Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epididymitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430814/

  Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, a tubular structure on the testis where sperms mature. […] The majority of cases of epididymitis occur as a result of bacterial infection. The types of bacterial infection include common urinary pathogens as well as pathogens known to cause sexually transmitted disease. […] In most cases of epididymitis, infection occurs either as a result of the retrograde flow of urine, most commonly seen in elderly males, or as a result of a sexually transmitted disease, most often encountered in males ages 20 to 40. […] Other possible causes of epididymitis include chemical, drug-induced, and viral infections. […] Epididymitis can occur in men of any age, though the majority of cases of epididymitis occurs in males ages 20 to 39 and are most often associated with a sexually transmitted disease.

• #1 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17697-epididymitis

  Epididymitis causes inflammation in the epididymis behind your testicle and can also cause pain in your scrotum and penis […] A bacterial infection is the most common cause of acute epididymitis. If you’re under 35 years of age, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia are the most common cause of epididymitis. […] If you’re older than 35, the most common cause of epididymitis is the backflow of infected pee (urine) down your ejaculatory tract to the epididymis. The most common bacteria that associates with this is E. coli. […] Other infections, including the mumps virus and, rarely, tuberculosis, can also cause epididymitis. […] Yes, you can get epididymitis through nonsexually transmitted infections. For example, prostate infections and UTIs can spread to your epididymis.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epididymitis-Causes.aspx

  There are several different causes of epididymitis, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), prostate enlargement, as well as surgery or other procedures involving the renal system. In some cases, the exact cause of epididymitis is not known, which is referred to as idiopathic epididymitis. […] The most common causes of epididymitis are STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. This cause is most likely to cause epididymitis in young men who have unprotected sex, regardless of their sexual orientation. […] Chlamydia infections are estimated to account for more than half of all epididymitis cases in men younger than the age of 35. Other pathogens that may be associated with causing an STI and subsequent epididymitis include Neisseria gonorrhea, Treponema pallidum, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Trichomonas species.

• #1 Acute Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Diagnosis, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777181-overview

  Most cases of epididymitis occur in males aged 20 to 39 years, and most cases are associated with a sexually transmitted disease. In sexually active men older than 35 years, the most common causes are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] After 39 years of age, the most common causes are Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria. […] Reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts has been reported to be the most common cause of epididymitis in children younger than 14 years. […] Most cases of acute epididymitis are caused by bacterial infection, most often by sexually transmitted organisms and urinary pathogens. […] In men older than 35 years, epididymitis is usually caused by enteric bacteria (typically, Escherichia coli) introduced into the ejaculatory ducts by reflux of urine secondary to bladder outlet obstruction. […] Enteric bacteria are also the usual pathogen in epididymitis following prostate biopsy, vasectomy, and other urinary tract instrumentation procedures.

• #1 Epididymo-orchitis | STI Guidelines Australia

  https://sti.guidelines.org.au/syndromes/epididymo-orchitis/

  Epididymo-orchitis is inflammation of the epididymis, and occasionally the testis. […] The most common cause in people < 35 years is Chlamydia trachomatis and occasionally Neisseria gonorrhoeae. [...] In sexually active people of ANY age, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae remain the most likely cause of epididymo-orchitis. For people who have insertive anal sex, and people who have had recent instrumentation, there is a higher likelihood of enteric pathogens (g. Escherichia coli and Proteus spp). [...] Rarer causes include paramyxovirus (mumps), amiodarone use, tuberculosis, brucellosis, Candida spp, cryptococcosis, and Behçet syndrome. [...] Mycoplasma genitalium may be a cause although the evidence is limited. [...] Non-STI causes for epididymo-orchitis are possible in the presence of a urinary tract infection or prostatitis.

• #1 Epididymitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430814/

  After 39 years of age, the most common etiologic agent responsible for epididymitis is Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract. […] Though rare, chemical epididymitis may occur as a result of exercising or having sexual intercourse with a full bladder, resulting in a retrograde flow of urine. […] Epididymitis most often occurs as a result of a bacterial infection. […] Certain viruses, namely mumps virus, have a predisposition to infect the testis.

• #1 Epididymitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/epididymitis/

  Epididymitis is the inflammation of the epididymis and is commonly associated with genitourinary tract infections. […] Acute epididymitis: an inflammation of the epididymis, usually as a result of an infection […] Urinary tract infections […] Most common cause among older men and children […] Pathogens: E. coli (most common), Pseudomonas (common), Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. […] Sexually transmitted infections […] Most common cause among young males (usually of age) […] Pathogens: Chlamydia trachomatis; (common), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (common), Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis. […] Chronic epididymitis (6-week course of the disease) […] Recurrent and/or untreated acute epididymitis […] Tuberculosis (usually associated with renal tuberculosis) […] Rare, noninfectious causes […] Amiodarone-induced epididymitis […] Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Behcet disease): associated with granuloma formation in seminiferous tubules.

• #1 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Other pathogens that are less commonly associated with epididymitis include Ureaplasma urealyticum, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] Epididymitis secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is rare but must be considered among those at high risk. […] In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, fungal and viral etiologies, including cytomegalovirus, have been reported. […] Noninfectious etiologies of epididymitis have been identified in numerous groups. […] One study found that the annual incidence of epididymitis in boys two to 13 years of age is 1.2 per 1,000, and that the condition in this age group is primarily a postinfectious inflammatory reaction to pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, enteroviruses, adenoviruses) that follows a benign course.

• #1 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis is the most common cause of intrascrotal inflammation, and retrograde ascent of pathogens is the usual route of infection. […] Although epididymitis was historically thought to be caused by chemical irritation from urine reflux, a study published in 1979 showed that bacteria were responsible for most cases. […] In men 14 to 35 years of age, epididymitis is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. […] Nonspecific bacterial epididymitis is caused by various aerobic bacteria and is often associated with anatomic abnormalities. […] In those younger than 14 years or older than 35 years, epididymitis is generally caused by infection with common urinary tract pathogens, such as Escherichia coli. […] In men who practice insertive anal intercourse, coliform bacteria (e.g., E. coli) are common causative pathogens, although Haemophilus influenzae infection has also been linked.

• #1 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Ureaplasma urealyticum is found in men with epididymo-orchitis, often in association with N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection. […] 12-19% of men with Behet’s disease develop epididymo-orchitis. This is non-infective and thought to be part of the disease process. It is associated with more severe disease. […] Other rare infections (eg, brucellosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, cytomegalovirus and candidiasis) usually occur in immunocompromised hosts. […] Epididymo-orchitis has also been reported as an adverse effect of amiodarone but this is a rare side-effect of amiodarone.

• #1 Inflammation of the Testicle (Orchitis)

  https://www.webmd.com/men/inflammation-testicle-orchitis

  Bacteria and viruses can cause orchitis. […] Bacteria that commonly cause orchitis include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. You can also have a prostate infection along with orchitis. Epididymitis (inflammation of the tube on the back of the testicle) can lead to orchitis, as well. […] Bacteria that cause sexually transmitted diseases (STD), such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, can cause orchitis in sexually active men, usually those ages 19 to 35. […] The virus that causes mumps can cause orchitis, as well. Most common in young boys (but rare in those younger than 10), orchitis begins 4 to 6 days after mumps begins. […] You may be at risk for nonsexually transmitted orchitis if you haven’t had proper vaccination against mumps, if you get urinary tract infections, if you are older than 45, or if you often have a catheter put into your bladder.

• #1 Epididymitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm

  Acute epididymitis can be caused by STIs (e.g., C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or M. genitalium) or enteric organisms (i.e., Escherichia coli) (1192). […] Nonsexually transmitted acute epididymitis caused by genitourinary pathogens typically occurs with bacteriuria secondary to bladder outlet obstruction (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia) (1193). […] Among older men, nonsexually transmitted acute epididymitis is also associated with prostate biopsy, urinary tract instrumentation or surgery, systemic disease, or immunosuppression. […] Chronic infectious epididymitis is most frequently observed with conditions associated with a granulomatous reaction. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is the most common granulomatous disease affecting the epididymis and should be suspected, especially among men with a known history of or recent exposure to TB. […] Other etiologic agents have been implicated in acute epididymitis among men with HIV, including CMV, salmonella, toxoplasmosis, U. urealyticum, Corynebacterium species, Mycoplasma species, and Mima polymorpha (1192).

• #1 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  Epididymo-orchitis may develop following bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) treatment for superficial bladder cancer (at a rate of 0.4%). […] Viral epididymitis is thought to be the predominant etiology of pediatric epididymitis. […] Other rare infections (eg, brucellosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, cytomegalovirus [CMV], candidiasis, CMV in human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, nontuberculous mycobacteria) have been implicated in epididymitis but usually occur in immunocompromised hosts. […] The etiology of chronic epididymitis includes the following: Inadequate treatment of acute epididymitis, Recurrent epididymitis, Association with a granulomatous reaction (most commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Association with a chronic disease process such as Behet syndrome. […] Causes of acute orchitis include the following: Viral: Mumps orchitis was once the most common etiology; however, since the introduction of the mumps vaccine in 1985, this has been virtually eliminated.

• #1 Epididymitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1101/p723.html

  Inflammation of the epididymis, or epididymitis, is commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Etiology and treatment are based on patient age and the likely causative organisms. […] Although the etiology is largely unknown, reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts is considered the most common cause of epididymitis in children younger than 14 years. […] In boys younger than 14 years, the cause is largely unknown but may be related to anatomic abnormalities causing reflux of infected or sterile urine into the ejaculatory ducts. […] Epididymitis in this age group may also be part of a postinfectious syndrome, mainly from Mycoplasma pneumoniae, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses. […] Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common etiologies in sexually active males 14 to 35 years of age.

• #1 Epididymitis and inflammation of the testicles – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/epididymitis-and-inflammation-of-the-testicles/

  Inflammation of the epididymis (epididymitis) is common and is sometimes accompanied by simultaneous inflammation of the testicles (orchitis). […] In epididymitis, pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and, in rare cases, fungi infect the epididymis. […] In addition to infectious causes, severe violence, trauma from outside, such as kicks, blows and pinching of the testicles, can also trigger epididymitis and/or testicular inflammation. […] However, bacteria and viruses are by far the most common cause. […] The main causes of epididymitis and testicular inflammation are intestinal bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and enterococci. […] Testicular inflammation can also be caused by viruses, such as the mumps virus or the Epstein-Barr virus, which is the cause of mononucleosis.

• #1 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  Instrumentation and indwelling catheters are common risk factors for acute epididymitis. […] Epididymitis may be accompanied by urethritis or prostatitis. […] The etiology of acute epididymo-orchitis varies with the age of the patient and may be a bacterial, nonbacterial infectious, noninfectious, or idiopathic process. […] Infections with urinary coliforms (eg, E coli, Pseudomonas species, Proteus species, Klebsiella species) are the most common cause in children and in men older than 35 years. […] Chlamydia is the most common cause in sexually active men younger than 35 years (accounting for up to 50% of cases, although laboratory evidence of chlamydia may be absent in up to 90% of cases). […] Tuberculous epididymitis can occur in endemic areas and is still the most common form of urogenital tuberculosis (TB).

• #1 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  In men under 35 years old, infection is most often due to a sexually transmitted pathogen – eg, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] In men over 35 years old, infection is most often due to a non-sexually transmitted Gram-negative enteric organism causing urinary tract infections – eg, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. Specific risk factors include recent instrumentation or catheterisation. […] Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) represents 40-45% of TB cases in the UK but tuberculous epididymo-orchitis is a rare presentation. It is likely to present in patients from high-prevalence countries or with a previous history of TB and particularly in patients with immunodeficiency. It is usually a result of disseminated infection and commonly associated with renal TB but can be an isolated finding.

• #1 Epididymitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1101/p723.html

  In those older than 35 years, acute epididymitis is most commonly caused by the retrograde flow of infected urine (bacteriuria) into the ejaculatory duct in the setting of bladder outlet obstruction, usually secondary to prostatic hypertrophy. […] Enteric bacteria must be considered in men who practice insertive anal intercourse, regardless of age. […] Noninfectious acute epididymitis may be an adverse reaction to a medication or caused by reflux of sterile urine into the vas deferens because of bladder outlet obstruction or an underlying systemic disease (e.g., sarcoidosis, Behet syndrome).

• #1 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  The exact etiology of acute epididymitis is unclear; however, it is believed to be caused by the retrograde passage of urine from the prostatic urethra to the epididymis via the ejaculatory ducts and vas deferens. Obstruction of the prostate or urethra and congenital anomalies create a predisposition for reflux. Normally, the oblique angle of the ejaculatory ducts through the dense prostatic tissue prevents reflux. Fifty-six percent of men older than 60 years who have epididymitis exhibit concurrent bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), such as a urethral stricture or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). […] Reflux may also be induced by Valsalva maneuvers or strenuous exertion. This can be seen in athletes such as weight lifters. Epididymitis is commonly found to develop during strenuous exertion in conjunction with a full bladder.

• #1 Epididymitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/epididymitis

  Most epididymitis (and epididymo-orchitis) is caused by bacteria. […] In men 35 years, most cases are due to a sexually transmitted pathogen, especially Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. Infection may begin as urethritis. […] In men 35 years, most cases are due to gram-negative coliform bacilli and typically occur in patients with urologic abnormalities, indwelling catheters, or recent urologic procedures. […] Tuberculous epididymitis and syphilitic gummas are rare in the United States except in immunocompromised (eg, HIV-infected) patients. […] Viral causes (eg, cytomegalovirus infection) and mycotic causes (eg, actinomycosis, blastomycosis) of epididymitis are rare in the United States except in immunocompromised (eg, HIV-infected) patients. Epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis of noninfectious etiology may be due to chemical irritation secondary to a retrograde flow of urine into the epididymis, which may occur with Valsalva maneuver (eg, with heavy lifting) or after local trauma. […] The most common causes of epididymitis are bacteria: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in younger men and adolescents, and gram-negative coliform bacilli in older men.

• #1 Epididymitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epididymitis

  Epididymitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the epididymis, a curved structure at the back of the testicle. […] In those who are young and sexually active, gonorrhea and chlamydia are frequently the underlying cause. […] In older males and men who practice insertive anal sex, enteric bacteria are a common cause. […] Though urinary tract infections in men are rare, bacterial infection is the most common cause of acute epididymitis. […] In sexually active men, Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for two-thirds of acute cases, followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and E. coli (or other bacteria that cause urinary tract infection). […] Particularly among men over age 35 in whom the cause is E. coli, epididymitis is commonly due to urinary tract obstruction. […] Non-infectious causes are also possible. Reflux of sterile urine (urine without bacteria) through the ejaculatory ducts may cause inflammation with obstruction. […] Any form of epididymitis can be caused by genito-urinary surgery, including prostatectomy and urinary catheterization. […] Chronic epididymitis can lead to permanent damage or even destruction of the epididymis and testicle (resulting in infertility and/or hypogonadism).

• #1 Epididymitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/epididymitis

  Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection. Infection often begins in the urethra, the prostate, or the bladder. Gonorrhea and chlamydia infections are most often the cause of the problem in young heterosexual men. In children and older men, it is more commonly caused by E coli and similar bacteria. This is also true in men who have sex with men. […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) can cause epididymitis. Other bacteria (such as Ureaplasma) may also cause the condition. […] Amiodarone is a medicine which prevents abnormal heart rhythms. This medicine can also cause epididymitis. […] The following increase the risk for epididymitis: Recent surgery, Past structural problems in the urinary tract, Regular use of a urethral catheter, Sexual intercourse with more than one partner and not using condoms, Enlarged prostate.

• #1 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-epididymitis

  Reverse urine flow. Chemicals in your pee can be irritating if they reach your epididymis. This may happen if something blocks urine from leaving your urethra or your pee flows backward for another reason like you lift something heavy and put strain on your urinary system. […] Anal sex. E. coli and similar bacteria can spread from the anal canal to your penis. […] You can also get: […] Traumatic epididymitis. Your testes can get inflamed if something hits you in the testicles. Symptoms due to trauma will be similar to epididymitis that happens for other reasons, such as from an infection. […] Epididymitis after a vasectomy. This is a medical procedure that results in permanent birth control for people who make sperm. Around 4% of people who get this minor surgery can get an infection or swelling in the epididymis afterward.

• #1 Epididymitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epididymitis

  Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis, usually caused by an infection. […] Most cases of epididymitis are caused by bacterial infection from a urinary tract infection (UTI) or a sexually transmissible infection (STI) such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia. […] Epididymitis is usually a secondary bacterial infection that can be triggered by a range of conditions such as an urinary tract infection (UTI) or a sexually transmissible infection (STI). […] Most cases of epididymitis are caused by bacterial infection. Causes include: urinary tract infections (UTIs), sexually transmissible infections (STIs) (such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea), recent genito-urinary surgery including prostatectomy (surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland), the use of a urinary catheter, some congenital kidney and bladder problems.

• #1 Epididymitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epididymitis/

  Epididymitis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea. This is more likely in younger men under 35 years old. In men over 35, the main cause is usually a urine infection. […] It can also be caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI), but UTIs are less common in men. […] Less common causes of epididymitis include: mumps, tuberculosis, taking amiodarone, a medicine used to treat heart rhythm disorder, a groin injury, Behet’s disease.

• #1 Epididymitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116211/all/Epididymitis

  Likely secondary to reflux of sterile urine causing a chemical inflammation. […] Cause largely unknown, although likely from anatomic abnormalities resulting in urine reflux such as vesicoureteral reflux, ectopic ureter, or anorectal malformation (rectourethral fistula). […] May also result from postinfectious syndrome from Mycoplasma pneumoniae, enterovirus, or adenovirus. […] Usually Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma genitalium in sexually active males. […] Commonly enteric bacteria but occasionally Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis. […] Tuberculosis (TB), if sterile pyuria, nodularity of vas deferens (hematogenous spread), and recent infection. […] Amiodarone may cause a dose-dependent noninfectious epididymitis; usually resolves with decreasing drug dosage (200 mg/day). […] Syphilis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis are rare causes, but brucellosis can be a common cause in endemic areas.

• #1 Epididymitis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/epididymitis

  Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. […] Causes of epididymitis include: […] STIs. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the most common causes of epididymitis in young, sexually active males. […] Other infections. Bacteria from a urinary tract or prostate infection might spread from the infected site to the epididymis. Also, viral infections, such as the mumps virus, can result in epididymitis. […] Urine in the epididymis. This condition occurs when urine flows backward into the epididymis, causing chemical irritation. It may be the result of heavy lifting or straining. […] Trauma. A groin injury can cause epididymitis. […] Tuberculosis. Rarely, epididymitis can be caused by tuberculosis infection.

• #1 Epididymitis Causes and Symptoms and How It Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/faq-about-epididymitis-2328529

  Epididymitis is mainly caused by an infection that enters the urethra (the tube through which urine and semen exit the body). The three most common causes are: […] Gonorrhea: An STI caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae […] Chlamydia: An STI caused by the bacteria Chlaymadia trachomatis […] Escherichia coli (E. coli): A common cause our urinary tract infection (UTI), often acquired in males through anal sex. […] Less common infectious causes include the mumps virus in boys and bacteria like Cytomegalovirus, Salmonella, Toxoplasma, Ureaplasma, Corynebacterium, and Mycoplasma in men with HIV. […] There are also non-infectious causes of epididymitis that can affect both adult males and boys. Some of the most prominent causes include: […] Groin injury: Such as a blow to the testicle that may cause short-term acute swelling and congestion (blockage due to the accumulation of fluid)

• #1 Epididymitis all you need to know – Edward Calleja

  https://www.edwardcalleja.com/blog-posts/epididymitis-all-you-need-to-know

  Some males have a narrowing in the water pipe (urethra) that leads to issues in emptying the bladder. Stagnant urine gets infected. […] Injuries to the scrotum, such as sports injuries or car accidents, can cause inflammation in the epididymis. […] Some medications, such as amiodarone, used to treat irregular heart rhythms, can cause inflammation in the epididymis. […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of this. These are very rare cases of epididymitis. The classical sign is that the spermatic cord feels like beads. […] Chronic epididymitis occurs due to various causes, such as bacterial or sexually transmitted infections, previous injuries to the scrotum, or other medical conditions.

• #1 Epididymitis | United Urology

  https://www.unitedurology.com/conditions-treatments/for-men/epididymitis/

  Epididymitis is most common in men between the ages of 14 and 35 years and is usually caused by a bacterial infection or by a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Other causes of epididymitis can include partial bladder obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate, partial blockage of the urethra and bacterial prostatitis (infection of the prostate gland).

• #1 Epididymitis Causes and Symptoms and How It Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/faq-about-epididymitis-2328529

  Enlarged prostate: A condition, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), that can sometimes compress the epididymis and lead to epididymal congestion […] Medical procedures: Including urinary tract surgery (such as prostate surgery or vasectomy) and urinary catheters that cause scarring, narrowing, and congestion of the epididymis […] Urinary reflux: In which urine backflows into the epididymis, most often in boys but also sometimes in men who strain on the toilet or lift something heavy […] Systemic diseases: Such as sarcoidosis (which causes hardened granules in different parts of the body) and Behet syndrome (which causes inflammation of blood vessels) […] Amiodarone: A medication used to treat heart rhythm disorders that can, on rare occasions, cause epididymal congestion

• #1 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymo-orchitis is usually due to infection, most commonly from a urine infection or a sexually transmitted infection. […] In over-14s, most cases of epididymo-orchitis are due to an infection. Causes of infection include the following: […] A sexually transmitted infection is the most common cause of epididymo-orchitis in young men (but can occur in any sexually active man). […] The mumps virus used to be a common cause. […] Rarely, epididymo-orchitis in children can be a complication of Henoch-Schnlein purpura, a condition caused by inflammation of the blood vessels. […] Germs (bacteria) such as E. coli that cause urine infections can sometimes track down the vas deferens to cause an epididymo-orchitis. […] This may allow germs (bacteria) into the urethra which may track down to the testicles.

• #1 Epididymitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epididymitis

  Some people develop chronic epididymitis which is inflammation even when there is no infection. […] The cause is not known. It is thought that hypersensitivity of certain structures (including nerves and muscles) may play a part. Some of the known risk factors for chronic epididymitis include: genito-urinary surgery, exposure to STIs, past acute epididymitis.

• #1 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Other noninfectious causes of epididymitis include vasculitides and certain medications, such as amiodarone (Cardarone). […] Risk factors for epididymitis in all men include sexual activity, strenuous physical activity, bicycle or motorcycle riding, and prolonged periods of sitting (e.g., during travel, with a sedentary job). […] Risk factors in men older than 35 years and in prepubertal boys include recent urinary tract surgery or instrumentation and anatomic abnormalities, such as prostatic obstruction in older men and posterior urethral valves or meatal stenosis in prepubertal boys.

• #1 Epididymitis

  https://www.urologists.org/article/conditions/epididymitis

  Epididymitis is most common in men between the ages of 14 and 35. It is nearly always due to an infection of some sort, whether sexually transmitted or otherwise. Two-thirds of all new (acute) cases can be attributed to chlamydia, with gonorrhea and E. coli responsible for the rest. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, on the other hand, is most often found in chronic cases and 25 percent of the time, the epididymis is engorged with a number of cysts and calcified deposits. […] Multiple factors increase a man’s risk of getting epididymitis caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), including: High-risk sexual behaviors, such as multiple partners or having unprotected sex; Previous history of an STI. […] Non-STI risk factors include: Prior prostate or urinary-tract infections; An uncircumcised penis; Urinary tract abnormalities; Recent urinary tract surgeries, catheterizations, or other procedures, which can introduce bacteria; Enlarged prostate (benign prostate hyperplasia).

• #1 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17697-epididymitis

  Yes, epididymitis can spread through sexual contact. While healthcare providers don’t categorize it as an STI, it’s still a common symptom of many STIs, including chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Without treatment, epididymitis can cause complications, like an abscess in your scrotum. Your scrotal skin can also open up or break because of swelling and infection. […] In rare cases, epididymitis can cause male infertility problems.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=160&contentid=60

  Epididymitis is an inflammation or infection of the epididymis. […] In younger boys, it can be caused by a urinary tract infection. In older boys and teens, it’s often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), which is also called a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Its most often caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia. These are bacterial infections. […] Epididymitis is almost always caused by a bacterial infection. […] If not treated, epididymitis can become chronic. This means inflammation, pain, and other symptoms dont go away.

• #1 Epididymitis and inflammation of the testicles – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/epididymitis-and-inflammation-of-the-testicles/

  Other risk factors for epididymitis, testicular inflammation are: a permanently inserted urinary catheter because it can introduce bacteria and fungi into the urogenital tract. […] Obstructions to the outflow of urine from the bladder or kidneys that lead to urinary retention for example due to an enlarged prostate. […] Urine that remains in the bladder for too long (residual urine) provides ideal conditions for bacteria and fungi to grow. […] Overall, both diseases epididymitis and testicular inflammation can temporarily reduce sperm production, although this later returns to normal in most cases. […] However, if the therapy is not fully effective or has not been treated for long enough, epididymitis can become chronic. […] Inadequately treated testicular inflammation also carries the risk that testosterone is no longer produced in line with age. […] A particularly dangerous complication of epididymitis and testicular inflammation is the local accumulation of pus, known as abscess formation.

• #1 Epididymitis | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/epididymitis/

  Epididymitis is a painful condition usually caused by infection or inflammation of the epididymis, a curved, tube-shaped structure connected to the testicle. […] Epididymitis may be caused by a bacterial infection occurring along the urinary tract. In children, epididymitis can also develop due to inflammation from direct trauma, twisting of a portion of the epididymis (torsion), or backward flow (reflux) of urine into the epididymis. […] Sometimes antibiotics are necessary if the epididymitis is caused by a bacterial infection.

• #1 STI-associated syndromes guide: Epididymitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/epididymitis.html

  Acute epididymitis is the most common cause of scrotal pain in adults and is frequently associated with an STI. […] The probability that epididymitis is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), another infection or a non-infectious cause depends on a person’s sexual practises and risk factors for a sexually transmitted and blood-borne infection (STBBI). Acute epididymitis is primarily an infective condition. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) are the most common causes of acute epididymitis in sexually active people. […] Common etiology: CT and GC. […] Common etiology: coliforms or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] Enteric bacteria may be a frequent cause of acute epididymitis in sexually active individuals (in all age groups) who practice condomless insertive anal sex.

• #1 Epididymitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/epididymitis?lang=us

  Epididymitis (plural: epididymitides) refers to inflammation of the epididymis and may be associated with inflammation extending to the testis, in which case the term epididymo-orchitis is used. This should be distinguished from isolated orchitis, which is, by comparison, much less common. […] The infection usually originates in the bladder or prostate gland, spreads through the ductus deferens and the lymphatics of the spermatic cord to the epididymis, and finally reaches the testis, causing epididymo-orchitis. Due to this progression, infection starts in the tail of the epididymis. […] Complications of epididymo-orchitis include: vascular compromise due to increased intratesticular pressure resulting in testicular ischemia, and even infarction.

• #1 Antibiotic Therapy for Epididymitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/antibiotic-therapy-for-epididymitis

  Sexual activity is reported as the most common risk factor for epididymitis; however, those who are not sexually active may be at risk too. Participating in strenuous physical activity, riding a bicycle or motorcycle, or sitting for prolonged periods of time increase the chance for epididymitis. […] Epididymitis may be caused by a virus or bacterium, but bacterial infection is the more common etiology. The most common pathogens associated with epididymitis are Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Escherichia coli. C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae are the most common causes of epididymitis in sexually active men aged 35 years. […] Though bacterial pathogens are prevalent in a majority of epididymitis cases, noninfectious causes such as medical procedures, tumors, autoimmunity, and inflammation should not be overlooked. In children, viral infections (including enteroviruses and adenoviruses) and resulting postinflammatory reactions are thought to be a significant cause of epididymitis. […] Epididymitis is also linked to the granulomatous condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is thought, however, that spread of this bacterium occurs through the blood rather than through the urinary tract system.

• #1 Epididymitis – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment – Sexologists in Chennai treating Men’s Infertility (Premature Ejaculation, Erection Problems etc) since 28 years

  https://www.metromaleclinic.com/epididymitis-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Epididymitis is very common in men aging between 14 and 35. […] Major cause of epididymitis is infection due to Gonorrhea, Chlamydia (common sexually transmitted infections) or other infection. […] The most common cause of epididymitis is infection. It can either be an STD or normal infection of testicles. Most often sexually transmitted infections caused by Chlamydia or Gonorrhea cause epididymitis. Bacterium like E.Coli, mumps virus and very rarely tuberculosis can cause epididymitis. […] In some cases, swelling and inflammation of epididymis can happen due to the flow of urine. […] People involving in risky and unprotected sex are at highest risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections. […] If the urinary tract is not well formed or is injured due to any reason (such an accident or due to insertion of a catheter during a surgery), it can result in epididymitis. […] STDs first infect the urethra and the infection slowly travels to the epididymis region. […] Yes, kids (who haven’t reached the age of 14) can also develop epididymitis called ‘Paediatric epididymitis’. […] In majority of the cases, epididymitis is caused due to infection.

• #1 How does epididymitis lead to male infertility? | Hegde Fertility

  https://hegdefertility.com/blog/how-does-epididymitis-cause-male-infertility/

  Epididymitis is a condition that causes inflammation in the testicles. […] Most epididymitis cases are caused by bacterial infections, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] It has been reported that some epididymitis cases are caused by E-coli bacteria, or by bacteria that are associated with tuberculosis in rare cases. […] A total of 400,000 epididymitis cases are reported every year in India, most of which occur in men between 18 and 50. […] Having epididymitis can lead to male infertility for several reasons. […] There is a direct connection between the epididymis and the epididymis tube. Therefore, if an infection or inflammation occurs in the epididymis, it can spread to the epididymis tube as well. […] In most cases, both sides of the testicle are affected by infarction, resulting in infertility. […] Many people carry antibodies that cause their sperm to be destroyed, resulting in infertility. About one-third of epididymitis patients often possess anti-sperm antibodies, which can result in infertility.

• #1 Epididymitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epididymitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363854

  Antibiotics are needed to treat bacterial epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis epididymitis infection that has spread to a testicle. […] If the cause of the bacterial infection is an STI, any sex partners also need treatment.

• #2 Epididymitis – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/epididymitis

  Epididymitis is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. […] If you are sexually active, it may be caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia. […] Bacteria such as E. coli can cause epididymitis. This is most common in people who are older and in people who engage in anal sex. […] Epididymitis can also be caused by: injury, vasectomy, autoimmune disease.

• #2 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17697-epididymitis

  Epididymitis causes inflammation in the epididymis behind your testicle and can also cause pain in your scrotum and penis […] A bacterial infection is the most common cause of acute epididymitis. If you’re under 35 years of age, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia are the most common cause of epididymitis. […] If you’re older than 35, the most common cause of epididymitis is the backflow of infected pee (urine) down your ejaculatory tract to the epididymis. The most common bacteria that associates with this is E. coli. […] Other infections, including the mumps virus and, rarely, tuberculosis, can also cause epididymitis. […] Yes, you can get epididymitis through nonsexually transmitted infections. For example, prostate infections and UTIs can spread to your epididymis.

• #2 Epididymitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/epididymitis

  Most epididymitis (and epididymo-orchitis) is caused by bacteria. […] In men 35 years, most cases are due to a sexually transmitted pathogen, especially Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. Infection may begin as urethritis. […] In men 35 years, most cases are due to gram-negative coliform bacilli and typically occur in patients with urologic abnormalities, indwelling catheters, or recent urologic procedures. […] Tuberculous epididymitis and syphilitic gummas are rare in the United States except in immunocompromised (eg, HIV-infected) patients. […] Viral causes (eg, cytomegalovirus infection) and mycotic causes (eg, actinomycosis, blastomycosis) of epididymitis are rare in the United States except in immunocompromised (eg, HIV-infected) patients. Epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis of noninfectious etiology may be due to chemical irritation secondary to a retrograde flow of urine into the epididymis, which may occur with Valsalva maneuver (eg, with heavy lifting) or after local trauma. […] The most common causes of epididymitis are bacteria: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in younger men and adolescents, and gram-negative coliform bacilli in older men.

• #2 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis is the most common cause of intrascrotal inflammation, and retrograde ascent of pathogens is the usual route of infection. […] Although epididymitis was historically thought to be caused by chemical irritation from urine reflux, a study published in 1979 showed that bacteria were responsible for most cases. […] In men 14 to 35 years of age, epididymitis is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. […] Nonspecific bacterial epididymitis is caused by various aerobic bacteria and is often associated with anatomic abnormalities. […] In those younger than 14 years or older than 35 years, epididymitis is generally caused by infection with common urinary tract pathogens, such as Escherichia coli. […] In men who practice insertive anal intercourse, coliform bacteria (e.g., E. coli) are common causative pathogens, although Haemophilus influenzae infection has also been linked.

• #2 Epididymitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430814/

  Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, a tubular structure on the testis where sperms mature. […] The majority of cases of epididymitis occur as a result of bacterial infection. The types of bacterial infection include common urinary pathogens as well as pathogens known to cause sexually transmitted disease. […] In most cases of epididymitis, infection occurs either as a result of the retrograde flow of urine, most commonly seen in elderly males, or as a result of a sexually transmitted disease, most often encountered in males ages 20 to 40. […] Other possible causes of epididymitis include chemical, drug-induced, and viral infections. […] Epididymitis can occur in men of any age, though the majority of cases of epididymitis occurs in males ages 20 to 39 and are most often associated with a sexually transmitted disease.

• #2 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  Instrumentation and indwelling catheters are common risk factors for acute epididymitis. […] Epididymitis may be accompanied by urethritis or prostatitis. […] The etiology of acute epididymo-orchitis varies with the age of the patient and may be a bacterial, nonbacterial infectious, noninfectious, or idiopathic process. […] Infections with urinary coliforms (eg, E coli, Pseudomonas species, Proteus species, Klebsiella species) are the most common cause in children and in men older than 35 years. […] Chlamydia is the most common cause in sexually active men younger than 35 years (accounting for up to 50% of cases, although laboratory evidence of chlamydia may be absent in up to 90% of cases). […] Tuberculous epididymitis can occur in endemic areas and is still the most common form of urogenital tuberculosis (TB).

• #2 Epididymitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm

  Acute epididymitis can be caused by STIs (e.g., C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or M. genitalium) or enteric organisms (i.e., Escherichia coli) (1192). […] Nonsexually transmitted acute epididymitis caused by genitourinary pathogens typically occurs with bacteriuria secondary to bladder outlet obstruction (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia) (1193). […] Among older men, nonsexually transmitted acute epididymitis is also associated with prostate biopsy, urinary tract instrumentation or surgery, systemic disease, or immunosuppression. […] Chronic infectious epididymitis is most frequently observed with conditions associated with a granulomatous reaction. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is the most common granulomatous disease affecting the epididymis and should be suspected, especially among men with a known history of or recent exposure to TB. […] Other etiologic agents have been implicated in acute epididymitis among men with HIV, including CMV, salmonella, toxoplasmosis, U. urealyticum, Corynebacterium species, Mycoplasma species, and Mima polymorpha (1192).

• #2 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Ureaplasma urealyticum is found in men with epididymo-orchitis, often in association with N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection. […] 12-19% of men with Behet’s disease develop epididymo-orchitis. This is non-infective and thought to be part of the disease process. It is associated with more severe disease. […] Other rare infections (eg, brucellosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, cytomegalovirus and candidiasis) usually occur in immunocompromised hosts. […] Epididymo-orchitis has also been reported as an adverse effect of amiodarone but this is a rare side-effect of amiodarone.

• #2 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-epididymitis

  Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis a long, coiled tube at the back of the testes. Its usually caused by bacteria, like the kind that cause sexually transmitted infections, but you can get epididymitis for other reasons. […] People usually get epididymitis because of a bacterial infection. This commonly includes germs that cause sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. But the most likely cause of epididymitis largely depends on your age. […] Other causes of epididymitis include: […] Urinary tract or bladder infections. Bacteria can spread from your urinary system to your testicles. This is the most common cause of epididymitis in people who have a penis who are older than 35. […] Other infections. Viruses and bacteria can spread from other parts of your body (like your prostate) to the area around your testicles. Rarely, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis can cause epididymitis.

• #2 Epididymitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epididymitis/

  Epididymitis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea. This is more likely in younger men under 35 years old. In men over 35, the main cause is usually a urine infection. […] It can also be caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI), but UTIs are less common in men. […] Less common causes of epididymitis include: mumps, tuberculosis, taking amiodarone, a medicine used to treat heart rhythm disorder, a groin injury, Behet’s disease.

• #2 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  Epididymo-orchitis may develop following bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) treatment for superficial bladder cancer (at a rate of 0.4%). […] Viral epididymitis is thought to be the predominant etiology of pediatric epididymitis. […] Other rare infections (eg, brucellosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, cytomegalovirus [CMV], candidiasis, CMV in human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, nontuberculous mycobacteria) have been implicated in epididymitis but usually occur in immunocompromised hosts. […] The etiology of chronic epididymitis includes the following: Inadequate treatment of acute epididymitis, Recurrent epididymitis, Association with a granulomatous reaction (most commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Association with a chronic disease process such as Behet syndrome. […] Causes of acute orchitis include the following: Viral: Mumps orchitis was once the most common etiology; however, since the introduction of the mumps vaccine in 1985, this has been virtually eliminated.

• #2 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Other pathogens that are less commonly associated with epididymitis include Ureaplasma urealyticum, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] Epididymitis secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is rare but must be considered among those at high risk. […] In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, fungal and viral etiologies, including cytomegalovirus, have been reported. […] Noninfectious etiologies of epididymitis have been identified in numerous groups. […] One study found that the annual incidence of epididymitis in boys two to 13 years of age is 1.2 per 1,000, and that the condition in this age group is primarily a postinfectious inflammatory reaction to pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, enteroviruses, adenoviruses) that follows a benign course.

• #2 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-epididymitis

  Reverse urine flow. Chemicals in your pee can be irritating if they reach your epididymis. This may happen if something blocks urine from leaving your urethra or your pee flows backward for another reason like you lift something heavy and put strain on your urinary system. […] Anal sex. E. coli and similar bacteria can spread from the anal canal to your penis. […] You can also get: […] Traumatic epididymitis. Your testes can get inflamed if something hits you in the testicles. Symptoms due to trauma will be similar to epididymitis that happens for other reasons, such as from an infection. […] Epididymitis after a vasectomy. This is a medical procedure that results in permanent birth control for people who make sperm. Around 4% of people who get this minor surgery can get an infection or swelling in the epididymis afterward.

• #2 Epididymitis And Orchitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/epididymitis-and-orchitis-a-to-z

  After surgery, testing or catheterization. Epididymitis may develop after surgery or a diagnostic test that involves the bladder or urethra. Or it may occur after a catheter has been inserted to collect urine. […] Rarely, epididymitis can occur when a systemic (whole body) infection spreads through the bloodstream and moves to the epididymis. […] A noninfectious form of this condition can occur. Often the exact cause remains unknown. It sometimes develops in men who take amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone). […] Some cases have been blamed on intense exercise, especially heavy lifting. The strain of heavy lifting may force urine from the bladder into the epididymis.

• #2 Acute Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Diagnosis, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777181-overview

  Most cases of epididymitis occur in males aged 20 to 39 years, and most cases are associated with a sexually transmitted disease. In sexually active men older than 35 years, the most common causes are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] After 39 years of age, the most common causes are Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria. […] Reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts has been reported to be the most common cause of epididymitis in children younger than 14 years. […] Most cases of acute epididymitis are caused by bacterial infection, most often by sexually transmitted organisms and urinary pathogens. […] In men older than 35 years, epididymitis is usually caused by enteric bacteria (typically, Escherichia coli) introduced into the ejaculatory ducts by reflux of urine secondary to bladder outlet obstruction. […] Enteric bacteria are also the usual pathogen in epididymitis following prostate biopsy, vasectomy, and other urinary tract instrumentation procedures.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epididymitis-Causes.aspx

  UTIs are much less common in men than women due to the increased length of the urethra, which makes it more difficult for bacteria to reach the bladder and proliferate to cause an infection. […] E. coli or Pseudomonas bacteria are the most common UTI-causing pathogens that can lead to epididymitis as a result of: Enlarged prostate gland pressing on the bladder, Insertion of catheter into the urinary system, Surgery to the prostate gland, bladder, or groin region. […] Epididymitis may also be caused by physical trauma or surgery to the groin region. […] Recent surgery to the urinary tract may interfere with the structure of the epididymis or the surrounding tissues, resulting in inflammation and symptoms of epididymitis. […] Amiodarone, which is a medication that is used to manage arrhythmias or an abnormal heart rhythm, has also been associated as a causative factor of epididymitis. […] There are several other health conditions that are associated with an increased risk of epididymitis, which include mumps, tuberculosis (TB), and Behcets disease. […] Idiopathic epididymitis is a term used to describe cases of epididymitis when the exact cause cannot be identified.

• #2 Epididymitis and inflammation of the testicles – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/epididymitis-and-inflammation-of-the-testicles/

  Other risk factors for epididymitis, testicular inflammation are: a permanently inserted urinary catheter because it can introduce bacteria and fungi into the urogenital tract. […] Obstructions to the outflow of urine from the bladder or kidneys that lead to urinary retention for example due to an enlarged prostate. […] Urine that remains in the bladder for too long (residual urine) provides ideal conditions for bacteria and fungi to grow. […] Overall, both diseases epididymitis and testicular inflammation can temporarily reduce sperm production, although this later returns to normal in most cases. […] However, if the therapy is not fully effective or has not been treated for long enough, epididymitis can become chronic. […] Inadequately treated testicular inflammation also carries the risk that testosterone is no longer produced in line with age. […] A particularly dangerous complication of epididymitis and testicular inflammation is the local accumulation of pus, known as abscess formation.

• #2 Epididymitis all you need to know – Edward Calleja

  https://www.edwardcalleja.com/blog-posts/epididymitis-all-you-need-to-know

  One needs to remember that there are other causes leading to epididymitis. […] Bacterial infection: This is the most common cause of epididymitis, often resulting from the spread of bacteria from the urethra or bladder into the epididymis. Sexually transmitted infections (STI), such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia, can also cause epididymitis. Other bacterial infections that can cause epididymitis include E. coli and Staphylococcus. […] Viral infections such as mumps virus, a common childhood illness, can sometimes lead to epididymitis. In rare cases, other viral infections such as HIV, herpes, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) may also cause epididymitis. […] A UTI can sometimes spread to the epididymis and cause epididymitis. This is common in men who are not emptying their bladder well. […] Prostate biopsy, urinary catheter insertion and other urological procedures can cause epididymitis.

• #2 Epididymitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/epididymitis

  Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection. Infection often begins in the urethra, the prostate, or the bladder. Gonorrhea and chlamydia infections are most often the cause of the problem in young heterosexual men. In children and older men, it is more commonly caused by E coli and similar bacteria. This is also true in men who have sex with men. […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) can cause epididymitis. Other bacteria (such as Ureaplasma) may also cause the condition. […] Amiodarone is a medicine which prevents abnormal heart rhythms. This medicine can also cause epididymitis. […] The following increase the risk for epididymitis: Recent surgery, Past structural problems in the urinary tract, Regular use of a urethral catheter, Sexual intercourse with more than one partner and not using condoms, Enlarged prostate.

• #2 Epididymitis Causes and Symptoms and How It Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/faq-about-epididymitis-2328529

  Enlarged prostate: A condition, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), that can sometimes compress the epididymis and lead to epididymal congestion […] Medical procedures: Including urinary tract surgery (such as prostate surgery or vasectomy) and urinary catheters that cause scarring, narrowing, and congestion of the epididymis […] Urinary reflux: In which urine backflows into the epididymis, most often in boys but also sometimes in men who strain on the toilet or lift something heavy […] Systemic diseases: Such as sarcoidosis (which causes hardened granules in different parts of the body) and Behet syndrome (which causes inflammation of blood vessels) […] Amiodarone: A medication used to treat heart rhythm disorders that can, on rare occasions, cause epididymal congestion

• #2 Epididymitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epididymitis

  Some people develop chronic epididymitis which is inflammation even when there is no infection. […] The cause is not known. It is thought that hypersensitivity of certain structures (including nerves and muscles) may play a part. Some of the known risk factors for chronic epididymitis include: genito-urinary surgery, exposure to STIs, past acute epididymitis.

• #2 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Other noninfectious causes of epididymitis include vasculitides and certain medications, such as amiodarone (Cardarone). […] Risk factors for epididymitis in all men include sexual activity, strenuous physical activity, bicycle or motorcycle riding, and prolonged periods of sitting (e.g., during travel, with a sedentary job). […] Risk factors in men older than 35 years and in prepubertal boys include recent urinary tract surgery or instrumentation and anatomic abnormalities, such as prostatic obstruction in older men and posterior urethral valves or meatal stenosis in prepubertal boys.

• #2 Orchitis and Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://ugatl.com/services/std/orchitis-and-epididymitis/

  Failure to treat epididymitis in a timely manner can lead to serious complications. If left untreated, epididymitis can progress to chronic epididymitis, which may result in the formation of an abscess on the scrotum. Additionally, it can cause damage to the epididymis, leading to infertility. In certain instances, the infection can also spread to other areas of the body.

• #2 Epididymitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epididymitis

  Epididymitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the epididymis, a curved structure at the back of the testicle. […] In those who are young and sexually active, gonorrhea and chlamydia are frequently the underlying cause. […] In older males and men who practice insertive anal sex, enteric bacteria are a common cause. […] Though urinary tract infections in men are rare, bacterial infection is the most common cause of acute epididymitis. […] In sexually active men, Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for two-thirds of acute cases, followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and E. coli (or other bacteria that cause urinary tract infection). […] Particularly among men over age 35 in whom the cause is E. coli, epididymitis is commonly due to urinary tract obstruction. […] Non-infectious causes are also possible. Reflux of sterile urine (urine without bacteria) through the ejaculatory ducts may cause inflammation with obstruction. […] Any form of epididymitis can be caused by genito-urinary surgery, including prostatectomy and urinary catheterization. […] Chronic epididymitis can lead to permanent damage or even destruction of the epididymis and testicle (resulting in infertility and/or hypogonadism).

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=160&contentid=60

  Epididymitis is an inflammation or infection of the epididymis. […] In younger boys, it can be caused by a urinary tract infection. In older boys and teens, it’s often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), which is also called a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Its most often caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia. These are bacterial infections. […] Epididymitis is almost always caused by a bacterial infection. […] If not treated, epididymitis can become chronic. This means inflammation, pain, and other symptoms dont go away.

• #2 Epididymitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116211/all/Epididymitis

  Likely secondary to reflux of sterile urine causing a chemical inflammation. […] Cause largely unknown, although likely from anatomic abnormalities resulting in urine reflux such as vesicoureteral reflux, ectopic ureter, or anorectal malformation (rectourethral fistula). […] May also result from postinfectious syndrome from Mycoplasma pneumoniae, enterovirus, or adenovirus. […] Usually Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma genitalium in sexually active males. […] Commonly enteric bacteria but occasionally Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis. […] Tuberculosis (TB), if sterile pyuria, nodularity of vas deferens (hematogenous spread), and recent infection. […] Amiodarone may cause a dose-dependent noninfectious epididymitis; usually resolves with decreasing drug dosage (200 mg/day). […] Syphilis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis are rare causes, but brucellosis can be a common cause in endemic areas.

• #2 STI-associated syndromes guide: Epididymitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/epididymitis.html

  Acute epididymitis is the most common cause of scrotal pain in adults and is frequently associated with an STI. […] The probability that epididymitis is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), another infection or a non-infectious cause depends on a person’s sexual practises and risk factors for a sexually transmitted and blood-borne infection (STBBI). Acute epididymitis is primarily an infective condition. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) are the most common causes of acute epididymitis in sexually active people. […] Common etiology: CT and GC. […] Common etiology: coliforms or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] Enteric bacteria may be a frequent cause of acute epididymitis in sexually active individuals (in all age groups) who practice condomless insertive anal sex.

• #2 Epididymitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/epididymitis?lang=us

  Epididymitis (plural: epididymitides) refers to inflammation of the epididymis and may be associated with inflammation extending to the testis, in which case the term epididymo-orchitis is used. This should be distinguished from isolated orchitis, which is, by comparison, much less common. […] The infection usually originates in the bladder or prostate gland, spreads through the ductus deferens and the lymphatics of the spermatic cord to the epididymis, and finally reaches the testis, causing epididymo-orchitis. Due to this progression, infection starts in the tail of the epididymis. […] Complications of epididymo-orchitis include: vascular compromise due to increased intratesticular pressure resulting in testicular ischemia, and even infarction.

• #2 Epididymitis (Testicle Infection) Diagnosis, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/testicle_infection_epididymitis/article_em.htm

  Epididymitis is infection or less frequently, inflammation of the epididymis (the coiled tube on the back of the testicle). The majority of men that develop epididymitis develop it because of a bacterial infection. […] The cause of epididymitis is usually a bacterial infection. The bacteria usually get to the epididymis by moving back through (retrograde) the urethra, prostate, vas deferens into the epididymis. The responsible bacteria are usually identified in about 80% of cases. […] Two main groups of organisms cause most cases of epididymitis: sexually transmitted organisms and coliforms (organisms that commonly live in the intestines). […] In men younger than about 39 years of age, the causes are usually the same organisms that cause the sexually transmitted diseases of chlamydia (responsible for nearly 50%-60% of cases) and gonorrhea.

• #2 How does epididymitis lead to male infertility? | Hegde Fertility

  https://hegdefertility.com/blog/how-does-epididymitis-cause-male-infertility/

  Epididymitis is a condition that causes inflammation in the testicles. […] Most epididymitis cases are caused by bacterial infections, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] It has been reported that some epididymitis cases are caused by E-coli bacteria, or by bacteria that are associated with tuberculosis in rare cases. […] A total of 400,000 epididymitis cases are reported every year in India, most of which occur in men between 18 and 50. […] Having epididymitis can lead to male infertility for several reasons. […] There is a direct connection between the epididymis and the epididymis tube. Therefore, if an infection or inflammation occurs in the epididymis, it can spread to the epididymis tube as well. […] In most cases, both sides of the testicle are affected by infarction, resulting in infertility. […] Many people carry antibodies that cause their sperm to be destroyed, resulting in infertility. About one-third of epididymitis patients often possess anti-sperm antibodies, which can result in infertility.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2026

  Epididymitis is pain and swelling of the tube that is attached to each testicle. This tube is called the epididymis. Orchitis is pain and swelling of the testicle. Infection with bacteria often causes these conditions. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also can cause both conditions. This is often the case in males younger than 35. Other causes are infections from surgery or having a catheter that drains urine. The mumps virus also can cause orchitis. […] Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections that cause these conditions. Antibiotics do not help and are not used if a virus caused your infection.

• #3 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17697-epididymitis

  Epididymitis causes inflammation in the epididymis behind your testicle and can also cause pain in your scrotum and penis […] A bacterial infection is the most common cause of acute epididymitis. If you’re under 35 years of age, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia are the most common cause of epididymitis. […] If you’re older than 35, the most common cause of epididymitis is the backflow of infected pee (urine) down your ejaculatory tract to the epididymis. The most common bacteria that associates with this is E. coli. […] Other infections, including the mumps virus and, rarely, tuberculosis, can also cause epididymitis. […] Yes, you can get epididymitis through nonsexually transmitted infections. For example, prostate infections and UTIs can spread to your epididymis.

• #3 Epididymitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-epididymitis

  Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis a long, coiled tube at the back of the testes. Its usually caused by bacteria, like the kind that cause sexually transmitted infections, but you can get epididymitis for other reasons. […] People usually get epididymitis because of a bacterial infection. This commonly includes germs that cause sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. But the most likely cause of epididymitis largely depends on your age. […] Other causes of epididymitis include: […] Urinary tract or bladder infections. Bacteria can spread from your urinary system to your testicles. This is the most common cause of epididymitis in people who have a penis who are older than 35. […] Other infections. Viruses and bacteria can spread from other parts of your body (like your prostate) to the area around your testicles. Rarely, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis can cause epididymitis.

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