Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prostatitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/prostatitis?content_id=CON-20253622

  Prostatitis is a condition of the prostate gland most often linked with swelling and irritation, called inflammation. Bacterial infections cause some but not all prostatitis. […] Causes depend on the type of prostatitis. […] Acute bacterial prostatitis. Common strains of bacteria are most often the cause. The infection may have spread from other parts of the urinary or reproductive systems. […] Chronic bacterial prostatitis. This most often has the same cause as acute bacterial infection. It may happen when treatment for an acute infection isn’t long enough or fails to kill all the bacteria. […] Chronic prostatitis, also called chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Research suggests that the cause may involve several factors. These include an earlier infection, a condition of the nervous system or immune system, psychological stress, or issues with hormones. […] Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. This has no known cause. It may show up during an exam for other medical conditions.

• #2 Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/prostate-problems/prostatitis-inflammation-prostate

  Prostatitis is a frequently painful condition that involves inflammation of the prostate and sometimes the areas around the prostate. […] The causes of prostatitis differ depending on the type. […] The exact cause of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is unknown. Researchers believe a microorganism, though not a bacterial infection, may cause the condition. This type of prostatitis may relate to chemicals in the urine, the immune systems response to a previous urinary tract infection (UTI), or nerve damage in the pelvic area. […] A bacterial infection of the prostate causes bacterial prostatitis. The acute type happens suddenly and lasts a short time, while the chronic type develops slowly and lasts a long time, often years. The infection may occur when bacteria travel from the urethra into the prostate. […] Men with lower UTIs may be more likely to develop bacterial prostatitis. UTIs that recur or are difficult to treat may lead to chronic bacterial prostatitis. […] Researchers are currently seeking to better understand what causes prostatitis and develop prevention strategies.

• #3 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459257/

  Bacterial prostatitis (BP) is most commonly caused by infection from members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, but organisms from other families can be responsible and are more likely in certain high-risk populations. Escherichia coli is the most common isolate from urine cultures and is the causative agent in the majority (approximately 50% to 90%) of cases. Other common isolates include the species Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Pseudomonas. Gram-positive organisms such as Enterococcus species and Staphylococcus species and sexually transmitted organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum are also sometimes implicated. Prostate manipulation from procedures such as transrectal prostate biopsy, transurethral prostate biopsy, cystoscopy, and catheterization appears to increase the risk of pseudomonas, mixed organisms, staphylococcal infections, and treatment failure prostatitis.

• #4 Prostatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/785418-overview

  Acute bacterial prostatitis may be caused by ascending infection through the urethra, refluxing urine into prostate ducts, or direct extension or lymphatic spread from the rectum. Approximately 80% of the pathogens are gram-negative organisms (eg, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, and Proteus species). […] Chronic bacterial prostatitis may be due to the following: A primary voiding dysfunction problem, either structural or functional; E coli is responsible for 75-80% of chronic bacterial prostatitis cases. Enterococci and gram-negative aerobes such as Pseudomonas are usually isolated in the remainder of cases. […] The etiology of chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome is poorly understood but may involve an infectious or inflammatory initiator that results in neurologic injury and pelvic floor dysfunction characterized by increased pelvic tone. […] The causes of asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis are poorly understood.

• #5 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2002872-overview

  The organisms primarily responsible for acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP) are also those responsible for most urinary tract infections; these include gram-negative members of the Enterobacteriaceae family such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia species. Of these, E coli is involved most often and has been shown to increase biofilm formation. […] Most prostatic infections (82%) involve only a single bacterial organism. In some cases, two or three strains of bacteria may be involved. […] Obligate anaerobic bacteria and gram-positive bacteria other than enterococci rarely cause acute bacterial prostatitis. Enterococci account for 5-10% of documented prostate infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus infection due to prolonged catheterization may occur in the hospital. Other occasional causative organisms include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella species, Clostridium species, and parasitic or mycotic organisms. N gonorrhoeae should be suspected in sexually active men younger than 35 years.

• #6 Prostatitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/benign-prostate-disease/prostatitis

  Prostatitis can be bacterial or, more commonly, nonbacterial. However, differentiating bacterial and nonbacterial causes can be difficult, particularly in chronic prostatitis. […] Bacterial prostatitis can be acute or chronic and is usually caused by typical urinary pathogens (eg, Klebsiella, Proteus, Escherichia coli) and possibly by Chlamydia. How these pathogens enter and infect the prostate is unknown. Chronic infections may be caused by sequestered bacteria that antibiotics have not eradicated, such as can happen in patients with prostatic calcifications. […] Nonbacterial prostatitis can be inflammatory or noninflammatory. The mechanism is unknown but may involve incomplete relaxation of the urinary sphincter and dyssynergic voiding. The resultant elevated urinary pressure may cause urine reflux into the prostate (triggering an inflammatory response) or increased pelvic autonomic activity leading to chronic pain without inflammation. […] Treatment varies significantly with etiology.

• #7 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0115/p114.html

  Acute bacterial prostatitis is an acute infection of the prostate gland that causes pelvic pain and urinary tract symptoms, such as dysuria, urinary frequency, and urinary retention, and may lead to systemic symptoms, such as fevers, chills, nausea, emesis, and malaise. […] Most cases of acute bacterial prostatitis are caused by ascending urethral infection or intraprostatic reflux and are facilitated by numerous risk factors. […] These infections may occur from direct inoculation after transrectal prostate biopsy and transurethral manipulations (e.g., catheterization and cystoscopy). […] In sexually active men, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis should be considered. […] Patients who are immunocompromised (e.g., persons with human immunodeficiency virus) are more likely to have uncommon causes for prostatitis, such as Salmonella, Candida, and Cryptococcus species.

• #8 Prostatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15319-prostatitis

  Prostatitis is inflammation or infection in your prostate. It can cause pain in your abdomen, genitals or lower back, urinary problems or fever/chills. […] Different types of prostatitis have different causes. Sometimes the cause isnt known and other times its clear that the cause is a bacterial infection. […] Potential causes of bacterial forms of prostatitis include: Bladder infections or bladder stones. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Using a urinary catheter (tube that drains urine from your bladder). Having a prostate biopsy. Prostate stones. Urinary retention or urinary blockage. UTIs. Injury to your pelvic area. […] Its important to note that bacteria dont cause CPPS or nonbacterial prostatitis. […] The bacterial forms of prostatitis happen as a result of a bacterial infection. Bacteria can get in your prostate through your urethra or when your urine flows backward (vesicoureteral reflux).

• #9 Acute Prostatitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/acute-prostatitis

  Damage to the prostate makes it more prone to infection – for example, after prostate surgery. […] A thin, flexible, hollow tube (a catheter) passed into the bladder through the urethra may sometimes let bacteria travel to the prostate. This can also happen after a telescopic instrument is passed through the urethra into the bladder (as happens during investigation of the prostate gland and the bladder). […] Sometimes the prostate is infected by bacteria in the bloodstream that have travelled from other infections in the body. […] Acute prostatitis is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, so a sexual partner is not at risk. […] Symptoms of prostatitis affect around 8% of men at some point in their life, but only about 10% of these have a proven bacterial cause, though it is possible that more are bacterial but we never find out exactly which bacteria it is.

• #10 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2002872-overview

  If recurrent urinary tract infections are confirmed, patients need to be evaluated for any structural abnormality. […] Another source of acute prostatitis is following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy. In this instance, the acute prostatitis is iatrogenic in nature but presents similarly and is treated as acute bacterial prostatitis. […] The following are risk factors for acute bacterial prostatitis (all allow bacterial colonization): Intraprostatic ductal reflux, Phimosis and redundant foreskin, Specific blood groups, Unprotected anal intercourse, Urinary tract infections, Acute epididymitis, Indwelling Foley catheter and condom catheter, Transurethral surgery, Altered prostatic secretions, Recent transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy. […] In the pediatric population, acute bacterial prostatitis has been associated with septicemic seeding, abnormal bladder dysfunction, congenital abnormalities of the ureter, and sexual abuse. A case report describes acute bacterial prostatitis in an adolescent after blunt trauma to the lower abdomen.

• #11 Men’s Health: 3 Causes of Prostatitis | Urology Specialists of the Carolinas

  https://urologyspecialistsnc.com/mens-health-causes-of-prostatitis/

  Prior diagnosis. Men who have previously experienced prostatitis are more likely to have it again in the future. […] Infection. A bladder infection or infection in the urethra increases the likelihood of prostatitis. […] Trauma. Previous pelvic trauma is a risk factor for prostatitis. […] Catheter. The use of a catheter may irritate the prostate gland and cause prostatitis. […] STD. Men living with HIV or AIDS have an increased chance of prostatitis. […] Surgery. A prostate biopsy is a prostatitis risk factor as well.

• #12 Prostatitis – bacterial Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/prostatitis-bacterial

  Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. This problem can be caused by an infection with bacteria. However, this is not a common cause. […] Any bacteria that can cause a urinary tract infection can cause acute bacterial prostatitis. […] Infections spread through sexual contact can cause prostatitis. These include chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] In men over age 35 years, E coli and other common bacteria most often cause prostatitis. […] Acute prostatitis may also be caused by problems with the urethra or prostate, such as: Blockage that reduces or prevents the flow of urine out of the bladder, Foreskin of the penis that cannot be pulled back (phimosis), Injury to the area between the scrotum and anus (perineum), Urinary catheter, cystoscopy, or prostate biopsy (removing a piece of tissue to look for cancer). […] Men age 50 years or older who have an enlarged prostate have a higher risk for prostatitis. The prostate gland may become blocked. This makes it easier for bacteria to grow.

• #13 4 Bacterial Prostatitis Risk Factors to Know – Century City Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.roboticcancersurgery.com/contents/4-bacterial-prostatitis-risk-factors-to-know

  Bacterial infection of the prostate gland can have multiple causes, and not all of them are obvious. […] Bacterial prostatitis is caused by the infiltration of bacteria into the soft tissue of the prostate gland, thereby causing an infection. Multiple types of bacteria may cause prostate infections, including E. coli, Klebsiella, pseudomonas, and enterococcus. […] In most instances, an underlying reason leads to the development of bacterial prostatitis, found within four common risk factor categories. […] The first bacterial prostatitis risk factor category includes conditions that lead to lower urinary tract diseases such as enlarged prostate, incomplete bladder emptying, the presence of bladder stones, urethral strictures, and paralyzed bladder muscle conditions. […] The second inciting factor for bacterial prostatitis has to do with sexual activity. […] The third set of risk factors for bacterial prostatitis deals with lifestyle considerations. […] And the final set of conditions that may lead to bacterial prostatitis presents in individuals with recurring bowel health problems.

• #14 Chronic Prostatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/prostate-and-urethra-problems/chronic-prostatitis

  Prostatitis means that you have inflammation of your prostate gland. There are two main types of prostatitis: short-lived (acute) or persistent (chronic). It can also be caused by an infection (infective) or be non-infective. Less than 1 in 10 cases of prostatitis are due to bacterial infection. […] The exact cause is often unknown and there may be several different causes or types of prostatitis. Chronic bacterial prostatitis is one possibility – caused by a persistent (chronic) infection with a germ (a bacterial infection). A man with chronic bacterial prostatitis will usually have had recurring urine infections. Chronic bacterial prostatitis is more common in men who have an immune system that doesn’t work properly (are immunocompromised) – this may be due to a disease, such as untreated HIV, or because they have a condition such as arthritis which needs to be treated with drugs that suppress the immune system.

• #15 Chronic bacterial prostatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bacterial_prostatitis

  Chronic bacterial prostatitis is thought to be caused by ascending urethral infection and by reflux into the ejaculatory duct or prostatic ducts. […] Risk factors for chronic bacterial prostatitis include functional or anatomic abnormalities, catheterization, prostate biopsy or urethritis (due to sexually transmitted infections), and unprotected penetrative anal sex. […] In theory, the ability of some strains of bacteria to form biofilms might be one of the factors that facilitate the development of chronic bacterial prostatitis. […] Recurrent infections may be caused by inefficient urination (benign prostatic hyperplasia, neurogenic bladder), prostatic stones, or a structural abnormality that acts as a reservoir for infection.

• #16 Chronic prostatitis: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322457

  Chronic prostatitis refers to pain in the prostate that lasts at least 3 months. It happens due to inflammation of the prostate. Possible causes include bacterial infections and damage to the pelvic nerves. […] Prostatitis can be bacterial or nonbacterial. […] A bacterial infection of the prostate causes chronic bacterial prostatitis. It can result from various bacteria, such as Klebsiella, Proteus, or Escherichia coli, Chlamydia, or bacteria that remain despite antibiotic treatment for another infection, such as an acute prostate infection or urinary tract infection. […] Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis, or chronic pelvic pain syndrome, is a non-bacterial form of prostatitis that can have many causes and is harder to treat. It can occur when chronic pain persists after a previous prostate infection goes away, the urinary sphincter does not relax while emptying the bladder, nerve damage leads to overactivity in the pelvic nerves, damage to the urinary tract results from surgery or a physical injury, a person is facing psychological stress, or microorganisms other than bacteria infect the prostate gland.

• #17 Prostatitis Causes – New York Prostatitis Care Center

  http://www.dralexurology.com/prostatitis/prostatitis-causes/

  There are 4 different types of Prostatitis: […] Acute bacterial prostatitis is caused by bacteria. […] Chronic bacterial prostatitis is caused by persistent infection of the prostate gland with bacteria. […] Chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome is likely an amalgam of problems with different problems united by similar symptoms. It is likely that both infectious causes such as viral and nano-bacteria may be involved in some cases. […] Causes of CP/CPPS include musculoskeletal spasms as well increased neural sensitivity of and around the prostate. Unrecognized bacterial or viral infections and inflammatory processes may also be contributory.

• #18 Prostatitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/prostatitis-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Prostatitis causes vary depending on the type. Sometimes it’s obvious that a bacterial infection is the offender, while in other cases the cause is unknown. Common causes of prostatitis include: […] Bacterial infections: Bacteria like Escherichia coli and Enterococcus frequently cause acute bacterial prostatitis. These bacteria can enter the body via the urethra or through medical procedures such as transrectal prostate biopsies. […] Urinary tract issues: Urinary stasis, distal urethral stricture, and benign prostatic hyperplasia are among the conditions that might lead to ascending infections and thereby raise the risk of prostatitis. […] Immune system dysfunction: Chronic prostatitis can result from immune system disorders, in which the body’s immunological reaction may lead to inflammation of the prostate.

• #19 Prostatitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/prostatitis-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Nervous system dysfunction: Prostatitis can also develop due to neural system dysfunction, especially when persistent pelvic pain syndrome is present. […] Lifestyle factors: Risk factors include lifestyle factors such as unprotected sexual intercourse, use of indwelling urethral catheters, and urinary tract instrumentation. […] Psychological stress and hormonal imbalances: Prostatitis has been related to both abnormal hormone activity and psychological stress.

• #20 Prostatitis: causes, symptoms and treatment – Evergreen Life

  https://www.evergreen-life.co.uk/health-wellbeing-library/a-guide-to-prostatitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Researchers believe a microorganism, though not a bacterial infection, may cause the condition. This type of prostatitis may relate to chemicals in the urine, the immune systems response to a previous urinary tract infection (UTI), or nerve damage in the pelvic area. […] Some studies have shown theres a link between chronic prostatitis and stress though more research is needed. […] Youre also more likely to get chronic prostatitis if you: Are older: men aged between 50 and 59 are 3 times more likely to get it than men between 20 and 39, Have had prostatitis before, Have other painful abdominal conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Have been sexually abused.

• #21 Causes of Prostatitis — Toronto Prostatitis Care Centre

  https://torontoprostatitis.ca/prostatitis-causes

  Inflammatory CP. We cannot detect any bacteria in the urine or prostatic fluid (it does not mean it is not there), but we find pus cells (WBCs) on microscopy of EPS (Expressed Prostatic Secretion) or urine. […] Non-inflammatory CP. We cannot detect any bacteria in either the urine or EPS and the EPS/urine looks normal (no WBCs on microscopy). Non-inflammatory prostatitis is often referred to as Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.

• #22 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459257/

  Special consideration should be given to immunocompromised patients as they are at higher risk of contracting BP from atypical organisms such as Salmonella species, Mycobacterium species, Staphylococcus species, among others. […] Despite the fact that Enterobacteriaceae are the most common causative organisms in both ABP and CBP, gram-positive organisms and atypicals are more likely in CBP than in ABP; although, the role of gram-positive organisms in CBP is debated despite the fact they sometimes are isolated in culture.

• #23 Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0115/p114.html

  Infections that occur after transurethral manipulation are more likely to be caused by Pseudomonas species, which have higher rates of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. […] Prostatic abscesses occur in 2.7% of patients with acute bacterial prostatitis and require urology consultation for drainage. […] Risk factors for prostatic abscess include long-term urinary catheterization, recent urethral manipulation, and an immunocompromised state.

• #24 What is Prostatitis?

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/what-is-prostatitis

  Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, as stated above, is not well understood. Multiple factors, like a previous infection or even psychological stress, might be at play. […] Additional risk factors for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome may include psychological stress and nerve damage in the pelvic region due to surgery or trauma. […] In addition to potential sexual dysfunction, as I mentioned above, some other complications of prostatitis, if left untreated, are bacterial infection in the bloodstream, prostatic abscess, and inflammation of the reproductive organs near the prostate. […] Symptoms of prostatitis may signal more serious conditions, such as prostate cancer. Therefore, I would highly encourage any men with prostatitis symptoms to immediately see a health care provider.

• #24 What is Prostatitis?

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/what-is-prostatitis

  Prostatitis is a condition where the prostate gland becomes inflamed. […] Prostatitis is a painful condition that involves inflammation of the prostate and sometimes the areas around the prostate. […] According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), prostatitis is the most common urinary tract problem for men younger than 50 and the third most common urinary tract problem for men older than 50. […] Causes of prostatitis differ depending on the type. For example, acute bacterial prostatitis is usually caused by common strains of bacteria. The infection often spreads from other parts of the urinary or reproductive systems to the prostate. […] Chronic bacterial prostatitis generally has the same cause as an acute bacterial infection. It may occur when treatment for an acute infection isn’t long enough or fails to kill all the bacteria.

• #25 Prostatitis – Premier Medical Group

  https://www.premiermedicalhv.com/divisions/services/prostatitis/

  Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland. […] Causes for prostatitis include: Unprotected anal intercourse, Urinary retention, Abnormal urinary tract, Recent use of a catheter, Enlarged prostate, Autoimmune disease, Acute epididymitis, Dysfunctional voiding, Pelvic floor dysfunction. […] Prostatitis itself is NOT associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer or testicular cancer.

• #26 Prostatitis Symptoms, Treatment, Antibiotics, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/prostatitis_inflammation_of_the_prostate_gland/article.htm

  Prostatitis can be caused by bacteria that leak into the prostate gland from the urinary tract (the most common bacterial cause) and from direct extension or lymphatic spread from the rectum. […] It can also result from various sexually transmitted organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or HIV. […] Other organisms responsible for infection are the same found most frequently in urinary tract infections, such as Escherichia coli. […] In many instances (especially in the chronic form of prostatitis), no specific cause of prostatitis can be found. […] Prostatitis can elevate the PSA level, which may require investigation or additional studies to rule our prostate cancer as a cause of the elevation. […] There is no evidence that prostatitis leads to prostate cancer. […] Prostatitis does not increase your risk of developing prostate cancer.

• #27 Prostatitis – The Urology Foundation

  https://www.theurologyfoundation.org/urology-health/prostate-conditions/prostatitis/

  Prostatitis is considered to be the most common urology problem for those under 50. […] Prostatitis is the inflammation of the prostate. […] There are three main types of prostatitis: Acute prostatitis – an infection of the prostate, symptoms come and go quickly. A rare but potentially serious form of the condition […] Chronic bacterial prostatitis – a persistent infection of the prostate, symptoms flare up over long periods of time […] Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) – similar to chronic bacterial prostatitis, but the cause is unknown. […] Bacteria that have travelled up the urethra to infect the prostate are the typical source of acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis. The cause of chronic prostatitis (CPPS) is unclear, although some studies have linked it to high levels of stress or depression.

• #28 Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Prostatitis – Top Urologist NYC

  https://www.topurologistnyc.com/causes-symptoms-treatment-prostatitis/

  Prostatitis is an infection that exclusively affects males. A specific kind of bacterium which is responsible for causing STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) and urinary tract infections also causes prostatitis. Prostatitis is a common condition as approximately 50 percent of men are likely to experience it in their lifetimes. A weakened immune system and a clogged urethra are two fundamental causes of prostatitis. […] Acute prostatitis, on the other hand, is quite rare. Despite this, it is usually easy to diagnose because of some distinct characteristics. […] Our urologists strongly believe that majority of acute prostatitis cases can be treated effectively with antibiotics. Nevertheless, some patients may need to stay in a hospital for a short duration. There’s every possibility of an acute form of the condition turning chronic.

• #29 Prostatitis | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/prostatitis

  Prostatitis can develop in men of all ages. […] Acute prostatitis is rare, but it can be serious and requires immediate treatment. It’s always caused by an infection. […] Chronic prostatitis is the most common type. It’s not usually caused by an infection. […] Risk factors for acute prostatitis include having a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the recent past, having an indwelling urinary catheter, having a prostate biopsy, having a sexually transmitted infection (STI), having HIV or AIDS, having a problem with your urinary tract, anal sex, and injuring your pelvis. […] Risk factors for chronic prostatitis include being middle-aged (30-50 years of age), having prostatitis in the past, frequent urine infections, if you have HIV or a problem with your immune system, and rarely it can occur as a result of a sexually transmitted infection. […] Chronic prostatitis can be challenging to treat because little is known about what causes it.

• #30 Prostatitis: What It Is, How to Cure It | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0515/p3025.html

  Prostatitis is divided into categories based on cause. […] Two kinds of prostatitis, acute prostatitis and chronic bacterial prostatitis, are caused by infection of the prostate. […] Some kinds of prostatitis might be caused when the muscles of the pelvis or the bladder don’t work right. […] Sometimes prostatitis is caused by a sexually transmitted organism, such as chlamydia. However, most cases are caused by infections that are not sexually transmitted. These infections can’t be passed on to sexual partners. […] Men who have had prostatitis once are more likely to get it again. […] Prostatitis that is not caused by infection is often chronic.

• #31 Prostatitis Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2013/april/prostatitis

  Prostatitis encompasses four distinct clinical entities, which can be described using the National Institutes of Health International Prostatitis Collaborative Network classification system. […] Acute bacterial prostatitis results from proliferation of bacteria within the prostate gland following intraprostatic reflux of urine infected with organisms such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Proteus species. […] Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) may result from ascending urethral infection, lymphogenous spread of rectal bacteria, hematogenous spread of bacteria from a remote source, undertreated acute bacterial prostatitis or recurrent urinary tract infection with prostatic reflux. Causative agents of CBP are similar to those of ABP include Gram negative rods, fungi, mycobacterium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis. However, Escherichia coli is believed to be the causative organism in 75-80% of CBP cases. […] Unlike bacterial prostatitis where a causative organism can be identified, the aetiology of CP/CPPS is poorly understood; both inflammatory and infectious mechanisms have been postulated.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11934-002-0055-y

  Prostatitis reflects a broad spectrum of prostatic infections, both acute and chronic. […] Infection is often cited as the cause of this condition, despite frequent negative cultures. […] A genetic link or relationship to other diseases may prove to be part of the cause. […] Furthermore, a neurologic source, whether anatomic or psychologic, has been strongly debated. […] Ultimately, it may become clear that chronic prostatitis represents the final common result of a disease that originates from a cascade of multiple stimuli.

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