Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that cause a wide variety of clinical diseases. Infections caused by this pathogen are common both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired settings. […] S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria (stain purple by Gram stain) that are cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as grape-like. […] MRSA strains carry a mec gene on the bacterial chromosome, which is a component of the larger Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec region, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics depending on the SCC mec type.

• #2 Staphylococcal Infections: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/staphylococcalinfections.html

  Staphylococcus (staph) is a group of bacteria. There are more than 30 types. A type called Staphylococcus aureus causes most infections. […] Some people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their noses, but they do not get an infection. But if they get a cut or wound, the bacteria can enter the body and cause an infection. […] Staph bacteria can spread from person to person. They can also spread on objects, such as towels, clothing, door handles, athletic equipment, and remotes. If you have staph and do not handle food properly when you are preparing it, you can also spread staph to others.

• #3 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #4 Staph Infection in Toddlers Causes, Prevention & Treatments

  https://www.cloudninecare.com/blog/staph-infection-in-toddlers-causes-prevention-treatments-

  Staph infection is common in toddlers when compared to adults. It is a bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus group. […] Any bacteria from the family of Staphylococcus can cause staph infection. However, the most common bacterium is the Staphylococcus aureus. The other species that lead to this illness are Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These are present inside the nose of a healthy individual or can be present on the skin. Normally these do not cause infection, but when they enter the human body through abrasions, cuts or wounds, it causes staphylococcus infection. If left untreated, it can reach the blood vessels, joints, bones and organs and turn into a serious problem like septicemia. […] The following are some of the factors that put a kid at a high risk of infection: Immunodeficiency or a weak immunity, Children who are malnourished, Infections got while staying at a hospital, Cancer, diabetes or other such chronic diseases, AIDS or HIV, Organ transplant, Kidney impairment which required dialysis, Skin injuries due to insect bites, trauma, abrasions and wounds, Unclean wounds, Burn wound and surgical wound, Breathing and feeding tubes, Eczema or other skin disorders, Invasive devices like catheters, Kids who attend preschool or daycare can contract this infection from other children, Consuming food or drink at unhygienic places, Close contact with a person who has this infection.

• #5 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that cause a wide variety of clinical diseases. Infections caused by this pathogen are common both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired settings. […] S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria (stain purple by Gram stain) that are cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as grape-like. […] MRSA strains carry a mec gene on the bacterial chromosome, which is a component of the larger Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec region, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics depending on the SCC mec type.

• #6 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #7 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #8 Staphylococcal infections

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/staphylococcal_infections/

  Staphylococcus (referred to as staph) is a group of bacteria commonly carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. Although there are 40 types, the most common one is staphylococcus aureus. […] Staph generally causes no problems or illness. However, if the bacteria enters the body through a wound, cut or graze, or open skin (e.g. broken skin caused by eczema), it may cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections and can cause serious wound infections. […] Staph is found on the skin and in the nose of 30-50 per cent of people without causing disease. It will only cause an infection when it can enter through a wound or open skin. A staph infection normally only develops in the elderly, the very sick or those who have an open wound. Healthy people rarely become infected.

• #9 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #10 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #11 Staph infection: Causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://blog.walgreens.com/health/skin-health-conditions/staph-infection-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

  Many people have staph bacteria in their nose or on their skin, such as on the armpit, groin and other areas, but it usually doesnt lead to a staph infection. […] But when staph (Staphylococcus aureus or S. Aureus) bacteria enters your body or skin through a cut, scrape or abrasion, mild infections such as abscesses and cellulitis can develop, as can more serious infections such as pneumonia and bloodstream infections. […] A specific type of staph bacteria, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is especially dangerous and has been labeled a „superbug.” […] Due to this overuse of antibiotics, these staph bacteria have adapted, becoming resistant to antibiotic treatment, such as with penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, methicillin and oxacillin). […] Staph, including MRSA infections, are transmitted by physical skin contact in healthcare or community settings when touching an infected person.

• #12 Staph Infections: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – CCCHC

  https://ccchclinic.com/staph-infection-risks/

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which are found on the skin, in the nose and mouth, and the genital and anal area. […] While they are not always dangerous, staphylococcus bacteria can lead to many types of infections if they enter the body. […] Numerous factors can come into play to increase your risk of developing staph infections. […] This may include an underlying health condition such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney problems, or cancer. […] Because these conditions typically weaken the immune system, staphylococcus bacteria find it easier to enter into the body and cause health complications. […] Invasive devices such as urinary catheters, dialysis tubing, feeding tubes, intravascular catheters, and breathing tubes can also increase the risk of staphylococcus infection because the bacteria can easily travel through the medical tubing to the inside of the body.

• #13 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that cause a wide variety of clinical diseases. Infections caused by this pathogen are common both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired settings. […] S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria (stain purple by Gram stain) that are cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as grape-like. […] MRSA strains carry a mec gene on the bacterial chromosome, which is a component of the larger Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec region, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics depending on the SCC mec type.

• #14 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called „staph,” exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known as MRSA. […] MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don’t respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don’t destroy every germ they target. Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon learn to resist others.

• #15 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria. […] Many people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their nose and never develop staph infections. However, if you develop a staph infection, there’s a good chance that it’s from bacteria you’ve been carrying around for some time. […] Staph bacteria can also be spread from person to person. Because staph bacteria are so hardy, they can live on objects such as pillowcases or towels long enough to transfer to the next person who touches them. […] Staph bacteria can make you sick by causing an infection. You can also become sick from the toxins produced by the bacteria. […] Staph bacteria can survive: Drying, Extremes of temperature, Stomach acid.

• #16 Staph infections | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/staph-infections?content_id=CON-20301714

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria. […] Many people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their nose and never develop staph infections. However, if you develop a staph infection, there’s a good chance that it’s from bacteria you’ve been carrying around for some time. […] Staph bacteria can also be spread from person to person. […] Staph bacteria can make you sick by causing an infection. You can also become sick from the toxins produced by the bacteria. […] Staph bacteria can survive: Drying, Extremes of temperature, Stomach acid. […] Staph infections can also turn deadly if the bacteria invade deep into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart.

• #17 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #18 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #19 Staph Infections: Symptoms, Stages, Causes, Treatment, Contagiousness

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/staph-infection-cellulitis

  A staph infection is caused by staphylococcus (or „staph”) bacteria. […] Staph infection comes from bacteria. These bacteria can be transferred from person to person or from objects. Some ways you can get a staph infection include: Skin to skin contact such as at the gym, contaminated objects such as towels or bedding, during surgery, from medical devices such as catheters, poor hygiene, such as not washing your hands often enough. […] The seriousness of a staph infection can vary depending on several factors, including the type of infection, the site of infection, the overall health of the affected individual, and the promptness of treatment. In many cases, staph infections are mild and can be treated effectively with antibiotics. However, some staph infections can be severe and even life-threatening.

• #20 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria. […] Many people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their nose and never develop staph infections. However, if you develop a staph infection, there’s a good chance that it’s from bacteria you’ve been carrying around for some time. […] Staph bacteria can also be spread from person to person. Because staph bacteria are so hardy, they can live on objects such as pillowcases or towels long enough to transfer to the next person who touches them. […] Staph bacteria can make you sick by causing an infection. You can also become sick from the toxins produced by the bacteria. […] Staph bacteria can survive: Drying, Extremes of temperature, Stomach acid.

• #21 Staphylococcal Infections: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/staphylococcalinfections.html

  Staphylococcus (staph) is a group of bacteria. There are more than 30 types. A type called Staphylococcus aureus causes most infections. […] Some people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their noses, but they do not get an infection. But if they get a cut or wound, the bacteria can enter the body and cause an infection. […] Staph bacteria can spread from person to person. They can also spread on objects, such as towels, clothing, door handles, athletic equipment, and remotes. If you have staph and do not handle food properly when you are preparing it, you can also spread staph to others.

• #22 Staph infection: Causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://blog.walgreens.com/health/skin-health-conditions/staph-infection-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

  It can also be transmitted by touching clothing, a towel, door handles, remote control devices, smartphones or athletic equipment that carries the bacteria. […] When food is prepared improperly by someone with a staph infection, this can also transmit the bacteria. […] MRSA infections can infect the bloodstream, lungs, heart, bones, joints or any area where you recently had surgery.

• #23 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #24 Staphylococcal Infections: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/staphylococcalinfections.html

  Staphylococcus (staph) is a group of bacteria. There are more than 30 types. A type called Staphylococcus aureus causes most infections. […] Some people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their noses, but they do not get an infection. But if they get a cut or wound, the bacteria can enter the body and cause an infection. […] Staph bacteria can spread from person to person. They can also spread on objects, such as towels, clothing, door handles, athletic equipment, and remotes. If you have staph and do not handle food properly when you are preparing it, you can also spread staph to others.

• #25

  https://healthmatch.io/strep-throat/strep-vs-staph

  Staph bacteria travels via skin-to-skin contact. The bacteria is prevalently found on the skin and, in most cases, won’t cause any issues. It only becomes problematic when it can enter the skin through a cut, scrape, or incision. Once inside the skin, it can colonize and start an infection. […] If the infection stays within the skin, it is usually easily treated with antibiotics or may go away on its own. If staph infection travels to the bloodstream, lungs, heart, or joints, it can cause more severe complications and medical emergencies. […] Staph infections can create infections in the joints, bones, and heart. […] An untreated staph infection can also travel deeper into the body and cause severe medical conditions. […] It is also possible to contract staph infections by eating contaminated food, causing stomach pains, vomiting, and diarrhea.

• #26 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria. […] Many people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their nose and never develop staph infections. However, if you develop a staph infection, there’s a good chance that it’s from bacteria you’ve been carrying around for some time. […] Staph bacteria can also be spread from person to person. Because staph bacteria are so hardy, they can live on objects such as pillowcases or towels long enough to transfer to the next person who touches them. […] Staph bacteria can make you sick by causing an infection. You can also become sick from the toxins produced by the bacteria. […] Staph bacteria can survive: Drying, Extremes of temperature, Stomach acid.

• #27 Staph infections | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/staph-infections?content_id=CON-20301714

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria. […] Many people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their nose and never develop staph infections. However, if you develop a staph infection, there’s a good chance that it’s from bacteria you’ve been carrying around for some time. […] Staph bacteria can also be spread from person to person. […] Staph bacteria can make you sick by causing an infection. You can also become sick from the toxins produced by the bacteria. […] Staph bacteria can survive: Drying, Extremes of temperature, Stomach acid. […] Staph infections can also turn deadly if the bacteria invade deep into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart.

• #28 Staphylococcus: Infection, Treatment, FAQs, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/infection/staphylococcus

  Most people have Staphylococcus bacteria on their skin, but sometimes it can cause an acute infection with life threatening symptoms. […] Staphylococcus bacteria are a common bacterial strain. […] When Staphylococcus bacteria do cause problems, theyre often minor skin infections or temporary cases of food poisoning. […] However, Staphylococcus bacteria can also cause severe and even fatal infections. […] Staphylococcus bacteria can invade the bloodstream or organs, resulting in serious illness. […] Staphylococcus bacteria are very common. […] People often carry these bacteria on their skin or in their nasal cavities without ever developing an infection. […] But sometimes, the bacteria you already carry can cause you to become sick when your immune system is compromised. […] Staphylococcus bacteria can survive outside host bodies for a long time and can withstand extreme temperatures and drying out.

• #29 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Staph bacteria can also survive on objects or surfaces, such as bedsheets, towels, or clothing. […] Anyone can get a staph infection, but certain factors increase your odds. […] You may have a higher risk of developing a staph infection if you have an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, kidney failure, a skin condition, or a weakened immune system. […] People who’ve had a recent surgery or have been hospitalized also have an increased risk of developing staph infection. […] Taking certain medicines, including corticosteroids, insulin, or chemotherapy, can increase your chance of contracting staph. […] Sometimes staph bacteria spreads through medical tubing, such as dialysis tubes, urinary catheters, breathing tubes, feeding tubes, or intravascular catheters.

• #30 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #31 Staph infection: Types, symptoms, causes, treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/staph-infection

  Staphylococcus bacteria cause staph infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus, which lives on the skin and in the nose of some people, is responsible for most infections. […] The cause of a staph infection is staph bacteria entering the body. This may occur as a result of: picking or scratching at pimples, sores, or bumps on the skin; coming into contact with someone else who has a staph infection; being in a situation that gives them high exposure to the bacteria, such as surgery or a hospital stay; sharing personal items, such as towels, razors, or makeup, with someone with the infection; acquiring the bacteria from shared surfaces, such as gym equipment. […] Staph infections occur when bacteria enter the body through skin barrier breaks, the respiratory system, or ingestion of contaminated food.

• #32 Staph Infection | Primary Care | Bon Secours

  https://www.bonsecours.com/health-care-services/primary-care-family-medicine/conditions/staph-infection

  A staph infection results from a type of bacteria that is found on the skin or in the nose of about 25 percent of the population. […] These infections occur when staphylococcus bacteria enter the body, often through a cut or skin abrasion. […] A staph infection results when staphylococcus bacteria enters the body through an open cut or other pathway. […] Staphylococcus bacteria can be found on many common surfaces, and even lives on the skin of about 1 in 4 people. […] Staphylococcus bacteria are usually harmless, until they enter the body, often through a cut on the skin, and cause an infection. […] Increasingly, certain strains of staphylococcus bacteria are becoming resistant to common antibiotics, making some staph infections very dangerous and potentially life-threatening. […] Antibiotic-resistant staph infections are dangerous and potentially life-threatening.

• #33 Staph infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/

  Staph infections are caused by bacteria called staphylococcus. […] Staph bacteria can also cause more serious infections, like blood poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. These are much less common than skin infections. […] The bacteria that cause staph infections live harmlessly on many people’s skin, often in the nose and armpits and on the buttocks. […] They usually only cause an infection if they get into the skin, such as through a bite or cut.

• #34

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  Staph infections most commonly develop when there is a break in the skin, giving the staph an entry point for infection, explains Joshua Zeichner, M.D., director of cosmetic and clinical research in dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. This may occur after regular cuts and scrapes, nicks from shaving, or even open skin because of athletes foot. […] In addition to minor local infections, staph can also cause a serious immune system reaction to an infection known as sepsis, says Gary Goldenberg, M.D., assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital. People can die from a staph infection if it gets into the bloodstream or infects internal organs, he says. […] Some people carry staph bacteria that are harmless to them but can cause symptomatic infection in others which can be spread by person-to-person contact. In other cases, there are identifiable underlying risk factors.

• #35 How to Treat Staph Infection: Symptoms & Antibiotics

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/staphylococcus/article_em.htm

  Staph infection is highly contagious and may cause reddish, swollen, itchy, and tender areas at the site of infection. […] Staphylococcus bacteria (also termed staph) are responsible for a number of common infections. […] Most, but not all, human bacterial infections are caused by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains. […] Staph infection is highly contagious. […] Symptoms of staph infections include reddish, swollen, itchy, and tender areas at the site of infection. […] Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus. […] Unfortunately, these bacteria can reach the bloodstream (bacteremia) and end up in many different body sites, causing infections (wound infections, abscesses, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia) that may cause severe harm or even be fatal.

• #36 Staph Infections: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – CCCHC

  https://ccchclinic.com/staph-infection-risks/

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which are found on the skin, in the nose and mouth, and the genital and anal area. […] While they are not always dangerous, staphylococcus bacteria can lead to many types of infections if they enter the body. […] Numerous factors can come into play to increase your risk of developing staph infections. […] This may include an underlying health condition such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney problems, or cancer. […] Because these conditions typically weaken the immune system, staphylococcus bacteria find it easier to enter into the body and cause health complications. […] Invasive devices such as urinary catheters, dialysis tubing, feeding tubes, intravascular catheters, and breathing tubes can also increase the risk of staphylococcus infection because the bacteria can easily travel through the medical tubing to the inside of the body.

• #37 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #38 Staph Infection Symptoms, Causes, Natural Treatments – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/staph-infection/

  Toxins released from staph bacteria can cause an excessive immune response that attacks the body’s own healthy tissue. […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused from staph bacteria entering the gastrointestinal tract after eating foods that are contaminated with toxins left behind from staph microbes. […] Staph infections are caused by a common bacteria called Staphylococcus. Some staph bacteria, including MRSA, are resistant to antibiotic treatments and therefore the biggest risk to public health.

• #39 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that cause a wide variety of clinical diseases. Infections caused by this pathogen are common both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired settings. […] S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria (stain purple by Gram stain) that are cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as grape-like. […] MRSA strains carry a mec gene on the bacterial chromosome, which is a component of the larger Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec region, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics depending on the SCC mec type.

• #40 MRSA (Staph) Infection: Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mrsa

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an infection of Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria. […] These bacteria naturally live in the nose and on the skin and generally dont cause any harm. However, when they begin to multiply uncontrollably, a MRSA infection can occur. […] MRSA infections typically occur when theres a cut or break in your skin. MRSA is very contagious and can be spread through direct contact with a person who has the infection. […] It can also be contracted by coming into contact with an object or surface thats been touched by a person with MRSA. […] CA-MRSA usually causes skin infections. Areas that have increased body hair, such as the armpits or back of the neck, are more likely to be infected. […] Areas that have been cut, scratched, or rubbed are also vulnerable to infection because your biggest barrier to germs your skin has been damaged.

• #41 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #42 How to Treat Staph Infection: Symptoms & Antibiotics

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/staphylococcus/article_em.htm

  S. aureus strains also produce enzymes and toxins that likely cause or increase the severity of certain diseases. […] Other factors produced by these bacteria that may play a role in causing disease are hyaluronidase, kinases, clotting factor, and others, but their disease-causing potentials are still being evaluated. […] All staph infections should be further tested to see if the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin (and other antibiotics) and thus determine if the organisms are MRSA. […] There are two main types of treatment for staph infections, surgical and antibiotic treatment. […] However, MRSA organisms usually require other antibiotics. […] Staph bacteria are frequently present in healthy humans. […] Most staph bacteria are transmitted by person-to-person contact, but viable staph on surfaces of clothing, sinks, and other objects can contact skin and cause infections.

• #43 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #44 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #45 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #46 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #47 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #48 How to Treat Staph Infection: Symptoms & Antibiotics

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/staphylococcus/article_em.htm

  S. aureus strains also produce enzymes and toxins that likely cause or increase the severity of certain diseases. […] Other factors produced by these bacteria that may play a role in causing disease are hyaluronidase, kinases, clotting factor, and others, but their disease-causing potentials are still being evaluated. […] All staph infections should be further tested to see if the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin (and other antibiotics) and thus determine if the organisms are MRSA. […] There are two main types of treatment for staph infections, surgical and antibiotic treatment. […] However, MRSA organisms usually require other antibiotics. […] Staph bacteria are frequently present in healthy humans. […] Most staph bacteria are transmitted by person-to-person contact, but viable staph on surfaces of clothing, sinks, and other objects can contact skin and cause infections.

• #49 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #50 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  A staphylococcal infection is a common bacterial skin infection. […] Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) is the most important of these bacteria in human diseases. […] Despite being harmless in most individuals, S aureus is capable of causing various infections of the skin and other organs. […] Staph skin infections are seen most commonly in pre-pubertal children and certain occupational groups such as healthcare workers. […] Most staphylococcal infections occur in normal individuals, but underlying illness and certain skin diseases increase the risk of infection. […] These include severe atopic dermatitis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, blood disorders such as leukaemia and lymphoma, malnutrition, iron deficiency, alcoholism, intravenous drug users, presence of foreign body, medication with systemic steroids, immunoglobulin M deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and certain syndromes. […] Staphylococcal skin infection can present in a variety of ways. […] Skin disease due to toxins produced by the bacteria include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and staphylococcal scarlatina. […] Staphylococcal toxins can also cause food poisoning.

• #51 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Symptoms can vary depending on the mode of transmission: If there is contact with an infected person through a wound, care must be taken, as although superficial and localized Staphylococcus infections are often benign, blood-borne spread of the bacterium can lead to secondary infections. […] Various suppurative (pus-forming) infections may occur as a result of bacterial proliferation; the most common include superficial or deep folliculitis, boils and carbuncles. […] Some Staphylococcus strains that produce toxins such as exfoliatin can cause specific skin diseases such as bullous impetigo or scalded skin syndrome in young children. […] Diseases contracted during surgery depend on the organ infected and can lead to osteomyelitis (inflammation and infection of the bones) and various visceral infections, such as endocarditis (inflammation of the heart), lung conditions or pyelonephritis (kidney infection).

• #52 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. […] Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of a number of greatly feared strains of Staphylococcus aureus which have become resistant to most -lactam antibiotics. […] Staphylococcus aureus has developed an adaptive mechanism to tolerate hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a potent oxidant produced by the human immune system.

• #53 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. […] Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of a number of greatly feared strains of Staphylococcus aureus which have become resistant to most -lactam antibiotics. […] Staphylococcus aureus has developed an adaptive mechanism to tolerate hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a potent oxidant produced by the human immune system.

• #54 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Many staphylococcal strains produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates several beta-lactam antibiotics; these strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and antipseudomonal penicillins (eg, piperacillin). […] MRSA isolates have become common, especially in hospitals. MRSA isolates are resistant to almost all beta-lactam antibiotics, including most cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, they may be susceptible to the newest class of MRSA-active cephalosporins (eg, ceftaroline, ceftobiprole [not available in the United States]). […] Because incidence of MRSA has increased, initial empiric treatment for serious staphylococcal infections (particularly those that occur in a health care setting) should include an antibiotic with reliable activity against MRSA.

• #55 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Many staphylococcal strains produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates several beta-lactam antibiotics; these strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and antipseudomonal penicillins (eg, piperacillin). […] MRSA isolates have become common, especially in hospitals. MRSA isolates are resistant to almost all beta-lactam antibiotics, including most cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, they may be susceptible to the newest class of MRSA-active cephalosporins (eg, ceftaroline, ceftobiprole [not available in the United States]). […] Because incidence of MRSA has increased, initial empiric treatment for serious staphylococcal infections (particularly those that occur in a health care setting) should include an antibiotic with reliable activity against MRSA.

• #56 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #57 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #58 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called „staph,” exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known as MRSA. […] MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don’t respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don’t destroy every germ they target. Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon learn to resist others.

• #59 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Many strains have developed resistance to the effects of antibiotics. If carriers take antibiotics, the antibiotics kill the strains that are not resistant, leaving mainly the resistant strains. […] Because antibiotics are widely used in hospitals, hospital staff members commonly carry resistant strains. When people are infected in a health care facility, the bacteria are usually resistant to several types of antibiotics, including almost all antibiotics that are related to penicillin. […] MRSA strains are common when infection is acquired in a health care facility. Some strains of MRSA cause infections that are acquired outside of a health care facility, including mild abscesses and skin infections. The number of these community-acquired infections is increasing.

• #60 Staph Infection: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/staph-infections-3156887

  Staphylococcal (staph) infection is caused when bacteria called Staphyloccocus enters the body, usually through a skin cut or wound. […] While anyone can develop a staph infection, there are factors that increase a person’s risk. […] The bacteria most commonly find their way through a break in the skin (e.g., a minor cut from shaving or a wound from trauma). […] Some of these risk factors include: Being very young or very old, Having a chronic skin or lung disease, Having an open wound, Being on a drug that weakens your immune system (e.g., corticosteroids), Using injected drugs, such as opioids, Being hospitalized or living in a long-term care facility, like a nursing home, Having diabetes mellitus or HIV, Having a transplanted organ or an implanted medical device (e.g., artificial heart valve, pacemaker, or joint), Being on dialysis, Having long-term intravascular access (e.g., having a chemotherapy port).

• #61 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #62 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Staph bacteria can also survive on objects or surfaces, such as bedsheets, towels, or clothing. […] Anyone can get a staph infection, but certain factors increase your odds. […] You may have a higher risk of developing a staph infection if you have an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, kidney failure, a skin condition, or a weakened immune system. […] People who’ve had a recent surgery or have been hospitalized also have an increased risk of developing staph infection. […] Taking certain medicines, including corticosteroids, insulin, or chemotherapy, can increase your chance of contracting staph. […] Sometimes staph bacteria spreads through medical tubing, such as dialysis tubes, urinary catheters, breathing tubes, feeding tubes, or intravascular catheters.

• #63 Staph Infection: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/staph-infections-3156887

  Staphylococcal (staph) infection is caused when bacteria called Staphyloccocus enters the body, usually through a skin cut or wound. […] While anyone can develop a staph infection, there are factors that increase a person’s risk. […] The bacteria most commonly find their way through a break in the skin (e.g., a minor cut from shaving or a wound from trauma). […] Some of these risk factors include: Being very young or very old, Having a chronic skin or lung disease, Having an open wound, Being on a drug that weakens your immune system (e.g., corticosteroids), Using injected drugs, such as opioids, Being hospitalized or living in a long-term care facility, like a nursing home, Having diabetes mellitus or HIV, Having a transplanted organ or an implanted medical device (e.g., artificial heart valve, pacemaker, or joint), Being on dialysis, Having long-term intravascular access (e.g., having a chemotherapy port).

• #64

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  In particular, individuals who are immunosuppressed because of chronic diseases (e.g. types of diabetes, HIV), cancer treatment, or recently post-operative, are more susceptible. […] Staphylococcus infections can also be spread through improper food handling, leading to food poisoning. […] Most staph infections, especially those that involve the skin, are transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, adds Richard Watkins, M.D., infectious diseases physician and a professor of medicine at the Northeast Ohio Medical University. […] Staph is actually the most common cause of cellulitis, a common and potentially serious bacterial skin infection, Dr. Goldenberg says. […] When a food is exposed to staph, the bacteria multiply and produce toxins. Its those toxins that can make you sick, and they can lead to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain, typically within 30 minutes to 8 hours after ingesting the contaminated food, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

• #65 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #66 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Staphylococci can spread in various ways: Through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated items via a wound if the skin barrier is broken; bacteria can then develop within the lesion, leading to a skin infection which varies in severity depending on the bacterial strain responsible for the infection, the speed with which treatment is administered, and the patient’s general state of health. […] Healthcare professionals can also spread bacteria among patients if strict hand hygiene measures are not applied. […] During surgical procedures. As staphylococci are very widespread, internal infections can develop. […] In a great many cases, the bacteria come from the patient’s own flora and develop pathogenicity within the patient’s body. […] During diseases or treatments that lead to a weakened immune system, and in individuals with diabetes (owing to a combination of lowered immune defenses and high blood sugar levels).

• #67 Staph Infections: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – CCCHC

  https://ccchclinic.com/staph-infection-risks/

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which are found on the skin, in the nose and mouth, and the genital and anal area. […] While they are not always dangerous, staphylococcus bacteria can lead to many types of infections if they enter the body. […] Numerous factors can come into play to increase your risk of developing staph infections. […] This may include an underlying health condition such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney problems, or cancer. […] Because these conditions typically weaken the immune system, staphylococcus bacteria find it easier to enter into the body and cause health complications. […] Invasive devices such as urinary catheters, dialysis tubing, feeding tubes, intravascular catheters, and breathing tubes can also increase the risk of staphylococcus infection because the bacteria can easily travel through the medical tubing to the inside of the body.

• #68 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #69 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #70 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #71 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  A staphylococcal infection is a common bacterial skin infection. […] Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) is the most important of these bacteria in human diseases. […] Despite being harmless in most individuals, S aureus is capable of causing various infections of the skin and other organs. […] Staph skin infections are seen most commonly in pre-pubertal children and certain occupational groups such as healthcare workers. […] Most staphylococcal infections occur in normal individuals, but underlying illness and certain skin diseases increase the risk of infection. […] These include severe atopic dermatitis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, blood disorders such as leukaemia and lymphoma, malnutrition, iron deficiency, alcoholism, intravenous drug users, presence of foreign body, medication with systemic steroids, immunoglobulin M deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and certain syndromes. […] Staphylococcal skin infection can present in a variety of ways. […] Skin disease due to toxins produced by the bacteria include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and staphylococcal scarlatina. […] Staphylococcal toxins can also cause food poisoning.

• #72 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  Many healthy people normally have staph on their skin. Most of the time, it does not cause an infection or symptoms. This is called being colonized with staph. These people are known as staph carriers. They can spread staph to others. Some people colonized with staph develop an actual staph infection that makes them sick. […] Common risk factors for developing a serious staph infection are: Being in a hospital or other type of care facility for a long time, Having a weakened immune system or ongoing (chronic) illness, Having an open cut or sore, Having a medical device inside your body such as an artificial joint, Injecting medicines or illegal drugs, Living with or having close contact with a person who has staph, Being on kidney dialysis.

• #73 Staph Infection in Dogs | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/skin/staph-infection-dogs

  Staph infections are caused by the overgrowth of Staphylococcus bacteria on the surface of a dogs skin. […] However, when the skin barrier becomes damaged or the immune system is weakened, bacteria can overgrow, which leads to an infection. […] Any medical condition that causes scratching, chewing, or licking of the skin can lead to development of a staph infection, but there are other causes as well. […] Here is an extensive list: Environmental allergy, Contact allergy, Food allergy, Fleas, Hypothyroidism, Demodectic mange (demodex), Sarcoptic mange (scabies), Urine scalding, Matted coat, Open wound, Skin folds on a dogs face or body, Obesity, Corkscrew tails, Hooded vulva. […] Any dog, no matter its age or breed, can develop a staph infection. […] Dogs with a compromised (weakened) immune system because of their age (less than 1 year old) or an underlying medical condition (cancer, immune-mediated disease) are also prone to staph infections.

• #74 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  A staphylococcal infection is a common bacterial skin infection. […] Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) is the most important of these bacteria in human diseases. […] Despite being harmless in most individuals, S aureus is capable of causing various infections of the skin and other organs. […] Staph skin infections are seen most commonly in pre-pubertal children and certain occupational groups such as healthcare workers. […] Most staphylococcal infections occur in normal individuals, but underlying illness and certain skin diseases increase the risk of infection. […] These include severe atopic dermatitis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, blood disorders such as leukaemia and lymphoma, malnutrition, iron deficiency, alcoholism, intravenous drug users, presence of foreign body, medication with systemic steroids, immunoglobulin M deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and certain syndromes. […] Staphylococcal skin infection can present in a variety of ways. […] Skin disease due to toxins produced by the bacteria include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and staphylococcal scarlatina. […] Staphylococcal toxins can also cause food poisoning.

• #75 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  A staphylococcal infection is a common bacterial skin infection. […] Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) is the most important of these bacteria in human diseases. […] Despite being harmless in most individuals, S aureus is capable of causing various infections of the skin and other organs. […] Staph skin infections are seen most commonly in pre-pubertal children and certain occupational groups such as healthcare workers. […] Most staphylococcal infections occur in normal individuals, but underlying illness and certain skin diseases increase the risk of infection. […] These include severe atopic dermatitis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, blood disorders such as leukaemia and lymphoma, malnutrition, iron deficiency, alcoholism, intravenous drug users, presence of foreign body, medication with systemic steroids, immunoglobulin M deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and certain syndromes. […] Staphylococcal skin infection can present in a variety of ways. […] Skin disease due to toxins produced by the bacteria include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and staphylococcal scarlatina. […] Staphylococcal toxins can also cause food poisoning.

• #76 Staph Infections: Symptoms, Stages, Causes, Treatment, Contagiousness

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/staph-infection-cellulitis

  A staph infection is caused by staphylococcus (or „staph”) bacteria. […] Staph infection comes from bacteria. These bacteria can be transferred from person to person or from objects. Some ways you can get a staph infection include: Skin to skin contact such as at the gym, contaminated objects such as towels or bedding, during surgery, from medical devices such as catheters, poor hygiene, such as not washing your hands often enough. […] The seriousness of a staph infection can vary depending on several factors, including the type of infection, the site of infection, the overall health of the affected individual, and the promptness of treatment. In many cases, staph infections are mild and can be treated effectively with antibiotics. However, some staph infections can be severe and even life-threatening.

• #77 Staphylococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection

  A staphylococcal infection or staph infection is an infection caused by members of the Staphylococcus genus of bacteria. […] Staph infections have a multitude of different causes, such as: […] Open wounds. This is by far the biggest cause of staph infection. Any open wound, even ones as small as a paper cut, are vulnerable to being infected. Staph bacteria will enter the body through any open wound, so it is important to properly treat, disinfect, and bandage any wounds. […] Contact with infected persons or surfaces. Staph infections are very contagious when in contact with a person that is already infected. […] Weakened immune system. Anyone with a weakened immune system for any reason can be more easily affected by staph bacteria, because their bodies are unable to defend against infectious bacteria as well.

• #78 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #79 Staph infections can kill | VitalSigns | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/staph/index.html

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a germ found on peoples skin. Staph can cause serious infections if it gets into the blood and can lead to sepsis or death. […] People are at higher risk for staph infection when they have surgery or stay in healthcare facilities, have medical devices in their body, inject drugs, or when they come in close contact with someone who has staph. […] The rise of staph infections in communities may be connected to the opioid crisis. In 2016, 9% of all serious staph infections happened in people who inject drugs rising from 4% in 2011. […] Staph is a leading cause of infections in US healthcare facilities. Current recommendations have reduced MRSA in healthcare, but progress has slowed. Recent data suggest MSSA rates are not declining.

• #80 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Playing a contact sport is another risk factor for staph. […] One of the most serious complications of a staph infection is when the bacteria invade the bloodstream and lead to sepsis, which is an inflammatory response caused by infections. […] Staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of skin infections in the United States. […] About 33 percent of Americans are colonized with staph and about 1 percent with MRSA.

• #81 Staphylococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection

  Unwashed linens. Staph bacteria are very resistant under harsh conditions, and they will cling to objects where they can create a niche. […] Infection after surgery. Hospitals are a very common place for staph bacteria to contaminate. […] Invasive devices. Medical devices that have any connection to organs to the outside of the body are very problematic, because they allow an easy open pathway into the body.

• #82 Staph infections – symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/staph-infections

  Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria cause staph infections. […] Staph can cause an infection in any part of your body. […] Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria are a common type of bacteria, which dont usually cause any harm. […] There are many different types of staph infection. Your symptoms will depend on the type of infection that you’ve got. […] Some types of staph infection can be resistant to common antibiotics. This means the antibiotic doesn’t work to stop your infection. […] Basic hygiene is the best way to avoid getting a staph skin infection. Always wash your hands well with soap and running water. Then dry them with a clean towel or disposable paper towel. […] Staph infections can sometimes cause serious infections like septicaemia (blood poisoning) and pneumonia.

• #83 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #84 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  „Staph” (pronounced staff) is short for Staphylococcus. Staph is a germ (bacteria) that can cause infections in any part of the body, but most are skin infections. Staph can infect openings in the skin, like scratches, pimples, or skin cysts. Anyone can get a staph infection. […] Once the staph germ enters the body, it can spread to bones, joints, and the blood. It can also spread to any organ, such as the lungs, heart, or brain. […] Staph germs are mostly spread by skin-to-skin contact (touching). Health care providers or even visitors may have staph germs on their body and then spread them to a patient. […] Also, a patient may have a staph infection before coming to the hospital. This can occur without the person even being aware of it. […] One type of staph germ, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is harder to treat. This is because MRSA is not killed by certain antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph germs.

• #85 Causes and Risk Factors of MRSA

  https://www.health.com/mrsa-causes-7503819

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by the uncontrolled spread of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus which is usually called staph. […] Primarily, the staph bacteria that causes MRSA infection is spread by contact with infected skin through a wound. […] Hospital workers or those that work in care facilities are more prone to be carriers and are the cause of hospital-acquired (HA) MRSA infections. […] People outside of a healthcare setting may also be carriers and spread community-acquired (CA) MRSA. […] What can make MRSA infection challenging is that anyone exposed to the bacteria can get it. […] Most cases are linked to working or being in hospital and clinical environments, though studies suggest those numbers declining slightly, with CA MRSA cases on the rise.

• #86 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  Many healthy people normally have staph on their skin. Most of the time, it does not cause an infection or symptoms. This is called being colonized with staph. These people are known as staph carriers. They can spread staph to others. Some people colonized with staph develop an actual staph infection that makes them sick. […] Common risk factors for developing a serious staph infection are: Being in a hospital or other type of care facility for a long time, Having a weakened immune system or ongoing (chronic) illness, Having an open cut or sore, Having a medical device inside your body such as an artificial joint, Injecting medicines or illegal drugs, Living with or having close contact with a person who has staph, Being on kidney dialysis.

• #87 Staphylococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection

  Unwashed linens. Staph bacteria are very resistant under harsh conditions, and they will cling to objects where they can create a niche. […] Infection after surgery. Hospitals are a very common place for staph bacteria to contaminate. […] Invasive devices. Medical devices that have any connection to organs to the outside of the body are very problematic, because they allow an easy open pathway into the body.

• #88 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #89 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Staph bacteria can also survive on objects or surfaces, such as bedsheets, towels, or clothing. […] Anyone can get a staph infection, but certain factors increase your odds. […] You may have a higher risk of developing a staph infection if you have an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, kidney failure, a skin condition, or a weakened immune system. […] People who’ve had a recent surgery or have been hospitalized also have an increased risk of developing staph infection. […] Taking certain medicines, including corticosteroids, insulin, or chemotherapy, can increase your chance of contracting staph. […] Sometimes staph bacteria spreads through medical tubing, such as dialysis tubes, urinary catheters, breathing tubes, feeding tubes, or intravascular catheters.

• #90 Staphylococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection

  Unwashed linens. Staph bacteria are very resistant under harsh conditions, and they will cling to objects where they can create a niche. […] Infection after surgery. Hospitals are a very common place for staph bacteria to contaminate. […] Invasive devices. Medical devices that have any connection to organs to the outside of the body are very problematic, because they allow an easy open pathway into the body.

• #91 Staphylococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection

  Unwashed linens. Staph bacteria are very resistant under harsh conditions, and they will cling to objects where they can create a niche. […] Infection after surgery. Hospitals are a very common place for staph bacteria to contaminate. […] Invasive devices. Medical devices that have any connection to organs to the outside of the body are very problematic, because they allow an easy open pathway into the body.

• #92 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #93 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #94 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #95 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) Skin Infections in Children

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Staphylococcus_aureus_-_Staph_-_Skin_Infections.xml?co=/regions/mas

  Staph can enter the body through a cut or other wound, even one that’s too small to see. […] Pus and other staph infection fluids are very contagious. Staph infections can spread when a person touches the fluids, then touches or shares items with others. […] Today, standard antibiotics often can’t kill MRSA and other staph bacteria. These bacteria have evolved ways to resist many antibiotics. […] Overuse of antibiotics in the United States and other countries allowed resistance to develop faster than would have occurred naturally. Many antibiotics no longer work against the diseases they used to cure.

• #96 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Many strains have developed resistance to the effects of antibiotics. If carriers take antibiotics, the antibiotics kill the strains that are not resistant, leaving mainly the resistant strains. […] Because antibiotics are widely used in hospitals, hospital staff members commonly carry resistant strains. When people are infected in a health care facility, the bacteria are usually resistant to several types of antibiotics, including almost all antibiotics that are related to penicillin. […] MRSA strains are common when infection is acquired in a health care facility. Some strains of MRSA cause infections that are acquired outside of a health care facility, including mild abscesses and skin infections. The number of these community-acquired infections is increasing.

• #97 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Staphylococci can spread in various ways: Through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated items via a wound if the skin barrier is broken; bacteria can then develop within the lesion, leading to a skin infection which varies in severity depending on the bacterial strain responsible for the infection, the speed with which treatment is administered, and the patient’s general state of health. […] Healthcare professionals can also spread bacteria among patients if strict hand hygiene measures are not applied. […] During surgical procedures. As staphylococci are very widespread, internal infections can develop. […] In a great many cases, the bacteria come from the patient’s own flora and develop pathogenicity within the patient’s body. […] During diseases or treatments that lead to a weakened immune system, and in individuals with diabetes (owing to a combination of lowered immune defenses and high blood sugar levels).

• #98 Staph Infections: Symptoms, Stages, Causes, Treatment, Contagiousness

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/staph-infection-cellulitis

  A staph infection is caused by staphylococcus (or „staph”) bacteria. […] Staph infection comes from bacteria. These bacteria can be transferred from person to person or from objects. Some ways you can get a staph infection include: Skin to skin contact such as at the gym, contaminated objects such as towels or bedding, during surgery, from medical devices such as catheters, poor hygiene, such as not washing your hands often enough. […] The seriousness of a staph infection can vary depending on several factors, including the type of infection, the site of infection, the overall health of the affected individual, and the promptness of treatment. In many cases, staph infections are mild and can be treated effectively with antibiotics. However, some staph infections can be severe and even life-threatening.

• #99 Treatment and Prevention of Staph Infections of the Foot | Tips

  https://michiganpodiatry.com/blog/prevention-of-staph-infection-foot/

  A staph infection is a result of the bacteria known as staphylococcus, which is a germ type typically found on the surface of the skin or in the nose of people, even healthy people. […] However, in the right circumstances, the bacteria can lead to issues from minor infections of the skin to serious infections deep within the body, bloodstream, bones, and organs. […] Common causes include: Walking barefoot in high-traffic zones like schools, locker rooms, and pool decks. […] Suffering from a minor cut, crack, or puncture wound to the skin on the foot. […] Conditions like athletes foot, ingrown toenails, eczema, corns, and calluses. […] Diabetic foot infections. […] Walking barefoot with any wounds or foot conditions increases ones chances of developing a staph infection. The wounds serve as a portal for the staphylococcus to enter the foot and body. […] It is vital to take steps to prevent staph infection and get proper treatment as soon as possible if it occurs.

• #100 Staph infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/

  Staph infections are caused by bacteria called staphylococcus. […] Staph bacteria can also cause more serious infections, like blood poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. These are much less common than skin infections. […] The bacteria that cause staph infections live harmlessly on many people’s skin, often in the nose and armpits and on the buttocks. […] They usually only cause an infection if they get into the skin, such as through a bite or cut.

• #101 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #102 Staph Infection in Toddlers Causes, Prevention & Treatments

  https://www.cloudninecare.com/blog/staph-infection-in-toddlers-causes-prevention-treatments-

  Staph infection is common in toddlers when compared to adults. It is a bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus group. […] Any bacteria from the family of Staphylococcus can cause staph infection. However, the most common bacterium is the Staphylococcus aureus. The other species that lead to this illness are Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These are present inside the nose of a healthy individual or can be present on the skin. Normally these do not cause infection, but when they enter the human body through abrasions, cuts or wounds, it causes staphylococcus infection. If left untreated, it can reach the blood vessels, joints, bones and organs and turn into a serious problem like septicemia. […] The following are some of the factors that put a kid at a high risk of infection: Immunodeficiency or a weak immunity, Children who are malnourished, Infections got while staying at a hospital, Cancer, diabetes or other such chronic diseases, AIDS or HIV, Organ transplant, Kidney impairment which required dialysis, Skin injuries due to insect bites, trauma, abrasions and wounds, Unclean wounds, Burn wound and surgical wound, Breathing and feeding tubes, Eczema or other skin disorders, Invasive devices like catheters, Kids who attend preschool or daycare can contract this infection from other children, Consuming food or drink at unhygienic places, Close contact with a person who has this infection.

• #103 Staph infection: Types, symptoms, causes, treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/staph-infection

  Staphylococcus bacteria cause staph infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus, which lives on the skin and in the nose of some people, is responsible for most infections. […] The cause of a staph infection is staph bacteria entering the body. This may occur as a result of: picking or scratching at pimples, sores, or bumps on the skin; coming into contact with someone else who has a staph infection; being in a situation that gives them high exposure to the bacteria, such as surgery or a hospital stay; sharing personal items, such as towels, razors, or makeup, with someone with the infection; acquiring the bacteria from shared surfaces, such as gym equipment. […] Staph infections occur when bacteria enter the body through skin barrier breaks, the respiratory system, or ingestion of contaminated food.

• #104 Staph Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/staphylococcus.html

  Staph is the shortened name for Staphylococcus, a type of bacteria. […] Staphylococcus aureus cause most staph skin infections, and also can release toxins (poisons) that lead to illnesses like food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome. […] Warm, humid environments can contribute to staph infections, so excessive sweating can increase someone’s chances of developing an infection. People with skin problems like burns or eczema may be more likely to get staph skin infections.

• #105 Foot Staph Infection | Causes, Signs and How to Treat it | Alliance Foot & Ankle Specialists

  https://www.footdoc.org/library/texas-staph-infections-on-the-feet.cfm

  foot staph infection is actually quite common. This type of infection is caused by a bacteria called staphylococcus aureus (staph), which can enter through cuts or scrapes in the skin. […] Staph infections on the feet occur when bacteria enter the foot through a cut, scrape, or wound in the skin. The most common causes of a foot staph infection include: Having a diabetic foot infection, Walking barefoot in public areas such as locker rooms or swimming pool decks, Having a cut or wound on the foot, Not treating conditions such as athletes foot or ingrown toenails, Touching or sharing an item with a person who is infected with staph. […] A foot staph infection can be extremely painful. If left untreated, it can spread to other areas of the body and cause serious health problems. Extreme cases of staph infections can cause serious complications such as sepsis and even death.

• #106 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #107 Staphylococcus: Infection, Treatment, FAQs, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/infection/staphylococcus

  These factors make it very easy for Staphylococcus infections to spread, especially in households or shared living environments. […] There are also several risk factors that can increase your chances of developing a Staphylococcus infection. […] Many Staphylococcus infections are mild. […] However, a Staphylococcus infection can be very dangerous. […] Some Staphylococcus infections can be fatal if theyre left untreated. […] Most Staphylococcus infections can be successfully treated with traditional antibiotics; however, some are antibiotic-resistant and require newer treatments. […] Some Staphylococcus infections can be fatal without treatment, so its important to make a medical appointment if you have the symptoms of any Staphylococcus infection.

• #108 Staph Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21165-staph-infection-staphylococcus-infection

  Staphylococcal infections, commonly called staph infections, are caused by a genus of bacteria called Staphylococcus. There are more than 30 strains (types) of Staphylococcus bacteria. The most common human pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus. A pathogen is an organism that causes disease. […] Different types of staph bacteria cause problems in various parts of your body. […] Staph infections occur most often on your skin. […] Staph infections spread in the ways that other infections spread, through coughs and sneezes, as well as other ways, including: Skin infection: Staph infections on the skin occur when someone comes into contact with the Staphylococcus bacteria. […] If left untreated, staph infections can be deadly. Rarely, staph germs are resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. This infection, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), causes severe infection and death. […] One factor in creating resistance has been that people only take the medication until they feel better, which means that the germs aren’t entirely gone.

• #109 Types of Staph Infections: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/staph-infection

  In some situations, however, these bacteria can mount an infection. […] Staph bacteria can also spread between people and objects. […] Staph skin infections are the most common type of staph infection. […] You can become seriously ill with staph infections that involve the skin as well as those in the lungs, heart, or bones. […] It is important to contact a doctor for any symptoms of a staph infection because it can lead to a life threatening condition.

• #110 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Symptoms can vary depending on the mode of transmission: If there is contact with an infected person through a wound, care must be taken, as although superficial and localized Staphylococcus infections are often benign, blood-borne spread of the bacterium can lead to secondary infections. […] Various suppurative (pus-forming) infections may occur as a result of bacterial proliferation; the most common include superficial or deep folliculitis, boils and carbuncles. […] Some Staphylococcus strains that produce toxins such as exfoliatin can cause specific skin diseases such as bullous impetigo or scalded skin syndrome in young children. […] Diseases contracted during surgery depend on the organ infected and can lead to osteomyelitis (inflammation and infection of the bones) and various visceral infections, such as endocarditis (inflammation of the heart), lung conditions or pyelonephritis (kidney infection).

• #111 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. […] Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Staphylococcus aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.

• #112 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Symptoms can vary depending on the mode of transmission: If there is contact with an infected person through a wound, care must be taken, as although superficial and localized Staphylococcus infections are often benign, blood-borne spread of the bacterium can lead to secondary infections. […] Various suppurative (pus-forming) infections may occur as a result of bacterial proliferation; the most common include superficial or deep folliculitis, boils and carbuncles. […] Some Staphylococcus strains that produce toxins such as exfoliatin can cause specific skin diseases such as bullous impetigo or scalded skin syndrome in young children. […] Diseases contracted during surgery depend on the organ infected and can lead to osteomyelitis (inflammation and infection of the bones) and various visceral infections, such as endocarditis (inflammation of the heart), lung conditions or pyelonephritis (kidney infection).

• #113 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. […] Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Staphylococcus aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.

• #114 Impetigo | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/i/impetigo.html

  Impetigo is most often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (called staph) or Streptococcus pyogenes (called group A strep). […] Impetigo is caused by bacteria. The most common is Staphylococcus aureus, also called staph. Streptococci bacteria can also cause impetigo. […] Some impetigo is caused by a type of bacteria called MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). This type of bacteria is hard to kill. This type of impetigo can be hard to treat. […] Many people have these kinds of bacteria on their body from time to time. A smaller number of people have lifelong (permanent) colonies of these harmful bacteria on their skin. This is known as being colonized with the bacteria. […] People who have these bacteria on their skin are more likely to get impetigo. You may also get impetigo if you have a cut that has been in contact with someone colonized with the bacteria.

• #115 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that cause a wide variety of clinical diseases. Infections caused by this pathogen are common both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired settings. […] S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria (stain purple by Gram stain) that are cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as grape-like. […] MRSA strains carry a mec gene on the bacterial chromosome, which is a component of the larger Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec region, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics depending on the SCC mec type.

• #116 Staph Infection Stages: Pictures and Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/staph-infection-stages-from-start-to-recovery-and-onwards-6823988

  A staph infection is caused by bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcus family. […] Staph bacteria cause an infection when they enter the body. It can enter the by through a cut or sore. It can also be ingested. […] Staph bacteria can be transmitted from person to person. The bacteria can live on surfaces and objects like towels, clothing, door handles, athletic equipment, and remote controls.

• #117 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. […] Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Staphylococcus aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.

• #118 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic; it typically causes skin infections and sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. It commonly leads to abscess formation. Some strains elaborate toxins that cause gastroenteritis, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. […] The ability to clot blood by producing coagulase distinguishes the virulent pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, from the less virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. Coagulase-positive S. aureus is among the most ubiquitous and dangerous human pathogens, for both its virulence and its ability to develop antibiotic resistance. […] Predisposed patients may acquire antibiotic-resistant staphylococci from other patients, health care personnel, or inanimate objects in health care settings.

• #119 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #120 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Once again, these diseases can be exacerbated by the production of specific toxins by the bacteria that have a damaging effect on the tissues of the infected host, aggravating the clinical profile (necrotizing pneumonia due to the Panton-Valentine toxin or staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome due to the TSST-1 toxin). […] Treatment depends on the strain of Staphylococcus and the level of antibiotic resistance. […] Minor infections may only require local treatment and disinfectant, but more severe infections may need to be treated with antibiotics, sometimes administered intravenously. […] Antibiotics are currently the preferred treatment, particularly in the early stages of infection. […] However, the recent emergence of vancomycin-resistant strains suggests the likelihood of a shortage of treatment options.

• #121 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #122

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  In some cases—usually when someone’s exposed to staph in a hospital setting, like during surgery—staph bacteria can get into your bloodstream, Dr. Fey says. […] This can cause a blood infection known as bacteremia, which can initially lead to a fever and low blood pressure. […] If a staph skin infection is left untreated, it can eventually enter the bloodstream and lead to sepsis, Dr. Goldenberg says, which is an intense immune system reaction to an infection that sends harmful inflammatory chemicals into the blood and other internal organs. […] Staph infections need to be treated immediately.

• #123 Staph Infections: Symptoms, Stages, Causes, Treatment, Contagiousness

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/staph-infection-cellulitis

  Staph infections can become more serious when the bacteria enter the bloodstream or deeper tissues. This can lead to conditions like bacteremia (bacterial bloodstream infection), sepsis (widespread infection and inflammation), pneumonia, bone and joint infections, and endocarditis (infection of the heart valves). These serious infections can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

• #124

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  In some cases—usually when someone’s exposed to staph in a hospital setting, like during surgery—staph bacteria can get into your bloodstream, Dr. Fey says. […] This can cause a blood infection known as bacteremia, which can initially lead to a fever and low blood pressure. […] If a staph skin infection is left untreated, it can eventually enter the bloodstream and lead to sepsis, Dr. Goldenberg says, which is an intense immune system reaction to an infection that sends harmful inflammatory chemicals into the blood and other internal organs. […] Staph infections need to be treated immediately.

• #125

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  In some cases—usually when someone’s exposed to staph in a hospital setting, like during surgery—staph bacteria can get into your bloodstream, Dr. Fey says. […] This can cause a blood infection known as bacteremia, which can initially lead to a fever and low blood pressure. […] If a staph skin infection is left untreated, it can eventually enter the bloodstream and lead to sepsis, Dr. Goldenberg says, which is an intense immune system reaction to an infection that sends harmful inflammatory chemicals into the blood and other internal organs. […] Staph infections need to be treated immediately.

• #126 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. […] Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Staphylococcus aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.

• #127 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  „Staph” (pronounced staff) is short for Staphylococcus. Staph is a germ (bacteria) that can cause infections in any part of the body, but most are skin infections. Staph can infect openings in the skin, like scratches, pimples, or skin cysts. Anyone can get a staph infection. […] Once the staph germ enters the body, it can spread to bones, joints, and the blood. It can also spread to any organ, such as the lungs, heart, or brain. […] Staph germs are mostly spread by skin-to-skin contact (touching). Health care providers or even visitors may have staph germs on their body and then spread them to a patient. […] Also, a patient may have a staph infection before coming to the hospital. This can occur without the person even being aware of it. […] One type of staph germ, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is harder to treat. This is because MRSA is not killed by certain antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph germs.

• #128 Staph Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Staphylococcus aureus

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/8-things-to-know-about-staph-infections

  A staph infection is a bacterial infection. Staph is the short name for Staphylococcus. This group of bacteria includes about 30 different strains. […] When a staph infection occurs, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strain involved. […] Staph bacteria can cause several types of infections, including food poisoning, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. But the skin is the most common site for a staph infection. […] An infection can develop when bacteria enter broken skin, such as happens after a cut, scrape or wound. […] MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) is a drug-resistant form of staph. […] Unfortunately, MRSA causes more than half of all community-associated skin and soft tissue infections in the United States. […] Staph infections have the potential to become serious and even deadly. This can happen when the bacteria invade the bloodstream and infect other parts of the body.

• #129 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #130 Bone & Joint Infections | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/bone-and-joint-infections

  Bone and joint infections are usually caused by bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus (or “staph”) and require treatment with antibiotics. […] A serious form of staph known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes infections that can be more severe and need special antibiotics to treat. […] Bone and joint infections, also known as musculoskeletal infections, occur most commonly in toddlers and young children.

• #131 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic; it typically causes skin infections and sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. It commonly leads to abscess formation. Some strains elaborate toxins that cause gastroenteritis, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. […] The ability to clot blood by producing coagulase distinguishes the virulent pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, from the less virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. Coagulase-positive S. aureus is among the most ubiquitous and dangerous human pathogens, for both its virulence and its ability to develop antibiotic resistance. […] Predisposed patients may acquire antibiotic-resistant staphylococci from other patients, health care personnel, or inanimate objects in health care settings.

• #132 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #133 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #134 Staph infection: Causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://blog.walgreens.com/health/skin-health-conditions/staph-infection-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

  It can also be transmitted by touching clothing, a towel, door handles, remote control devices, smartphones or athletic equipment that carries the bacteria. […] When food is prepared improperly by someone with a staph infection, this can also transmit the bacteria. […] MRSA infections can infect the bloodstream, lungs, heart, bones, joints or any area where you recently had surgery.

• #135 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  A staphylococcal infection is a common bacterial skin infection. […] Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) is the most important of these bacteria in human diseases. […] Despite being harmless in most individuals, S aureus is capable of causing various infections of the skin and other organs. […] Staph skin infections are seen most commonly in pre-pubertal children and certain occupational groups such as healthcare workers. […] Most staphylococcal infections occur in normal individuals, but underlying illness and certain skin diseases increase the risk of infection. […] These include severe atopic dermatitis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, blood disorders such as leukaemia and lymphoma, malnutrition, iron deficiency, alcoholism, intravenous drug users, presence of foreign body, medication with systemic steroids, immunoglobulin M deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and certain syndromes. […] Staphylococcal skin infection can present in a variety of ways. […] Skin disease due to toxins produced by the bacteria include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and staphylococcal scarlatina. […] Staphylococcal toxins can also cause food poisoning.

• #136 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #137 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  A staphylococcal infection is a common bacterial skin infection. […] Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) is the most important of these bacteria in human diseases. […] Despite being harmless in most individuals, S aureus is capable of causing various infections of the skin and other organs. […] Staph skin infections are seen most commonly in pre-pubertal children and certain occupational groups such as healthcare workers. […] Most staphylococcal infections occur in normal individuals, but underlying illness and certain skin diseases increase the risk of infection. […] These include severe atopic dermatitis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, blood disorders such as leukaemia and lymphoma, malnutrition, iron deficiency, alcoholism, intravenous drug users, presence of foreign body, medication with systemic steroids, immunoglobulin M deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and certain syndromes. […] Staphylococcal skin infection can present in a variety of ways. […] Skin disease due to toxins produced by the bacteria include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and staphylococcal scarlatina. […] Staphylococcal toxins can also cause food poisoning.

• #138 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #139 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #140 Staph Infection Symptoms, Causes, Natural Treatments – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/staph-infection/

  Toxins released from staph bacteria can cause an excessive immune response that attacks the body’s own healthy tissue. […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused from staph bacteria entering the gastrointestinal tract after eating foods that are contaminated with toxins left behind from staph microbes. […] Staph infections are caused by a common bacteria called Staphylococcus. Some staph bacteria, including MRSA, are resistant to antibiotic treatments and therefore the biggest risk to public health.

• #141 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Staphylococci are pathogenic bacteria responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases with varying degrees of severity. […] They are one of the main causes of nosocomial infections (hospital-acquired infections) but can also be acquired outside hospitals. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common Staphylococcus strain in human and animal pathology. […] It is a widespread bacterium that can colonize the skin or nose without necessarily leading to disease. […] But if it enters the body via a cut, scratch or other skin lesion, it can cause an infection. […] Along with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus shares the dubious distinction of being the leading cause of nosocomial infections (infections contracted in hospitals). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is not a progressive infection but is caused by food that has been in contact with a Staphylococcus strain producing enterotoxins.

• #142 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. […] Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of a number of greatly feared strains of Staphylococcus aureus which have become resistant to most -lactam antibiotics. […] Staphylococcus aureus has developed an adaptive mechanism to tolerate hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a potent oxidant produced by the human immune system.

• #143 Staphylococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection

  Unwashed linens. Staph bacteria are very resistant under harsh conditions, and they will cling to objects where they can create a niche. […] Infection after surgery. Hospitals are a very common place for staph bacteria to contaminate. […] Invasive devices. Medical devices that have any connection to organs to the outside of the body are very problematic, because they allow an easy open pathway into the body.

• #144 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Staph bacteria can also survive on objects or surfaces, such as bedsheets, towels, or clothing. […] Anyone can get a staph infection, but certain factors increase your odds. […] You may have a higher risk of developing a staph infection if you have an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, kidney failure, a skin condition, or a weakened immune system. […] People who’ve had a recent surgery or have been hospitalized also have an increased risk of developing staph infection. […] Taking certain medicines, including corticosteroids, insulin, or chemotherapy, can increase your chance of contracting staph. […] Sometimes staph bacteria spreads through medical tubing, such as dialysis tubes, urinary catheters, breathing tubes, feeding tubes, or intravascular catheters.

• #145 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #146 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #147 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #148 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. […] Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Staphylococcus aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.

• #149 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called „staph,” exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known as MRSA. […] MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don’t respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don’t destroy every germ they target. Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon learn to resist others.

• #150 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #151 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Many staphylococcal strains produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates several beta-lactam antibiotics; these strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and antipseudomonal penicillins (eg, piperacillin). […] MRSA isolates have become common, especially in hospitals. MRSA isolates are resistant to almost all beta-lactam antibiotics, including most cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, they may be susceptible to the newest class of MRSA-active cephalosporins (eg, ceftaroline, ceftobiprole [not available in the United States]). […] Because incidence of MRSA has increased, initial empiric treatment for serious staphylococcal infections (particularly those that occur in a health care setting) should include an antibiotic with reliable activity against MRSA.

• #152 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Many staphylococcal strains produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates several beta-lactam antibiotics; these strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and antipseudomonal penicillins (eg, piperacillin). […] MRSA isolates have become common, especially in hospitals. MRSA isolates are resistant to almost all beta-lactam antibiotics, including most cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, they may be susceptible to the newest class of MRSA-active cephalosporins (eg, ceftaroline, ceftobiprole [not available in the United States]). […] Because incidence of MRSA has increased, initial empiric treatment for serious staphylococcal infections (particularly those that occur in a health care setting) should include an antibiotic with reliable activity against MRSA.

• #153 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #154 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #155 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/mrsa

  The staph bacterium continues to evolve and is beginning to show resistance to additional antibiotics. […] The rising problem of resistance of staph bacteria to methicillin and other antibiotics is part of a larger issue that greatly concerns healthcare professionals. […] Drug resistance occurs because microbes, such as staph bacteria, need to reproduce to ensure their survival. […] The consequences of antimicrobial resistance pose a significant concern to scientists and medical professionals. Infection with drug-resistant organisms can lead to increased and longer hospital stays, more complicated treatment, more deaths, and higher healthcare costs. […] Scientists would further like to understand the genetic changes in MRSA that allow the bacterium to cause serious illness in otherwise healthy individuals. […] Dr. Timothy Palzkill, professor of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and his research team have been studying mechanisms of resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics.

• #156 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Many staphylococcal strains produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates several beta-lactam antibiotics; these strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and antipseudomonal penicillins (eg, piperacillin). […] MRSA isolates have become common, especially in hospitals. MRSA isolates are resistant to almost all beta-lactam antibiotics, including most cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, they may be susceptible to the newest class of MRSA-active cephalosporins (eg, ceftaroline, ceftobiprole [not available in the United States]). […] Because incidence of MRSA has increased, initial empiric treatment for serious staphylococcal infections (particularly those that occur in a health care setting) should include an antibiotic with reliable activity against MRSA.

• #157 MRSA Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Contagious, Pictures & Superbug

  https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_infection/article.htm

  Staphylococcus aureus (Staph aureus, S. aureus, or SA) is a common bacterium (a type of germ) in the nose and on the skin of people and animals. […] MRSA means „methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.” It is a specific „staph” bacteria (a type of germ) that is often resistant to (is not killed by) several types of antibiotic treatments. […] Like common S. aureus (SA), MRSA may cause deep (invasive) or life-threatening infections in some people. […] Because it is resistant to commonly used antibiotics, it can be harder to treat or become worse if the right treatment is delayed. […] MRSA skin infections can be picked up either in the general community (community-associated MRSA or CA-MRSA infection) or in health care facilities (healthcare-acquired or HA-MRSA).

• #158 Staphylococcus aureus Basics | Staphylococcus aureus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/staphylococcus-aureus/about/index.html

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a type of germ that about 30% of people carry in their noses. […] Most of the time, staph does not cause any harm, but it can sometimes cause infections. […] Several different types of staph can cause infections, including: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). […] Although MRSA is often better known, any staph infection can be dangerous, even if it is not resistant to antibiotics.

• #159 Staphylococcus aureus Basics | Staphylococcus aureus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/staphylococcus-aureus/about/index.html

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a type of germ that about 30% of people carry in their noses. […] Most of the time, staph does not cause any harm, but it can sometimes cause infections. […] Several different types of staph can cause infections, including: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). […] Although MRSA is often better known, any staph infection can be dangerous, even if it is not resistant to antibiotics.

• #160 MRSA (Staph) Infection: Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mrsa

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an infection of Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria. […] These bacteria naturally live in the nose and on the skin and generally dont cause any harm. However, when they begin to multiply uncontrollably, a MRSA infection can occur. […] MRSA infections typically occur when theres a cut or break in your skin. MRSA is very contagious and can be spread through direct contact with a person who has the infection. […] It can also be contracted by coming into contact with an object or surface thats been touched by a person with MRSA. […] CA-MRSA usually causes skin infections. Areas that have increased body hair, such as the armpits or back of the neck, are more likely to be infected. […] Areas that have been cut, scratched, or rubbed are also vulnerable to infection because your biggest barrier to germs your skin has been damaged.

• #161 Causes and Risk Factors of MRSA

  https://www.health.com/mrsa-causes-7503819

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by the uncontrolled spread of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus which is usually called staph. […] Primarily, the staph bacteria that causes MRSA infection is spread by contact with infected skin through a wound. […] Hospital workers or those that work in care facilities are more prone to be carriers and are the cause of hospital-acquired (HA) MRSA infections. […] People outside of a healthcare setting may also be carriers and spread community-acquired (CA) MRSA. […] What can make MRSA infection challenging is that anyone exposed to the bacteria can get it. […] Most cases are linked to working or being in hospital and clinical environments, though studies suggest those numbers declining slightly, with CA MRSA cases on the rise.

• #162 About Staphylococcus aureus – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/basics.html

  S. aureus has long been recognized as one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans. […] It is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses (boils), furuncles, and cellulitis. […] S. aureus can also cause serious infections such as pneumonia (infection of the lungs) or bacteremia (bloodstream infection). […] S. aureus is most often spread to others by contaminated hands. […] However, if these barriers are breached (e.g., skin damage due to trauma or mucosal damage due to viral infection) S. aureus may gain access to underlying tissues or the bloodstream and cause infection. […] Traditionally, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been associated with hospitalization or other health care-associated risk factors.

• #163 Staph skin infection – including cellulitis and impetigo | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/staph-skin-infection

  A staph skin infection happens when staphylococcus bacteria get inside your body and affects your skin. […] A staph infection of the skin happens when staphylococcus bacteria gets inside your body and affects your skin. […] The most common staph infection is caused by bacteria called Staph aureus. If these bacteria are resistant to usual antibiotics, they are called Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] An MRSA infection is very serious. […] Community acquired MRSA (CaMRSA) can cause skin and other more serious infections. It can spread from person to person via direct contact, hands, towels and personal grooming items.

• #164 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called „staph,” exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known as MRSA. […] MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don’t respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don’t destroy every germ they target. Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon learn to resist others.

• #165 Staphylococcus aureus – golden staph | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/staphylococcus-aureus-golden-staph

  Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common bacterium that lives on the skin and in some peoples noses. […] Golden staph can cause a range of mild to severe infections. […] Excessive use of antibiotics has led to drug-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA). […] However, if it enters the body through a cut in the skin, it can cause a range of mild to severe infections, which may cause death in some cases. […] Most infections caused by golden staph are treatable with antibiotics. However, there is a strong possibility that a few bacteria will survive a course of antibiotics, perhaps due to a gene mutation. […] Resistant strains of golden staph are known as multi-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). […] Unnecessary or excessive use of antibiotics encourages drug-resistant strains. […] Methicillin-resistant strains of golden staph evolved in the 1970s and have troubled hospitals worldwide with persistent infections in patients.

• #166 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called „staph,” exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known as MRSA. […] MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don’t respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don’t destroy every germ they target. Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon learn to resist others.

• #167 Staph Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21165-staph-infection-staphylococcus-infection

  Staphylococcal infections, commonly called staph infections, are caused by a genus of bacteria called Staphylococcus. There are more than 30 strains (types) of Staphylococcus bacteria. The most common human pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus. A pathogen is an organism that causes disease. […] Different types of staph bacteria cause problems in various parts of your body. […] Staph infections occur most often on your skin. […] Staph infections spread in the ways that other infections spread, through coughs and sneezes, as well as other ways, including: Skin infection: Staph infections on the skin occur when someone comes into contact with the Staphylococcus bacteria. […] If left untreated, staph infections can be deadly. Rarely, staph germs are resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. This infection, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), causes severe infection and death. […] One factor in creating resistance has been that people only take the medication until they feel better, which means that the germs aren’t entirely gone.

• #168 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) Skin Infections in Children

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Staphylococcus_aureus_-_Staph_-_Skin_Infections.xml?co=/regions/mas

  Staph can enter the body through a cut or other wound, even one that’s too small to see. […] Pus and other staph infection fluids are very contagious. Staph infections can spread when a person touches the fluids, then touches or shares items with others. […] Today, standard antibiotics often can’t kill MRSA and other staph bacteria. These bacteria have evolved ways to resist many antibiotics. […] Overuse of antibiotics in the United States and other countries allowed resistance to develop faster than would have occurred naturally. Many antibiotics no longer work against the diseases they used to cure.

• #169 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Many strains have developed resistance to the effects of antibiotics. If carriers take antibiotics, the antibiotics kill the strains that are not resistant, leaving mainly the resistant strains. […] Because antibiotics are widely used in hospitals, hospital staff members commonly carry resistant strains. When people are infected in a health care facility, the bacteria are usually resistant to several types of antibiotics, including almost all antibiotics that are related to penicillin. […] MRSA strains are common when infection is acquired in a health care facility. Some strains of MRSA cause infections that are acquired outside of a health care facility, including mild abscesses and skin infections. The number of these community-acquired infections is increasing.

• #170 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called „staph,” exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known as MRSA. […] MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don’t respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don’t destroy every germ they target. Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon learn to resist others.

• #171 MRSA: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/mrsa-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  While the CDC reports that hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates declined by 17% a year between 2005 and 2013, staph is still one of the leading causes of infections in health care settings. […] Here are some causes of health care-acquired MRSA infections: Bedsores, open wounds or invasive medical devices that come in contact with MRSA, Touching MSRA-contaminated medical equipment, Transfer of MRSA by hospital staff. […] MRSA can sometimes lead to a serious condition called sepsis, or even death, according to the CDC. […] StatPearls notes that MRSA death rates range between 5% and 60%, and are higher among older adults, people with other medical problems, and those in nursing homes.

• #172 Staphylococcus aureus – golden staph | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/staphylococcus-aureus-golden-staph

  Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common bacterium that lives on the skin and in some peoples noses. […] Golden staph can cause a range of mild to severe infections. […] Excessive use of antibiotics has led to drug-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA). […] However, if it enters the body through a cut in the skin, it can cause a range of mild to severe infections, which may cause death in some cases. […] Most infections caused by golden staph are treatable with antibiotics. However, there is a strong possibility that a few bacteria will survive a course of antibiotics, perhaps due to a gene mutation. […] Resistant strains of golden staph are known as multi-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). […] Unnecessary or excessive use of antibiotics encourages drug-resistant strains. […] Methicillin-resistant strains of golden staph evolved in the 1970s and have troubled hospitals worldwide with persistent infections in patients.

• #173 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Many staphylococcal strains produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates several beta-lactam antibiotics; these strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and antipseudomonal penicillins (eg, piperacillin). […] MRSA isolates have become common, especially in hospitals. MRSA isolates are resistant to almost all beta-lactam antibiotics, including most cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, they may be susceptible to the newest class of MRSA-active cephalosporins (eg, ceftaroline, ceftobiprole [not available in the United States]). […] Because incidence of MRSA has increased, initial empiric treatment for serious staphylococcal infections (particularly those that occur in a health care setting) should include an antibiotic with reliable activity against MRSA.

• #174 How to Treat Staph Infection: Symptoms & Antibiotics

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/staphylococcus/article_em.htm

  Any conditions that suppress a person’s immune response create a higher risk for infection. […] If a staph infection is treated early with appropriate antibiotics and, if necessary, surgical drainage, the patient’s prognosis is excellent. […] However, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) warns that the outcome of MRSA infection varies both with the severity of the infection and the general condition of the person who has the infection.

• #175 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/mrsa

  The staph bacterium continues to evolve and is beginning to show resistance to additional antibiotics. […] The rising problem of resistance of staph bacteria to methicillin and other antibiotics is part of a larger issue that greatly concerns healthcare professionals. […] Drug resistance occurs because microbes, such as staph bacteria, need to reproduce to ensure their survival. […] The consequences of antimicrobial resistance pose a significant concern to scientists and medical professionals. Infection with drug-resistant organisms can lead to increased and longer hospital stays, more complicated treatment, more deaths, and higher healthcare costs. […] Scientists would further like to understand the genetic changes in MRSA that allow the bacterium to cause serious illness in otherwise healthy individuals. […] Dr. Timothy Palzkill, professor of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and his research team have been studying mechanisms of resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics.

• #176 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/mrsa

  The staph bacterium continues to evolve and is beginning to show resistance to additional antibiotics. […] The rising problem of resistance of staph bacteria to methicillin and other antibiotics is part of a larger issue that greatly concerns healthcare professionals. […] Drug resistance occurs because microbes, such as staph bacteria, need to reproduce to ensure their survival. […] The consequences of antimicrobial resistance pose a significant concern to scientists and medical professionals. Infection with drug-resistant organisms can lead to increased and longer hospital stays, more complicated treatment, more deaths, and higher healthcare costs. […] Scientists would further like to understand the genetic changes in MRSA that allow the bacterium to cause serious illness in otherwise healthy individuals. […] Dr. Timothy Palzkill, professor of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and his research team have been studying mechanisms of resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics.

• #177 MRSA: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/mrsa-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  While the CDC reports that hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates declined by 17% a year between 2005 and 2013, staph is still one of the leading causes of infections in health care settings. […] Here are some causes of health care-acquired MRSA infections: Bedsores, open wounds or invasive medical devices that come in contact with MRSA, Touching MSRA-contaminated medical equipment, Transfer of MRSA by hospital staff. […] MRSA can sometimes lead to a serious condition called sepsis, or even death, according to the CDC. […] StatPearls notes that MRSA death rates range between 5% and 60%, and are higher among older adults, people with other medical problems, and those in nursing homes.

• #178 MRSA: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/mrsa-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  While the CDC reports that hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates declined by 17% a year between 2005 and 2013, staph is still one of the leading causes of infections in health care settings. […] Here are some causes of health care-acquired MRSA infections: Bedsores, open wounds or invasive medical devices that come in contact with MRSA, Touching MSRA-contaminated medical equipment, Transfer of MRSA by hospital staff. […] MRSA can sometimes lead to a serious condition called sepsis, or even death, according to the CDC. […] StatPearls notes that MRSA death rates range between 5% and 60%, and are higher among older adults, people with other medical problems, and those in nursing homes.

• #179 MRSA Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Contagious, Pictures & Superbug

  https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_infection/article.htm

  Invasive MRSA infections include soft tissue infections, heart valve infections, bone infections, abscesses in organs, joint infections, or bloodstream infections (sepsis, „blood poisoning”). […] MRSA may infect people with weak immune systems (infants, the elderly, people with diabetes or cancer, or HIV-infected individuals) or people with chronic skin diseases (eczema and psoriasis), or chronic illnesses. […] A major problem with MRSA (and occasionally other staph infections) is that occasionally the skin infection can spread to almost any other organ in the body. […] Complications from MRSA can occur in almost all organ systems; the following is a listing of some that can result in permanent organ damage or death: endocarditis, kidney or lung infections (pneumonia), necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis (blood poisoning).

• #180 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a type of bacteria (germ). Staph bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the nose. A staph infection can happen when staph bacteria grow out of control or enter the body through a cut or sore on the skin. Staph infections can cause boils or blisters on the skin. They can also cause infections in the lungs (pneumonia), bloodstream (sepsis), or in a wound. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a type of Staphylococcus aureus that can be difficult to treat because it is resistant to antibiotics (the infection does not respond to antibiotic treatment). […] People who have a higher chance of getting a staph infection include those who are sick in hospitals, people recovering from surgery or other medical procedures, people living in over-crowded conditions (such as shelters or prisons), children in daycare, intravenous (IV) drug users, people with weakened immune systems, people with chronic health conditions (like diabetes or cancer), athletes, and military personnel.

• #181 Staph Infections: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – CCCHC

  https://ccchclinic.com/staph-infection-risks/

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which are found on the skin, in the nose and mouth, and the genital and anal area. […] While they are not always dangerous, staphylococcus bacteria can lead to many types of infections if they enter the body. […] Numerous factors can come into play to increase your risk of developing staph infections. […] This may include an underlying health condition such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney problems, or cancer. […] Because these conditions typically weaken the immune system, staphylococcus bacteria find it easier to enter into the body and cause health complications. […] Invasive devices such as urinary catheters, dialysis tubing, feeding tubes, intravascular catheters, and breathing tubes can also increase the risk of staphylococcus infection because the bacteria can easily travel through the medical tubing to the inside of the body.

• #182 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  „Staph” (pronounced staff) is short for Staphylococcus. Staph is a germ (bacteria) that can cause infections in any part of the body, but most are skin infections. Staph can infect openings in the skin, like scratches, pimples, or skin cysts. Anyone can get a staph infection. […] Once the staph germ enters the body, it can spread to bones, joints, and the blood. It can also spread to any organ, such as the lungs, heart, or brain. […] Staph germs are mostly spread by skin-to-skin contact (touching). Health care providers or even visitors may have staph germs on their body and then spread them to a patient. […] Also, a patient may have a staph infection before coming to the hospital. This can occur without the person even being aware of it. […] One type of staph germ, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is harder to treat. This is because MRSA is not killed by certain antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph germs.

• #183 Causes and Risk Factors of MRSA

  https://www.health.com/mrsa-causes-7503819

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by the uncontrolled spread of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus which is usually called staph. […] Primarily, the staph bacteria that causes MRSA infection is spread by contact with infected skin through a wound. […] Hospital workers or those that work in care facilities are more prone to be carriers and are the cause of hospital-acquired (HA) MRSA infections. […] People outside of a healthcare setting may also be carriers and spread community-acquired (CA) MRSA. […] What can make MRSA infection challenging is that anyone exposed to the bacteria can get it. […] Most cases are linked to working or being in hospital and clinical environments, though studies suggest those numbers declining slightly, with CA MRSA cases on the rise.

• #184 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  Many healthy people normally have staph on their skin. Most of the time, it does not cause an infection or symptoms. This is called being colonized with staph. These people are known as staph carriers. They can spread staph to others. Some people colonized with staph develop an actual staph infection that makes them sick. […] Common risk factors for developing a serious staph infection are: Being in a hospital or other type of care facility for a long time, Having a weakened immune system or ongoing (chronic) illness, Having an open cut or sore, Having a medical device inside your body such as an artificial joint, Injecting medicines or illegal drugs, Living with or having close contact with a person who has staph, Being on kidney dialysis.

• #185 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: MRSA (S. aureus) | Gouvernement du Québec

  https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-issues/a-z/staphylococcus-aureus-infection-mrsa

  MRSA is mainly spread through direct contact with the contaminated hands of a carrier, an infected person, or healthcare personnel, or with contaminated surfaces and objects. […] In fact, the insertion of I.V. and urinary catheters, along with surgeries, are procedures that enable bacteria to enter the bloodstream and wounds.

• #186 Staphylococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection

  Unwashed linens. Staph bacteria are very resistant under harsh conditions, and they will cling to objects where they can create a niche. […] Infection after surgery. Hospitals are a very common place for staph bacteria to contaminate. […] Invasive devices. Medical devices that have any connection to organs to the outside of the body are very problematic, because they allow an easy open pathway into the body.

• #187 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic; it typically causes skin infections and sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. It commonly leads to abscess formation. Some strains elaborate toxins that cause gastroenteritis, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. […] The ability to clot blood by producing coagulase distinguishes the virulent pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, from the less virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. Coagulase-positive S. aureus is among the most ubiquitous and dangerous human pathogens, for both its virulence and its ability to develop antibiotic resistance. […] Predisposed patients may acquire antibiotic-resistant staphylococci from other patients, health care personnel, or inanimate objects in health care settings.

• #188 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  „Staph” (pronounced staff) is short for Staphylococcus. Staph is a germ (bacteria) that can cause infections in any part of the body, but most are skin infections. Staph can infect openings in the skin, like scratches, pimples, or skin cysts. Anyone can get a staph infection. […] Once the staph germ enters the body, it can spread to bones, joints, and the blood. It can also spread to any organ, such as the lungs, heart, or brain. […] Staph germs are mostly spread by skin-to-skin contact (touching). Health care providers or even visitors may have staph germs on their body and then spread them to a patient. […] Also, a patient may have a staph infection before coming to the hospital. This can occur without the person even being aware of it. […] One type of staph germ, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is harder to treat. This is because MRSA is not killed by certain antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph germs.

• #189 Causes and Risk Factors of MRSA

  https://www.health.com/mrsa-causes-7503819

  Since HA MRSA represents a majority of cases, being a patient of or working in a hospital, medical clinic, nursing home, or other such environment is the primary cause. […] Generally speaking, susceptibility to HA MRSA infection is closely related to the health of the immune system. […] A history of recent medical treatment or disease can also increase your risk of CA MRSA. […] Being in frequent, close contact with others increases your risk. […] Many cases are spread among injection drug users, so that’s considered a risk factor. […] Since MRSA typically is a skin infection, there are several additional risks.

• #190 Staphylococci: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/staphylococci

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are among the most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in hospitals, representing approximately 27% of Staphylococcus aureus infections in France. […] Preventing staphylococcal infections involves good personal hygiene, regular hand-washing and properly treating any cuts or grazes. […] The only way to limit the spread and persistence of Staphylococcus strains is patient isolation and strict implementation of hygiene measures. […] In hospital environments, stringent hygiene and isolation measures are vital to contain the spread of these bacteria.

• #191

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  In particular, individuals who are immunosuppressed because of chronic diseases (e.g. types of diabetes, HIV), cancer treatment, or recently post-operative, are more susceptible. […] Staphylococcus infections can also be spread through improper food handling, leading to food poisoning. […] Most staph infections, especially those that involve the skin, are transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, adds Richard Watkins, M.D., infectious diseases physician and a professor of medicine at the Northeast Ohio Medical University. […] Staph is actually the most common cause of cellulitis, a common and potentially serious bacterial skin infection, Dr. Goldenberg says. […] When a food is exposed to staph, the bacteria multiply and produce toxins. Its those toxins that can make you sick, and they can lead to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain, typically within 30 minutes to 8 hours after ingesting the contaminated food, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

• #192 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #193 Staph Infections: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – CCCHC

  https://ccchclinic.com/staph-infection-risks/

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which are found on the skin, in the nose and mouth, and the genital and anal area. […] While they are not always dangerous, staphylococcus bacteria can lead to many types of infections if they enter the body. […] Numerous factors can come into play to increase your risk of developing staph infections. […] This may include an underlying health condition such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney problems, or cancer. […] Because these conditions typically weaken the immune system, staphylococcus bacteria find it easier to enter into the body and cause health complications. […] Invasive devices such as urinary catheters, dialysis tubing, feeding tubes, intravascular catheters, and breathing tubes can also increase the risk of staphylococcus infection because the bacteria can easily travel through the medical tubing to the inside of the body.

• #194 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #195 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #196 Staphylococcal Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-clinical

  Common manifestations of staphylococcal infections include the following types of infections. The history obtained usually depends on the type of infection the organism causes. […] Predisposing factors for staphylococcal infections include the following: Neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction, Diabetes, Intravenous drug abuse, Foreign bodies, including intravascular catheters, Trauma. […] Colonization with S aureus is common. Skin-to-skin and skin-to-fomite contact are common routes of acquisition. Isolates can be spread by coughing or sneezing. Evidence has also shown that S aureus can be spread between men during sex with other men. Pets can also serve as household reservoirs. The rate of MRSA hand colonization among health care workers has been shown to exceed 4% (over 8% in North America).

• #197 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  A staphylococcal infection is a common bacterial skin infection. […] Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) is the most important of these bacteria in human diseases. […] Despite being harmless in most individuals, S aureus is capable of causing various infections of the skin and other organs. […] Staph skin infections are seen most commonly in pre-pubertal children and certain occupational groups such as healthcare workers. […] Most staphylococcal infections occur in normal individuals, but underlying illness and certain skin diseases increase the risk of infection. […] These include severe atopic dermatitis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, blood disorders such as leukaemia and lymphoma, malnutrition, iron deficiency, alcoholism, intravenous drug users, presence of foreign body, medication with systemic steroids, immunoglobulin M deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and certain syndromes. […] Staphylococcal skin infection can present in a variety of ways. […] Skin disease due to toxins produced by the bacteria include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and staphylococcal scarlatina. […] Staphylococcal toxins can also cause food poisoning.

• #198 MRSA Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Contagious, Pictures & Superbug

  https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_infection/article.htm

  Invasive MRSA infections include soft tissue infections, heart valve infections, bone infections, abscesses in organs, joint infections, or bloodstream infections (sepsis, „blood poisoning”). […] MRSA may infect people with weak immune systems (infants, the elderly, people with diabetes or cancer, or HIV-infected individuals) or people with chronic skin diseases (eczema and psoriasis), or chronic illnesses. […] A major problem with MRSA (and occasionally other staph infections) is that occasionally the skin infection can spread to almost any other organ in the body. […] Complications from MRSA can occur in almost all organ systems; the following is a listing of some that can result in permanent organ damage or death: endocarditis, kidney or lung infections (pneumonia), necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis (blood poisoning).

• #199 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #200 Staph infections can kill | VitalSigns | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/staph/index.html

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a germ found on peoples skin. Staph can cause serious infections if it gets into the blood and can lead to sepsis or death. […] People are at higher risk for staph infection when they have surgery or stay in healthcare facilities, have medical devices in their body, inject drugs, or when they come in close contact with someone who has staph. […] The rise of staph infections in communities may be connected to the opioid crisis. In 2016, 9% of all serious staph infections happened in people who inject drugs rising from 4% in 2011. […] Staph is a leading cause of infections in US healthcare facilities. Current recommendations have reduced MRSA in healthcare, but progress has slowed. Recent data suggest MSSA rates are not declining.

• #201 Staph Infection: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/staph-infections-3156887

  Staphylococcal (staph) infection is caused when bacteria called Staphyloccocus enters the body, usually through a skin cut or wound. […] While anyone can develop a staph infection, there are factors that increase a person’s risk. […] The bacteria most commonly find their way through a break in the skin (e.g., a minor cut from shaving or a wound from trauma). […] Some of these risk factors include: Being very young or very old, Having a chronic skin or lung disease, Having an open wound, Being on a drug that weakens your immune system (e.g., corticosteroids), Using injected drugs, such as opioids, Being hospitalized or living in a long-term care facility, like a nursing home, Having diabetes mellitus or HIV, Having a transplanted organ or an implanted medical device (e.g., artificial heart valve, pacemaker, or joint), Being on dialysis, Having long-term intravascular access (e.g., having a chemotherapy port).

• #202 Staphylococcal Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-clinical

  Common manifestations of staphylococcal infections include the following types of infections. The history obtained usually depends on the type of infection the organism causes. […] Predisposing factors for staphylococcal infections include the following: Neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction, Diabetes, Intravenous drug abuse, Foreign bodies, including intravascular catheters, Trauma. […] Colonization with S aureus is common. Skin-to-skin and skin-to-fomite contact are common routes of acquisition. Isolates can be spread by coughing or sneezing. Evidence has also shown that S aureus can be spread between men during sex with other men. Pets can also serve as household reservoirs. The rate of MRSA hand colonization among health care workers has been shown to exceed 4% (over 8% in North America).

• #203 Staph infections can kill | VitalSigns | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/staph/index.html

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a germ found on peoples skin. Staph can cause serious infections if it gets into the blood and can lead to sepsis or death. […] People are at higher risk for staph infection when they have surgery or stay in healthcare facilities, have medical devices in their body, inject drugs, or when they come in close contact with someone who has staph. […] The rise of staph infections in communities may be connected to the opioid crisis. In 2016, 9% of all serious staph infections happened in people who inject drugs rising from 4% in 2011. […] Staph is a leading cause of infections in US healthcare facilities. Current recommendations have reduced MRSA in healthcare, but progress has slowed. Recent data suggest MSSA rates are not declining.

• #204 Causes and Risk Factors of MRSA

  https://www.health.com/mrsa-causes-7503819

  Since HA MRSA represents a majority of cases, being a patient of or working in a hospital, medical clinic, nursing home, or other such environment is the primary cause. […] Generally speaking, susceptibility to HA MRSA infection is closely related to the health of the immune system. […] A history of recent medical treatment or disease can also increase your risk of CA MRSA. […] Being in frequent, close contact with others increases your risk. […] Many cases are spread among injection drug users, so that’s considered a risk factor. […] Since MRSA typically is a skin infection, there are several additional risks.

• #205 Staph infections can kill | VitalSigns | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/staph/index.html

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a germ found on peoples skin. Staph can cause serious infections if it gets into the blood and can lead to sepsis or death. […] People are at higher risk for staph infection when they have surgery or stay in healthcare facilities, have medical devices in their body, inject drugs, or when they come in close contact with someone who has staph. […] The rise of staph infections in communities may be connected to the opioid crisis. In 2016, 9% of all serious staph infections happened in people who inject drugs rising from 4% in 2011. […] Staph is a leading cause of infections in US healthcare facilities. Current recommendations have reduced MRSA in healthcare, but progress has slowed. Recent data suggest MSSA rates are not declining.

• #206 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Playing a contact sport is another risk factor for staph. […] One of the most serious complications of a staph infection is when the bacteria invade the bloodstream and lead to sepsis, which is an inflammatory response caused by infections. […] Staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of skin infections in the United States. […] About 33 percent of Americans are colonized with staph and about 1 percent with MRSA.

• #207 Information on Staphylococcal Infections for Athletes — Health & Safety — University Interscholastic League (UIL)

  https://www.uiltexas.org/health/info/information-on-staphylococcal-infections-for-athletes

  Staphylococcus aureus commonly causes boils and soft-tissue infections as well as more serious conditions such as pneumonia or bloodstream infections. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), twenty to thirty-five percent of adults and children in the United States are colonized with staph; the bacteria are present but do not cause illness. […] Most infections occur through direct physical contact of the staph bacteria with a break in the skin (cut or scrape) or during contact with inanimate objects (such as clothing, bed linens, or furniture) soiled with wound drainage. […] Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) A MRSA (often pronounced mer-sa) infection, unlike a common Staphylococcus aureus infection, cannot be treated with methicillin-related antibiotics (such as penicillin). […] Originally, MRSA was limited to hospitals and long-term care facilities. […] In the past few years, sporadic reports of MRSA not associated with the medical environment have been confirmed. […] Since the summer of 2002, MRSA outbreaks associated with sports teams have been reported.

• #208 Staph Infections: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – CCCHC

  https://ccchclinic.com/staph-infection-risks/

  Moreover, staph infections can also spread through abrasions, cuts, and skin-to-skin contact, which are seen to be common in contact sports. […] If staphylococcus bacteria enter the bloodstream, then it can cause severe infections, such as sepsis and toxic shock syndrome. […] The treatment of staphylococcus infections includes using antibiotics that contain certain cephalosporins, such as cefazolin, oxacillin, daptomycin, telavancin, and linezolid. […] In some cases, the staphylococcus bacteria may even become resistant to the antibiotics. […] This is commonly seen in cases where the infections are caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.

• #209 MRSA: Information for Coaches and Athletes – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/mrsaathletes.html

  Outbreaks of skin infections on sports teams caused by Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics are known to occur. […] Staph infections often begin when staph bacteria enter the body through an injury to the skin. […] The cleanest person can get a staph infection. […] Staph from an infected person can also get onto a commonly shared item or surface, and then get onto the skin of the person who touches it next. […] Athletes should avoid skin-to-skin contact with anyone suspected of having a staph skin infection. […] If you suspect that an athlete might have a staph skin infection, have them consult their health care provider as soon as possible.

• #210 MRSA: Information for Coaches and Athletes – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/mrsaathletes.html

  Outbreaks of skin infections on sports teams caused by Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics are known to occur. […] Staph infections often begin when staph bacteria enter the body through an injury to the skin. […] The cleanest person can get a staph infection. […] Staph from an infected person can also get onto a commonly shared item or surface, and then get onto the skin of the person who touches it next. […] Athletes should avoid skin-to-skin contact with anyone suspected of having a staph skin infection. […] If you suspect that an athlete might have a staph skin infection, have them consult their health care provider as soon as possible.

• #211 Treatment and Prevention of Staph Infections of the Foot | Tips

  https://michiganpodiatry.com/blog/prevention-of-staph-infection-foot/

  A staph infection is a result of the bacteria known as staphylococcus, which is a germ type typically found on the surface of the skin or in the nose of people, even healthy people. […] However, in the right circumstances, the bacteria can lead to issues from minor infections of the skin to serious infections deep within the body, bloodstream, bones, and organs. […] Common causes include: Walking barefoot in high-traffic zones like schools, locker rooms, and pool decks. […] Suffering from a minor cut, crack, or puncture wound to the skin on the foot. […] Conditions like athletes foot, ingrown toenails, eczema, corns, and calluses. […] Diabetic foot infections. […] Walking barefoot with any wounds or foot conditions increases ones chances of developing a staph infection. The wounds serve as a portal for the staphylococcus to enter the foot and body. […] It is vital to take steps to prevent staph infection and get proper treatment as soon as possible if it occurs.

• #212 Staph Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/staphylococcus.html

  Staph is the shortened name for Staphylococcus, a type of bacteria. […] Staphylococcus aureus cause most staph skin infections, and also can release toxins (poisons) that lead to illnesses like food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome. […] Warm, humid environments can contribute to staph infections, so excessive sweating can increase someone’s chances of developing an infection. People with skin problems like burns or eczema may be more likely to get staph skin infections.

• #213 Information on Staphylococcal Infections for Athletes — Health & Safety — University Interscholastic League (UIL)

  https://www.uiltexas.org/health/info/information-on-staphylococcal-infections-for-athletes

  Staphylococcus aureus commonly causes boils and soft-tissue infections as well as more serious conditions such as pneumonia or bloodstream infections. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), twenty to thirty-five percent of adults and children in the United States are colonized with staph; the bacteria are present but do not cause illness. […] Most infections occur through direct physical contact of the staph bacteria with a break in the skin (cut or scrape) or during contact with inanimate objects (such as clothing, bed linens, or furniture) soiled with wound drainage. […] Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) A MRSA (often pronounced mer-sa) infection, unlike a common Staphylococcus aureus infection, cannot be treated with methicillin-related antibiotics (such as penicillin). […] Originally, MRSA was limited to hospitals and long-term care facilities. […] In the past few years, sporadic reports of MRSA not associated with the medical environment have been confirmed. […] Since the summer of 2002, MRSA outbreaks associated with sports teams have been reported.

• #214 May 19: Genetic condition causes severe Staphylococcus aureus infections – UMC Utrecht

  https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/over-ons/nieuws/details/may-19-genetic-condition-causes-severe-staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  International research – coordinated by clinical microbiologist and clinician-scientist Andrs Spaan (UMC Utrecht and The Rockefeller University) – has unraveled why, after infection with the notorious bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, some people fall severely ill. […] In our patients with severe staphylococcal disease, we found an enrichment for rare heterozygous mutations in a gene named OTULIN. […] Patients carrying this genetic defect had an increased risk to suffer from episodes of life-threatening necrosis of the skin or lungs. […] The disorder operates by haploinsufficiency. […] We demonstrated that also these people are predisposed to severe infections due of OTULIN haploinsufficiency. […] The investigators found that OTULIN haploinsufficiency causes an increased susceptibility of tissue-resident, non-white blood cells to the staphylococcal virulence factor -toxin.

• #215 May 19: Genetic condition causes severe Staphylococcus aureus infections – UMC Utrecht

  https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/over-ons/nieuws/details/may-19-genetic-condition-causes-severe-staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  International research – coordinated by clinical microbiologist and clinician-scientist Andrs Spaan (UMC Utrecht and The Rockefeller University) – has unraveled why, after infection with the notorious bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, some people fall severely ill. […] In our patients with severe staphylococcal disease, we found an enrichment for rare heterozygous mutations in a gene named OTULIN. […] Patients carrying this genetic defect had an increased risk to suffer from episodes of life-threatening necrosis of the skin or lungs. […] The disorder operates by haploinsufficiency. […] We demonstrated that also these people are predisposed to severe infections due of OTULIN haploinsufficiency. […] The investigators found that OTULIN haploinsufficiency causes an increased susceptibility of tissue-resident, non-white blood cells to the staphylococcal virulence factor -toxin.

• #216 May 19: Genetic condition causes severe Staphylococcus aureus infections – UMC Utrecht

  https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/over-ons/nieuws/details/may-19-genetic-condition-causes-severe-staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  International research – coordinated by clinical microbiologist and clinician-scientist Andrs Spaan (UMC Utrecht and The Rockefeller University) – has unraveled why, after infection with the notorious bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, some people fall severely ill. […] In our patients with severe staphylococcal disease, we found an enrichment for rare heterozygous mutations in a gene named OTULIN. […] Patients carrying this genetic defect had an increased risk to suffer from episodes of life-threatening necrosis of the skin or lungs. […] The disorder operates by haploinsufficiency. […] We demonstrated that also these people are predisposed to severe infections due of OTULIN haploinsufficiency. […] The investigators found that OTULIN haploinsufficiency causes an increased susceptibility of tissue-resident, non-white blood cells to the staphylococcal virulence factor -toxin.

• #217 May 19: Genetic condition causes severe Staphylococcus aureus infections – UMC Utrecht

  https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/over-ons/nieuws/details/may-19-genetic-condition-causes-severe-staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  International research – coordinated by clinical microbiologist and clinician-scientist Andrs Spaan (UMC Utrecht and The Rockefeller University) – has unraveled why, after infection with the notorious bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, some people fall severely ill. […] In our patients with severe staphylococcal disease, we found an enrichment for rare heterozygous mutations in a gene named OTULIN. […] Patients carrying this genetic defect had an increased risk to suffer from episodes of life-threatening necrosis of the skin or lungs. […] The disorder operates by haploinsufficiency. […] We demonstrated that also these people are predisposed to severe infections due of OTULIN haploinsufficiency. […] The investigators found that OTULIN haploinsufficiency causes an increased susceptibility of tissue-resident, non-white blood cells to the staphylococcal virulence factor -toxin.

• #218 May 19: Genetic condition causes severe Staphylococcus aureus infections – UMC Utrecht

  https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/over-ons/nieuws/details/may-19-genetic-condition-causes-severe-staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  We established causality between this inborn defect and the infectious disease. […] We discovered that OTULIN governs a key mechanism of cell-intrinsic anti-staphylococcal immunity in humans. […] Our study reveals the potential of developing therapies that interfere with bacterial toxins to prevent or treat infections like those caused by S. aureus.

• #219 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #220 Staph Infection Symptoms, Causes, Natural Treatments – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/staph-infection/

  Toxins released from staph bacteria can cause an excessive immune response that attacks the body’s own healthy tissue. […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused from staph bacteria entering the gastrointestinal tract after eating foods that are contaminated with toxins left behind from staph microbes. […] Staph infections are caused by a common bacteria called Staphylococcus. Some staph bacteria, including MRSA, are resistant to antibiotic treatments and therefore the biggest risk to public health.

• #221 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #222 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #223 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #224 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #225 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #226 How to Treat Staph Infection: Symptoms & Antibiotics

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/staphylococcus/article_em.htm

  S. aureus strains also produce enzymes and toxins that likely cause or increase the severity of certain diseases. […] Other factors produced by these bacteria that may play a role in causing disease are hyaluronidase, kinases, clotting factor, and others, but their disease-causing potentials are still being evaluated. […] All staph infections should be further tested to see if the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin (and other antibiotics) and thus determine if the organisms are MRSA. […] There are two main types of treatment for staph infections, surgical and antibiotic treatment. […] However, MRSA organisms usually require other antibiotics. […] Staph bacteria are frequently present in healthy humans. […] Most staph bacteria are transmitted by person-to-person contact, but viable staph on surfaces of clothing, sinks, and other objects can contact skin and cause infections.

• #227 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic; it typically causes skin infections and sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. It commonly leads to abscess formation. Some strains elaborate toxins that cause gastroenteritis, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. […] The ability to clot blood by producing coagulase distinguishes the virulent pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, from the less virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. Coagulase-positive S. aureus is among the most ubiquitous and dangerous human pathogens, for both its virulence and its ability to develop antibiotic resistance. […] Predisposed patients may acquire antibiotic-resistant staphylococci from other patients, health care personnel, or inanimate objects in health care settings.

• #228 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #229 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #230 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #231 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #232 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #233 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #234 Staphylococcal Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview

  Staphylococcal infections usually are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) also has been steadily rising. […] Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by the organism S aureus. However, the incidence of infections due to S epidermidis and other CoNS has been steadily increasing in recent years. […] S aureus is a gram-positive coccus that is both catalase- and coagulase-positive. Colonies are golden and strongly hemolytic on blood agar. They produce a range of toxins, including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, delta-toxin, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin1 (TSST-1). […] CoNS, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis.

• #235 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #236 Staph Infection Symptoms, Causes, Natural Treatments – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/staph-infection/

  Toxins released from staph bacteria can cause an excessive immune response that attacks the body’s own healthy tissue. […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused from staph bacteria entering the gastrointestinal tract after eating foods that are contaminated with toxins left behind from staph microbes. […] Staph infections are caused by a common bacteria called Staphylococcus. Some staph bacteria, including MRSA, are resistant to antibiotic treatments and therefore the biggest risk to public health.

• #237 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #238 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #239 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #240 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #241 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #242 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #243 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. […] Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of a number of greatly feared strains of Staphylococcus aureus which have become resistant to most -lactam antibiotics. […] Staphylococcus aureus has developed an adaptive mechanism to tolerate hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a potent oxidant produced by the human immune system.

• #244 Staph Bacteria – Allergy Ear And Skin Care For Animals LLC – Bensalem, PA

  https://www.allergyearskincare.com/staph-bacteria.pml

  In dogs and cats, Staph most commonly causes skin infections like folliculitis, furunculosis, boils, and cellulitis. […] The most common reason for recurring or chronic Staph infections in dogs is allergic skin disease. […] Staph skin infections in dogs will continue until the allergy is controlled. […] With each subsequent infection, the chance for bacteria to learn resistance against antibiotics increases, until a situation occurs where there are no antibiotics available that will work for methicillin resistant Staph. […] Again unless the underlying cause, usually an allergy, is determined, the Staph infections will continue to recur.

• #245 Staph Infection Symptoms, Causes, Natural Treatments – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/staph-infection/

  Toxins released from staph bacteria can cause an excessive immune response that attacks the body’s own healthy tissue. […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused from staph bacteria entering the gastrointestinal tract after eating foods that are contaminated with toxins left behind from staph microbes. […] Staph infections are caused by a common bacteria called Staphylococcus. Some staph bacteria, including MRSA, are resistant to antibiotic treatments and therefore the biggest risk to public health.

• #246

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  In some cases—usually when someone’s exposed to staph in a hospital setting, like during surgery—staph bacteria can get into your bloodstream, Dr. Fey says. […] This can cause a blood infection known as bacteremia, which can initially lead to a fever and low blood pressure. […] If a staph skin infection is left untreated, it can eventually enter the bloodstream and lead to sepsis, Dr. Goldenberg says, which is an intense immune system reaction to an infection that sends harmful inflammatory chemicals into the blood and other internal organs. […] Staph infections need to be treated immediately.

• #247 Staphylococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/staphylococcal-infections

  Staphylococci cause disease by direct tissue invasion and sometimes exotoxin production. Direct tissue invasion is the most common mechanism for staphylococcal disease, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and infectious (septic) arthritis. […] Multiple exotoxins are sometimes produced by staphylococci. Some have local effects; others trigger cytokine release from certain T cells, causing serious systemic effects (eg, skin lesions, shock, organ failure, death). […] Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may result from use of vaginal tampons or other devices or complicate any type of S. aureus infection (eg, postoperative wound infection, infection of a burn, skin infection). […] Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin.

• #248

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20497459/4-signs-you-have-a-staph-infection/

  In some cases—usually when someone’s exposed to staph in a hospital setting, like during surgery—staph bacteria can get into your bloodstream, Dr. Fey says. […] This can cause a blood infection known as bacteremia, which can initially lead to a fever and low blood pressure. […] If a staph skin infection is left untreated, it can eventually enter the bloodstream and lead to sepsis, Dr. Goldenberg says, which is an intense immune system reaction to an infection that sends harmful inflammatory chemicals into the blood and other internal organs. […] Staph infections need to be treated immediately.

• #249 Staphylococcal Dermatitis and Hypersensitivity in Dogs | VCA | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/staphylococcal-dermatitis-hypersensitivity-in-dogs

  Staph dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition of the skin caused by a group of bacteria called Staphylococcus. […] Staphylococcus normally reside on the skin of animals and humans without causing any problem. The bacteria are considered opportunistic pathogens. […] Any disorder that causes itching or a change in the skins environment can create the ideal conditions to allow Staphylococcus to become a problem. […] Common causes of itching include fleas, inhalant/seasonal allergy, and food allergy. […] The infection occurs only if the skin is damaged or there is an underlying medical condition. […] This situation may be caused by an allergy to the staphylococcal bacteria. This is called Staphylococcus hypersensitivity or Staphylococcus allergy. […] The skin lesions that are caused by hypersensitivity are identical to those of staphylococcal dermatitis.

• #250 Staphylococcal Dermatitis and Hypersensitivity in Dogs | VCA | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/staphylococcal-dermatitis-hypersensitivity-in-dogs

  Staph dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition of the skin caused by a group of bacteria called Staphylococcus. […] Staphylococcus normally reside on the skin of animals and humans without causing any problem. The bacteria are considered opportunistic pathogens. […] Any disorder that causes itching or a change in the skins environment can create the ideal conditions to allow Staphylococcus to become a problem. […] Common causes of itching include fleas, inhalant/seasonal allergy, and food allergy. […] The infection occurs only if the skin is damaged or there is an underlying medical condition. […] This situation may be caused by an allergy to the staphylococcal bacteria. This is called Staphylococcus hypersensitivity or Staphylococcus allergy. […] The skin lesions that are caused by hypersensitivity are identical to those of staphylococcal dermatitis.

• #251 Staph Infection in Dogs | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/skin/staph-infection-dogs

  Staph infections are caused by the overgrowth of Staphylococcus bacteria on the surface of a dogs skin. […] However, when the skin barrier becomes damaged or the immune system is weakened, bacteria can overgrow, which leads to an infection. […] Any medical condition that causes scratching, chewing, or licking of the skin can lead to development of a staph infection, but there are other causes as well. […] Here is an extensive list: Environmental allergy, Contact allergy, Food allergy, Fleas, Hypothyroidism, Demodectic mange (demodex), Sarcoptic mange (scabies), Urine scalding, Matted coat, Open wound, Skin folds on a dogs face or body, Obesity, Corkscrew tails, Hooded vulva. […] Any dog, no matter its age or breed, can develop a staph infection. […] Dogs with a compromised (weakened) immune system because of their age (less than 1 year old) or an underlying medical condition (cancer, immune-mediated disease) are also prone to staph infections.

• #252 Staph Infection in Toddlers Causes, Prevention & Treatments

  https://www.cloudninecare.com/blog/staph-infection-in-toddlers-causes-prevention-treatments-

  Staph infection is common in toddlers when compared to adults. It is a bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus group. […] Any bacteria from the family of Staphylococcus can cause staph infection. However, the most common bacterium is the Staphylococcus aureus. The other species that lead to this illness are Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These are present inside the nose of a healthy individual or can be present on the skin. Normally these do not cause infection, but when they enter the human body through abrasions, cuts or wounds, it causes staphylococcus infection. If left untreated, it can reach the blood vessels, joints, bones and organs and turn into a serious problem like septicemia. […] The following are some of the factors that put a kid at a high risk of infection: Immunodeficiency or a weak immunity, Children who are malnourished, Infections got while staying at a hospital, Cancer, diabetes or other such chronic diseases, AIDS or HIV, Organ transplant, Kidney impairment which required dialysis, Skin injuries due to insect bites, trauma, abrasions and wounds, Unclean wounds, Burn wound and surgical wound, Breathing and feeding tubes, Eczema or other skin disorders, Invasive devices like catheters, Kids who attend preschool or daycare can contract this infection from other children, Consuming food or drink at unhygienic places, Close contact with a person who has this infection.

• #253 Neonatal Staph Infections | Birth Injury Lawyers Alliance

  https://www.bila.ca/neonatal-staph-infections/

  Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria. […] However, if the staph bacteria enter more deeply into the body often through a cut or a wound these infections can be serious or even deadly. […] Staph infections can affect anyone, although people with weakened immune systems and underlying conditions are more susceptible. […] Babies may acquire staph infections while in the hospital. […] If staph bacteria enter a babys lungs or bloodstream, they can become very sick. […] If left untreated or not treated in time then a staph infection may progress into a more serious illness. […] Staph infections are generally preventable, with proper handwashing and ensuring that equipment used for medical procedures is sterile. […] Unfortunately, newborns with underdeveloped immune systems are often at high risk for staph infections particularly if they spend a prolonged time in the hospital. […] If you believe that your baby may have suffered a preventable birth injury due to complications associated with a staph infection a birth injury lawyer can advise you of your legal options.

• #254 Staph Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/staphylococcus.html

  Staph is the shortened name for Staphylococcus, a type of bacteria. […] Staphylococcus aureus cause most staph skin infections, and also can release toxins (poisons) that lead to illnesses like food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome. […] Warm, humid environments can contribute to staph infections, so excessive sweating can increase someone’s chances of developing an infection. People with skin problems like burns or eczema may be more likely to get staph skin infections.

• #255 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a type of bacteria (germ). Staph bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the nose. A staph infection can happen when staph bacteria grow out of control or enter the body through a cut or sore on the skin. Staph infections can cause boils or blisters on the skin. They can also cause infections in the lungs (pneumonia), bloodstream (sepsis), or in a wound. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a type of Staphylococcus aureus that can be difficult to treat because it is resistant to antibiotics (the infection does not respond to antibiotic treatment). […] People who have a higher chance of getting a staph infection include those who are sick in hospitals, people recovering from surgery or other medical procedures, people living in over-crowded conditions (such as shelters or prisons), children in daycare, intravenous (IV) drug users, people with weakened immune systems, people with chronic health conditions (like diabetes or cancer), athletes, and military personnel.

• #256 Staph Infection in Toddlers Causes, Prevention & Treatments

  https://www.cloudninecare.com/blog/staph-infection-in-toddlers-causes-prevention-treatments-

  Staph infection is common in toddlers when compared to adults. It is a bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus group. […] Any bacteria from the family of Staphylococcus can cause staph infection. However, the most common bacterium is the Staphylococcus aureus. The other species that lead to this illness are Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These are present inside the nose of a healthy individual or can be present on the skin. Normally these do not cause infection, but when they enter the human body through abrasions, cuts or wounds, it causes staphylococcus infection. If left untreated, it can reach the blood vessels, joints, bones and organs and turn into a serious problem like septicemia. […] The following are some of the factors that put a kid at a high risk of infection: Immunodeficiency or a weak immunity, Children who are malnourished, Infections got while staying at a hospital, Cancer, diabetes or other such chronic diseases, AIDS or HIV, Organ transplant, Kidney impairment which required dialysis, Skin injuries due to insect bites, trauma, abrasions and wounds, Unclean wounds, Burn wound and surgical wound, Breathing and feeding tubes, Eczema or other skin disorders, Invasive devices like catheters, Kids who attend preschool or daycare can contract this infection from other children, Consuming food or drink at unhygienic places, Close contact with a person who has this infection.

• #257 Bone & Joint Infections | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/bone-and-joint-infections

  Bone and joint infections are usually caused by bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus (or “staph”) and require treatment with antibiotics. […] A serious form of staph known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes infections that can be more severe and need special antibiotics to treat. […] Bone and joint infections, also known as musculoskeletal infections, occur most commonly in toddlers and young children.

• #258 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #259 Staph Infection: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/staph-infections-3156887

  Staphylococcal (staph) infection is caused when bacteria called Staphyloccocus enters the body, usually through a skin cut or wound. […] While anyone can develop a staph infection, there are factors that increase a person’s risk. […] The bacteria most commonly find their way through a break in the skin (e.g., a minor cut from shaving or a wound from trauma). […] Some of these risk factors include: Being very young or very old, Having a chronic skin or lung disease, Having an open wound, Being on a drug that weakens your immune system (e.g., corticosteroids), Using injected drugs, such as opioids, Being hospitalized or living in a long-term care facility, like a nursing home, Having diabetes mellitus or HIV, Having a transplanted organ or an implanted medical device (e.g., artificial heart valve, pacemaker, or joint), Being on dialysis, Having long-term intravascular access (e.g., having a chemotherapy port).

• #260 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  Many healthy people normally have staph on their skin. Most of the time, it does not cause an infection or symptoms. This is called being colonized with staph. These people are known as staph carriers. They can spread staph to others. Some people colonized with staph develop an actual staph infection that makes them sick. […] Common risk factors for developing a serious staph infection are: Being in a hospital or other type of care facility for a long time, Having a weakened immune system or ongoing (chronic) illness, Having an open cut or sore, Having a medical device inside your body such as an artificial joint, Injecting medicines or illegal drugs, Living with or having close contact with a person who has staph, Being on kidney dialysis.

• #261 MRSA: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/mrsa-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  While the CDC reports that hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates declined by 17% a year between 2005 and 2013, staph is still one of the leading causes of infections in health care settings. […] Here are some causes of health care-acquired MRSA infections: Bedsores, open wounds or invasive medical devices that come in contact with MRSA, Touching MSRA-contaminated medical equipment, Transfer of MRSA by hospital staff. […] MRSA can sometimes lead to a serious condition called sepsis, or even death, according to the CDC. […] StatPearls notes that MRSA death rates range between 5% and 60%, and are higher among older adults, people with other medical problems, and those in nursing homes.

• #262 Staph infections in the hospital: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000449.htm

  Many healthy people normally have staph on their skin. Most of the time, it does not cause an infection or symptoms. This is called being colonized with staph. These people are known as staph carriers. They can spread staph to others. Some people colonized with staph develop an actual staph infection that makes them sick. […] Common risk factors for developing a serious staph infection are: Being in a hospital or other type of care facility for a long time, Having a weakened immune system or ongoing (chronic) illness, Having an open cut or sore, Having a medical device inside your body such as an artificial joint, Injecting medicines or illegal drugs, Living with or having close contact with a person who has staph, Being on kidney dialysis.

• #263 Causes and Risk Factors of MRSA

  https://www.health.com/mrsa-causes-7503819

  Since HA MRSA represents a majority of cases, being a patient of or working in a hospital, medical clinic, nursing home, or other such environment is the primary cause. […] Generally speaking, susceptibility to HA MRSA infection is closely related to the health of the immune system. […] A history of recent medical treatment or disease can also increase your risk of CA MRSA. […] Being in frequent, close contact with others increases your risk. […] Many cases are spread among injection drug users, so that’s considered a risk factor. […] Since MRSA typically is a skin infection, there are several additional risks.

• #264 MRSA: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/mrsa-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  While the CDC reports that hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates declined by 17% a year between 2005 and 2013, staph is still one of the leading causes of infections in health care settings. […] Here are some causes of health care-acquired MRSA infections: Bedsores, open wounds or invasive medical devices that come in contact with MRSA, Touching MSRA-contaminated medical equipment, Transfer of MRSA by hospital staff. […] MRSA can sometimes lead to a serious condition called sepsis, or even death, according to the CDC. […] StatPearls notes that MRSA death rates range between 5% and 60%, and are higher among older adults, people with other medical problems, and those in nursing homes.

• #265 MRSA: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/mrsa-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  While the CDC reports that hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates declined by 17% a year between 2005 and 2013, staph is still one of the leading causes of infections in health care settings. […] Here are some causes of health care-acquired MRSA infections: Bedsores, open wounds or invasive medical devices that come in contact with MRSA, Touching MSRA-contaminated medical equipment, Transfer of MRSA by hospital staff. […] MRSA can sometimes lead to a serious condition called sepsis, or even death, according to the CDC. […] StatPearls notes that MRSA death rates range between 5% and 60%, and are higher among older adults, people with other medical problems, and those in nursing homes.

• #266 MRSA: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/mrsa-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  While the CDC reports that hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates declined by 17% a year between 2005 and 2013, staph is still one of the leading causes of infections in health care settings. […] Here are some causes of health care-acquired MRSA infections: Bedsores, open wounds or invasive medical devices that come in contact with MRSA, Touching MSRA-contaminated medical equipment, Transfer of MRSA by hospital staff. […] MRSA can sometimes lead to a serious condition called sepsis, or even death, according to the CDC. […] StatPearls notes that MRSA death rates range between 5% and 60%, and are higher among older adults, people with other medical problems, and those in nursing homes.

• #267 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #268 Staph Infection | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/staph-infection

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a bacterium that lives in the environment. There are 30 known types of Staphylococci, but Staphylococcus aureus causes most infections. […] A staph infection happens when the bacteria get into your body usually through a break in your skin. […] Staph lives on surfaces and can spread from person to person. People get a staph infection through: […] Damaged skin can allow staph to get inside your body. […] People who breastfeed can get a staph infection through a cracked nipple, causing mastitis (infection of your milk ducts). […] If staph touches your food, you can get gastroenteritis (food poisoning). […] If you have dental health problems, bacteria can get into your bloodstream through your gums. […] Wearing a tampon for too long can allow bacteria to collect and get into your body through tiny tears in your vagina.

• #269 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #270 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #271 Staph Infection | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/staph-infection

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a bacterium that lives in the environment. There are 30 known types of Staphylococci, but Staphylococcus aureus causes most infections. […] A staph infection happens when the bacteria get into your body usually through a break in your skin. […] Staph lives on surfaces and can spread from person to person. People get a staph infection through: […] Damaged skin can allow staph to get inside your body. […] People who breastfeed can get a staph infection through a cracked nipple, causing mastitis (infection of your milk ducts). […] If staph touches your food, you can get gastroenteritis (food poisoning). […] If you have dental health problems, bacteria can get into your bloodstream through your gums. […] Wearing a tampon for too long can allow bacteria to collect and get into your body through tiny tears in your vagina.

• #272 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #273 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #274 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #275 Staphylococcal Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-clinical

  Common manifestations of staphylococcal infections include the following types of infections. The history obtained usually depends on the type of infection the organism causes. […] Predisposing factors for staphylococcal infections include the following: Neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction, Diabetes, Intravenous drug abuse, Foreign bodies, including intravascular catheters, Trauma. […] Colonization with S aureus is common. Skin-to-skin and skin-to-fomite contact are common routes of acquisition. Isolates can be spread by coughing or sneezing. Evidence has also shown that S aureus can be spread between men during sex with other men. Pets can also serve as household reservoirs. The rate of MRSA hand colonization among health care workers has been shown to exceed 4% (over 8% in North America).

• #276 Staphylococcal Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-clinical

  Common manifestations of staphylococcal infections include the following types of infections. The history obtained usually depends on the type of infection the organism causes. […] Predisposing factors for staphylococcal infections include the following: Neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction, Diabetes, Intravenous drug abuse, Foreign bodies, including intravascular catheters, Trauma. […] Colonization with S aureus is common. Skin-to-skin and skin-to-fomite contact are common routes of acquisition. Isolates can be spread by coughing or sneezing. Evidence has also shown that S aureus can be spread between men during sex with other men. Pets can also serve as household reservoirs. The rate of MRSA hand colonization among health care workers has been shown to exceed 4% (over 8% in North America).

• #277 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #278 Staphylococcal Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-clinical

  Common manifestations of staphylococcal infections include the following types of infections. The history obtained usually depends on the type of infection the organism causes. […] Predisposing factors for staphylococcal infections include the following: Neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction, Diabetes, Intravenous drug abuse, Foreign bodies, including intravascular catheters, Trauma. […] Colonization with S aureus is common. Skin-to-skin and skin-to-fomite contact are common routes of acquisition. Isolates can be spread by coughing or sneezing. Evidence has also shown that S aureus can be spread between men during sex with other men. Pets can also serve as household reservoirs. The rate of MRSA hand colonization among health care workers has been shown to exceed 4% (over 8% in North America).

• #279 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #280 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a type of bacteria (germ). Staph bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the nose. A staph infection can happen when staph bacteria grow out of control or enter the body through a cut or sore on the skin. Staph infections can cause boils or blisters on the skin. They can also cause infections in the lungs (pneumonia), bloodstream (sepsis), or in a wound. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a type of Staphylococcus aureus that can be difficult to treat because it is resistant to antibiotics (the infection does not respond to antibiotic treatment). […] People who have a higher chance of getting a staph infection include those who are sick in hospitals, people recovering from surgery or other medical procedures, people living in over-crowded conditions (such as shelters or prisons), children in daycare, intravenous (IV) drug users, people with weakened immune systems, people with chronic health conditions (like diabetes or cancer), athletes, and military personnel.

• #281 Staphylococcus aureus (Staph infection) – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/staphylococcus-aureus-pregnancy/

  Staph bacteria make toxins that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) illness if contaminated food is eaten. […] Some workers are more likely to be exposed to staph than others, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, rescue personnel, and workers who prepare foods. […] If the amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds the fetus) becomes infected with staph, it could cause preterm delivery (birth before week 37). Staph can also be passed to a baby from an infected mother at the time of delivery. Most of the time this does not cause problems for the baby, but sometimes it causes skin infection or other illness in the newborn. […] Some studies have suggested that a staph infection of the genital tract in men might affect the number, movement, and shape of the sperm and decrease fertility (ability to get a woman pregnant).

• #282 Staphylococcal Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-clinical

  Common manifestations of staphylococcal infections include the following types of infections. The history obtained usually depends on the type of infection the organism causes. […] Predisposing factors for staphylococcal infections include the following: Neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction, Diabetes, Intravenous drug abuse, Foreign bodies, including intravascular catheters, Trauma. […] Colonization with S aureus is common. Skin-to-skin and skin-to-fomite contact are common routes of acquisition. Isolates can be spread by coughing or sneezing. Evidence has also shown that S aureus can be spread between men during sex with other men. Pets can also serve as household reservoirs. The rate of MRSA hand colonization among health care workers has been shown to exceed 4% (over 8% in North America).

• #283 Staphylococcal infections

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/staphylococcal_infections/

  Staphylococcus (referred to as staph) is a group of bacteria commonly carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. Although there are 40 types, the most common one is staphylococcus aureus. […] Staph generally causes no problems or illness. However, if the bacteria enters the body through a wound, cut or graze, or open skin (e.g. broken skin caused by eczema), it may cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections and can cause serious wound infections. […] Staph is found on the skin and in the nose of 30-50 per cent of people without causing disease. It will only cause an infection when it can enter through a wound or open skin. A staph infection normally only develops in the elderly, the very sick or those who have an open wound. Healthy people rarely become infected.

• #284 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #285 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that cause a wide variety of clinical diseases. Infections caused by this pathogen are common both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired settings. […] S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections. […] Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria (stain purple by Gram stain) that are cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as grape-like. […] MRSA strains carry a mec gene on the bacterial chromosome, which is a component of the larger Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec region, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics depending on the SCC mec type.

• #286 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The mec gene encodes the protein PBP-2a (penicillin-binding protein 2a). […] As a result, S. aureus strains that synthesize PBP-2A can grow in the presence of many antibiotics, and these MRSA strains are resistant to many antibiotics. […] MRSA strains tend to be resistant to methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. […] Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms. […] It is estimated that up to half of all adults are colonized, and approximately 15% of the population persistently carry S. aureus in the anterior nares. […] S. aureus can be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or by fomites. […] S. aureus are one the most common bacterial infections in humans and are the causative agents of multiple human infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device infections, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections.

• #287 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #288 Staphylococcus aureus Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

  The pathophysiology varies greatly depending on the type of S. aureus infection. […] Mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response include the production of an antiphagocytic capsule, sequestering of host antibodies or antigen masking by Protein A, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and blocking chemotaxis of leukocytes. […] In general, penicillin remains the drug of choice if isolates are sensitive (MSSA, or methicillin sensitive S. aureus strains) and vancomycin for MRSA strains. […] Because many MRSA strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, MRSA infections are emerging as serious pathogens in both the hospital and the community settings. […] Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging.

• #289 How to Treat Staph Infection: Symptoms & Antibiotics

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/staphylococcus/article_em.htm

  S. aureus strains also produce enzymes and toxins that likely cause or increase the severity of certain diseases. […] Other factors produced by these bacteria that may play a role in causing disease are hyaluronidase, kinases, clotting factor, and others, but their disease-causing potentials are still being evaluated. […] All staph infections should be further tested to see if the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin (and other antibiotics) and thus determine if the organisms are MRSA. […] There are two main types of treatment for staph infections, surgical and antibiotic treatment. […] However, MRSA organisms usually require other antibiotics. […] Staph bacteria are frequently present in healthy humans. […] Most staph bacteria are transmitted by person-to-person contact, but viable staph on surfaces of clothing, sinks, and other objects can contact skin and cause infections.

• #290 Staphylococcus aureus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. […] Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Staphylococcus aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.

• #291 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called „staph,” exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known as MRSA. […] MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don’t respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don’t destroy every germ they target. Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon learn to resist others.

• #292 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. […] These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of getting a staphylococcal infection: Influenza, Chronic lung disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or emphysema), Leukemia, Tumors, A transplanted organ, an implanted medical device (such as artificial heart valves, joints, or heart pacemakers), or a catheter inserted into a vein for a long time, Burns, An open wound or sore, Chronic skin disorders, Surgery, Diabetes mellitus, A chronic kidney disorder requiring dialysis, Medications, such as corticosteroids, that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), or cancer chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Injection of illicit drugs, Newborns and breastfeeding mothers.

• #293 What Is a Staph Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/

  Staph bacteria can also survive on objects or surfaces, such as bedsheets, towels, or clothing. […] Anyone can get a staph infection, but certain factors increase your odds. […] You may have a higher risk of developing a staph infection if you have an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, kidney failure, a skin condition, or a weakened immune system. […] People who’ve had a recent surgery or have been hospitalized also have an increased risk of developing staph infection. […] Taking certain medicines, including corticosteroids, insulin, or chemotherapy, can increase your chance of contracting staph. […] Sometimes staph bacteria spreads through medical tubing, such as dialysis tubes, urinary catheters, breathing tubes, feeding tubes, or intravascular catheters.

• #294 Staphylococcus: Infection, Treatment, FAQs, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/infection/staphylococcus

  These factors make it very easy for Staphylococcus infections to spread, especially in households or shared living environments. […] There are also several risk factors that can increase your chances of developing a Staphylococcus infection. […] Many Staphylococcus infections are mild. […] However, a Staphylococcus infection can be very dangerous. […] Some Staphylococcus infections can be fatal if theyre left untreated. […] Most Staphylococcus infections can be successfully treated with traditional antibiotics; however, some are antibiotic-resistant and require newer treatments. […] Some Staphylococcus infections can be fatal without treatment, so its important to make a medical appointment if you have the symptoms of any Staphylococcus infection.

• #295 Types of Staph Infections: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/staph-infection

  In some situations, however, these bacteria can mount an infection. […] Staph bacteria can also spread between people and objects. […] Staph skin infections are the most common type of staph infection. […] You can become seriously ill with staph infections that involve the skin as well as those in the lungs, heart, or bones. […] It is important to contact a doctor for any symptoms of a staph infection because it can lead to a life threatening condition.

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