Materiały źródłowe

• #1 A Therapist’s Guide for the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/therapists-guide-to-bdd-tx/

  Most patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) do not seek psychiatric/psychological care, but look for costly surgical, dermatologic, and dental treatments to try to fix perceived appearance flaws that often worsen BDD symptoms. Two empirically-based treatments are available for the treatment of BDD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Several studies have found CBT to successfully reduce BDD severity and related symptoms such as depression. […] CBT for BDD typically begins with assessment and psychoeducation, during which the therapist explains and individualizes the CBT model of BDD. In addition, CBT usually includes techniques such as cognitive restructuring, exposure and ritual prevention, and relapse prevention. […] CBT-BDD has been shown to be effective in open and randomized control trials.

• #2 Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343413/

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also known as dysmorphophobia, is a condition that consists of a distressing or impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight defects in appearance, associated repetitive behaviors and where insight regarding the appearance beliefs is often poor. […] We additionally review the cultural considerations for BDD and finally discuss the evidence-based treatment approaches for BDD, particularly the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication and cognitive behavioral therapy. […] The treatment of choice in BDD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medication. […] The evidence for the use of SRI’s in BDD is based on three randomized controlled trials. […] The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines recommend CBT that is specific for BDD, which follows a protocol over 16-24 sessions. […] A meta-analyses of the all of the above six RCTs plus an RCT within the adolescent population concluded that CBT compared to waitlist/psychological placebo was an efficacious treatment for BDD symptoms, depression associated with BDD and levels of insight.

• #3 Body dysmorphic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938

  Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder may include cognitive behavioral therapy and medication. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually doesn’t get better on its own. If left untreated, it may get worse over time, leading to anxiety, extensive medical bills, severe depression, and even suicidal thoughts and behavior. […] Long-term maintenance treatment also may help prevent a relapse of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy.

• #4 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Hospitalization. This can be a good choice if you’re in immediate danger of self-harm or overwhelmed with symptoms. […] You may think that cosmetic surgery or procedures can help, but that’s not necessarily the case. It can often trigger symptoms, make them worse, or cause you to focus on another area of your body. […] Body dysmorphia is treatable. Also, if you have a strong support team, you’ll probably be better off in the long run. There’s no cure, but you may be able to find relief and better support yourself. […] If you have body dysmorphia, professional help is your best bet to ease symptoms or recover. But there are things you can do to support yourself. […] Stick to your treatment plan so symptoms don’t return. […] Stay on medication (if you’re on it) so you don’t have withdrawal symptoms.

• #5 A Therapist’s Guide for the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/therapists-guide-to-bdd-tx/

  Most patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) do not seek psychiatric/psychological care, but look for costly surgical, dermatologic, and dental treatments to try to fix perceived appearance flaws that often worsen BDD symptoms. Two empirically-based treatments are available for the treatment of BDD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Several studies have found CBT to successfully reduce BDD severity and related symptoms such as depression. […] CBT for BDD typically begins with assessment and psychoeducation, during which the therapist explains and individualizes the CBT model of BDD. In addition, CBT usually includes techniques such as cognitive restructuring, exposure and ritual prevention, and relapse prevention. […] CBT-BDD has been shown to be effective in open and randomized control trials.

• #6 The Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Research Program | Columbia University Department of Psychiatry

  https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/research/research-clinics/anxiety-disorders-clinic/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd-research-program

  The first line treatments for BDD are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and a type of medication called serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be the most effective form of psychotherapy for BDD. The goal of CBT is to help individuals reframe negative thoughts about themselves and their appearance and learn strategies to decrease behaviors such as repeatedly checking the mirror, avoiding anxiety-provoking situations, and trying to conceal or fix perceived flaws. […] Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are medications used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, and there is evidence that they can be helpful to reduce obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors in BDD.

• #7 How is BDD Treated? – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/about-bdd/how-is-bdd-treated/

  The category of medications called serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), also known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), is considered the first-line medication treatment for BDD. These medications are antidepressants, but unlike non-SRI antidepressants they also help reduce obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors (which are symptoms of BDD). […] People with BDD who improve with SRIs spend less time obsessing about their appearance and have better control over their compulsive behaviors. […] Individuals with milder or more moderate BDD symptoms may benefit from either medication or therapy alone. Individuals who suffer from severe BDD can potentially improve with either treatment alone, but it is often recommended to combine psychotherapy and medication, especially if the person is suicidal.

• #8 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs, SSRIs) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are currently considered the first-line treatments for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). […] Available data indicate that appropriate pharmacotherapy substantially improves core BDD symptoms, psychosocial functioning, suicidality, and other aspects of BDD in a majority of patients. […] In the author’s view, medication is essential for more severely ill and suicidal patients and for those with severe depressive symptoms. […] This article reviews pharmacologic approaches for BDD. […] First-line approaches (i.e., use of an SRI) have received more investigation than subsequent strategies (e.g., SRI augmentation) that may be needed, and no studies have examined treatment approaches for more highly treatment-refractory patients.

• #9 Body dysmorphic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353944

  Treatment for body dysmorphic disorder often includes a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and medications. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder focuses on: Helping you learn how negative thoughts, emotional reactions and behaviors maintain problems over time. […] Although there are no medications specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat body dysmorphic disorder, medications used to treat other mental health conditions such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder can be effective. […] In some cases, your body dysmorphic disorder symptoms may be so severe that you require psychiatric hospitalization. […] Body dysmorphic disorder warrants treatment from a mental health professional. […] Stick to your treatment plan. Don’t skip therapy sessions, even if you don’t feel like going.

• #10 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  It should be noted that no medication has received FDA approval for the treatment of BDD, because a sufficient number of the type of studies needed to obtain FDA approval have not been done. […] The algorithm is for medication treatment only and does not include CBT, which appears effective for BDD. […] Under-recognition and underdiagnosis of BDD is a major impediment to successful pharmacologic treatment. […] It is important to diagnose BDD when present, because its treatment may differ somewhat from that of other disorders. […] The first essential step of treatment is to engage the patient and establish enough of an alliance that he or she is willing to try medication. […] When discussing treatment options, highlight the potential for medication to diminish the patient’s distress and preoccupation and to improve their functioning and quality of life.

• #11 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  SRIs are the best-studied medications for BDD and are currently considered the medication of choice for BDD. […] Available data consistently indicate that a majority of patients improve with SRI treatment that is appropriate for BDD. […] In a double-blind cross-over trial, the SRI clomipramine was more efficacious than the non-SRI antidepressant desipramine for BDD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and functional disability. […] In a 12-week double-blind parallel-group placebo-controlled study (n=67 randomized subjects), fluoxetine was significantly more efficacious than placebo for BDD symptoms. […] In the above studies, SRIs usually led to decreased preoccupation with the perceived appearance defects and less time performing BDD compulsions, as well as improved control over these thoughts and behaviors.

• #12 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

  https://www.katharinephillipsmd.com/bdd.html

  What Treatments Work for BDD? […] Scientific research studies have shown that two kinds of treatment are often effective: […] 1. Medications called serotonin reuptake inhibitors (also known as SRIs, or SSRIs): These are non-addicting, widely used medications that help stop obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. They also usually improve depression, anxiety, social anxiety, low self-esteem, suicidal thinking, and other symptoms. They’re usually well tolerated and are not habit forming. Often, higher doses are needed than are typically used for other conditions such as depression or anxiety. There are some alternatives to SRIs that may be helpful. Also, certain other medications can be helpful when added to an SRI if an SRI alone is insufficient. The SRI medications are fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), fluvoxamine (Luvox), clomipramine (Anafranil), and citalopram (Celexa). These medications’ brand names, which are in parentheses, may differ in different countries. These medications are probably all equally effective for BDD, but I generally prefer the first three medications in this list, and citalopram is no longer recommended for treatment of BDD. But the best medication choice can differ for different people and needs to be individualized for each person. To see my recent blogs on recommendations for treating body dysmorphic disorder with medication, please click here and click here.

• #13 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  SRIs are the best-studied medications for BDD and are currently considered the medication of choice for BDD. […] Available data consistently indicate that a majority of patients improve with SRI treatment that is appropriate for BDD. […] In a double-blind cross-over trial, the SRI clomipramine was more efficacious than the non-SRI antidepressant desipramine for BDD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and functional disability. […] In a 12-week double-blind parallel-group placebo-controlled study (n=67 randomized subjects), fluoxetine was significantly more efficacious than placebo for BDD symptoms. […] In the above studies, SRIs usually led to decreased preoccupation with the perceived appearance defects and less time performing BDD compulsions, as well as improved control over these thoughts and behaviors.

• #14 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Treatment consists of medications (specifically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] or clomipramine), psychotherapy (specifically, cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]), or both. […] SSRIs or clomipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant with potent serotonergic effects) are often very effective in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. An SSRI is typically preferred over clomipramine as initial pharmacologic therapy. Patients often require higher doses than are typically needed for depression and most anxiety disorders. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy that is tailored to the specific symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder is the psychotherapy of choice. Cognitive approaches (eg, cognitive restructuring) and exposure and ritual prevention are essential elements of therapy. […] Many experts believe that combining cognitive-behavioral therapy with medications is best for severe cases. […] Cosmetic treatment is not recommended. It is almost always ineffective, and clinicians who provide such treatment may be at risk of legal or physical threats or behaviors by dissatisfied patients.

• #15 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  Different SRIs have not been directly compared to one another in a methodologically rigorous prospective study, so it is unclear whether they are differentially efficacious. […] The author generally suggests quicker titration for very ill or suicidal patients. […] A general recommendation is to attempt to reach the maximum SRI dose recommended by the pharmaceutical company by week 5 to 9 of treatment, if tolerated, unless a lower dose is efficacious. […] The optimal duration of an augmentation trial is unclear, although in the author’s clinical experience 6-8 weeks is probably adequate. […] Patients who respond to one SRI appear very likely to respond to another SRI. […] The author recommends continuing an effective SRI for several years, if not longer. […] Knowledge about effective pharmacotherapy for BDD has dramatically increased in recent years, and a majority of patients can improve with the approaches discussed in this review. […] However, additional pharmacotherapy research is greatly needed, including placebo controlled studies of SRIs and other medications, as well as augmentation studies, continuation studies, and relapse prevention studies.

• #16 In Pursuit of Perfection: A Primary Care Physician’s Guide to Body Dysmorphic Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/1015/p1738.html

  Treatment approaches to BDD involve the use of therapeutic agents, principally selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Three retrospective studies demonstrated improvement of BDD with the use of SSRIs. These results lead to speculation that the etiology of BDD is related to poor regulation and depletion of serotonin, although altered serotonin physiology may be either a consequence or a marker of this disorder. Two prospective studies that used open-label SSRIs demonstrated clinical efficacy, including decreased preoccupation with the perceived defect, decreased ritualistic behavior, improved insight, and improved social, academic and occupation functioning. […] Dosages of SSRIs may need to be higher than those typically recommended for eating disorders. For resolution of BDD, suggested dosages of SSRIs include the following ranges: fluvoxamine (Luvox), 200 to 250 mg per day; fluoxetine (Prozac), 40 to 80 mg per day; paroxetine (Paxil), 40 to 60 mg per day; or sertraline (Zoloft), 100 to 200 mg per day. Neuroleptics alone may not cure BDD but may be useful adjuncts to SSRIs in alleviating symptoms of BDD that are unresponsive to SSRIs alone.

• #17 In Pursuit of Perfection: A Primary Care Physician’s Guide to Body Dysmorphic Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/1015/p1738.html

  Treatment approaches to BDD involve the use of therapeutic agents, principally selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Three retrospective studies demonstrated improvement of BDD with the use of SSRIs. These results lead to speculation that the etiology of BDD is related to poor regulation and depletion of serotonin, although altered serotonin physiology may be either a consequence or a marker of this disorder. Two prospective studies that used open-label SSRIs demonstrated clinical efficacy, including decreased preoccupation with the perceived defect, decreased ritualistic behavior, improved insight, and improved social, academic and occupation functioning. […] Dosages of SSRIs may need to be higher than those typically recommended for eating disorders. For resolution of BDD, suggested dosages of SSRIs include the following ranges: fluvoxamine (Luvox), 200 to 250 mg per day; fluoxetine (Prozac), 40 to 80 mg per day; paroxetine (Paxil), 40 to 60 mg per day; or sertraline (Zoloft), 100 to 200 mg per day. Neuroleptics alone may not cure BDD but may be useful adjuncts to SSRIs in alleviating symptoms of BDD that are unresponsive to SSRIs alone.

• #18 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  SRIs are the best-studied medications for BDD and are currently considered the medication of choice for BDD. […] Available data consistently indicate that a majority of patients improve with SRI treatment that is appropriate for BDD. […] In a double-blind cross-over trial, the SRI clomipramine was more efficacious than the non-SRI antidepressant desipramine for BDD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and functional disability. […] In a 12-week double-blind parallel-group placebo-controlled study (n=67 randomized subjects), fluoxetine was significantly more efficacious than placebo for BDD symptoms. […] In the above studies, SRIs usually led to decreased preoccupation with the perceived appearance defects and less time performing BDD compulsions, as well as improved control over these thoughts and behaviors.

• #19 What does it mean to have Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?

  https://anxietyinathletes.org/athletes/i-want-to-learn/bdd/

  Research studies about other medications for BDD are very limited. At this time, non-SRI medications are not currently recommended as the only medication treatment for BDD. […] Studies have shown that, on average, about 66%-75% of people will experience a 30% or more reduction in BDD symptoms from taking an SRI. This includes noticeable improvements in terms of reduced distress and improved day-to-day functioning. Some people’s symptoms go away completely with an SRI. If your medication doesn’t feel like enough, options include increasing the SRI dose, trying another medication, or trying CBT. […] CBT for adults with BDD is effective in improving BDD symptoms and has also been shown to improve related symptoms such as depression, lack of insight, poor body image, low self-esteem, and social anxiety.

• #20 What does it mean to have Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?

  https://anxietyinathletes.org/athletes/i-want-to-learn/bdd/

  SRI medications are effective for BDD symptoms, and they also improve related symptoms such as depression, lack of insight, struggle functioning, and low quality of life. […] Cosmetic treatments (e.g., cosmetic surgery and/or other cosmetic procedures) rarely improve BDD symptoms, and often make them worse.

• #21 How is BDD Treated? – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/about-bdd/how-is-bdd-treated/

  In summary, CBT for adults with BDD is effective in improving BDD symptoms and has also been shown to improve related symptoms, such as depression, insight, body image, self-esteem and social anxiety. SRI medications are also effective for BDD symptoms, and they also improve related symptoms, such as depression, insight, functioning, and quality of life.

• #22 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/

  The symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can get better with treatment. […] If your symptoms are relatively mild, you should be referred for a type of talking therapy called cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which you have either on your own or in a group. […] If you have moderate symptoms, you should be offered either CBT or a type of antidepressant medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). […] If your symptoms are more severe, or other treatments do not work, you should be offered CBT together with an SSRI. […] CBT can help you manage your BDD symptoms by changing the way you think and behave. […] CBT for treating BDD will usually include a technique known as exposure and response prevention (ERP). […] SSRIs are a type of antidepressant. […] If treatment with both CBT and an SSRI has not improved your BDD symptoms after 12 weeks, you may be prescribed a different type of SSRI or another antidepressant called clomipramine. […] If you do not see any improvements in your symptoms, you may be referred to a mental health clinic or hospital that specialises in BDD, such as the National OCD/BDD Service in London.

• #23

  https://slam.nhs.uk/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd

  CBT can help you manage your BDD symptoms by changing the way you think and behave. […] SSRIs are a type of antidepressant. […] If treatment with both CBT and an SSRI has not improved your BDD symptoms after 12 weeks, you may be prescribed a different type of SSRI or another antidepressant called clomipramine.

• #24 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Treatment for body dysmorphia likely will include a combination of the following therapies: […] Psychotherapy. This is a type of individual counseling that focuses on changing your thinking (cognitive therapy) and behavior (behavioral therapy) to better support you. Often, therapists turn to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) because it helps you recognize negative thoughts and learn how to think more supportively about yourself. Counseling also can be in a group format and can include others who have body dysmorphia. It can also include family members or loved ones. […] Medication. Certain antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are showing promise in treating body dysmorphia. They work better than other antidepressants, research shows. Antipsychotic medicines such as aripiprazole (Abilify), olanzapine (Zyprexa), or pimozide (Orap) (either alone or in combination with an SSRI) can also help. There’s no FDA-approved drug to treat body dysmorphia, specifically. Anywhere from 50% to 80% of people who go on medication have fewer symptoms or less severe ones. They’re less likely to relapse if symptoms return.

• #25 In Pursuit of Perfection: A Primary Care Physician’s Guide to Body Dysmorphic Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/1015/p1738.html

  Treatment approaches to BDD involve the use of therapeutic agents, principally selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Three retrospective studies demonstrated improvement of BDD with the use of SSRIs. These results lead to speculation that the etiology of BDD is related to poor regulation and depletion of serotonin, although altered serotonin physiology may be either a consequence or a marker of this disorder. Two prospective studies that used open-label SSRIs demonstrated clinical efficacy, including decreased preoccupation with the perceived defect, decreased ritualistic behavior, improved insight, and improved social, academic and occupation functioning. […] Dosages of SSRIs may need to be higher than those typically recommended for eating disorders. For resolution of BDD, suggested dosages of SSRIs include the following ranges: fluvoxamine (Luvox), 200 to 250 mg per day; fluoxetine (Prozac), 40 to 80 mg per day; paroxetine (Paxil), 40 to 60 mg per day; or sertraline (Zoloft), 100 to 200 mg per day. Neuroleptics alone may not cure BDD but may be useful adjuncts to SSRIs in alleviating symptoms of BDD that are unresponsive to SSRIs alone.

• #26 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  Different SRIs have not been directly compared to one another in a methodologically rigorous prospective study, so it is unclear whether they are differentially efficacious. […] The author generally suggests quicker titration for very ill or suicidal patients. […] A general recommendation is to attempt to reach the maximum SRI dose recommended by the pharmaceutical company by week 5 to 9 of treatment, if tolerated, unless a lower dose is efficacious. […] The optimal duration of an augmentation trial is unclear, although in the author’s clinical experience 6-8 weeks is probably adequate. […] Patients who respond to one SRI appear very likely to respond to another SRI. […] The author recommends continuing an effective SRI for several years, if not longer. […] Knowledge about effective pharmacotherapy for BDD has dramatically increased in recent years, and a majority of patients can improve with the approaches discussed in this review. […] However, additional pharmacotherapy research is greatly needed, including placebo controlled studies of SRIs and other medications, as well as augmentation studies, continuation studies, and relapse prevention studies.

• #27 How is BDD Treated? – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/about-bdd/how-is-bdd-treated/

  There are both therapy- and medication-based treatment options to help those with BDD. The goal of these treatments is to improve quality of life and overall day-to-day functioning of those with BDD, while also decreasing appearance preoccupations, the distress associated with appearance concerns, and compulsive behaviors that are also commonly seen in BDD. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to improve BDD symptoms in a majority of people, both in individual therapy or group therapy. It is the only type of psychological treatment for BDD that is well supported by research studies. Importantly, CBT must be tailored to BDD’s unique symptoms. […] A type of medication called serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) is the first-line medication treatment for BDD. These medications significantly improve BDD in a majority of people.

• #28 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Therapy & Counseling for OCD & Eating Disorders

  https://kimberleyquinlan-lmft.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is known to be the gold-standard treatment for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). CBT involves learning how to identify distorted thoughts and restructure them into more reasonable and rational ones. This is commonly called Cognitive Therapy. Patients will use Body Dysmorphic Disorder worksheets and handouts to create new ways of thinking about their ability to cope with these struggles. […] Body Dysmorphic Disorder treatments also involve Exposure and Prevention (ERP), which is a form of Behavioral Therapy used to help a client manage their perceived flaw while also practicing not engaging in compulsive safety behaviors. Using a hierarchy created by the client, the client will practice managing their fears and preoccupation about their perceived flaw while using tools such as Mindfulness and Self-Compassion. […] Supplemental treatments of Body Dysmorphic Disorder also involve Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindful Self-Compassion and also Dialectical Behavior Therapy.

• #29 A Therapist’s Guide for the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/therapists-guide-to-bdd-tx/

  Most patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) do not seek psychiatric/psychological care, but look for costly surgical, dermatologic, and dental treatments to try to fix perceived appearance flaws that often worsen BDD symptoms. Two empirically-based treatments are available for the treatment of BDD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Several studies have found CBT to successfully reduce BDD severity and related symptoms such as depression. […] CBT for BDD typically begins with assessment and psychoeducation, during which the therapist explains and individualizes the CBT model of BDD. In addition, CBT usually includes techniques such as cognitive restructuring, exposure and ritual prevention, and relapse prevention. […] CBT-BDD has been shown to be effective in open and randomized control trials.

• #30 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Introductory Online Course (August 2024) | MGH Academy

  https://lms.mghcme.org/CBTbddAugust2024

  Differentiate BDD from other psychiatric disorders with similar presentations […] Apply cognitive skills to treat common thinking errors in patients with BDD […] Use behavioral treatment strategies with patients with BDD […] Integrate acceptance-based skills into CBT for BDD […] Recognize and address common pitfalls in the treatment of BDD (e.g., low motivation) […] Utilize empirically-based strategies for managing treatment-interfering behaviors that arise in the treatment of BDD. […] How to diagnose BDD […] How to differentiate BDD from other psychiatric conditions […] The clinical features of BDD […] Broadly how to apply CBT for BDD […] How and when to include family members in treatment […] How to enhance motivation for treatment. […] How to formulate a cognitive behavioral model of BDD that incorporates the patients idiosyncratic symptoms

• #31 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Introductory Online Course (August 2024) | MGH Academy

  https://lms.mghcme.org/CBTbddAugust2024

  How to apply cognitive strategies to BDD symptoms […] How to incorporate mindfulness skills into the treatment. […] How to collaboratively construct a hierarchy that includes the patients feared or avoided situations […] How to design, implement, and trouble-shoot exposure exercises […] How to utilize ritual prevention within the exposure exercises […] How to broaden a patients focus on aspects of their self other than perceived defects via perceptual retraining […] How to target and modify core beliefs using cognitive strategies. […] How and when to apply specific strategies to target BDD-related skin picking/hair pulling, weight/shape/muscularity concerns, cosmetic treatment, and depression […] How to introduce relapse prevention strategies at the end of treatment.

• #32 A Therapist’s Guide for the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/therapists-guide-to-bdd-tx/

  For patients reluctant to try CBT or who hold highly delusional appearance beliefs, the therapist should incorporate techniques from motivational interviewing that have been adapted for the use in BDD. […] MI strategies often need to be used throughout treatment. […] The goal of E/RP is to help patients practice tolerating distress and acquire new information to evaluate their negative beliefs. […] Perceptual retraining helps to address distorted body image perception and helps patients learn to engage in healthier mirror-related behaviors. […] Specific treatment strategies may be necessary to address symptoms affecting some but not all patients including: skin picking/hair pulling, muscularity and shape/weight, cosmetic treatment, and mood management. […] Treatment ends with relapse prevention focused on consolidation of skills and helping patients plan for the future.

• #33 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Introductory Online Course (August 2024) | MGH Academy

  https://lms.mghcme.org/CBTbddAugust2024

  How to apply cognitive strategies to BDD symptoms […] How to incorporate mindfulness skills into the treatment. […] How to collaboratively construct a hierarchy that includes the patients feared or avoided situations […] How to design, implement, and trouble-shoot exposure exercises […] How to utilize ritual prevention within the exposure exercises […] How to broaden a patients focus on aspects of their self other than perceived defects via perceptual retraining […] How to target and modify core beliefs using cognitive strategies. […] How and when to apply specific strategies to target BDD-related skin picking/hair pulling, weight/shape/muscularity concerns, cosmetic treatment, and depression […] How to introduce relapse prevention strategies at the end of treatment.

• #34 A Therapist’s Guide for the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/therapists-guide-to-bdd-tx/

  For patients reluctant to try CBT or who hold highly delusional appearance beliefs, the therapist should incorporate techniques from motivational interviewing that have been adapted for the use in BDD. […] MI strategies often need to be used throughout treatment. […] The goal of E/RP is to help patients practice tolerating distress and acquire new information to evaluate their negative beliefs. […] Perceptual retraining helps to address distorted body image perception and helps patients learn to engage in healthier mirror-related behaviors. […] Specific treatment strategies may be necessary to address symptoms affecting some but not all patients including: skin picking/hair pulling, muscularity and shape/weight, cosmetic treatment, and mood management. […] Treatment ends with relapse prevention focused on consolidation of skills and helping patients plan for the future.

• #35 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy – BDDFFacebook iconTwitter iconInstagram icon

  https://bddfoundation.org/support/getting-treatment/cognitive-behavioural-therapy/

  Many people find it helpful to think of CBT for BDD as training in how to stop being bullied by their BDD and to re-direct themselves into all the other aspects of living that are important to them. […] Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) should be a key aspect in CBT for BDD. […] The main side effects of the treatment are the anxiety that occurs in the short term. However, testing one’s fear gets easier and easier and the anxiety gradually subsides. […] Good CBT for BDD is likely to involve the following: A shared understanding of your main problems and goals, A ‘formulation’ – a diagram or verbal explanation of how your BDD developed and how it is being maintained that will be tested out in therapy, Sessions focused largely upon your BDD, Tasks within the session for example testing some of your fears, Agreed ‘homework’ tasks to be completed outside the sessions, and reviewed at the next session, The understanding of your CBT therapist and genuine care that you improve, A strong focus upon you re-claiming your life, facing feared/avoided situations, and reducing the repetitive behaviours (e.g. comparing, checking, reassurance seeking, camouflaging and concealing), A clear focus upon reducing your preoccupation and distress, and improving function. […] So the first step is to ask the therapist what type of therapy they are planning to use. If it is not CBT, beware, as there is little evidence to support other types of psychotherapy for BDD.

• #36 Body Dysmorphia

  https://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/resources/looking-after-yourself/body-dysmorphia

  This module introduces strategies to challenge and experiment with negative predictions, and to reduce the anxiety, avoidance and safety behaviours often associated with this type of thinking. […] In this module we will focus on challenging the unhelpful rules and assumptions that can keep you caught in the vicious cycle of BDD. […] This final module brings all the concepts of this information package together, presents a new model for you to operate by, and includes a self-management plan to help you to stay on track in the future.

• #37 A Therapist’s Guide for the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/therapists-guide-to-bdd-tx/

  For patients reluctant to try CBT or who hold highly delusional appearance beliefs, the therapist should incorporate techniques from motivational interviewing that have been adapted for the use in BDD. […] MI strategies often need to be used throughout treatment. […] The goal of E/RP is to help patients practice tolerating distress and acquire new information to evaluate their negative beliefs. […] Perceptual retraining helps to address distorted body image perception and helps patients learn to engage in healthier mirror-related behaviors. […] Specific treatment strategies may be necessary to address symptoms affecting some but not all patients including: skin picking/hair pulling, muscularity and shape/weight, cosmetic treatment, and mood management. […] Treatment ends with relapse prevention focused on consolidation of skills and helping patients plan for the future.

• #38

  https://psychology.org.au/insights/understanding-and-treating-body-dysmorphic-disorde

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition whereby people obsess, often compulsively, over perceived flaws in their physical appearance. […] Treatment for BDD is still in its early stages, says Professor Rossell. […] The standard at the moment is to help relieve anxiety and depression in the first instance, so most clients get some relief from going on SSRIs [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]. That can help to facilitate the process of them talking about their body image distress. […] Standard Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is also a common approach, she says. […] One of the key elements that is very different from CBT for other conditions would be mirror exposure work where you get someone to look at the mirror and describe their body as neutrally as possible and then you keep revisiting that, looking at [the body] neutrally.

• #39 Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343413/

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also known as dysmorphophobia, is a condition that consists of a distressing or impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight defects in appearance, associated repetitive behaviors and where insight regarding the appearance beliefs is often poor. […] We additionally review the cultural considerations for BDD and finally discuss the evidence-based treatment approaches for BDD, particularly the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication and cognitive behavioral therapy. […] The treatment of choice in BDD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medication. […] The evidence for the use of SRI’s in BDD is based on three randomized controlled trials. […] The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines recommend CBT that is specific for BDD, which follows a protocol over 16-24 sessions. […] A meta-analyses of the all of the above six RCTs plus an RCT within the adolescent population concluded that CBT compared to waitlist/psychological placebo was an efficacious treatment for BDD symptoms, depression associated with BDD and levels of insight.

• #40 How is BDD Treated? – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/about-bdd/how-is-bdd-treated/

  In summary, CBT for adults with BDD is effective in improving BDD symptoms and has also been shown to improve related symptoms, such as depression, insight, body image, self-esteem and social anxiety. SRI medications are also effective for BDD symptoms, and they also improve related symptoms, such as depression, insight, functioning, and quality of life.

• #41 What does it mean to have Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?

  https://anxietyinathletes.org/athletes/i-want-to-learn/bdd/

  Research studies about other medications for BDD are very limited. At this time, non-SRI medications are not currently recommended as the only medication treatment for BDD. […] Studies have shown that, on average, about 66%-75% of people will experience a 30% or more reduction in BDD symptoms from taking an SRI. This includes noticeable improvements in terms of reduced distress and improved day-to-day functioning. Some people’s symptoms go away completely with an SRI. If your medication doesn’t feel like enough, options include increasing the SRI dose, trying another medication, or trying CBT. […] CBT for adults with BDD is effective in improving BDD symptoms and has also been shown to improve related symptoms such as depression, lack of insight, poor body image, low self-esteem, and social anxiety.

• #42 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Treatment | Therapy Options & More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/body-dysmorphic-disorder/treatment/

  While CBT is well-established as an effective intervention for most mental health conditions, it is especially effective for disorders that are primarily driven by negative or distorted thinking. […] A study by Reiter and Orosan found that CBT completely eliminated the disorder in about 80 percent of the cases they studied. […] While CBT has been clearly established as an effective treatment for BDD, its effects can be enhanced through the incorporation of other therapeutic techniques. […] Trauma-focused interventions proven to be effective include eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). […] Psychodynamic therapy can help resolve painful issues rooted in childhood experiences. […] As with anxiety, the same treatments are effective for both depression and BDD. Actually, CBT and SSRIs can effectively treat all three: BDD, depression, and anxiety.

• #43 The Perspectives App: CBT-Based Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – MGH Psychiatry News

  https://mghpsychnews.org/perspectives-app-cbt-for-bdd/

  As the demand for psychotherapy far exceeds the availability of clinicians, the Perspectives smartphone app offers a scalable, accessible solution for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. […] Multiple studies support the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of BDD. […] Given the scarcity of trained mental health providers, there has been considerable interest in the use of app-based treatments. […] Perspectives is a coach-supported app providing CBT for BDD. The app covers each of the core components of CBT for BDD, including psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, exposure with response prevention, mindfulness, attention retraining, and relapse prevention. […] In a randomized waitlist-controlled trial including 80 adults with BDD, Wilhelm and colleagues demonstrated that the coach-supported Perspectives app is an efficacious, scalable treatment for adults with BDD. […] App-based CBT was also associated with greater improvements in BDD-related insight, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and overall functioning. […] Furthermore, the Perspective app exceeded the responded rates observed in 12-week face-to-face CBT trials for BDD, which range from 40% to 54%.

• #44 Treatment utilization and treatment barriers in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-02489-0

  Thus, clinicians should routinely screen for BDD especially in patients with prior diagnoses of depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and substance use disorders. […] Medical professionals should be aware of the fact that they treat a considerable number of patients who could suffer from BDD and thus should use available guidelines for the identification and management of these clients. […] To encourage sufferers with mild to moderate symptoms to seek help, mental health literacy campaigns and stepped care approaches should be fostered. […] Guided self-management of symptoms, e.g. via online delivered psychotherapy or smartphones, could bridge this gap, addresses many of the logistical and shame related barriers we identified and has already shown promising effects in BDD. […] In sum, we demonstrated that the diagnostic and treatment status in BDD is still unsatisfactory. […] We appeal to further raise awareness for BDD in possible sufferers, patients and healthcare professionals, including psychotherapists and psychiatrists.

• #45 The Perspectives App: CBT-Based Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – MGH Psychiatry News

  https://mghpsychnews.org/perspectives-app-cbt-for-bdd/

  As the demand for psychotherapy far exceeds the availability of clinicians, the Perspectives smartphone app offers a scalable, accessible solution for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. […] Multiple studies support the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of BDD. […] Given the scarcity of trained mental health providers, there has been considerable interest in the use of app-based treatments. […] Perspectives is a coach-supported app providing CBT for BDD. The app covers each of the core components of CBT for BDD, including psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, exposure with response prevention, mindfulness, attention retraining, and relapse prevention. […] In a randomized waitlist-controlled trial including 80 adults with BDD, Wilhelm and colleagues demonstrated that the coach-supported Perspectives app is an efficacious, scalable treatment for adults with BDD. […] App-based CBT was also associated with greater improvements in BDD-related insight, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and overall functioning. […] Furthermore, the Perspective app exceeded the responded rates observed in 12-week face-to-face CBT trials for BDD, which range from 40% to 54%.

• #46 The Perspectives App: CBT-Based Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – MGH Psychiatry News

  https://mghpsychnews.org/perspectives-app-cbt-for-bdd/

  As the demand for psychotherapy far exceeds the availability of clinicians, the Perspectives smartphone app offers a scalable, accessible solution for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. […] Multiple studies support the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of BDD. […] Given the scarcity of trained mental health providers, there has been considerable interest in the use of app-based treatments. […] Perspectives is a coach-supported app providing CBT for BDD. The app covers each of the core components of CBT for BDD, including psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, exposure with response prevention, mindfulness, attention retraining, and relapse prevention. […] In a randomized waitlist-controlled trial including 80 adults with BDD, Wilhelm and colleagues demonstrated that the coach-supported Perspectives app is an efficacious, scalable treatment for adults with BDD. […] App-based CBT was also associated with greater improvements in BDD-related insight, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and overall functioning. […] Furthermore, the Perspective app exceeded the responded rates observed in 12-week face-to-face CBT trials for BDD, which range from 40% to 54%.

• #47 Therapist guided internet based cognitive behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: single blind randomised controlled trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i241

  Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of therapist guided internet based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programme for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-NET) compared with online supportive therapy. […] Results BDD-NET was superior to supportive therapy and was associated with significant improvements in severity of symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-YBOCS group difference 7.1 points, 95% confidence interval 9.8 to 4.4), depression (MADRS-S group difference 4.5 points, 7.5 to 1.4), and other secondary measures. […] Conclusions CBT can be delivered safely via the internet to patients with body dysmorphic disorder. BDD-NET has the potential to increase access to evidence based psychiatric care for this mental disorder, in line with NICE priority recommendations. […] Evidence based treatments for body dysmorphic disorder include psychopharmacological treatment and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT).

• #48 Therapist guided internet based cognitive behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: single blind randomised controlled trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i241

  BDD-NET consists of eight interactive modules delivered over 12 weeks, with the first five modules containing the core treatment components. […] The therapists guiding the participants through the treatment were four clinical psychology students who had completed their basic clinical training (320 hours) and had provided therapy in milder cases under the supervision of a senior psychologist. […] Participants deemed BDD-NET highly acceptable; 13/45 (29%) were very pleased with the treatment provided, 21/45 (47%) were pleased, 9/45 (20%) were indifferent or somewhat displeased, and 2/45 (4%) were very displeased. […] The results indicate that BDD-NET has potential to greatly increase access to evidence based psychiatric treatment for patients with body dysmorphic disorder, in line with the NICE priority recommendations.

• #49 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Treatment | Therapy Options & More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/body-dysmorphic-disorder/treatment/

  While CBT is well-established as an effective intervention for most mental health conditions, it is especially effective for disorders that are primarily driven by negative or distorted thinking. […] A study by Reiter and Orosan found that CBT completely eliminated the disorder in about 80 percent of the cases they studied. […] While CBT has been clearly established as an effective treatment for BDD, its effects can be enhanced through the incorporation of other therapeutic techniques. […] Trauma-focused interventions proven to be effective include eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). […] Psychodynamic therapy can help resolve painful issues rooted in childhood experiences. […] As with anxiety, the same treatments are effective for both depression and BDD. Actually, CBT and SSRIs can effectively treat all three: BDD, depression, and anxiety.

• #50 Overcome Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Philadelphia and PA

  https://anxietyocdphilly.com/philadelphia-body-dysmorphic-disorder-treatment/

  Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) helps patients develop a non-judgmental awareness of and ability not to be as caught up with their thoughts and feelings about perceived flaws. […] Our treatments for younger individuals with BDD incorporate cognitive-behavioral techniques that are specifically tailored to help them understand their preoccupations with appearance, develop effective coping strategies, and build resilience against the distress caused by their concerns. […] Our Center provides comprehensive resources and support to families dealing with BDD, enhancing their ability to create a nurturing environment that promotes recovery and personal growth. […] At our Center for Anxiety, OCD, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, we understand the unique challenges faced by those with BDD. Our tailored approach includes individualized treatment plans developed to address the specific needs and symptoms of each client.

• #51 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Treatment Facility in Fort Lauderdale, Florida

  https://sylviabrafman.com/mental-health-treatments/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  There are various types of counseling and therapy available to help you manage body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). […] Mindfulness-based therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) are effective body dysmorphic disorder treatments. […] Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and psychodynamic therapy are effective for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. […] Trauma-informed therapy for body dysmorphic disorder is an essential approach if past trauma has contributed to your body image issues. […] Yes, insurance often covers body dysmorphic disorder treatment programs. […] Finding effective Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) treatment facilities in Florida is an essential step toward recovery.

• #52 Therapist guided internet based cognitive behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: single blind randomised controlled trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i241

  Guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends that adults should be offered the choice of either a course of a selective serotonin response inhibitor or specialised CBT that deals with the key features of the disorder. […] Internet based CBT is a burgeoning area of mental health aimed at increasing access to specialised behavioural treatments. […] With the primary aim of increasing access to evidence based care for body dysmorphic disorder, we recently developed a therapist guided internet based CBT programme for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-NET). […] The main intervention in BDD-NET is systematic exposure to fear eliciting situations or events combined with response prevention until anxiety and urges to ritualise subside (such as leaving home and refraining from compulsive mirror checking).

• #53 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Treatment consists of medications (specifically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] or clomipramine), psychotherapy (specifically, cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]), or both. […] SSRIs or clomipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant with potent serotonergic effects) are often very effective in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. An SSRI is typically preferred over clomipramine as initial pharmacologic therapy. Patients often require higher doses than are typically needed for depression and most anxiety disorders. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy that is tailored to the specific symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder is the psychotherapy of choice. Cognitive approaches (eg, cognitive restructuring) and exposure and ritual prevention are essential elements of therapy. […] Many experts believe that combining cognitive-behavioral therapy with medications is best for severe cases. […] Cosmetic treatment is not recommended. It is almost always ineffective, and clinicians who provide such treatment may be at risk of legal or physical threats or behaviors by dissatisfied patients.

• #54 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts strongly recommend combining medication treatments with psychotherapy. Thats because psychotherapy can help you develop thinking and coping strategies that counter the thoughts and feelings you experience with BDD. […] Receiving treatment for BDD can also cause you to experience a kind of remission, meaning your symptoms fade, weaken or even go away entirely. While its possible to have a relapse where symptoms return, flare up or become more severe, effective treatment can help you manage BDD, limiting its effects on your life.

• #55 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/

  The symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can get better with treatment. […] If your symptoms are relatively mild, you should be referred for a type of talking therapy called cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which you have either on your own or in a group. […] If you have moderate symptoms, you should be offered either CBT or a type of antidepressant medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). […] If your symptoms are more severe, or other treatments do not work, you should be offered CBT together with an SSRI. […] CBT can help you manage your BDD symptoms by changing the way you think and behave. […] CBT for treating BDD will usually include a technique known as exposure and response prevention (ERP). […] SSRIs are a type of antidepressant. […] If treatment with both CBT and an SSRI has not improved your BDD symptoms after 12 weeks, you may be prescribed a different type of SSRI or another antidepressant called clomipramine. […] If you do not see any improvements in your symptoms, you may be referred to a mental health clinic or hospital that specialises in BDD, such as the National OCD/BDD Service in London.

• #56

  https://slam.nhs.uk/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), or body dysmorphia, is a mental health condition where a person spends a lot of time worrying about flaws in their appearance. These flaws are often unnoticeable to others. […] You should see a GP if you think you might have BDD. […] Getting help is important because your symptoms probably will not go away without treatment and may get worse. […] The symptoms of BDD can get better with treatment. […] If your symptoms are relatively mild, you should be referred for a type of talking therapy called Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which you have either on your own or in a group. […] If you have moderate symptoms, you should be offered either CBT or a type of antidepressant medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). […] If your symptoms are more severe, or other treatments do not work, you should be offered CBT together with an SSRI.

• #57 Body dysmorphic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353944

  Treatment for body dysmorphic disorder often includes a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and medications. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder focuses on: Helping you learn how negative thoughts, emotional reactions and behaviors maintain problems over time. […] Although there are no medications specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat body dysmorphic disorder, medications used to treat other mental health conditions such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder can be effective. […] In some cases, your body dysmorphic disorder symptoms may be so severe that you require psychiatric hospitalization. […] Body dysmorphic disorder warrants treatment from a mental health professional. […] Stick to your treatment plan. Don’t skip therapy sessions, even if you don’t feel like going.

• #58 Body Dysmorphia Treatment | Emerald Isle Health & Recovery

  https://emeraldislehealthandrecovery.com/body-dysmorphia-treatment/

  All CBT treatments are highly individualized. Your therapist will focus on addressing your specific needs and symptoms. Effective therapy often includes other members of your family. For teens in particular, this family involvement can have major benefits. […] If you have severe BDD, you may begin your recovery in a psychiatric hospital. However, most people begin treatment in a residential program or an outpatient program. An outpatient program may be sufficient to address mild-to-moderate dysmorphia. But residential care may be more suitable if you are moderately-to-severely affected. […] You can take additional steps to enhance the benefits of BDD treatment. Recommended actions include: […] Antidepressants are often used to help people with BDD. Cognitive behavioral therapy is also common. Some people need to be hospitalized for severe body dysmorphia. But outpatient and residential care are more typical. Outpatient care can help you recover from mild-to-moderate symptoms. Residential care is often needed for more serious cases of BDD.

• #59 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Treatment Facility in Fort Lauderdale, Florida

  https://sylviabrafman.com/mental-health-treatments/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  When seeking treatment for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), there are various programs designed to address your unique needs. […] Outpatient and evening treatment of body dysmorphic disorder is flexible care if you need support but can’t commit to an inpatient treatment center or an intensive program. […] An Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) for body dysmorphic disorder provides a more structured treatment option than traditional outpatient care. […] A Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP) or day treatment for body dysmorphic disorder offers a higher level of care than IOP, providing more intensive support while still allowing you to return home in the evenings. […] Inpatient and residential treatment for body dysmorphic disorder provides the most intensive level of care. […] Sober living or transitional living programs provide a supportive environment as you transition from inpatient or residential treatment back into daily life.

• #60 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Treatment Facility Near Me – A Mission For Michael

  https://amfmtreatment.com/what-we-treat/body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  There are a variety of body dysmorphia treatment programs available to address the variations in symptoms and level of distress experienced. Treatment programs can range from an inpatient treatment center to an outpatient treatment center. […] Partial Hospitalization Programming (PHP) and day treatment programs provide structured, intensive treatment options during the day while allowing you to return home for the evenings. […] Inpatient and residential treatment programs can provide you with 24/7 care in a structured and therapeutic environment. […] An outpatient treatment program or evening treatment program can provide you with flexible support around your work, school, and other commitments. […] Intensive Outpatient Programming (IOP) is a form of outpatient care that includes multiple hours of treatment, several days each week.

• #61 A Therapist’s Guide for the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/therapists-guide-to-bdd-tx/

  For patients reluctant to try CBT or who hold highly delusional appearance beliefs, the therapist should incorporate techniques from motivational interviewing that have been adapted for the use in BDD. […] MI strategies often need to be used throughout treatment. […] The goal of E/RP is to help patients practice tolerating distress and acquire new information to evaluate their negative beliefs. […] Perceptual retraining helps to address distorted body image perception and helps patients learn to engage in healthier mirror-related behaviors. […] Specific treatment strategies may be necessary to address symptoms affecting some but not all patients including: skin picking/hair pulling, muscularity and shape/weight, cosmetic treatment, and mood management. […] Treatment ends with relapse prevention focused on consolidation of skills and helping patients plan for the future.

• #62 Body dysmorphic disorder: General principles of treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/body-dysmorphic-disorder-general-principles-of-treatment

  Body dysmorphic disorder: General principles of treatment […] Educate patients about BDD […] Focus of treatment […] Avoid focusing on how the patient looks […] Educate patients about effective psychiatric treatments for BDD […] Individualize treatment for each patient […] Involve family members if clinically appropriate […] Use motivational interviewing if needed […] Patients with BDD may present to mental health professionals as well as other clinicians, such as dermatologists, plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, primary care clinicians, pediatricians, gynecologists, and dentists. Most patients seek nonpsychiatric cosmetic treatment (most commonly dermatologic and surgical) for their perceived physical defects; this treatment appears to be ineffective for most patients and can be risky for clinicians to provide. By contrast, pharmacotherapy (ie, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine) and/or cognitive-behavioral therapy tailored specifically to BDD are often efficacious. […] This topic reviews the general principles of treating BDD. Choosing treatment and the prognosis of BDD are discussed separately, as are the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of BDD.

• #63 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  It should be noted that no medication has received FDA approval for the treatment of BDD, because a sufficient number of the type of studies needed to obtain FDA approval have not been done. […] The algorithm is for medication treatment only and does not include CBT, which appears effective for BDD. […] Under-recognition and underdiagnosis of BDD is a major impediment to successful pharmacologic treatment. […] It is important to diagnose BDD when present, because its treatment may differ somewhat from that of other disorders. […] The first essential step of treatment is to engage the patient and establish enough of an alliance that he or she is willing to try medication. […] When discussing treatment options, highlight the potential for medication to diminish the patient’s distress and preoccupation and to improve their functioning and quality of life.

• #64 Body dysmorphic disorder: General principles of treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/body-dysmorphic-disorder-general-principles-of-treatment

  Body dysmorphic disorder: General principles of treatment […] Educate patients about BDD […] Focus of treatment […] Avoid focusing on how the patient looks […] Educate patients about effective psychiatric treatments for BDD […] Individualize treatment for each patient […] Involve family members if clinically appropriate […] Use motivational interviewing if needed […] Patients with BDD may present to mental health professionals as well as other clinicians, such as dermatologists, plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, primary care clinicians, pediatricians, gynecologists, and dentists. Most patients seek nonpsychiatric cosmetic treatment (most commonly dermatologic and surgical) for their perceived physical defects; this treatment appears to be ineffective for most patients and can be risky for clinicians to provide. By contrast, pharmacotherapy (ie, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine) and/or cognitive-behavioral therapy tailored specifically to BDD are often efficacious. […] This topic reviews the general principles of treating BDD. Choosing treatment and the prognosis of BDD are discussed separately, as are the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of BDD.

• #65 Body Dysmorphia Treatment | Emerald Isle Health & Recovery

  https://emeraldislehealthandrecovery.com/body-dysmorphia-treatment/

  All CBT treatments are highly individualized. Your therapist will focus on addressing your specific needs and symptoms. Effective therapy often includes other members of your family. For teens in particular, this family involvement can have major benefits. […] If you have severe BDD, you may begin your recovery in a psychiatric hospital. However, most people begin treatment in a residential program or an outpatient program. An outpatient program may be sufficient to address mild-to-moderate dysmorphia. But residential care may be more suitable if you are moderately-to-severely affected. […] You can take additional steps to enhance the benefits of BDD treatment. Recommended actions include: […] Antidepressants are often used to help people with BDD. Cognitive behavioral therapy is also common. Some people need to be hospitalized for severe body dysmorphia. But outpatient and residential care are more typical. Outpatient care can help you recover from mild-to-moderate symptoms. Residential care is often needed for more serious cases of BDD.

• #66 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

  https://www.katharinephillipsmd.com/bdd.html

  A majority of people with BDD get cosmetic procedures, such as surgery, dermatologic treatment, and dental treatment, for their BDD concerns. However, these treatments appear to almost never be helpful for BDD. Cosmetic treatment can even make BDD symptoms worse. Thus, cosmetic treatments, including surgery, aren’t recommended for BDD. […] Hope for People With BDD […] BDD can be severely distressing and impairing, to the point where some people commit suicide. But there is hope for people with BDD! Over the past 25 years, research scientists like myself have identified and developed treatments that help a majority of people get better. If you’re diagnosed with BDD, I encourage you to try the medications and/or therapy discussed above. These treatments can free you from your appearance obsessions and compulsive behaviors, depression, anxiety, social anxiety, and other symptoms. They can be life-saving.

• #67 Treatment utilization and treatment barriers in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-02489-0

  Therefore, many of them choose cosmetic treatments over psychological interventions. […] Cosmetic procedures, however, are generally associated with poor outcomes for individuals with BDD and do not reduce BDD symptomatology. […] We discuss modifiable factors and strategies to foster awareness of BDD in sufferers and professionals to improve treatment dissemination and to reduce treatment barriers. […] The results of this largest study to date highlight that BDD is still underrecognized and undertreated even in a country with extensive mental health care and few financial barriers. […] We identified several, potentially modifiable factors associated with treatment seeking and barriers to treatment. First, a given BDD diagnosis was clearly associated with treatment utilization and lower levels of treatment barriers, especially shame and perceived need for treatment.

• #68 Body dysmorphic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder

  Anti-depressant medication, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are considered effective. […] SSRIs can help relieve obsessive-compulsive and delusional traits, while cognitive-behavioral therapy can help patients recognize faulty thought patterns. […] A study was done by Dr. Sabine Wilhelm where she and her colleagues created and tested a treatment manual specializing in BDD symptoms that resulted in improved symptoms with no asymptomatic decline. Core treatment elements include Psychoeducation and Case Formulation, Cognitive Restructuring, Exposure and Ritual Prevention and Mindfulness/Perceptual Retraining. […] For many people with BDD, cosmetic surgery does not work to alleviate the symptoms of BDD as their opinion of their appearance is not grounded in reality. It is recommended that cosmetic surgeons and psychiatrists work together in order to screen surgery patients to see if they have BDD, as the results of the surgery could be harmful for them.

• #69 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs, SSRIs) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are currently considered the first-line treatments for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). […] Available data indicate that appropriate pharmacotherapy substantially improves core BDD symptoms, psychosocial functioning, suicidality, and other aspects of BDD in a majority of patients. […] In the author’s view, medication is essential for more severely ill and suicidal patients and for those with severe depressive symptoms. […] This article reviews pharmacologic approaches for BDD. […] First-line approaches (i.e., use of an SRI) have received more investigation than subsequent strategies (e.g., SRI augmentation) that may be needed, and no studies have examined treatment approaches for more highly treatment-refractory patients.

• #70 How is BDD Treated? – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/about-bdd/how-is-bdd-treated/

  In summary, CBT for adults with BDD is effective in improving BDD symptoms and has also been shown to improve related symptoms, such as depression, insight, body image, self-esteem and social anxiety. SRI medications are also effective for BDD symptoms, and they also improve related symptoms, such as depression, insight, functioning, and quality of life.

• #71 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts strongly recommend combining medication treatments with psychotherapy. Thats because psychotherapy can help you develop thinking and coping strategies that counter the thoughts and feelings you experience with BDD. […] Receiving treatment for BDD can also cause you to experience a kind of remission, meaning your symptoms fade, weaken or even go away entirely. While its possible to have a relapse where symptoms return, flare up or become more severe, effective treatment can help you manage BDD, limiting its effects on your life.

• #72 Body dysmorphic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938

  Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder may include cognitive behavioral therapy and medication. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually doesn’t get better on its own. If left untreated, it may get worse over time, leading to anxiety, extensive medical bills, severe depression, and even suicidal thoughts and behavior. […] Long-term maintenance treatment also may help prevent a relapse of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy.

• #73 BDD Therapist In New York City | The Reeds Center

  https://thereedscenter.com/bdd-therapist-nyc/

  Another factor that impacts the duration of treatment is how intensively people are getting the therapy. Research has shown that symptom reduction is most rapid when sessions occur from two to five times per week. But again, the more someone is invested in practicing between sessions, the better and quicker the results.

• #74 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=216

  Treatment for BDD may include talk therapy or medicines. The best treatment is likely a combination of both. Research shows that the sooner treatment begins, the better the chance for controlling symptoms and recovering. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective talk therapy. In CBT, you work with a mental health provider to replace negative thoughts and thought patterns with positive thoughts. Antidepressant medicines called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) often work best for BDD. […] Its important to follow your doctors advice for treating your BDD. Treatment for BDD can be a long-term commitment. […] Treatment includes counseling and medicines to help with feelings of discomfort and anxiety. The sooner treatment begins, the better the chance for recovery.

• #75 What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder? | Definition Meaning

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Stress and social anxieties are common with BDD, and relaxation treatments can be effective when used in conjunction with traditional CBT approaches. […] Body dysmorphic disorder does not get better without treatment. The more quickly people with BDD find treatment, the greater the likelihood of remission. […] If you believe you or a loved one may have signs of BDD, don’t delay seeking help.

• #76 Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343413/

  BDD is a relatively common and debilitating mental health condition which is distinct to normative body appearance concerns. An increasing body of work has identified evidence-based treatments which have been shown to improve symptoms for most patients with BDD, namely, the use of SRI medication and CBT. […] Further research is needed to help clinicians be better able to identify BDD and treat it within their populations including cross-cultural differences in presentation, further understanding of the factors predicting treatment response and research into more effective and easily accessible treatment options, including the use of technology.

• #77 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/

  The symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can get better with treatment. […] If your symptoms are relatively mild, you should be referred for a type of talking therapy called cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which you have either on your own or in a group. […] If you have moderate symptoms, you should be offered either CBT or a type of antidepressant medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). […] If your symptoms are more severe, or other treatments do not work, you should be offered CBT together with an SSRI. […] CBT can help you manage your BDD symptoms by changing the way you think and behave. […] CBT for treating BDD will usually include a technique known as exposure and response prevention (ERP). […] SSRIs are a type of antidepressant. […] If treatment with both CBT and an SSRI has not improved your BDD symptoms after 12 weeks, you may be prescribed a different type of SSRI or another antidepressant called clomipramine. […] If you do not see any improvements in your symptoms, you may be referred to a mental health clinic or hospital that specialises in BDD, such as the National OCD/BDD Service in London.

• #78

  https://slam.nhs.uk/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), or body dysmorphia, is a mental health condition where a person spends a lot of time worrying about flaws in their appearance. These flaws are often unnoticeable to others. […] You should see a GP if you think you might have BDD. […] Getting help is important because your symptoms probably will not go away without treatment and may get worse. […] The symptoms of BDD can get better with treatment. […] If your symptoms are relatively mild, you should be referred for a type of talking therapy called Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which you have either on your own or in a group. […] If you have moderate symptoms, you should be offered either CBT or a type of antidepressant medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). […] If your symptoms are more severe, or other treatments do not work, you should be offered CBT together with an SSRI.

• #79 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Treatment consists of medications (specifically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] or clomipramine), psychotherapy (specifically, cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]), or both. […] SSRIs or clomipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant with potent serotonergic effects) are often very effective in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. An SSRI is typically preferred over clomipramine as initial pharmacologic therapy. Patients often require higher doses than are typically needed for depression and most anxiety disorders. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy that is tailored to the specific symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder is the psychotherapy of choice. Cognitive approaches (eg, cognitive restructuring) and exposure and ritual prevention are essential elements of therapy. […] Many experts believe that combining cognitive-behavioral therapy with medications is best for severe cases. […] Cosmetic treatment is not recommended. It is almost always ineffective, and clinicians who provide such treatment may be at risk of legal or physical threats or behaviors by dissatisfied patients.

• #80 Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343413/

  BDD is a relatively common and debilitating mental health condition which is distinct to normative body appearance concerns. An increasing body of work has identified evidence-based treatments which have been shown to improve symptoms for most patients with BDD, namely, the use of SRI medication and CBT. […] Further research is needed to help clinicians be better able to identify BDD and treat it within their populations including cross-cultural differences in presentation, further understanding of the factors predicting treatment response and research into more effective and easily accessible treatment options, including the use of technology.

• #81 Pharmacotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067103/

  Different SRIs have not been directly compared to one another in a methodologically rigorous prospective study, so it is unclear whether they are differentially efficacious. […] The author generally suggests quicker titration for very ill or suicidal patients. […] A general recommendation is to attempt to reach the maximum SRI dose recommended by the pharmaceutical company by week 5 to 9 of treatment, if tolerated, unless a lower dose is efficacious. […] The optimal duration of an augmentation trial is unclear, although in the author’s clinical experience 6-8 weeks is probably adequate. […] Patients who respond to one SRI appear very likely to respond to another SRI. […] The author recommends continuing an effective SRI for several years, if not longer. […] Knowledge about effective pharmacotherapy for BDD has dramatically increased in recent years, and a majority of patients can improve with the approaches discussed in this review. […] However, additional pharmacotherapy research is greatly needed, including placebo controlled studies of SRIs and other medications, as well as augmentation studies, continuation studies, and relapse prevention studies.

Zobacz więcej