubes, which can result in dangerous complications in pregnancy or infertility (so they cant have a baby). […] Often there are no symptoms, so people dont know they have PID. […] If symptoms are present they can include: an unusual vaginal discharge, unusual vaginal bleeding or spotting, pain when urinating and during vaginal sex, lower abdominal pain or discomfort, heavy and more painful periods, fever. […] If PID is left untreated it could damage or scar the fallopian tubes, which can lead to dangerous complications in pregnancy, such as ectopic pregnancy, or even infertility. […] You can have PID without showing any symptoms. […] If left untreated, PID can lead to serious complications including infertility. […] Have regular STI check-ups to detect PID.

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