Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart. […] Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cleaning of the infected area. However, some staph infections no longer respond, or become resistant, to common antibiotics. To treat antibiotic-resistant staph infections, health care providers may need to use antibiotics that can cause more side effects.

• #2 Staph infections – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356227

  Treatment of a staph infection may include: […] Antibiotics. Your health care provider may perform tests to identify the staph bacteria behind your infection. This can help your provider choose the antibiotic that will work best for you. Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat staph infections include cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. […] For serious staph infections, vancomycin may be required. This is because so many strains of staph bacteria have become resistant to other traditional antibiotics. This means other antibiotics can no longer kill the staph bacteria. Vancomycin and some other antibiotics used for antibiotic-resistant staph infections have to be given through a vein (intravenously). […] If you’re given an oral antibiotic, be sure to take it as directed. Finish all the medication your provider gives you. Ask your provider what signs and symptoms you should watch for that might mean your infection is getting worse.

• #3 Staph Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21165-staph-infection-staphylococcus-infection

  Healthcare providers prescribe antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections. In severe cases, a staph infection can cause serious health complications and death. […] Most cases of staph infection on the skin can be treated with a topical antibiotic (applied to your skin). Your healthcare provider may also drain a boil or abscess by making a small incision (cut) to let the pus out. […] Healthcare providers also prescribe oral antibiotics (taken by mouth) to treat staph infections inside your body and on your skin. The antibiotic will vary depending on the type of infection. In severe staph infections, providers use IV (intravenous) antibiotics to kill the bacteria. […] If left untreated, staph infections can be deadly. Rarely, staph germs are resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. This infection, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), causes severe infection and death. […] Its important to seek medical help if you think you might have a staph infection. To relieve the symptoms of staph infection on your skin, clean the affected area with soap and water. You can try cold compresses and over-the-counter pain relievers to help with discomfort.

• #4 Staph Infection Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/staph-infection/

  How is a staph infection treated? The doctor will take a sample of your infected wound or a blood or urine sample. The sample is tested to see which antibiotics can kill the bacteria in it. This test may take several days. […] If you have a staph infection, your doctor may: Drain your wound. Give you antibiotics as pills or through a needle put in your vein (I.V.). […] You may have to stay in the hospital for treatment. In the hospital, you may be kept apart from others. This is to reduce the chances of spreading the bacteria.

• #5 Staph infections – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356227

  Treatment of a staph infection may include: […] Antibiotics. Your health care provider may perform tests to identify the staph bacteria behind your infection. This can help your provider choose the antibiotic that will work best for you. Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat staph infections include cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. […] For serious staph infections, vancomycin may be required. This is because so many strains of staph bacteria have become resistant to other traditional antibiotics. This means other antibiotics can no longer kill the staph bacteria. Vancomycin and some other antibiotics used for antibiotic-resistant staph infections have to be given through a vein (intravenously). […] If you’re given an oral antibiotic, be sure to take it as directed. Finish all the medication your provider gives you. Ask your provider what signs and symptoms you should watch for that might mean your infection is getting worse.

• #6 Table: Antibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcal Infections in Adults-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/antibiotic-treatment-of-staphylococcal-infections-in-adults

  Antibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcal Infections in Adults […] Community-acquired cutaneous infections (non-MRSA) […] Dicloxacillin or cephalexin 250-500 mg orally every 6 hours for 7-10 days. […] Erythromycin 250-500 mg orally every 6 hours. […] Clarithromycin 500 mg orally every 12 hours. […] Azithromycin 500 mg orally on the first day, then 250 mg orally every 24 hours on days 2-5. […] Clindamycin 300 mg orally every 6 hours. […] Community-acquired cutaneous infections likely to be due to MRSA […] Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg orally every 8-12 hours. […] Clindamycin 300-450 mg orally every 6-8 hours. […] Linezolid 600 mg orally every 12 hours. […] Tedizolid 200 mg orally every 24 hours. […] Delafloxacin 450 mg orally every 12 hours. […] Omadacycline 450 mg orally once a day for 2 days, followed by 300 mg once a day.

• #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Staphylococcus-Aureus-Treatment.aspx

  Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of manifestations and diseases. The treatment of choice for S. aureus infection is penicillin. […] The first line therapy is penicillinase-resistant penicillins like oxacillin or flucloxacillin. Therapy is often given in combination with aminoglycosides like gentamicin for more serious infections. The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity. […] MRSA infections in both the hospital and community setting are commonly treated with non–lactam antibiotics such as clindamycin (a lincosamine) and co-trimoxazole (also commonly known as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). In severe cases vancomycin is used. […] Treatment for bacteremia or blood infection with S. aureus or infection from a medical device the medical device or the foci of the infection needs to be removed after identification. Of antibiotics -lactams, oxacillin, nafcillin, cefazolin etc. are preferred. For MRSA vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, Quinupristin/dalfopristin, Cotrimoxazole, Ceftaroline, Telavancin etc. are chosen.

• #8 Table: Antibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcal Infections in Adults-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/antibiotic-treatment-of-staphylococcal-infections-in-adults

  Antibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcal Infections in Adults […] Community-acquired cutaneous infections (non-MRSA) […] Dicloxacillin or cephalexin 250-500 mg orally every 6 hours for 7-10 days. […] Erythromycin 250-500 mg orally every 6 hours. […] Clarithromycin 500 mg orally every 12 hours. […] Azithromycin 500 mg orally on the first day, then 250 mg orally every 24 hours on days 2-5. […] Clindamycin 300 mg orally every 6 hours. […] Community-acquired cutaneous infections likely to be due to MRSA […] Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg orally every 8-12 hours. […] Clindamycin 300-450 mg orally every 6-8 hours. […] Linezolid 600 mg orally every 12 hours. […] Tedizolid 200 mg orally every 24 hours. […] Delafloxacin 450 mg orally every 12 hours. […] Omadacycline 450 mg orally once a day for 2 days, followed by 300 mg once a day.

• #9 Staphylococcus aureus | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540518/all/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Daptomycin: caution for use with vancomycin MIC 1.0, especially if switching from vancomycin therapy due to higher rates of non-susceptibility of daptomycin and clinical failures. […] VISA and VRSA infections remain rare, which is much different than with the Enterococcus (VRE). […] The appropriate duration of therapy improves outcomes. […] Treatment: MSSA: superiority of -lactams make clear favorite over vancomycin. […] Preferred: Oxacillin 2g IV q4h, Nafcillin 2g IV q4h. […] Alternatives: For non-life-threatening PCN allergy: cefazolin 2g IV q8h. […] Consider oxacillin/nafcillin desensitization for life-threatening Type 1 PCN allergy (hives/anaphylaxis). […] Severe beta-lactam allergy: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h, Daptomycin 6-8 mg/kg IV q24h. […] MRSA or life-threatening PCN allergy: Preferred: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg q 8-12h.

• #10 Staphylococcus aureus | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540518/all/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Daptomycin 6-10 mg/kg IV daily. […] Alternatives: for severe allergy or treatment failure, consider infectious diseases consultation. […] Duration of therapy: Bacteremia: 28d is the standard course of therapy. […] Endocarditis or epidural abscess: 42d minimum. […] Surgical drainage for any collection. […] For cutaneous abscess, ID may be sufficient. […] Treatment: Parenteral: IV antibiotics are generally not needed unless severe infection, concomitant bacteremia or systemic toxicity. […] If using parenteral abx, empiric choices include coverage for both MRSA and MSSA. […] If MSSA: Nafcillin 1-2 g IV q4h, Oxacillin 1-2 g IV q4h, Cefazolin 1 g IV q8h, Clindamycin 600 mg IV q8h. […] Duration of therapy: depends on the extent of disease, usual range 5-10 days. […] Recurrent soft tissue infections: education regarding hand hygiene and personal hygiene.

• #11 Staph infections – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356227

  Treatment of a staph infection may include: […] Antibiotics. Your health care provider may perform tests to identify the staph bacteria behind your infection. This can help your provider choose the antibiotic that will work best for you. Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat staph infections include cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. […] For serious staph infections, vancomycin may be required. This is because so many strains of staph bacteria have become resistant to other traditional antibiotics. This means other antibiotics can no longer kill the staph bacteria. Vancomycin and some other antibiotics used for antibiotic-resistant staph infections have to be given through a vein (intravenously). […] If you’re given an oral antibiotic, be sure to take it as directed. Finish all the medication your provider gives you. Ask your provider what signs and symptoms you should watch for that might mean your infection is getting worse.

• #12 Table: Antibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcal Infections in Adults-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/antibiotic-treatment-of-staphylococcal-infections-in-adults

  Serious infections unlikely to be due to MRSA […] Nafcillin or oxacillin 1-2 g IV every 4-6 hours. […] Cefazolin 1-2 g IV every 8 hours. […] Serious infection highly likely to be due to MRSA […] Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV every 12 hours. […] Linezolid 600 mg IV every 12 hours, tedizolid 200 mg IV every 24 hours. […] Daptomycin 4-10 mg/kg every 24 hours, depending on site of infection (not for pulmonary infections). […] Ceftobiprole 500 mg IV every 8 hours (not available in the United States). […] Ceftaroline 600 mg IV every 12 hours. […] Delafloxacin 300 mg IV every 12 hours. […] Omadacycline 200 mg IV once, followed by 100 mg IV every 24 hours. […] Documented MRSA […] Linezolid 600 mg IV every 12 hours. […] Daptomycin 4-8 mg/kg every 24 hours. […] Oritavancin 1200 mg IV once. […] Ceftobiprole 500 mg IV every 8 hours (not available in the United States). […] Ceftaroline 600 mg IV every 12 hours.

• #13 Table: Antibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcal Infections in Adults-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/antibiotic-treatment-of-staphylococcal-infections-in-adults

  Serious infections unlikely to be due to MRSA […] Nafcillin or oxacillin 1-2 g IV every 4-6 hours. […] Cefazolin 1-2 g IV every 8 hours. […] Serious infection highly likely to be due to MRSA […] Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV every 12 hours. […] Linezolid 600 mg IV every 12 hours, tedizolid 200 mg IV every 24 hours. […] Daptomycin 4-10 mg/kg every 24 hours, depending on site of infection (not for pulmonary infections). […] Ceftobiprole 500 mg IV every 8 hours (not available in the United States). […] Ceftaroline 600 mg IV every 12 hours. […] Delafloxacin 300 mg IV every 12 hours. […] Omadacycline 200 mg IV once, followed by 100 mg IV every 24 hours. […] Documented MRSA […] Linezolid 600 mg IV every 12 hours. […] Daptomycin 4-8 mg/kg every 24 hours. […] Oritavancin 1200 mg IV once. […] Ceftobiprole 500 mg IV every 8 hours (not available in the United States). […] Ceftaroline 600 mg IV every 12 hours.

• #14 Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1215/p2474.html

  Vancomycin is preferred for treatment in severe MRSA infections and is used only intravenously because the oral formulation is not readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. […] Linezolid (Zyvox) has bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus and is approved for treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections and pneumonia in adults and children. […] Daptomycin (Cubicin), from a new class of cyclic lipopeptides, is an antibiotic with activity against MSSA and MRSA. […] Community-acquired MRSA isolates often are susceptible to fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra), tetracyclines, and clindamycin (Cleocin). […] Management includes removal of the focus of S. aureus (e.g., abscess drainage or tampon removal) and use of a betalactamase-resistant antistaphylococcal antibiotic in combination with clindamycin, which has the potential of reducing toxin production.

• #15 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Use vancomycin or linezolid when the other drugs mentioned are absolutely not tolerated or when resistance or the clinical course dictates. […] The duration of therapy is a controversial topic in the literature, but the consensus among multiple authors is that the minimum effective treatment time is 4-6 weeks. […] A switch to oral therapy is acceptable if the child is able to take oral antibiotics, is afebrile, and if he or she has demonstrated a good clinical response to parenteral antibiotics. […] As in osteomyelitis, initiate an appropriate antistaphylococcal drug (eg, oxacillin, which is penicillinase resistant; clindamycin; cefazolin) parenterally. […] These antibiotics readily reach joint fluid, and the concentration in the joint fluid is 30% of the serum value. […] Therapy usually continues for at least 4 weeks.

• #16 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  The treatment of staphylococcal infection includes: […] Appropriate antibiotics, including oral antibiotics cephalexin, clindamycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate […] Drainage of pus from infection site […] Surgical removal (debridement) of dead tissue (necrosis) […] Removal of foreign bodies (eg stitches) that may be a focus of persisting infection […] Treating the underlying skin disease (eg atopic eczema). […] Due to widespread antibiotic resistance, it is better to prevent staphylococcal infection where possible. […] Your doctor may also suggest clearing bacteria that colonise the nostrils and under the fingernails with antibiotic ointment (eg. fusidic acid or mupirocin) used twice daily for one week of each month, often for 6 months (this may vary). […] Twice weekly bleach baths may be useful.

• #17 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Treatment guidelines have been published. […] Appropriately monitor renal function, CBC count, and serum hepatic transaminase levels while patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection are undergoing therapy. […] Impetigo and other minor skin infections (ie, superficial or localized infections) may be treated with a topical agent such as mupirocin or retapamulin. […] More extensive or serious skin disease and bullous impetigo are treated with oral antistaphylococcal agents, as noted above. […] Empirically, initiating a semisynthetic penicillin (eg, oxacillin [150 mg/kg/d]) and clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/d) is a good choice for most cases of community-acquired osteomyelitis. […] In patients with allergy to penicillin, a first-generation cephalosporin and clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/d) are an excellent alternative.

• #18 Staphylococcus aureus Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/staphylococcus-aureus-infections

  Mild skin infections due to MRSA, such as folliculitis, are usually treated with an ointment, such as one that contains bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B (available without a prescription) or mupirocin (available by prescription only). […] If an infection involves bone or foreign material in the body (such as heart pacemakers, artificial heart valves and joints, and blood vessel grafts), rifampin and possibly another antibiotic are sometimes added to the antibiotic regimen. […] Abscesses, if present, are usually drained.

• #19 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Use vancomycin or linezolid when the other drugs mentioned are absolutely not tolerated or when resistance or the clinical course dictates. […] The duration of therapy is a controversial topic in the literature, but the consensus among multiple authors is that the minimum effective treatment time is 4-6 weeks. […] A switch to oral therapy is acceptable if the child is able to take oral antibiotics, is afebrile, and if he or she has demonstrated a good clinical response to parenteral antibiotics. […] As in osteomyelitis, initiate an appropriate antistaphylococcal drug (eg, oxacillin, which is penicillinase resistant; clindamycin; cefazolin) parenterally. […] These antibiotics readily reach joint fluid, and the concentration in the joint fluid is 30% of the serum value. […] Therapy usually continues for at least 4 weeks.

• #20 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Duration of parenteral therapy is often debated. […] Some authors have demonstrated efficacy with 1 week of parenteral therapy followed with 3 weeks of oral therapy. […] Consider a switch to oral therapy based on the considerations mentioned above. […] Duration of therapy for endocarditis, which is a life-threatening infection, is at least 4 weeks. […] The combination of a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside (usually gentamicin) is advocated, because it increases bacterial killing in vitro and in animal models of endocarditis. […] In patients with MRSA, combinations of vancomycin with aminoglycosides should be used. […] In all cases the aminoglycoside is only added for the first 3 days. […] Rifampin, because of its lipid solubility, is another potent agent when used in combination with nafcillin and gentamicin or vancomycin and gentamicin, especially in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis.

• #21 Staphylococcus aureus | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540518/all/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Daptomycin 6-10 mg/kg IV daily. […] Alternatives: for severe allergy or treatment failure, consider infectious diseases consultation. […] Duration of therapy: Bacteremia: 28d is the standard course of therapy. […] Endocarditis or epidural abscess: 42d minimum. […] Surgical drainage for any collection. […] For cutaneous abscess, ID may be sufficient. […] Treatment: Parenteral: IV antibiotics are generally not needed unless severe infection, concomitant bacteremia or systemic toxicity. […] If using parenteral abx, empiric choices include coverage for both MRSA and MSSA. […] If MSSA: Nafcillin 1-2 g IV q4h, Oxacillin 1-2 g IV q4h, Cefazolin 1 g IV q8h, Clindamycin 600 mg IV q8h. […] Duration of therapy: depends on the extent of disease, usual range 5-10 days. […] Recurrent soft tissue infections: education regarding hand hygiene and personal hygiene.

• #22 Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1215/p2474.html

  Because of high incidence, morbidity, and antimicrobial resistance, Staphylococcus aureus infections are a growing concern for family physicians. […] New antimicrobial agents, including daptomycin and linezolid, are available as treatment. […] Vancomycin (Vancocin) should not be used for known methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections unless there is a betalactam allergy. […] Physicians should be aware of the regional prevalence of community-acquired MRSA and plan empiric therapy for S. aureus infections accordingly. […] Most adult patients with osteomyelitis require four to six weeks of parenteral therapy or prolonged courses (three to six months) of oral antibiotics with high bioavailability. […] Most abscesses and empyemas require drainage, but limited evidence from case reports is available that some small abscesses of susceptible organisms in clinically stable patients respond to medical therapy without drainage.

• #23 Staph infections – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356227

  Treatment of a staph infection may include: […] Antibiotics. Your health care provider may perform tests to identify the staph bacteria behind your infection. This can help your provider choose the antibiotic that will work best for you. Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat staph infections include cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. […] For serious staph infections, vancomycin may be required. This is because so many strains of staph bacteria have become resistant to other traditional antibiotics. This means other antibiotics can no longer kill the staph bacteria. Vancomycin and some other antibiotics used for antibiotic-resistant staph infections have to be given through a vein (intravenously). […] If you’re given an oral antibiotic, be sure to take it as directed. Finish all the medication your provider gives you. Ask your provider what signs and symptoms you should watch for that might mean your infection is getting worse.

• #24 Staph Infection: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Staphylococcus aureus

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/8-things-to-know-about-staph-infections

  7. Antibiotics are an effective staph infection treatment. For mild infections, you can usually take oral antibiotics to treat a staph skin infection. If you have a collection of pus, your doctor may drain it. This involves making a cut in the sore and cleaning out all the infection. When your doctor prescribes antibiotics, it is very important to finish the entire course. Stopping antibiotics early gives the bacteria an opportunity to develop resistance. Call your doctor if you have problems with side effects or your infection gets worse, such as developing a fever. You may need a different antibiotic.

• #25 Staphylococcus aureus infection | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/bacterial-infections/staphylococcus-aureus-infection

  Your doctor will advise on the best treatment for your infection. Draining pus is often the only treatment that is needed and the person often feels better after this. Drainage of skin boils or abscesses should only be performed by a doctor or other appropriately trained health worker. […] Sometimes antibiotics are required. If you are given an antibiotic, take all of the doses as instructed by the doctor or pharmacist, even if the infection is getting better. It is possible for an infection to come back after it appears cured if the full course of antibiotics is not completed. Stopping antibiotics too early can also lead to the bacteria becoming resistant to that antibiotic.

• #26 Staph infections – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356227

  Wound drainage. If you have a skin infection, your provider may make a cut (incision) into the sore to drain fluid that has collected there. The area is also thoroughly cleaned. […] Device removal. If your infection involves a medical device, such as a urinary catheter, cardiac pacemaker or artificial joint, prompt removal of the device may be needed. For some devices, removal might require surgery.

• #27 Staph Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21165-staph-infection-staphylococcus-infection

  Healthcare providers prescribe antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections. In severe cases, a staph infection can cause serious health complications and death. […] Most cases of staph infection on the skin can be treated with a topical antibiotic (applied to your skin). Your healthcare provider may also drain a boil or abscess by making a small incision (cut) to let the pus out. […] Healthcare providers also prescribe oral antibiotics (taken by mouth) to treat staph infections inside your body and on your skin. The antibiotic will vary depending on the type of infection. In severe staph infections, providers use IV (intravenous) antibiotics to kill the bacteria. […] If left untreated, staph infections can be deadly. Rarely, staph germs are resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. This infection, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), causes severe infection and death. […] Its important to seek medical help if you think you might have a staph infection. To relieve the symptoms of staph infection on your skin, clean the affected area with soap and water. You can try cold compresses and over-the-counter pain relievers to help with discomfort.

• #28 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Rifampin should never be used alone because resistance can develop. […] The response to therapy is usually slow, and patients may continue to have bacteremia, fever, and leukocytosis for at least a week after therapy is initiated. […] Some authors recommend obtaining blood cultures after the end of therapy. […] Treatment with antibiotics is specific to the etiologic agent and its characteristics. […] Drainage of any collections of pus is of paramount importance. […] For small abscesses in afebrile toddlers and children, drainage alone may suffice, since treatment with efficacious and nonefficacious systemic antibacterial therapy was equivalent if adequate drainage had occurred. […] Placement of a subcutaneous drain, rather than formal incision and drainage, has proven successful.

• #29 Treatments for Staph Infection: Antibiotics, Surgery, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/treatment/

  Treatment options for an infection caused by staphylococcus bacteria depend on the type of infection you have, how severe it is, and where its located on or in your body. […] Most other staph infections whether a skin infection or an internal infection will require treatment with antibiotics. And sometimes, surgery is necessary to treat a staph infection. […] Your doctor will choose an antibiotic for you based on the location of your infection, how serious it is, and, sometimes, the type of staph you have. In some situations, you might be given a combination of several different antibiotics. […] Surgery may be necessary to empty a wound, abscess, or boil. A doctor will make an incision in the sore to drain it. […] For minor skin infections caused by MRSA, a variety of oral antibiotics are still effective as long as every dose of the prescribed antibiotic is taken.

• #30 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Surgery is usually indicated to drain purulent material from the subperiosteal space or if infected foreign material is present. […] In an infant, septic arthritis of the hip and shoulder is a surgical emergency; these joints should be drained as soon as possible to prevent bony destruction. […] If endocarditis occurs in the presence of an intracardiac foreign body, it may require removal. […] All potential foci of infection should be explored and surgically drained. […] Remove the infected intravenous line in patients who are immunocompromised or severely ill or when infection is impossible to eradicate medically.

• #31 Surgical Treatment for Staphylococcal Infections | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/treatments/surgical-treatment-for-staphylococcal-infections

  If a staphylococcal infection is located in a wound or affects muscles or the fibers surrounding the muscles, it may need to be surgically cleaned. […] At NYU Langone, draining a wound is the main treatment for staph infections of the skin. This procedure involves using a sterile tool such as a needle, scalpel, or lancet to make a small incision in the skin. The doctor drains the pus that has collected there. […] If the staph infection is deep inside a wound, a doctor may use a procedure called debridement to remove contaminated tissue. […] If a staph infection is located at the site of a device or prosthetic, such as an intravenous line or a pacemaker, the doctor may need to remove the device. Surgery may be required to remove the prosthetic or device and clean the infected area. […] If a joint implant becomes infected, doctors may remove the prosthetic joint and insert an antibiotic spacer in its place. […] Infection in the joints or bones and a postoperative abscessa buildup of pus or infected fluid surrounded by inflamed tissuemay also require surgery to remove affected tissues.

• #32 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  The treatment of staphylococcal infection includes: […] Appropriate antibiotics, including oral antibiotics cephalexin, clindamycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate […] Drainage of pus from infection site […] Surgical removal (debridement) of dead tissue (necrosis) […] Removal of foreign bodies (eg stitches) that may be a focus of persisting infection […] Treating the underlying skin disease (eg atopic eczema). […] Due to widespread antibiotic resistance, it is better to prevent staphylococcal infection where possible. […] Your doctor may also suggest clearing bacteria that colonise the nostrils and under the fingernails with antibiotic ointment (eg. fusidic acid or mupirocin) used twice daily for one week of each month, often for 6 months (this may vary). […] Twice weekly bleach baths may be useful.

• #33 Staph Infection: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/staph-infections-3156887

  It’s important to keep in mind that the treatment of staph infections may involve additional therapies along with antibiotics. […] For example, an abscess usually requires incision and drainage (where the pus is removed). Similarly, an infected joint (septic arthritis) usually involves drainage of the joint space, in addition to antibiotic therapy. […] For an infected bone or prosthetic joint, surgical debridement is required along with antibiotics. […] Surgical decompression, along with antibiotics, is used to treat staph epidural abscesses.

• #34 Staph infections – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356227

  Wound drainage. If you have a skin infection, your provider may make a cut (incision) into the sore to drain fluid that has collected there. The area is also thoroughly cleaned. […] Device removal. If your infection involves a medical device, such as a urinary catheter, cardiac pacemaker or artificial joint, prompt removal of the device may be needed. For some devices, removal might require surgery.

• #35 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Surgery is usually indicated to drain purulent material from the subperiosteal space or if infected foreign material is present. […] In an infant, septic arthritis of the hip and shoulder is a surgical emergency; these joints should be drained as soon as possible to prevent bony destruction. […] If endocarditis occurs in the presence of an intracardiac foreign body, it may require removal. […] All potential foci of infection should be explored and surgically drained. […] Remove the infected intravenous line in patients who are immunocompromised or severely ill or when infection is impossible to eradicate medically.

• #36 Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1215/p2474.html

  Treatment for S. aureus osteomyelitis should include at least four to six weeks of antimicrobial therapy. […] Infected hardware generally requires removal, which may be delayed with use of oral antimicrobials until stability is ensured if there is bone nonunion. […] Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend removal of non-tunneled central venous catheters associated with S. aureus bacteremia. […] A beta-lactam (i.e., nafcillin) is the drug of choice for patients with MSSA not allergic to penicillin; vancomycin is preferred for MRSA catheter-associated infections.

• #37 Staphylococcal Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-treatment

  Promptly start antimicrobial therapy when S aureus infection is documented or strongly suspected. Appropriate choices depend on local susceptibility patterns. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has published detailed guidelines on the treatment of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) infections. […] Patients are defined as having uncomplicated MRSA bacteremia if endocarditis has been excluded; there are no implanted prostheses; follow-up blood cultures performed on specimens obtained 2 to 4 days after the initial positive set do not grow MRSA; defervescence occurs within 72 hours of initiating effective therapy; and there is no evidence of metastatic sites of infection. Such patients can be treated for 14 days with a low relapse/failure rate. […] Temporary intravascular devices should be promptly removed if infection is suspected. Long-term intravascular devices should be removed if infection with S aureus is documented.

• #38 Surgical Treatment for Staphylococcal Infections | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/staphylococcal-infections/treatments/surgical-treatment-for-staphylococcal-infections

  If a staphylococcal infection is located in a wound or affects muscles or the fibers surrounding the muscles, it may need to be surgically cleaned. […] At NYU Langone, draining a wound is the main treatment for staph infections of the skin. This procedure involves using a sterile tool such as a needle, scalpel, or lancet to make a small incision in the skin. The doctor drains the pus that has collected there. […] If the staph infection is deep inside a wound, a doctor may use a procedure called debridement to remove contaminated tissue. […] If a staph infection is located at the site of a device or prosthetic, such as an intravenous line or a pacemaker, the doctor may need to remove the device. Surgery may be required to remove the prosthetic or device and clean the infected area. […] If a joint implant becomes infected, doctors may remove the prosthetic joint and insert an antibiotic spacer in its place. […] Infection in the joints or bones and a postoperative abscessa buildup of pus or infected fluid surrounded by inflamed tissuemay also require surgery to remove affected tissues.

• #39 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Duration of parenteral therapy is often debated. […] Some authors have demonstrated efficacy with 1 week of parenteral therapy followed with 3 weeks of oral therapy. […] Consider a switch to oral therapy based on the considerations mentioned above. […] Duration of therapy for endocarditis, which is a life-threatening infection, is at least 4 weeks. […] The combination of a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside (usually gentamicin) is advocated, because it increases bacterial killing in vitro and in animal models of endocarditis. […] In patients with MRSA, combinations of vancomycin with aminoglycosides should be used. […] In all cases the aminoglycoside is only added for the first 3 days. […] Rifampin, because of its lipid solubility, is another potent agent when used in combination with nafcillin and gentamicin or vancomycin and gentamicin, especially in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis.

• #40 Treatments for Staph Infection: Antibiotics, Surgery, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/staph-infection/guide/treatment/

  People with serious MRSA infections are usually treated with the antibiotic vancomycin, although in recent years some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have become resistant or less sensitive to it, too. […] Some serious MRSA infections are treated with a combination of two or more antibiotics. […] Treatment will vary depending on the type, location, and severity of the infection. […] In some very severe cases, surgery may also be needed. It should be noted that very severe cases of staphylococcus infection can be life-threatening, so if you are having more severe symptoms, seek care immediately.

• #41 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Rifampin should never be used alone because resistance can develop. […] The response to therapy is usually slow, and patients may continue to have bacteremia, fever, and leukocytosis for at least a week after therapy is initiated. […] Some authors recommend obtaining blood cultures after the end of therapy. […] Treatment with antibiotics is specific to the etiologic agent and its characteristics. […] Drainage of any collections of pus is of paramount importance. […] For small abscesses in afebrile toddlers and children, drainage alone may suffice, since treatment with efficacious and nonefficacious systemic antibacterial therapy was equivalent if adequate drainage had occurred. […] Placement of a subcutaneous drain, rather than formal incision and drainage, has proven successful.

• #42 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Rifampin should never be used alone because resistance can develop. […] The response to therapy is usually slow, and patients may continue to have bacteremia, fever, and leukocytosis for at least a week after therapy is initiated. […] Some authors recommend obtaining blood cultures after the end of therapy. […] Treatment with antibiotics is specific to the etiologic agent and its characteristics. […] Drainage of any collections of pus is of paramount importance. […] For small abscesses in afebrile toddlers and children, drainage alone may suffice, since treatment with efficacious and nonefficacious systemic antibacterial therapy was equivalent if adequate drainage had occurred. […] Placement of a subcutaneous drain, rather than formal incision and drainage, has proven successful.

• #43 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Staphylococcus-Aureus-Treatment.aspx

  Infections of soft tissues and skin the primary treatment is removal of foci of infection by drainage of pus from abscesses, cellulitis etc. Choice of antibiotics for MSSA include Cephalexin, Dicloxacillin, Clindamycin, Amoxicillin/clavulanate etc. For MRSA antibiotics like Cotrimoxazole, Clindamycin, tetracyclines, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Linezolid etc. may be used. For skin infections local application of antibiotics like Mupirocin 2% ointment are also prescribed. […] Lung infections or pneumonia for MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin etc. may be used. […] Bone and joint infections for MSSA oxacillin, cefazolin, nafcillin, gentamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Coptrimoxazole etc. may be used. […] Brain and meninges infection (meningitis) – for MSSA oxacillin, cefazolin, nafcillin, gentamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Cotrimoxazole etc. may be used. […] Toxic Shock Syndrome – for MSSA oxacillin, nafcillin, clindamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin etc. may be used.

• #44 Staph Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21165-staph-infection-staphylococcus-infection

  Healthcare providers prescribe antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections. In severe cases, a staph infection can cause serious health complications and death. […] Most cases of staph infection on the skin can be treated with a topical antibiotic (applied to your skin). Your healthcare provider may also drain a boil or abscess by making a small incision (cut) to let the pus out. […] Healthcare providers also prescribe oral antibiotics (taken by mouth) to treat staph infections inside your body and on your skin. The antibiotic will vary depending on the type of infection. In severe staph infections, providers use IV (intravenous) antibiotics to kill the bacteria. […] If left untreated, staph infections can be deadly. Rarely, staph germs are resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. This infection, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), causes severe infection and death. […] Its important to seek medical help if you think you might have a staph infection. To relieve the symptoms of staph infection on your skin, clean the affected area with soap and water. You can try cold compresses and over-the-counter pain relievers to help with discomfort.

• #45 How to Care for a Staph Infection at Home Before Visiting Urgent Care in Stamford, CT

  https://docsmedicalgroup.com/docsurgentcare/how-to-care-for-a-staph-infection-at-home-before-visiting-urgent-care-in-stamford-ct/

  How to Manage Staph Infection at Home […] Effectively managing a staph infection at home can help prevent the infection from worsening and can help you prepare if there’s a need to visit urgent care in Stamford, CT. […] 1. Take Immediate Actions […] Clean the Affected Area […] Properly cleaning the infected area is the first step in home care. Use mild soap and warm water to wash the area gently, then pat it dry with a clean towel. This helps remove bacteria and reduces the risk of spreading the infection. […] Apply Over-the-Counter Treatments […] Over-the-counter antibiotic ointments, such as Neosporin, can help reduce infection. Apply a thin layer of the ointment to the affected area and cover it with a clean bandage. Pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.

• #46 Staph Infection: Treatment Options

  https://www.health.com/staph-infection-treatment-8558779

  Staph infections are caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, most commonly the Staphylococcus aureus strain. […] Treatment varies depending on how far the infection has progressed and what type of bacteria caused the infection. While you can treat most minor infections at home, more severe infections that affect the blood, bones, or organs will require medical treatment. […] But antibiotics are the gold standard for treating most staph infections. Antibiotic medications help kill the bacteria that are causing your symptoms. […] One common treatment for MRSA is a medication called Vancocin (vancomycin). […] A staph infection that enters your bloodstream can increase your risk of a serious complication called sepsis (or, septic shock). […] Your healthcare provider may suggest one or more of the following options depending on the exact infection you have: Cleaning and draining the pus out of abscesses, Using topical, oral, or injectable antibiotics, Surgically removing dead skin to help the wounds or blisters heal.

• #47 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Staphylococcus-Aureus-Treatment.aspx

  Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of manifestations and diseases. The treatment of choice for S. aureus infection is penicillin. […] The first line therapy is penicillinase-resistant penicillins like oxacillin or flucloxacillin. Therapy is often given in combination with aminoglycosides like gentamicin for more serious infections. The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity. […] MRSA infections in both the hospital and community setting are commonly treated with non–lactam antibiotics such as clindamycin (a lincosamine) and co-trimoxazole (also commonly known as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). In severe cases vancomycin is used. […] Treatment for bacteremia or blood infection with S. aureus or infection from a medical device the medical device or the foci of the infection needs to be removed after identification. Of antibiotics -lactams, oxacillin, nafcillin, cefazolin etc. are preferred. For MRSA vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, Quinupristin/dalfopristin, Cotrimoxazole, Ceftaroline, Telavancin etc. are chosen.

• #48 Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1215/p2474.html

  Treatment for S. aureus osteomyelitis should include at least four to six weeks of antimicrobial therapy. […] Infected hardware generally requires removal, which may be delayed with use of oral antimicrobials until stability is ensured if there is bone nonunion. […] Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend removal of non-tunneled central venous catheters associated with S. aureus bacteremia. […] A beta-lactam (i.e., nafcillin) is the drug of choice for patients with MSSA not allergic to penicillin; vancomycin is preferred for MRSA catheter-associated infections.

• #49 Staphylococcal Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-treatment

  Promptly start antimicrobial therapy when S aureus infection is documented or strongly suspected. Appropriate choices depend on local susceptibility patterns. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has published detailed guidelines on the treatment of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) infections. […] Patients are defined as having uncomplicated MRSA bacteremia if endocarditis has been excluded; there are no implanted prostheses; follow-up blood cultures performed on specimens obtained 2 to 4 days after the initial positive set do not grow MRSA; defervescence occurs within 72 hours of initiating effective therapy; and there is no evidence of metastatic sites of infection. Such patients can be treated for 14 days with a low relapse/failure rate. […] Temporary intravascular devices should be promptly removed if infection is suspected. Long-term intravascular devices should be removed if infection with S aureus is documented.

• #50 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Treatment guidelines have been published. […] Appropriately monitor renal function, CBC count, and serum hepatic transaminase levels while patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection are undergoing therapy. […] Impetigo and other minor skin infections (ie, superficial or localized infections) may be treated with a topical agent such as mupirocin or retapamulin. […] More extensive or serious skin disease and bullous impetigo are treated with oral antistaphylococcal agents, as noted above. […] Empirically, initiating a semisynthetic penicillin (eg, oxacillin [150 mg/kg/d]) and clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/d) is a good choice for most cases of community-acquired osteomyelitis. […] In patients with allergy to penicillin, a first-generation cephalosporin and clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/d) are an excellent alternative.

• #51 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Staphylococcus-Aureus-Treatment.aspx

  Infections of soft tissues and skin the primary treatment is removal of foci of infection by drainage of pus from abscesses, cellulitis etc. Choice of antibiotics for MSSA include Cephalexin, Dicloxacillin, Clindamycin, Amoxicillin/clavulanate etc. For MRSA antibiotics like Cotrimoxazole, Clindamycin, tetracyclines, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Linezolid etc. may be used. For skin infections local application of antibiotics like Mupirocin 2% ointment are also prescribed. […] Lung infections or pneumonia for MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin etc. may be used. […] Bone and joint infections for MSSA oxacillin, cefazolin, nafcillin, gentamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Coptrimoxazole etc. may be used. […] Brain and meninges infection (meningitis) – for MSSA oxacillin, cefazolin, nafcillin, gentamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Cotrimoxazole etc. may be used. […] Toxic Shock Syndrome – for MSSA oxacillin, nafcillin, clindamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin etc. may be used.

• #52 Management of Staphylococcus aureus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1215/p2474.html

  Because of high incidence, morbidity, and antimicrobial resistance, Staphylococcus aureus infections are a growing concern for family physicians. […] New antimicrobial agents, including daptomycin and linezolid, are available as treatment. […] Vancomycin (Vancocin) should not be used for known methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections unless there is a betalactam allergy. […] Physicians should be aware of the regional prevalence of community-acquired MRSA and plan empiric therapy for S. aureus infections accordingly. […] Most adult patients with osteomyelitis require four to six weeks of parenteral therapy or prolonged courses (three to six months) of oral antibiotics with high bioavailability. […] Most abscesses and empyemas require drainage, but limited evidence from case reports is available that some small abscesses of susceptible organisms in clinically stable patients respond to medical therapy without drainage.

• #53 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Use vancomycin or linezolid when the other drugs mentioned are absolutely not tolerated or when resistance or the clinical course dictates. […] The duration of therapy is a controversial topic in the literature, but the consensus among multiple authors is that the minimum effective treatment time is 4-6 weeks. […] A switch to oral therapy is acceptable if the child is able to take oral antibiotics, is afebrile, and if he or she has demonstrated a good clinical response to parenteral antibiotics. […] As in osteomyelitis, initiate an appropriate antistaphylococcal drug (eg, oxacillin, which is penicillinase resistant; clindamycin; cefazolin) parenterally. […] These antibiotics readily reach joint fluid, and the concentration in the joint fluid is 30% of the serum value. […] Therapy usually continues for at least 4 weeks.

• #54 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Duration of parenteral therapy is often debated. […] Some authors have demonstrated efficacy with 1 week of parenteral therapy followed with 3 weeks of oral therapy. […] Consider a switch to oral therapy based on the considerations mentioned above. […] Duration of therapy for endocarditis, which is a life-threatening infection, is at least 4 weeks. […] The combination of a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside (usually gentamicin) is advocated, because it increases bacterial killing in vitro and in animal models of endocarditis. […] In patients with MRSA, combinations of vancomycin with aminoglycosides should be used. […] In all cases the aminoglycoside is only added for the first 3 days. […] Rifampin, because of its lipid solubility, is another potent agent when used in combination with nafcillin and gentamicin or vancomycin and gentamicin, especially in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis.

• #55 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Staphylococcus-Aureus-Treatment.aspx

  Infections of soft tissues and skin the primary treatment is removal of foci of infection by drainage of pus from abscesses, cellulitis etc. Choice of antibiotics for MSSA include Cephalexin, Dicloxacillin, Clindamycin, Amoxicillin/clavulanate etc. For MRSA antibiotics like Cotrimoxazole, Clindamycin, tetracyclines, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Linezolid etc. may be used. For skin infections local application of antibiotics like Mupirocin 2% ointment are also prescribed. […] Lung infections or pneumonia for MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin etc. may be used. […] Bone and joint infections for MSSA oxacillin, cefazolin, nafcillin, gentamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Coptrimoxazole etc. may be used. […] Brain and meninges infection (meningitis) – for MSSA oxacillin, cefazolin, nafcillin, gentamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Cotrimoxazole etc. may be used. […] Toxic Shock Syndrome – for MSSA oxacillin, nafcillin, clindamycin etc. may be used. For MRSA cases Linezolid, Vancomycin, Clindamycin etc. may be used.

• #56 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Duration of parenteral therapy is often debated. […] Some authors have demonstrated efficacy with 1 week of parenteral therapy followed with 3 weeks of oral therapy. […] Consider a switch to oral therapy based on the considerations mentioned above. […] Duration of therapy for endocarditis, which is a life-threatening infection, is at least 4 weeks. […] The combination of a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside (usually gentamicin) is advocated, because it increases bacterial killing in vitro and in animal models of endocarditis. […] In patients with MRSA, combinations of vancomycin with aminoglycosides should be used. […] In all cases the aminoglycoside is only added for the first 3 days. […] Rifampin, because of its lipid solubility, is another potent agent when used in combination with nafcillin and gentamicin or vancomycin and gentamicin, especially in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis.

• #57 Staphylococcus aureus | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540518/all/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Daptomycin: caution for use with vancomycin MIC 1.0, especially if switching from vancomycin therapy due to higher rates of non-susceptibility of daptomycin and clinical failures. […] VISA and VRSA infections remain rare, which is much different than with the Enterococcus (VRE). […] The appropriate duration of therapy improves outcomes. […] Treatment: MSSA: superiority of -lactams make clear favorite over vancomycin. […] Preferred: Oxacillin 2g IV q4h, Nafcillin 2g IV q4h. […] Alternatives: For non-life-threatening PCN allergy: cefazolin 2g IV q8h. […] Consider oxacillin/nafcillin desensitization for life-threatening Type 1 PCN allergy (hives/anaphylaxis). […] Severe beta-lactam allergy: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h, Daptomycin 6-8 mg/kg IV q24h. […] MRSA or life-threatening PCN allergy: Preferred: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg q 8-12h.

• #58 Staphylococcal infections

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/staphylococcal_infections/

  If your child has recurrent staph infections, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic cream (e.g. Bactroban). This should be applied under your child’s fingernails and around their nostrils to help get rid of the staph bacteria, and reduce the chance of your child being reinfected. […] Good hygiene is essential when caring for a child with a staph infection. Hands need to be washed with soap and water before and after contact with the child and their surroundings. […] A bleach bath may be recommend by a health professional. This will reduce the amount of bacteria on the skin and will help to treat the current infection. […] If your child is prescribed antibiotics, the full course of antibiotics should be completed. If the infection does not get better, go back to your GP. […] Antibiotics are usually needed to treat staph infections. The full course of antibiotics should be completed. […] Staph infections resistant to some antibiotics are called MRSA or golden staph infections, however they can still be treated by some antibiotics.

• #59 Staphylococcal skin infections

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/staphylococcal-skin-infection

  The treatment of staphylococcal infection includes: […] Appropriate antibiotics, including oral antibiotics cephalexin, clindamycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate […] Drainage of pus from infection site […] Surgical removal (debridement) of dead tissue (necrosis) […] Removal of foreign bodies (eg stitches) that may be a focus of persisting infection […] Treating the underlying skin disease (eg atopic eczema). […] Due to widespread antibiotic resistance, it is better to prevent staphylococcal infection where possible. […] Your doctor may also suggest clearing bacteria that colonise the nostrils and under the fingernails with antibiotic ointment (eg. fusidic acid or mupirocin) used twice daily for one week of each month, often for 6 months (this may vary). […] Twice weekly bleach baths may be useful.

• #60 Staphylococcal Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-treatment

  Multiple decolonization regimens have been used in patients with recurrent staphylococcal infection. Treatment with topical mupirocin, chlorhexidine gluconate washes, and oral rifampin plus doxycycline for 7 days eradicated MRSA colonization in hospitalized patients. Household members should avoid sharing personal hygiene items; decolonization of all household members should be recommended to patients with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections or to patients with multiple household members who experience skin and soft tissue infections. […] Consultation with an infectious disease specialist should be obtained for all patients with S aureus bacteremia. Doing so results in improved adherence to IDSA guidelines, decreased in-hospital mortality, and earlier discharge. Pharmacist intervention through vancomycin dosing has been shown to improve survival rates in a retrospective study of patients with MRSA bacteremia.

• #61 Staph infections – recurring | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/s/staph-infections-recurring/

  For most people staph skin infections clear up after treatment and seldom return, but for some people staph skin infections can recur or be an ongoing problem. […] If you have a staph skin infection it must first be treated with antibiotics from your healthcare provider. […] Your doctor may advise you to have a bath daily for seven days with an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine. […] Alternatively, your doctor may recommend you have a bleach bath 2 or 3 times for 1 week, by adding household bleach to your bath or tub with warm water. […] Because staph bacteria tend to live in the nose, your doctor may advise you to apply an antibiotic ointment (such as fusidic acid ointment or mupirocin) to your nostrils 3 times a day for 7 days to help clear it up. […] In such cases your doctor may give you a longer course of antibiotics (sometimes 1 week on, 3 weeks off for up to 6 months). […] Have everyone in your home do these things: Clean scratches, insect bites or other wounds and cover them with a plaster. […] Wash towels and sheets regularly in hot water and dry them well, or add a capful of bleach to the wash cycle. […] Preventing treating staphylococcal skin infections.

• #62 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Treatment guidelines have been published. […] Appropriately monitor renal function, CBC count, and serum hepatic transaminase levels while patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection are undergoing therapy. […] Impetigo and other minor skin infections (ie, superficial or localized infections) may be treated with a topical agent such as mupirocin or retapamulin. […] More extensive or serious skin disease and bullous impetigo are treated with oral antistaphylococcal agents, as noted above. […] Empirically, initiating a semisynthetic penicillin (eg, oxacillin [150 mg/kg/d]) and clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/d) is a good choice for most cases of community-acquired osteomyelitis. […] In patients with allergy to penicillin, a first-generation cephalosporin and clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/d) are an excellent alternative.

• #63 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-treatment

  Rifampin should never be used alone because resistance can develop. […] The response to therapy is usually slow, and patients may continue to have bacteremia, fever, and leukocytosis for at least a week after therapy is initiated. […] Some authors recommend obtaining blood cultures after the end of therapy. […] Treatment with antibiotics is specific to the etiologic agent and its characteristics. […] Drainage of any collections of pus is of paramount importance. […] For small abscesses in afebrile toddlers and children, drainage alone may suffice, since treatment with efficacious and nonefficacious systemic antibacterial therapy was equivalent if adequate drainage had occurred. […] Placement of a subcutaneous drain, rather than formal incision and drainage, has proven successful.

• #64 Staphylococcus aureus | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540518/all/Staphylococcus_aureus

  Consider decolonization for recurrent soft tissue infections: potential approaches include Mupirocin 2% ointment to nares twice daily for 5-10 days. […] If antibiotics are employed, obtaining cultures is recommended helping guide therapy. […] For patients with bacteremia or endocarditis, follow-up blood cultures should be obtained to document clearance of bacteremia while on therapy. […] Mortality has been described as ranging 20-40%, with MRSA usually higher than MSSA bacteremia.

• #65 Staphylococcal Infections Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-treatment

  Multiple decolonization regimens have been used in patients with recurrent staphylococcal infection. Treatment with topical mupirocin, chlorhexidine gluconate washes, and oral rifampin plus doxycycline for 7 days eradicated MRSA colonization in hospitalized patients. Household members should avoid sharing personal hygiene items; decolonization of all household members should be recommended to patients with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections or to patients with multiple household members who experience skin and soft tissue infections. […] Consultation with an infectious disease specialist should be obtained for all patients with S aureus bacteremia. Doing so results in improved adherence to IDSA guidelines, decreased in-hospital mortality, and earlier discharge. Pharmacist intervention through vancomycin dosing has been shown to improve survival rates in a retrospective study of patients with MRSA bacteremia.

• #66 Staph infections – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20356221

  Staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart. […] Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cleaning of the infected area. However, some staph infections no longer respond, or become resistant, to common antibiotics. To treat antibiotic-resistant staph infections, health care providers may need to use antibiotics that can cause more side effects.

• #67 Staph Infections: Symptoms, Stages, Causes, Treatment, Contagiousness

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/staph-infection-cellulitis

  Antibiotics are used to treat staph infections. But there’s been a gradual change in how well these antibiotics work. While most staph infections used to be treatable with penicillin, stronger antibiotics are now used. […] In about 50% of cases, however, resistance is seen to even these stronger antibiotics. These cases are no longer just happening in hospitals as once was true but now are occurring in the general community. That’s been a problem. Many doctors are accustomed to using certain antibiotics, but those then fail because of antibiotic resistance. There are several more potent antibiotics now, but doctors need to know when to use them to prevent further antibiotic resistance. […] There’s another treatment sometimes used with staph infections. If the infection goes so deep that it involves muscles or fibers that enclose the muscles, it needs to be surgically cleaned. […] Most staph infections can be treated with antibiotics administered by a doctor.

• #68 Staphylococcus aureus – golden staph | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/staphylococcus-aureus-golden-staph

  Experts propose: a more conservative approach to using antibiotics, the use of narrow-spectrum rather than broad-spectrum antibiotics, limiting the use of antibiotics like vancomycin, maintaining or upgrading hygiene practices in hospitals and the community, good infection prevention and control measures, such as hand washing, developing new lines of antibiotics that are effective against golden staph.

• #69 Care of a Staphylococcus aureus Infection – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/care.html

  Clean your hands frequently with an antibacterial soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub, especially after changing your bandages or touching the drainage. […] If you get a cut or scrape on your skin, clean it with soap and water and then cover it with a bandage. […] Do not touch sores; if you do touch a sore, clean your hands right away. […] Keep the infected area covered with clean, dry bandages. […] Cover any infected sores with a bandage and clean your hands right away after putting on the bandage. […] Wear clothes that cover your bandages and sores, if possible. […] Throw used dressings away promptly. […] Do not participate in contact sports until your sores have healed. […] Do not go to a public gym, sauna, hot tub or pool until sores have healed. […] When touching your laundry or changing your sheets, hold the dirty laundry away from your body and clothes to prevent bacteria from getting on your clothes.

• #70 Care of a Staphylococcus aureus Infection – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/care.html

  Wear disposable gloves to touch laundry that is soiled with body fluids, like drainage from a sore, urine or feces. […] Immediately put the laundry into the washer or into a plastic bag until it can be washed. […] Wash your laundry with warm or hot water, use bleach if possible. […] Clean frequently used areas of your home (bathrooms, countertops, etc.) daily with a household disinfectant or bleach solution. […] It is important that you clean daily. Especially items or surfaces you touch often.

• #71 Staph infection: Types, symptoms, causes, treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/staph-infection

  Staphylococcus bacteria cause staph infections. […] Depending on the cause, doctors may use antibiotics, surgery, or other methods to treat them. […] Antibiotics are effective treatments for most staph infections. […] The first-line treatment for MRSA is Vancomycin, an antibiotic. […] Treatment options will depend on the type and severity of the staph infection. Most treatment courses will involve antibiotics. […] Depending on the type of infection, a doctor may prescribe oral antibiotics, creams or ointments, or intravenous antibiotics. […] In many cases, this will be enough to treat the infection. However, other interventions may be necessary in other cases. […] For example, if a skin staph infection involves pus buildup, drainage may be necessary. […] Staph infections that spread to the bones and other internal tissues may require surgery. […] Doctors do not prescribe antibiotics to treat staph food poisoning. […] A person with symptoms of a staph infection should seek treatment to avoid complications.

• #72 Staph Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/staphylococcus.html

  Most small staph skin infections can be treated at home: […] Your doctor may prescribe an oral antibiotic for a staph skin infection. Give it on schedule for as many days as directed. More serious staph infections might need to be treated in a hospital, and an abscess (or pocket of pus) that doesn’t respond to home care might need to be drained. […] To help prevent a staph infection from spreading to other parts of the body: Don’t directly touch the infected skin. Keep the area covered whenever possible. Use a towel only once when you clean or dry the area. After using, wash the towel in hot water. Or use disposable towels.

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