Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart. […] Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cleaning of the infected area. […] These commonsense precautions can help lower your risk of getting staph infections: […] Wash your hands. Thorough hand washing is your best defense against germs. Wash your hands with soap and water briskly for at least 20 seconds. […] Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with sterile, dry bandages until they heal. […] Reduce tampon risks. Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staph bacteria. Tampons left in for long periods can grow staph bacteria. […] Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. […] Wash clothing and bedding. Staph bacteria can spread on clothing, towels and bedding. […] Take food safety precautions. Wash your hands before handling food.

• #2 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Preventing HA-MRSA: In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment. […] Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly. […] Preventing CA-MRSA: Wash your hands. Careful hand washing remains your best defense against germs. Scrub hands briskly for at least 20 seconds. Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol for times when you don’t have access to soap and water.

• #3 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] Prevention steps and strategies include maintaining good hand and body hygiene, cleaning hands often, and keeping cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages or dressing until healed. […] Use barriers, like a towel or clothing, between your skin and shared surfaces. […] Regularly clean items such as computer keyboards or handheld electronic devices. […] Use disinfectants that work against MRSA. […] Wash laundry before use by others and clean your hands after touching dirty clothes. […] Clean your hands often, especially before and after changing your wound dressing or bandage. […] Follow other instructions given by your healthcare provider.

• #4 Preventing Staphylococcal Infections | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/prevention

  There are several steps you can take to prevent a staph infection. […] If you have a cut or other wound, wash it immediately with soap and water to prevent infection. Keep the wound clean and covered with a sterile, dry bandage until its fully healed. […] Covering the wound can help prevent staph bacteria from spreading to other areas of the skin and to other people, since pus containing staph can leak from an infected wound. […] In addition to proper wound dressing, careful hand washing can help prevent staph from spreading. […] Staph infections can spread from person to person and through objects, such as razors, sheets, clothing, towels, and athletic equipment. […] Its best to wash all clothing and bedding, especially if someone in your household has a staph infection, and avoid sharing personal items. […] If youre visiting someone in a healthcare setting, wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after leaving the room or using the bathroom.

• #5 MRSA (Staph) Infection: Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mrsa

  Take the following measures to reduce your risk of getting and spreading CA-MRSA: Wash your hands on a regular basis. This is the first line of defense against spreading MRSA. Scrub your hands for at least 15 seconds before drying them with a towel. Use another towel to turn off the faucet. Carry hand sanitizer that contains 60 percent alcohol. Use it to keep your hands clean when you don’t have access to soap and water. […] Keep your wounds covered at all times. Covering wounds can prevent pus or other fluids containing staph bacteria from contaminating surfaces that other people may touch. […] Don’t share personal items. This includes towels, sheets, razors, and athletic equipment. […] Sanitize your linens. If you have cuts or broken skin, wash bed linens and towels in hot water with extra bleach and dry everything at high heat in the dryer. You should also wash your gym and athletic clothes after each use.

• #6 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Staph bacteria are everywhere. You cant avoid contact with them completely, but you can reduce your risk of developing an infection. […] Some simple measures can help prevent the spread of staph. […] Keeping your hands and body clean is the most important way to prevent a staph infection. Wash your hands frequently for at least 20 seconds at a time, and shower daily. If you dont have soap handy for hand-washing, use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol. […] Clean cuts, scrapes, and other injuries thoroughly with soap and water to rinse out dirt and bacteria. […] Put a bandage on any skin wounds until they heal completely. […] Dont share towels, sheets, athletic equipment, or clothing with another person who might have a staph infection. […] If you use tampons, change them at least every four to eight hours to avoid developing toxic shock syndrome.

• #7 Information on Staphylococcal Infections for Athletes — Health & Safety — University Interscholastic League (UIL)

  https://www.uiltexas.org/health/info/information-on-staphylococcal-infections-for-athletes

  This information is provided to assist you in the control and prevention of staphylococcal (commonly called staph) infections. […] The proper way to wash your hands: […] Wash your hands as described above: […] Keep your hands away from your nose and groin. […] Do not share towels, soap, lotion or other personal care items, even on the sidelines at games. […] Shower with soap and water as soon as possible after direct contact sports. […] Use a moisturizing lotion to prevent dry, cracked skin. […] Wash your towels, uniforms, scrimmage shirts, and any other laundry in hot water and ordinary detergent and dry on the hottest possible cycle. […] Avoid direct contact with others until the wound is no longer draining and you have been instructed by your physician to resume your usual activities. […] Wash your hands frequently, especially before and after changing band-aids, bandages, or wound dressings. […] Do not take antibiotics to prevent an infection.

• #8 Preventing Staphylococcal Infections | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/prevention

  There are several steps you can take to prevent a staph infection. […] If you have a cut or other wound, wash it immediately with soap and water to prevent infection. Keep the wound clean and covered with a sterile, dry bandage until its fully healed. […] Covering the wound can help prevent staph bacteria from spreading to other areas of the skin and to other people, since pus containing staph can leak from an infected wound. […] In addition to proper wound dressing, careful hand washing can help prevent staph from spreading. […] Staph infections can spread from person to person and through objects, such as razors, sheets, clothing, towels, and athletic equipment. […] Its best to wash all clothing and bedding, especially if someone in your household has a staph infection, and avoid sharing personal items. […] If youre visiting someone in a healthcare setting, wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after leaving the room or using the bathroom.

• #9 Care of a Staphylococcus aureus Infection – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/care.html

  Clean your hands frequently with an antibacterial soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub, especially after changing your bandages or touching the drainage. […] Do not share towels, wash cloths, razors, or other personal items. […] If you get a cut or scrape on your skin, clean it with soap and water and then cover it with a bandage. […] Do not touch sores; if you do touch a sore, clean your hands right away. […] Keep the infected area covered with clean, dry bandages. […] Do not participate in contact sports until your sores have healed. […] Do not go to a public gym, sauna, hot tub or pool until sores have healed. […] When touching your laundry or changing your sheets, hold the dirty laundry away from your body and clothes to prevent bacteria from getting on your clothes.

• #10 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart. […] Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cleaning of the infected area. […] These commonsense precautions can help lower your risk of getting staph infections: […] Wash your hands. Thorough hand washing is your best defense against germs. Wash your hands with soap and water briskly for at least 20 seconds. […] Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with sterile, dry bandages until they heal. […] Reduce tampon risks. Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staph bacteria. Tampons left in for long periods can grow staph bacteria. […] Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. […] Wash clothing and bedding. Staph bacteria can spread on clothing, towels and bedding. […] Take food safety precautions. Wash your hands before handling food.

• #11 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] Prevention steps and strategies include maintaining good hand and body hygiene, cleaning hands often, and keeping cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages or dressing until healed. […] Use barriers, like a towel or clothing, between your skin and shared surfaces. […] Regularly clean items such as computer keyboards or handheld electronic devices. […] Use disinfectants that work against MRSA. […] Wash laundry before use by others and clean your hands after touching dirty clothes. […] Clean your hands often, especially before and after changing your wound dressing or bandage. […] Follow other instructions given by your healthcare provider.

• #12 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] Prevention steps and strategies include maintaining good hand and body hygiene, cleaning hands often, and keeping cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages or dressing until healed. […] Use barriers, like a towel or clothing, between your skin and shared surfaces. […] Regularly clean items such as computer keyboards or handheld electronic devices. […] Use disinfectants that work against MRSA. […] Wash laundry before use by others and clean your hands after touching dirty clothes. […] Clean your hands often, especially before and after changing your wound dressing or bandage. […] Follow other instructions given by your healthcare provider.

• #13 Preventing Staphylococcal Infections | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/prevention

  There are several steps you can take to prevent a staph infection. […] If you have a cut or other wound, wash it immediately with soap and water to prevent infection. Keep the wound clean and covered with a sterile, dry bandage until its fully healed. […] Covering the wound can help prevent staph bacteria from spreading to other areas of the skin and to other people, since pus containing staph can leak from an infected wound. […] In addition to proper wound dressing, careful hand washing can help prevent staph from spreading. […] Staph infections can spread from person to person and through objects, such as razors, sheets, clothing, towels, and athletic equipment. […] Its best to wash all clothing and bedding, especially if someone in your household has a staph infection, and avoid sharing personal items. […] If youre visiting someone in a healthcare setting, wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after leaving the room or using the bathroom.

• #14 Staph infections – self-care at home Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/staph-infections-self-care-at-home

  Follow these steps to avoid a staph infection and prevent it from spreading. […] Keep your hands clean by washing them thoroughly with soap and water. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Do not share personal items such as towels, clothing, or cosmetics. […] Do not reuse or share washcloths or towels. […] Wash clothing, washcloths, towels, and sheets or other items that have touched infected areas in hot water. […] Simple steps for athletes include: […] Cover wounds with a clean bandage. Do not touch other people’s bandages. […] Wash your hands well before and after playing sports. […] Shower right after exercising. Do not share soap, razors, or towels.

• #15 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with clean, dry bandages until they heal. The pus from infected sores may contain MRSA, and keeping wounds covered can help prevent the spread of the bacteria. […] Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. MRSA spreads on infected objects as well as through direct contact. […] Shower after athletic games or practices. Shower immediately after each game or practice. Use soap and water. Don’t share towels. […] Sanitize linens. If you have a cut or sore, wash towels and bed linens in a washing machine set to the hottest water setting (with added bleach, if possible) and dry them in a hot dryer. Wash gym and athletic clothes after each wearing.

• #16 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  Regular handwashing is the best way to prevent getting and spreading staph, including MRSA. Keep your hands clean by washing them frequently with soap and warm water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after direct contact with another person’s skin. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until they have healed. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, toothbrushes and razors. Sharing these items may transfer staph from one person to another. […] Keep your skin healthy, and avoid getting dry, cracked skin, especially during the winter. Healthy skin helps to keep the staph on the surface of your skin from causing an infection underneath your skin. […] Contact your doctor if you have a skin infection that does not improve.

• #17 Staph infections – self-care at home Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/staph-infections-self-care-at-home

  Follow these steps to avoid a staph infection and prevent it from spreading. […] Keep your hands clean by washing them thoroughly with soap and water. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Do not share personal items such as towels, clothing, or cosmetics. […] Do not reuse or share washcloths or towels. […] Wash clothing, washcloths, towels, and sheets or other items that have touched infected areas in hot water. […] Simple steps for athletes include: […] Cover wounds with a clean bandage. Do not touch other people’s bandages. […] Wash your hands well before and after playing sports. […] Shower right after exercising. Do not share soap, razors, or towels.

• #18 Staph infections – self-care at home – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/care-sheets/staph-infections-self-care-at-home

  Follow these steps to avoid a staph infection and prevent it from spreading. […] Keep your hands clean by washing them thoroughly with soap and water. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Do not share personal items such as towels, clothing, or cosmetics. […] Simple steps for athletes include: […] Cover wounds with a clean bandage. Do not touch other people’s bandages. […] Wash your hands well before and after playing sports. […] Shower right after exercising. Do not share soap, razors, or towels. […] If you share sports equipment, clean it first with antiseptic solution or wipes. Use clothing or a towel between your skin and the equipment. […] Do not use a common whirlpool or sauna if another person with an open sore used it. Always use clothing or a towel as a barrier. […] Do not share splints, bandages, or braces. […] Check that shared shower facilities are clean. If they are not clean, shower at home.

• #19 Locker Room

  https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/settings-of-care/non-healthcare-setting/locker-room/

  When MRSA affects professional sports teams, this four-letter word makes national headlines. The truth is, there are occasional outbreaks in high school locker rooms and sports teams across the country. Heres how you can stay healthy and prevent infection. […] MRSA is mainly spread by touching something that is contaminated with the germ, such as contact with people who are already infected, touching surfaces that have been contaminated by body fluids carrying bacteria, or touching infected body sites. Crowds and poor hygiene have also been cited as infection routes. […] Practice Proper Hand Hygiene: The best prevention is simply washing your hands for 20 seconds (sing the happy birthday song twice) or using hand sanitizer containing a minimum of 60% alcohol the right way rub until your hands are dry.

• #20 Locker Room

  https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/settings-of-care/non-healthcare-setting/locker-room/

  Be Aware of What You Share: Forget what your mother told you about sharing. Towels, razors, equipment, sports gear and heavily trafficked environments (like gyms, classrooms, etc.) are potential bacteria breeding grounds. […] Shower power: Make sure to shower with soap after sports practices. Dry off with a clean towel and change into clean clothes. Be sure that your locker room uses soap dispensers and not bar soap where germs could be spread. […] Cover your cuts: Pay attention to your skin. If you have a cut or scrape, clean it off with warm water and soap, and cover with a bandage until it heals. Keep it clean and dry, and if the area gets red, hot, or swollen, be sure to see your healthcare professional as it could be a sign that the area is infected. […] Wash it on hot: If you have a cut/sore, wash towels and bed linens in hot water with added bleach. Wash gym and athletic clothes after each wearing. […] Arm yourself: Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer for times when you dont have access to soap and water.

• #21 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Avoid touching other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms. Other items that should not be shared include brushes, combs, and makeup. […] Students who participate in team sports should shower after every athletic activity using soap and clean towels. Athletes with skin infections should receive prompt treatment and should not compete when they have draining or active skin infections. […] People who use exercise machines at sports clubs or schools should be sure to wipe down the equipment, including the hand grips, with an alcohol-based solution after using it. […] Care for family members of infected person — Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. There is no role for routine use of antibiotics for family members who have no signs or symptoms of infection.

• #22 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  CDC recommends Contact Precautions for patients with MRSA. […] Make prevention of MRSA infections a priority. […] Implement prevention actions. […] Educate patients about ways to avoid infection and spread. […] Clean hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after caring for every patient. […] Follow Contact Precautions when caring for patients with MRSA (colonized or carrying and infected). […] The prevention of MRSA infections is a priority for CDC. […] CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions in inpatient acute care settings for patients colonized or infected with MDROs, including MRSA. […] Based on the current evidence, CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions for MRSA-colonized or infected patients.

• #23 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Prevention in the hospital — In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. Patients with active infection should also wash their hands frequently. […] In most hospitals in the United States, hospitalized patients who are colonized or infected with MRSA are placed on „contact precautions.” This means that health care workers entering the patient’s room must wear gloves and a clean cover gown to prevent contamination of their clothing. […] Prevention in the community — The best way to prevent and control MRSA in the community is not clear. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has made the following recommendations:

• #24 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Preventing HA-MRSA: In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment. […] Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly. […] Preventing CA-MRSA: Wash your hands. Careful hand washing remains your best defense against germs. Scrub hands briskly for at least 20 seconds. Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol for times when you don’t have access to soap and water.

• #25 MRSA (Staph) Infection: Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mrsa

  People with HA-MRSA are typically placed in temporary isolation until the infection improves. Isolation prevents the spread of this type of MRSA infection. Hospital personnel caring for people with MRSA should follow strict handwashing procedures. […] To further reduce their risk for MRSA, hospital staff and visitors should wear protective garments and gloves to prevent contact with contaminated surfaces. Linens and contaminated surfaces should always be properly disinfected. […] Practicing excellent infection prevention techniques, such as washing hands regularly, refraining from sharing personal items, and keeping wounds covered, clean, and dry can help prevent its spread.

• #26 Antimicrobial approaches in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337897/

  The prophylactic application of antimicrobials that are active against Staphylococcus aureus can prevent infections. However, implementation in clinical practice is limited. We have reviewed antimicrobial approaches for the prevention of S. aureus infections. […] Most studies were conducted with mupirocin. Mupirocin is effective in preventing S. aureus infections in patients receiving dialysis treatment and in surgical patients, particularly if the patients are carriers of S. aureus. The combination of mupirocin and chlorhexidine, but not chlorhexidine alone, is also effective against S. aureus infections. […] The current evidence supports the use of mupirocin as prophylaxis for preventing infections with S. aureus, particularly in carriers and in the surgical setting or in patients receiving dialysis treatment. Other antimicrobial agents have not been sufficiently proven to be effective so far, or have been proven ineffective.

• #27 Antimicrobial approaches in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337897/

  In summary, there is convincing evidence that intranasal mupirocin protects surgical patients who are carriers of S. aureus from acquiring postsurgical S. aureus infections. […] Thus, existing evidence supports screening and targeted decolonization with preoperative mupirocin prophylaxis for the prevention of postoperative S. aureus infections. […] In conclusion, most of the studies described above failed to show a benefit of prophylactic intranasal mupirocin for the prevention of S. aureus infection in the non-surgical and non-dialysis setting. […] In conclusion, there is some evidence that povidoneiodine may be effective against S. aureus infection. […] Prophylactic use of common (systemic) antibiotics may be a potential preventive approach against nosocomial infections caused by S. aureus.

• #28 Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4552962/

  Staphylococcus aureus infections pose a significant health burden. The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus has resulted in an epidemic of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), and many patients experience recurrent SSTI. As S. aureus colonization is associated with subsequent infection, decolonization is recommended for patients with recurrent SSTI or in settings of ongoing transmission. […] A household approach to decolonization is more effective than measures performed by individuals alone. […] Thus, decolonization (i.e., the use of antimicrobial or antiseptic agents to suppress or eliminate S. aureus carriage) is often prescribed in an attempt to prevent recurrent infections. […] The IDSA MRSA Clinical Practice Guidelines state that decolonization may be considered, upon optimizing wound care and hygiene, for patients experiencing recurrent SSTI and for households in which there is ongoing transmission.

• #29 Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4552962/

  When decolonization is prescribed, it should be performed by all household members. […] Patients and their household contacts should change their bedding at the onset and again at the completion of the decolonization regimen and towels should be changed daily during the 5-day protocol. […] For individuals experiencing recurrent SSTI after the optimization of personal and household hygiene measures and the performance of decolonization by all household members, clinicians may consider prescribing a three-month regimen of periodic decolonization, in which an intranasal antibiotic is applied to the anterior nares twice daily for five consecutive days each month and antimicrobial body washes are performed two to three times each week. […] Ultimately, the optimal regimen for long-term S. aureus eradication and prevention of recurrent infections remains unclear. Until a more definitive prevention strategy is available, disruption of colonization, targeting multiple anatomic sites with topical antimicrobials, and effective hygiene are the cornerstones of SSTI prevention.

• #30 View point: gaps in the current guidelines for the prevention of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections | Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control | Full Text

  https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-018-0407-0

  The authors advocate the addition of two preventative strategies to the current United States guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections. […] The first strategy is preoperative screening of surgical patients for Staph. aureus, including MRSA. This recommendation is based upon the growing literature which shows a benefit in both prevention of infections and guidance in preoperative antibiotic selection. […] The second is performing MRSA active surveillance screening on healthcare workers. […] Healthcare workers colonized with dangerous pathogens, including MRSA, should be assigned to non-patient contact work areas. […] Finally, a reporting system for the healthcare worker acquisition and infections with dangerous pathogens needs to be implemented. […] Two additional standards should be adopted to prevent SSI: 1) Preoperative screening and decolonization for Staph. aureus, including MRSA in patients and 2) screening and decolonization of MRSA in healthcare workers, along with the implementation of an event reporting system and the development of protocols for financial and healthcare protection.

• #31 Antimicrobial approaches in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337897/

  The prophylactic application of antimicrobials that are active against Staphylococcus aureus can prevent infections. However, implementation in clinical practice is limited. We have reviewed antimicrobial approaches for the prevention of S. aureus infections. […] Most studies were conducted with mupirocin. Mupirocin is effective in preventing S. aureus infections in patients receiving dialysis treatment and in surgical patients, particularly if the patients are carriers of S. aureus. The combination of mupirocin and chlorhexidine, but not chlorhexidine alone, is also effective against S. aureus infections. […] The current evidence supports the use of mupirocin as prophylaxis for preventing infections with S. aureus, particularly in carriers and in the surgical setting or in patients receiving dialysis treatment. Other antimicrobial agents have not been sufficiently proven to be effective so far, or have been proven ineffective.

• #32 Antimicrobial approaches in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337897/

  In conclusion, S. aureus is a leading cause of infections and the risk of infection is strongly related to carriage of the micro-organism. There is compelling evidence that mupirocin is effective in preventing infections caused by S. aureus, particularly in patients who are carrying S. aureus in the surgical setting and who are undergoing dialysis treatment. Other antimicrobial agents and vaccines have been unsuccessful so far, or the current evidence is insufficient to recommend them for clinical practice. Trials with alternative approaches to mupirocin are currently underway and may lead to new antimicrobial preventive therapies in the future.

• #33 Antimicrobial approaches in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337897/

  In summary, there is convincing evidence that intranasal mupirocin protects surgical patients who are carriers of S. aureus from acquiring postsurgical S. aureus infections. […] Thus, existing evidence supports screening and targeted decolonization with preoperative mupirocin prophylaxis for the prevention of postoperative S. aureus infections. […] In conclusion, most of the studies described above failed to show a benefit of prophylactic intranasal mupirocin for the prevention of S. aureus infection in the non-surgical and non-dialysis setting. […] In conclusion, there is some evidence that povidoneiodine may be effective against S. aureus infection. […] Prophylactic use of common (systemic) antibiotics may be a potential preventive approach against nosocomial infections caused by S. aureus.

• #34 Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4552962/

  When decolonization is prescribed, it should be performed by all household members. […] Patients and their household contacts should change their bedding at the onset and again at the completion of the decolonization regimen and towels should be changed daily during the 5-day protocol. […] For individuals experiencing recurrent SSTI after the optimization of personal and household hygiene measures and the performance of decolonization by all household members, clinicians may consider prescribing a three-month regimen of periodic decolonization, in which an intranasal antibiotic is applied to the anterior nares twice daily for five consecutive days each month and antimicrobial body washes are performed two to three times each week. […] Ultimately, the optimal regimen for long-term S. aureus eradication and prevention of recurrent infections remains unclear. Until a more definitive prevention strategy is available, disruption of colonization, targeting multiple anatomic sites with topical antimicrobials, and effective hygiene are the cornerstones of SSTI prevention.

• #35 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Thoroughly washing the hands can help prevent spread of infection. […] People can help prevent the spread of these bacteria by always thoroughly washing their hands with soap and water or applying an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Some doctors recommend applying the antibiotic mupirocin inside the nostrils to eliminate staphylococci from the nose. However, because overusing mupirocin can lead to mupirocin resistance, this antibiotic is used only when people are likely to get an infection. For example, it is given to people before certain operations or to people who live in a household in which the skin infection is spreading. […] If carriers of staphylococci need to have certain types of surgery, they are often treated with an antibiotic before the surgery. […] People with a staphylococcal skin infection should not handle food.

• #36 Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1215/p2474.html

  Topical mupirocin is effective in reducing nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus, but the use of topical mupirocin to reduce the risk of surgical or nonsurgical infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus has not been reliably successful. It also is not clear that topical mupirocin reduces MRSA colonization. Attempts at combining topical mupirocin with antibacterial baths (e.g., in chlorhexidine or systemic agents) deserve further study.

• #37 Staphylococcal Infections: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/staphylococcalinfections.html

  Certain steps can help to prevent staph infections: […] Use good hygiene, including washing your hands often. […] Don’t share towels, sheets, or clothing with someone who has a staph infection. […] It’s best not to share athletic equipment. If you do need to share, make sure that it is properly cleaned and dried before you use it. […] Practice food safety, including not preparing food for others when you have a staph infection. […] If you have a cut or wound, keep it covered.

• #38 Staph infections – symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/staph-infections

  Good hygiene can help prevent staph infections. […] Basic hygiene is the best way to avoid getting a staph skin infection. Always wash your hands well with soap and running water. Then dry them with a clean towel or disposable paper towel. […] You should, wash your hands: after going to the bathroom, after blowing your nose, before handling and eating food, after handling animals, including domestic pets, before and after touching or cleaning an infected part of your body. […] Take extra care if you live with someone who has a staph skin infection. You can avoid catching the infection by: not sharing any personal items with them. This includes: toothbrushes, towels, clothes, linen. […] If you are at risk of getting an invasive staph infection, you should try to: have a healthy lifestyle, eat a healthy diet, get regular exercise, not drink too much alcohol, avoid smoking and illicit drugs. […] You can avoid food poisoning by: making sure that your work surfaces and cooking utensils are clean, always washing your hands before making food, not handling food if you are sick with vomiting or diarrhoea, not making food for others if you have open sores and cuts.

• #39 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart. […] Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cleaning of the infected area. […] These commonsense precautions can help lower your risk of getting staph infections: […] Wash your hands. Thorough hand washing is your best defense against germs. Wash your hands with soap and water briskly for at least 20 seconds. […] Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with sterile, dry bandages until they heal. […] Reduce tampon risks. Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staph bacteria. Tampons left in for long periods can grow staph bacteria. […] Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. […] Wash clothing and bedding. Staph bacteria can spread on clothing, towels and bedding. […] Take food safety precautions. Wash your hands before handling food.

• #40 Staph Infection | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/staph-infection

  These steps can help prevent staph infections or keep them from spreading to other people: […] If you use a tampon, change it at least every three to four hours and use the lowest absorbency you need. […] Clean any cuts or skin injuries and use a sterile bandage to cover them. […] Don’t share clothing, razors, towels, makeup or other items if you have an infection. […] If you have any sores from a staph infection, avoid touching them as much as possible. […] If you receive an antibiotic prescription, take it exactly as your provider prescribes it. Finish all the pills, even if you start to feel better. […] Wash your hands after using the bathroom, before eating or serving food and after touching dirty laundry.

• #41 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Thoroughly washing the hands can help prevent spread of infection. […] People can help prevent the spread of these bacteria by always thoroughly washing their hands with soap and water or applying an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Some doctors recommend applying the antibiotic mupirocin inside the nostrils to eliminate staphylococci from the nose. However, because overusing mupirocin can lead to mupirocin resistance, this antibiotic is used only when people are likely to get an infection. For example, it is given to people before certain operations or to people who live in a household in which the skin infection is spreading. […] If carriers of staphylococci need to have certain types of surgery, they are often treated with an antibiotic before the surgery. […] People with a staphylococcal skin infection should not handle food.

• #42 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart. […] Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cleaning of the infected area. […] These commonsense precautions can help lower your risk of getting staph infections: […] Wash your hands. Thorough hand washing is your best defense against germs. Wash your hands with soap and water briskly for at least 20 seconds. […] Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with sterile, dry bandages until they heal. […] Reduce tampon risks. Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staph bacteria. Tampons left in for long periods can grow staph bacteria. […] Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. […] Wash clothing and bedding. Staph bacteria can spread on clothing, towels and bedding. […] Take food safety precautions. Wash your hands before handling food.

• #43 Staph Infection | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/staph-infection

  These steps can help prevent staph infections or keep them from spreading to other people: […] If you use a tampon, change it at least every three to four hours and use the lowest absorbency you need. […] Clean any cuts or skin injuries and use a sterile bandage to cover them. […] Don’t share clothing, razors, towels, makeup or other items if you have an infection. […] If you have any sores from a staph infection, avoid touching them as much as possible. […] If you receive an antibiotic prescription, take it exactly as your provider prescribes it. Finish all the pills, even if you start to feel better. […] Wash your hands after using the bathroom, before eating or serving food and after touching dirty laundry.

• #44 Staph Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21165-staph-infection-staphylococcus-infection

  Prevention depends on the type of infection. To reduce your risk of a staph infection, you should follow these tips: […] To prevent a staph infection of the skin, you should practice good hygiene, keep cuts clean, and wash your hands and body often. Avoid sharing towels and personal items with others. […] You can reduce your risk of food poisoning by handling food safely, ensuring that it’s cooked properly and refrigerating perishable food within two hours. […] You should change tampons every four to eight hours and use tampons with the lowest effective absorbency. […] Breastfeeding women should try to empty the breast completely during every feeding. Whenever possible, let nipples air dry.

• #45 Staph Infection: When To Visit Urgent Care

  https://www.promedicaeruc.org/blog/2023/april/staph-infection-when-to-visit-urgent-care/

  Staph infection prevention depends on the type you are trying to prevent. Consider the following prevention tips: […] Keep cuts clean and wash your hands and body regularly. […] Avoid sharing or reusing towels. […] Handle food according to safety guidelines. Cook and store properly. […] Avoid tampon use when you can and change every couple of hours when using them. […] Let nipples air dry when breastfeeding and keep the area clean. […] Keep bedding and clothing clean.

• #46 Guidance balances staph infection prevention in critically ill infants with family contact

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-09-guidance-staph-infection-critically-ill.html

  Neonatal intensive care units (NICU) should balance prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections in critically ill infants with the need for skin-to-skin contact with parents and siblings, according to a Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) white paper published in the journal Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. […] „Infants remain at risk for Staph infections, yet there are effective strategies to decrease transmission that can easily be applied within the NICU without sacrificing the vital benefits these very young, tiny infants receive from care and bonding with parents, caregivers or other close relatives,” said Ibukun Akinboyo, MD, an author of the paper and medical director of pediatric infection prevention at Duke University Hospital. […] The paper, SHEA neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) white paper series: Practical approaches to Staphylococcus aureus disease prevention, provides expert opinion and evidence-based responses to frequently asked questions clinicians may have in implementing the updated CDC guidance for preventing, detecting, and controlling the spread of Staph infections, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA).

• #47 Guidance balances staph infection prevention in critically ill infants with family contact | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/914479

  Neonatal intensive care units (NICU) should balance prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections in critically ill infants with the need for skin-to-skin contact with parents and siblings, according to a Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) white paper published in the journal Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology. […] „Infants remain at risk for Staph infections, yet there are effective strategies to decrease transmission that can easily be applied within the NICU without sacrificing the vital benefits these very young, tiny infants receive from care and bonding with parents, caregivers or other close relatives,” said Ibukun Akinboyo, MD, an author of the paper and medical director of pediatric infection prevention at Duke University Hospital. […] The paper, SHEA neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) white paper series: Practical approaches to Staphylococcus aureus disease prevention, provides expert opinion and evidence-based responses to frequently asked questions clinicians may have in implementing the updated CDC guidance for preventing, detecting, and controlling the spread of Staph infections, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA).

• #48 Guidance balances staph infection prevention in critically ill infants with family contact | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/914479

  The document discusses how to safely handle Staph bacteria colonization and infection in parents or visitors and in NICU patients, including hospitalized multiples (e.g., twins or triplets) with different colonization or infection statuses. […] The document can also help guide decisions about when and how to decolonize infants who have asymptomatic S. aureus or MRSA, while taking into account safety considerations for this patient population. […] The authors note that recommendations may need to be adjusted during outbreaks of S. aureus or MRSA to address specific issues.

• #49 staph infections and eczema | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/blog/staph-eczema-a-skin-duo-you-need-to-know-about/

  To prevent staph infections, Leitenberger emphasizes the importance of treating eczema as completely as possible. Inflamed, open areas of skin caused by eczema or scratching, she said, allow staph to enter the skin and become infected. […] Additionally, once a staph infection occurs, it can also trigger flaring of eczema. So its a bi-directional relationship. […] For recurrent infections, she adds, your doctor might consider a staph decolonization plan for the whole family including a topical antibiotic, a topical antiseptic wash and recommendations to avoid sharing razors and towels, etc. to prevent bacterial spread between family members. Other recommendations for infection prevention, from the AAD and additional experts, include: […] Refraining from scratching […] Keeping fingernails clean and short

• #50 staph infections and eczema | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/blog/staph-eczema-a-skin-duo-you-need-to-know-about/

  Avoiding irritants that tend to exacerbate eczema. […] Covering eczema flares with clothes to prevent exposure to bacteria […] Avoiding dipping fingers in tubs of lotion or moisturizer, using a pump dispenser or a spoon, instead. […] Plus, most staph infections if they occur are minor. […] Keep in mind that the use of antibiotics is only recommended for eczema patients with overt signs of an infection, verified by a doctor, due to concerns about development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and risks of damaging a persons healthy microbiome further. […] In the meantime, remember, not all skin bacteria are our enemies and we can co-exist peacefully with staph, most of the time, if we follow our eczema care plans and practice recommended infection-prevention techniques.

• #51 staph infections and eczema | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/blog/staph-eczema-a-skin-duo-you-need-to-know-about/

  To prevent staph infections, Leitenberger emphasizes the importance of treating eczema as completely as possible. Inflamed, open areas of skin caused by eczema or scratching, she said, allow staph to enter the skin and become infected. […] Additionally, once a staph infection occurs, it can also trigger flaring of eczema. So its a bi-directional relationship. […] For recurrent infections, she adds, your doctor might consider a staph decolonization plan for the whole family including a topical antibiotic, a topical antiseptic wash and recommendations to avoid sharing razors and towels, etc. to prevent bacterial spread between family members. Other recommendations for infection prevention, from the AAD and additional experts, include: […] Refraining from scratching […] Keeping fingernails clean and short

• #52 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  CDC recommends Contact Precautions for patients with MRSA. […] Make prevention of MRSA infections a priority. […] Implement prevention actions. […] Educate patients about ways to avoid infection and spread. […] Clean hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after caring for every patient. […] Follow Contact Precautions when caring for patients with MRSA (colonized or carrying and infected). […] The prevention of MRSA infections is a priority for CDC. […] CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions in inpatient acute care settings for patients colonized or infected with MDROs, including MRSA. […] Based on the current evidence, CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions for MRSA-colonized or infected patients.

• #53 MRSA (Staph) Infection: Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mrsa

  People with HA-MRSA are typically placed in temporary isolation until the infection improves. Isolation prevents the spread of this type of MRSA infection. Hospital personnel caring for people with MRSA should follow strict handwashing procedures. […] To further reduce their risk for MRSA, hospital staff and visitors should wear protective garments and gloves to prevent contact with contaminated surfaces. Linens and contaminated surfaces should always be properly disinfected. […] Practicing excellent infection prevention techniques, such as washing hands regularly, refraining from sharing personal items, and keeping wounds covered, clean, and dry can help prevent its spread.

• #54 Staphylococcus aureus – ISID

  https://isid.org/guide/pathogens/staphylococcus-aureus/

  Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that commonly causes healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections. […] Use standard precautions […] Use contact precautions (gloves and gowns). […] Emphasize handwashing with antiseptic agents (chlorhexidine gluconate or alcohol-based products). […] Offer decolonization with intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing for patients with recurring infections and for colonized personnel. […] Universal chlorhexidine bathing of ICU patients can have a major impact on reducing MRSA infections. […] In resource limited settings compliance with guidelines can be inconsistent; low nurse-to-patient staffing ratios, insufficient infection prevention training of healthcare workers, poor access to medical supplies, and hospital overcrowding can all contribute.

• #55 Prevention and Control of a Staphylococcus aureus Infection | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/corp/en/education/resource-hub/scientific-library/pharma-microorganisms-library/prevention-and-control-of-a-staphylococcus-aureus-infection-scientific-library.html

  Staphylococcus aureus is associated with healthcare-related infections. Its diagnosis is based on performing microbial detection and identification tests within bacterial colonies. AStaphylococcus aureus infection can be prevented and controlled by: […] Practicing good hand hygiene […] Hygienic conditions for medical procedures and appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs […] Proper environmental control methods, including the regular monitoring of air, water and surfaces […] Stringent cleaning and disinfection of equipment and environments […] In clinical environments, isolating patients when appropriate […] Close monitoring of at-risk patients and populations […] Industry control guidelines (or control measures) provide recommendations on how best to effectively prevent and control a Staphylococcus aureus infection. The list of recommendations provided by the FDA and GMP guidelines should be followed.

• #56 Staphylococcus aureus – ISID

  https://isid.org/guide/pathogens/staphylococcus-aureus/

  Infection prevention training for healthcare workers is critical; strict compliance with handwashing should be emphasized. […] Strategies for the management of S. aureus and especially MRSA colonization or infection must focus on the type of spread. Epidemic outbreaks are successfully handled with prompt application of infection control measures. Application of precautions such as patient isolation, handwashing with antiseptic agents, and glove use can interrupt the chain of transmission and control the outbreak. Institutions with repeated introduction of MRSA from the community or other facilities are unlikely to be able to eradicate this pathogen.

• #57 Prevention and Control of a Staphylococcus aureus Infection | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/corp/en/education/resource-hub/scientific-library/pharma-microorganisms-library/prevention-and-control-of-a-staphylococcus-aureus-infection-scientific-library.html

  Staphylococcus aureus is associated with healthcare-related infections. Its diagnosis is based on performing microbial detection and identification tests within bacterial colonies. AStaphylococcus aureus infection can be prevented and controlled by: […] Practicing good hand hygiene […] Hygienic conditions for medical procedures and appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs […] Proper environmental control methods, including the regular monitoring of air, water and surfaces […] Stringent cleaning and disinfection of equipment and environments […] In clinical environments, isolating patients when appropriate […] Close monitoring of at-risk patients and populations […] Industry control guidelines (or control measures) provide recommendations on how best to effectively prevent and control a Staphylococcus aureus infection. The list of recommendations provided by the FDA and GMP guidelines should be followed.

• #58 Updated Guidance Shows How Hospitals Should Protect Patients from Resistant Infections – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/updated-guidance-shows-how-hospitals-should-protect-patients-from-resistant-infections/

  A group of five medical organizations have released updated recommendations for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, transmission and infection. […] Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals provides evidence-based, practical recommendations to prevent the spread of MRSA and reduce the risk of MRSA infection. […] The updated recommendations elevate antimicrobial stewardship – an effort focused on improving how antibiotics are prescribed and used – from an “additional practice” to an “essential practice,” meaning all hospitals should do it. […] The guidance describes other practices — surveillance to detect asymptomatic MRSA carriers and decolonization to eradicate or reduce the burden of MRSA among people who are colonized with MRSA — for specific patient populations.

• #59 Updated Guidance Shows How Hospitals Should Protect Patients from Resistant Infections – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/updated-guidance-shows-how-hospitals-should-protect-patients-from-resistant-infections/

  “Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. […] The authors retained contact precautions, the use of a gown and gloves when providing care to a patient with MRSA colonization or infection, as an essential practice. […] The updated recommendations provide guidance to help such hospitals assess risk, make informed decisions, monitor outcomes associated with changes in the use of contact precautions, and identify populations and scenarios in which continued use of contact precautions should be considered. […] Healthcare-associated MRSA infections often follow invasive procedures, such as surgeries, or the use of devices, such as central venous catheters, and can be spread within hospitals by the hands of healthcare personnel or through contact with contaminated surfaces and equipment. […] The guidance updates the 2014 Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals. […] Each Compendium article contains infection prevention strategies, performance measures, and approaches to implementation.

• #60 Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABSI) prevention resources | Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care

  https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/infection-prevention-and-control/staphylococcus-aureus-bloodstream-infection-sabsi-prevention-resources

  Healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABSI) is commonly associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Resources to support prevention of these infections in health service organisations play an important role; information on strategies to support these activities, and access to a range of resources, are included on this page. […] Both long-standing, and recent, literature support the value of sustained infection prevention and control practices in reducing the incidence of preventable SABSI. Measures to prevent SABSI in health care include: Hand hygiene to minimise transmission of microorganisms on healthcare worker’s hands, Optimal insertion, management and removal of intravascular devices, Preoperative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening, Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis and targeted, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, Optimisation of surgical site management, Feedback on infection surveillance and reporting to clinicians.

• #61 Updated Guidance Shows How Hospitals Should Protect Patients from Resistant Infections – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/updated-guidance-shows-how-hospitals-should-protect-patients-from-resistant-infections/

  A group of five medical organizations have released updated recommendations for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, transmission and infection. […] Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals provides evidence-based, practical recommendations to prevent the spread of MRSA and reduce the risk of MRSA infection. […] The updated recommendations elevate antimicrobial stewardship – an effort focused on improving how antibiotics are prescribed and used – from an “additional practice” to an “essential practice,” meaning all hospitals should do it. […] The guidance describes other practices — surveillance to detect asymptomatic MRSA carriers and decolonization to eradicate or reduce the burden of MRSA among people who are colonized with MRSA — for specific patient populations.

• #62 Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABSI) prevention resources | Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care

  https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/infection-prevention-and-control/staphylococcus-aureus-bloodstream-infection-sabsi-prevention-resources

  Healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABSI) is commonly associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Resources to support prevention of these infections in health service organisations play an important role; information on strategies to support these activities, and access to a range of resources, are included on this page. […] Both long-standing, and recent, literature support the value of sustained infection prevention and control practices in reducing the incidence of preventable SABSI. Measures to prevent SABSI in health care include: Hand hygiene to minimise transmission of microorganisms on healthcare worker’s hands, Optimal insertion, management and removal of intravascular devices, Preoperative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening, Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis and targeted, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, Optimisation of surgical site management, Feedback on infection surveillance and reporting to clinicians.

• #63 CDC: Step Up Prevention of Deadly Staph Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20190313mmwr-staph.html

  Based on the type of facility, another layer of preventive measures may include screening patients at high risk for infection or decolonization (special bathing or medication that reduces bacteria and other pathogens people may carry and spread) during high-risk periods or for certain types of procedures, the agency said. […] „We know infection prevention and control works, but it’s not one-size-fits-all,” said Athena Kourtis, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., associate director for data activities in CDCs Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, in the release. […] For example, in another MMWR released in unison with the Vital Signs report, researchers found that U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers reduced staph infections by 43 percent between 2005 and 2017 by implementing a multifaceted MRSA prevention program. The program included MRSA screening, use of contact precautions and an increased emphasis on hand hygiene and other infection prevention strategies.

• #64 CDC: Step Up Prevention of Deadly Staph Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20190313mmwr-staph.html

  The CDC news release also pointed to the agency’s Antibiotic Resistance Solutions Initiative, which supports academic investigators who are pursuing new ways to protect patients specifically from staph infections. These researchers are studying innovative infection prevention strategies to stop the spread of many other pathogens found in health care facilities, as well.

• #65 Prevention of Post-Surgical Staphylococcal Infections. – AMR Industry Alliance

  https://www.amrindustryalliance.org/case-study/prevention-post-surgical-staphylococcal-infections/

  Infection prevention initiatives based on widespread antibacterial drug use such as that advocated by recent 2016 WHO prevention of Surgical Site Infection guidelines are compromised by rapid bacterial resistance emergence. […] Exeporfinium chloride (XF-73) is a novel, topical, clinical-stage, antibacterial drug which is being developed as a product for the Prevention of Post-Surgical Staphylococcal Infections. […] If this feature is extended into clinical practice then use of the drug, in a third of high risk surgical patients (Staphylococcus aureus carriers, representing some 20 million patients per annum in the USA alone), can deliver and sustain a significant reduction in post-surgical Staphylococcal infections, a major cause of hospital infection globally. […] The XF-73 program plans to demonstrate the benefit of pre-operative use of the product, close to the point of surgery, in reducing the risk of post-surgical infection with Staphylococcus aureus.

• #66 Prevention and Modern Strategies for Managing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Infections in Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1151

  Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are a dangerous complication of joint replacement surgeries which have become much more common in recent years (mostly hip and knee replacement surgeries). […] Controlling carriage, using optimal prosthetic materials, and implementing perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis are crucial strategies in infection prevention and are as essential as quick diagnosis and effective targeted treatment. […] The typical method for S. aureus decolonization involves applying mupirocin topically to both nostrils twice daily, often along with daily chlorhexidine showers or skin wipes, for 5 days leading up to the total joint arthroplasty (TJA). […] Since 2016, the WHO has recommended S. aureus nasal screening and decolonization for orthopedic surgeries. […] To reduce the risk of MRSA PJI infection resulting from patient colonization, it is important to consider the potential MRSA colonization of the throat and oral cavity.

• #67 Prevention of Post-Surgical Staphylococcal Infections. – AMR Industry Alliance

  https://www.amrindustryalliance.org/case-study/prevention-post-surgical-staphylococcal-infections/

  All XF drugs tested to date have not shown bacterial resistance emergence in multi-passage studies, predicting a potentially long clinical lifetime and representing a new drug product platform that can operate within existing antibiotic markets as well as opening new markets restricted for antibiotics because of resistance.

• #68 Prevention and Modern Strategies for Managing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Infections in Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1151

  Studies have suggested that the colonization of these areas can lead to re-colonization of the nasopharynx even after successful decolonization efforts. […] Another important aspect worthy of attention is the nasal carriage of Staphylococcus spp. by health care workers. […] Kawamura et al. emphasized that combining nasal decolonization with stringent hand hygiene practices was essential for achieving an optimal reduction in SSIs. […] The main surgical options include debridement, antibiotics, implant retention (DAIR), one-stage exchange arthroplasty, and two-stage exchange arthroplasty. […] The choice of surgical strategy depends on various factors, including the duration of infection, the stability of the prosthesis, the condition of surrounding tissues, and the patient’s overall health.

• #69 Prevention and Modern Strategies for Managing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Infections in Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1151

  To minimize the incidence of PJIs following primary or revision total joint arthroplasty, antibiotic-loaded bone cements (ALBCs) can be used for prosthesis fixation. […] The potential application of hydrogels in clinical trials also relevant for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. appears promising and in preclinical, in vivo studies that investigate their ability to incorporate innovative antimicrobials. […] Continuous local antibiotic perfusion (CLAP) therapy holds significant promise, particularly for certain patient groups, including those with chronic infections, those who have not responded to previous treatments, and those who are unable to tolerate high doses of systemic antibiotics, e.g., with renal dysfunction. […] Bacteriophage therapy has significant potential for treating some of the most complex and difficult cases of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs), including those caused by MRSA.

• #70 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] Prevention steps and strategies include maintaining good hand and body hygiene, cleaning hands often, and keeping cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages or dressing until healed. […] Use barriers, like a towel or clothing, between your skin and shared surfaces. […] Regularly clean items such as computer keyboards or handheld electronic devices. […] Use disinfectants that work against MRSA. […] Wash laundry before use by others and clean your hands after touching dirty clothes. […] Clean your hands often, especially before and after changing your wound dressing or bandage. […] Follow other instructions given by your healthcare provider.

• #71 Preventing Staphylococcal Infections | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/prevention

  There are several steps you can take to prevent a staph infection. […] If you have a cut or other wound, wash it immediately with soap and water to prevent infection. Keep the wound clean and covered with a sterile, dry bandage until its fully healed. […] Covering the wound can help prevent staph bacteria from spreading to other areas of the skin and to other people, since pus containing staph can leak from an infected wound. […] In addition to proper wound dressing, careful hand washing can help prevent staph from spreading. […] Staph infections can spread from person to person and through objects, such as razors, sheets, clothing, towels, and athletic equipment. […] Its best to wash all clothing and bedding, especially if someone in your household has a staph infection, and avoid sharing personal items. […] If youre visiting someone in a healthcare setting, wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after leaving the room or using the bathroom.

• #72 Staph infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/

  It can be difficult to prevent staph infections because many people have the bacteria on their skin. […] But there are things you can do to lower your chances of getting an infection or spreading the bacteria to others. […] wash your hands with soap and water regularly […] keep your skin clean by having a bath or shower every day […] keep any cuts clean and covered […] use disposable tissues to blow your nose […] do not share towels, washcloths, bed linen, toothbrushes or razors.

• #73 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Avoid touching other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms. Other items that should not be shared include brushes, combs, and makeup. […] Students who participate in team sports should shower after every athletic activity using soap and clean towels. Athletes with skin infections should receive prompt treatment and should not compete when they have draining or active skin infections. […] People who use exercise machines at sports clubs or schools should be sure to wipe down the equipment, including the hand grips, with an alcohol-based solution after using it. […] Care for family members of infected person — Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. There is no role for routine use of antibiotics for family members who have no signs or symptoms of infection.

• #74 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Basic infection prevention measures — There are a number of other measures that may help to prevent the spread of infections, including infection with MRSA. […] Use a tissue to cover the mouth when sneezing or coughing. Used tissues should be disposed of promptly. Sneezing/coughing into the sleeve of one’s clothing (at the inner elbow) is another means of containing sprays of saliva and secretions and has the advantage of not contaminating the hands. […] Use of disinfectant (antimicrobial cleaning agent) on surfaces (eg, counters, doorknobs, phones, computer keyboards) can help to reduce or eliminate bacteria.

• #75 7:280-E3 – Prevention of Staphylococcal Infections for Schools | BPS101

  https://www.bps101.net/policy/s7/p7280/7280e3/

  In addition, since staph infections start when staph bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin, keeping skin healthy and intact is a good preventive measure. Good skin care should be encouraged among students and athletes. […] Students, faculty, and staff should be instructed about the correct technique for hand washing, including the importance of washing hands before eating or preparing food, after touching any skin lesions (sores) and wounds or clothing contaminated by drainage from lesions and wounds, and after using the toilet. […] Students, faculty, and staff should be provided information about general hygienic measures, including the following: Keep your hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water. Use an alcohol hand gel when soap and water are not available. Avoid sharing eating and drinking utensils. Avoid sharing unwashed towels, washcloths, clothing, or uniforms. Avoid sharing personal items, e.g., deodorant, razors. Change socks and underwear daily. Wash bed linens and pajamas regularly, at least once a week if feasible. Wash soiled bed linens and clothes with hot water and laundry detergent. Drying clothes in a hot dryer, rather than air-drying, also helps kill bacteria in clothes. Bathe or shower with soap each day. Bathe or shower with soap after every sports practice or competition. Keep cuts and abrasions clean and covered with clean, dry bandages until healed. Follow your health care provider’s instructions on proper care of wounds. Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or material contaminated by wounds.

• #76 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  CDC recommends Contact Precautions for patients with MRSA. […] Make prevention of MRSA infections a priority. […] Implement prevention actions. […] Educate patients about ways to avoid infection and spread. […] Clean hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after caring for every patient. […] Follow Contact Precautions when caring for patients with MRSA (colonized or carrying and infected). […] The prevention of MRSA infections is a priority for CDC. […] CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions in inpatient acute care settings for patients colonized or infected with MDROs, including MRSA. […] Based on the current evidence, CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions for MRSA-colonized or infected patients.

• #77 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Preventing HA-MRSA: In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment. […] Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly. […] Preventing CA-MRSA: Wash your hands. Careful hand washing remains your best defense against germs. Scrub hands briskly for at least 20 seconds. Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol for times when you don’t have access to soap and water.

• #78 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Prevention in the hospital — In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. Patients with active infection should also wash their hands frequently. […] In most hospitals in the United States, hospitalized patients who are colonized or infected with MRSA are placed on „contact precautions.” This means that health care workers entering the patient’s room must wear gloves and a clean cover gown to prevent contamination of their clothing. […] Prevention in the community — The best way to prevent and control MRSA in the community is not clear. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has made the following recommendations:

• #79 Updated Guidance Shows How Hospitals Should Protect Patients from Resistant Infections – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/updated-guidance-shows-how-hospitals-should-protect-patients-from-resistant-infections/

  A group of five medical organizations have released updated recommendations for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, transmission and infection. […] Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals provides evidence-based, practical recommendations to prevent the spread of MRSA and reduce the risk of MRSA infection. […] The updated recommendations elevate antimicrobial stewardship – an effort focused on improving how antibiotics are prescribed and used – from an “additional practice” to an “essential practice,” meaning all hospitals should do it. […] The guidance describes other practices — surveillance to detect asymptomatic MRSA carriers and decolonization to eradicate or reduce the burden of MRSA among people who are colonized with MRSA — for specific patient populations.

• #80 CDC: Step Up Prevention of Deadly Staph Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20190313mmwr-staph.html

  Although MRSA is often better known, the CDC said its report underscores the fact that all staph infections can be deadly and that health care professionals and administrators should take preventive steps to protect their patients. […] „To reduce the spread of staph in the community, everyone should keep their hands clean, cover wounds and avoid sharing items that contact skin, like towels, razors and needles,” said the release. […] Additionally, the agency said health care professionals and facility administrators can protect patients by implementing CDC infection control recommendations, including the use of contact precautions such as donning gloves and gowns, continually reviewing their facility infection data available from the CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network, and considering other interventions if they are not meeting infection reduction goals.

• #81 Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4552962/

  Staphylococcus aureus infections pose a significant health burden. The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus has resulted in an epidemic of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), and many patients experience recurrent SSTI. As S. aureus colonization is associated with subsequent infection, decolonization is recommended for patients with recurrent SSTI or in settings of ongoing transmission. […] A household approach to decolonization is more effective than measures performed by individuals alone. […] Thus, decolonization (i.e., the use of antimicrobial or antiseptic agents to suppress or eliminate S. aureus carriage) is often prescribed in an attempt to prevent recurrent infections. […] The IDSA MRSA Clinical Practice Guidelines state that decolonization may be considered, upon optimizing wound care and hygiene, for patients experiencing recurrent SSTI and for households in which there is ongoing transmission.

• #82 Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4552962/

  When decolonization is prescribed, it should be performed by all household members. […] Patients and their household contacts should change their bedding at the onset and again at the completion of the decolonization regimen and towels should be changed daily during the 5-day protocol. […] For individuals experiencing recurrent SSTI after the optimization of personal and household hygiene measures and the performance of decolonization by all household members, clinicians may consider prescribing a three-month regimen of periodic decolonization, in which an intranasal antibiotic is applied to the anterior nares twice daily for five consecutive days each month and antimicrobial body washes are performed two to three times each week. […] Ultimately, the optimal regimen for long-term S. aureus eradication and prevention of recurrent infections remains unclear. Until a more definitive prevention strategy is available, disruption of colonization, targeting multiple anatomic sites with topical antimicrobials, and effective hygiene are the cornerstones of SSTI prevention.

• #83 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  Due to widespread antibiotic resistance, it is better to prevent staphylococcal infection where possible. […] The most effective way is to wash hands often, and before and after touching broken skin. […] Your doctor may also suggest clearing bacteria that colonise the nostrils and under the fingernails with antibiotic ointment (eg. fusidic acid or mupirocin) used twice daily for one week of each month, often for 6 months (this may vary). […] Twice weekly bleach baths may be useful.

• #84 Antimicrobial approaches in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337897/

  The prophylactic application of antimicrobials that are active against Staphylococcus aureus can prevent infections. However, implementation in clinical practice is limited. We have reviewed antimicrobial approaches for the prevention of S. aureus infections. […] Most studies were conducted with mupirocin. Mupirocin is effective in preventing S. aureus infections in patients receiving dialysis treatment and in surgical patients, particularly if the patients are carriers of S. aureus. The combination of mupirocin and chlorhexidine, but not chlorhexidine alone, is also effective against S. aureus infections. […] The current evidence supports the use of mupirocin as prophylaxis for preventing infections with S. aureus, particularly in carriers and in the surgical setting or in patients receiving dialysis treatment. Other antimicrobial agents have not been sufficiently proven to be effective so far, or have been proven ineffective.

• #85 Antimicrobial approaches in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6337897/

  In conclusion, S. aureus is a leading cause of infections and the risk of infection is strongly related to carriage of the micro-organism. There is compelling evidence that mupirocin is effective in preventing infections caused by S. aureus, particularly in patients who are carrying S. aureus in the surgical setting and who are undergoing dialysis treatment. Other antimicrobial agents and vaccines have been unsuccessful so far, or the current evidence is insufficient to recommend them for clinical practice. Trials with alternative approaches to mupirocin are currently underway and may lead to new antimicrobial preventive therapies in the future.

• #86 Staph Infection: When To Visit Urgent Care

  https://www.promedicaeruc.org/blog/2023/april/staph-infection-when-to-visit-urgent-care/

  Staph infection prevention depends on the type you are trying to prevent. Consider the following prevention tips: […] Keep cuts clean and wash your hands and body regularly. […] Avoid sharing or reusing towels. […] Handle food according to safety guidelines. Cook and store properly. […] Avoid tampon use when you can and change every couple of hours when using them. […] Let nipples air dry when breastfeeding and keep the area clean. […] Keep bedding and clothing clean.

• #87 Staph infections – symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/staph-infections

  Good hygiene can help prevent staph infections. […] Basic hygiene is the best way to avoid getting a staph skin infection. Always wash your hands well with soap and running water. Then dry them with a clean towel or disposable paper towel. […] You should, wash your hands: after going to the bathroom, after blowing your nose, before handling and eating food, after handling animals, including domestic pets, before and after touching or cleaning an infected part of your body. […] Take extra care if you live with someone who has a staph skin infection. You can avoid catching the infection by: not sharing any personal items with them. This includes: toothbrushes, towels, clothes, linen. […] If you are at risk of getting an invasive staph infection, you should try to: have a healthy lifestyle, eat a healthy diet, get regular exercise, not drink too much alcohol, avoid smoking and illicit drugs. […] You can avoid food poisoning by: making sure that your work surfaces and cooking utensils are clean, always washing your hands before making food, not handling food if you are sick with vomiting or diarrhoea, not making food for others if you have open sores and cuts.

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