Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric condition defined in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) as a preoccupation with a perceived defect or flaw in ones physical appearance when, in fact, they appear normal. […] Identify the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria of body dysmorphic disorder. […] Affected patients experience preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or only slightly observable to others. […] Affected patients perform repetitive behaviors. […] The thought preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in a major life area of functioning. […] An eating disorder does not better explain the thought preoccupation.

• #2 Diagnosing BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/diagnosis/

  To diagnose BDD, the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria should be followed. DSM-5 classifies BDD in the chapter of “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders,” along with OCD and several other disorders. […] The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for BDD require the following: […] Appearance preoccupations: The individual must be preoccupied with one or more nonexistent or slight defects or flaws in their physical appearance. “Preoccupation” is usually operationalized as thinking about the perceived defects for at least an hour a day (adding up all the time that is spent throughout the day). […] Repetitive behaviors: To qualify for a diagnosis of BDD, at some point during the course of the disorder, the individual must perform repetitive, compulsive behaviors in response to the appearance concerns. […] Clinical significance: The preoccupation must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

• #3 Body dysmorphic disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000316

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is diagnosed by asking the patient questions about BDD symptoms and determining whether diagnostic criteria are met. […] BDD consists of preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear only slight to others. […] The preoccupations cause clinically significant distress or clinically significant impairment in functioning (for example, work, academic, social, or role functioning) usually both. […] Key diagnostic factors include preoccupation with perceived flaws in one’s physical appearance that appear nonexistent or only slight to other people, repetitive behaviors (compulsions, rituals), poor psychosocial functioning and quality of life, distressing emotions, appearance concerns not better explained by an eating disorder, social anxiety and social avoidance, and camouflaging.

• #4 Recent advances in understanding and managing body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5566091/

  Diagnostic criteria for BDD also specify that at some point during the course of illness, the individual will have performed repetitive behaviours (eg, mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, reassurance seeking) or mental acts (eg, comparing his or her appearance with that of others) in response to their appearance concerns. […] A major advance in the field in recent years has been the reclassification of BDD in the diagnostic manuals as well as the refinement of its diagnostic criteria. […] In the revised version of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), BDD was listed as a diagnosis within the somatoform disorders section, but several significant changes were made in DSM-5. […] First, in light of the phenomenological overlap and high rates of comorbidity between BDD and OCD, BDD was classified under the new Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders chapter along with OCD, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) and excoriation (skin picking) disorder.

• #5 Diagnosing BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/diagnosis/

  Differentiation from an eating disorder: If the appearance preoccupations focus on being too fat or weighing too much, the clinician must determine that these concerns are not better explained by an eating disorder. […] Specifiers: Once BDD is diagnosed, clinicians should assess the two DSM-5 BDD specifiers to identify meaningful subgroups of individuals with BDD: […] Insight specifier: This specifier indicates degree of insight regarding BDD beliefs (for example, “I look ugly” or “I look deformed”) – that is, how convinced the individual is that his/her belief about the appearance of the disliked body parts is true. […] Before receiving effective treatment, most people with BDD have poor or absent insight. […] BDD is often misdiagnosed as another disorder. […] BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as one of the following disorders:

• #6 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  If the patient’s primary belief is that their muscles or physique is too small, the diagnosis requires a specifier, and „body dysmorphic disorder with muscle dysmorphia” becomes the diagnosis. […] Patients who also experience panic attacks due to BDD are diagnosed with „body dysmorphic disorder with panic attacks.” […] The psychiatric evaluation should include focused interview questions that successfully address each of the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for BDD. […] Laboratory and radiographic imaging are not typically necessary unless the patient has engaged in extreme behaviors that raise concern for their physical health.

• #7 Body dysmorphic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353944

  After a medical evaluation to help rule out other medical conditions, your health care provider may make a referral to a mental health professional for further evaluation. […] Diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder is typically based on: […] A psychological evaluation that assesses risk factors and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to negative self-image […] Personal, social, family and medical history […] Signs and symptoms.

• #8 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/

  You should see a GP if you think you might have BDD. […] They’ll probably ask a number of questions about your symptoms and how they affect your life. […] You may be treated by the GP, or they may refer you to a mental health specialist for further assessment and treatment. […] Getting help is important because your symptoms probably will not go away without treatment and may get worse. […] If your symptoms are relatively mild, you should be referred for a type of talking therapy called cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which you have either on your own or in a group. […] If you have moderate symptoms, you should be offered either CBT or a type of antidepressant medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). […] If your symptoms are more severe, or other treatments do not work, you should be offered CBT together with an SSRI.

• #9 Recent advances in understanding and managing body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5566091/

  Accurate diagnosis of BDD in primary and secondary care settings can be greatly aided by use of brief screening instruments. […] For example, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire is a four-item measure that has high sensitivity (94%-100%) and specificity (89%-93%) in detecting BDD in a range of settings. […] Assessment of BDD should always include consideration of risk. […] In a recent meta-analysis, patients with BDD were found to be more than twice as likely to have attempted suicide compared with controls, highlighting the importance of assessing suicidality in this population. […] For this reason, clinical assessment of BDD should also routinely include screening regarding desires and plans for cosmetic treatments, and patients should be encouraged towards evidence-based treatment for BDD as opposed to cosmetic interventions.

• #10 Body dysmorphic disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000316

  Other diagnostic factors include absence of BDD-related insight, referential thinking (ideas or delusions of reference), and onset 18 years of age. […] 1st tests to order include Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), Body Dysmorphic Disorder Diagnostic Module (BDD Module), Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, Dermatology Version (BDDQ – Dermatology Version), Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ), and Cosmetic Procedure Screening Questionnaire (COPS).

• #11 Do I Have BDD? – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/about-bdd/do-i-have-bdd/

  Significant Distress or Impairment in Functioning: To be diagnosed with BDD, the preoccupations with appearance must cause significant emotional distress (for example, sadness, anxiety, irritability, anger, depression, self-consciousness), and/or get in the way of day-to-day functioning. BDD symptoms usually interfere with one’s ability to engage in valued life activities such as working, going to school, or spending time with family or friends. […] In sum, if you’re preoccupied with perceived flaws in your appearance, perform repetitive behaviors in response to these preoccupations, and the appearance preoccupations cause significant emotional distress or interfere with day-to-day functioning, it is likely you have BDD. […] The BDD Questionnaire (BDDQ) is a quick „self-test” that an individual fills out for themselves. It consists of several questions that map onto BDD’s definition (which is provided above). People who appear to have BDD on the BDDQ are very likely to have BDD – that is, it has excellent „sensitivity” and „specificity” in mental health, surgery, and dermatology settings.

• #12 Do I Have BDD? – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/about-bdd/do-i-have-bdd/

  How do you know whether you or someone you know has BDD? Psychiatric diagnoses—including BDD—are made primarily by asking questions to determine if an individual “meets the diagnostic criteria” for the disorder, as determined by the DSM-5, the mental health field’s official manual of diagnoses and their definitions. […] There are as yet no blood tests, brain-scanning techniques, or other tools sufficient to diagnose BDD. […] A mental health professional — preferably a BDD specialist — will look for the following in order to make a diagnosis of BDD: Preoccupation with Appearance: People with BDD are preoccupied with one or more aspects of their physical appearance, believing that these body areas look ugly, abnormal, deformed, or disfigured. […] Insight Regarding BDD Beliefs: Most people with BDD are mostly convinced or completely convinced that they look ugly or abnormal, even though other people don’t see them this way. In the eyes of others, the perceived appearance flaws actually look minimal or nonexistent.

• #13 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition that causes you to view your own physical appearance unfairly. […] Diagnosing BDD involves using screening tools specially designed questionnaires or checklists that help determine if you fit the criteria for this condition. […] Most people with BDD dont get a diagnosis until 10 to 15 years after the symptoms become serious enough to meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] This means its important to talk about BDD if you notice signs of it in yourself or a loved one. Talking about the signs of this condition and getting help with it before it reaches severe levels can help you or a loved one avoid its most severe effects. […] There arent any medical tests that can diagnose BDD. A mental health provider (such as a psychologist or psychiatrist) can diagnose BDD by talking to you about your symptoms, thinking and behavior patterns, lifestyle and more.

• #14 Body dysmorphic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also known in some contexts as dysmorphophobia, is a mental disorder defined by an overwhelming preoccupation with a perceived flaw in one’s physical appearance. […] The DSM-5 places BDD within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum, distinguishing it from disorders such as anorexia nervosa. […] Estimates of prevalence and gender distribution have varied widely via discrepancies in diagnosis and reporting. […] Via shared symptoms, BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, or social phobia. […] Correct diagnosis can depend on specialized questioning and correlation with emotional distress or social dysfunction. […] Estimates place the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire’s sensitivity at 100% (0% false negatives) and specificity at 92.5% (7.5% false positives). […] BDD is classified as an obsessive-compulsive disorder in DSM-5. It is important to treat people with BDD as soon as possible because the person may have already been suffering for an extended period of time and as BDD has a high suicide rate, at 212 times higher than the national average.

• #15 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/bdd/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an anxiety disorder whereby a person is abnormally preoccupied with an imagined defect in their physical appearance that is not observable or appears only slight to others. […] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), to fulfil diagnostic criteria for BDD, the person must also be significantly distressed or handicapped in his or her occupational and social functioning. […] The NICE Guidelines make the following suggestions as questions that a health professional might ask you: Do you worry a lot about the way you look and wish you could think about it less? What specific concerns do you have about your appearance? On a typical day, how many hours do you worry about your appearance? What effect does it have on your life? Does it make it hard to do your work or be with friends?

• #16 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by preoccupation with perceived defects in physical appearance that are not apparent or appear only slight to other people. […] Diagnosis is based on history. […] Diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder is based on history. […] If the only concern is body shape and weight and eating behavior is abnormal, an eating disorder may be the more accurate diagnosis; if the only concern is the appearance of physical sex characteristics, a diagnosis of gender dysphoria may be considered. […] Diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder include the following: Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in appearance that are not observable or appear only slight to others. […] Performance of repetitive behaviors (eg, mirror checking, excessive grooming) in response to the appearance concerns at some point during the disorder. […] The preoccupation causes significant distress or impairs social, occupational or other areas of functioning.

• #17 The Mirror Lies: Body Dysmorphic Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0715/p217.html

  Body dysmorphic disorder is an increasingly recognized somatoform disorder, clinically distinct from obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and depression. Patients with body dysmorphic disorder are preoccupied with an imagined deficit in the appearance of one or more body parts, causing clinically significant stress, impairment, and dysfunction. […] Body dysmorphic disorder is not uncommon, but is often misdiagnosed. Recognition and treatment are important because this disorder can lead to disability, depression, and suicide. […] BDD is commonly missed, dismissed, and misdiagnosed in most medical settings. Numerous studies have illustrated the rarity of a BDD diagnosis being included on a patient’s problem list, even when looking at mental health records. Successful treatment requires physician awareness of the disorder and a timely and accurate diagnosis.

• #18 Recent advances in understanding and managing body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5566091/

  Second, a new diagnostic criterion was included, specifying repetitive behaviours or mental acts as a key feature of the disorder. […] This criterion increased the specificity of the diagnosis, potentially helping to differentiate BDD from other disorders such as social anxiety disorder and depression. […] Despite its prevalence and impact, current evidence suggests that BDD often goes undiagnosed. […] This may partly reflect reluctance of BDD patients to seek mental health support due to shame and embarrassment about symptoms, poor insight and a desire for non-mental health treatment such as cosmetic surgery. […] However, even when sufferers do present to mental health services, they are unlikely to spontaneously disclose their appearance concerns. […] Thus, BDD symptoms often need to be explicitly asked about during the anamnestic interview.

• #19 Diagnosing BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/diagnosis/

  Perhaps the most important thing to keep in mind is that many patients with BDD do not spontaneously reveal their BDD symptoms to their clinician because they are too embarrassed and ashamed, fear being negatively judged (e.g., considered vain), feel the clinician will not understand their appearance concerns, or do not know that body image concerns are treatable with psychiatric medication and/or therapy. […] It is especially important to inquire about BDD symptoms in mental health settings, substance abuse settings, and settings where cosmetic treatment is provided (e.g., surgical, dermatologic, dental).

• #20 Body dysmorphic disorder: General principles of treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/body-dysmorphic-disorder-general-principles-of-treatment

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by preoccupation with nonexistent or slight defects in physical appearance, such that patients believe that they look abnormal, unattractive, ugly, or deformed, when in reality they look normal. […] Patients with BDD may present to mental health professionals as well as other clinicians, such as dermatologists, plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, primary care clinicians, pediatricians, gynecologists, and dentists. […] Most patients seek nonpsychiatric cosmetic treatment (most commonly dermatologic and surgical) for their perceived physical defects; this treatment appears to be ineffective for most patients and can be risky for clinicians to provide. […] By contrast, pharmacotherapy (ie, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine) and/or cognitive-behavioral therapy tailored specifically to BDD are often efficacious. […] This topic reviews the general principles of treating BDD. Choosing treatment and the prognosis of BDD are discussed separately, as are the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of BDD.

• #21 A Review of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Presentation in Different Clinical Settings

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/review-body-dysmorphic-disorder-presentation-different/

  Individuals with BDD usually consult dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons rather than psychiatrists. […] Research has identified 2 effective treatments for BDD since it was formally recognized as a disorder in 1987: serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). […] Treatment with both medication and psychotherapy can be effective in treating BDD. […] An understanding of the psychological basis of body image preoccupations and the clinical presentation of BDD is important in selection of proper therapeutic interventions.

• #22 Body Dysmorphic Disorder | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688453/all/Body_Dysmorphic_Disorder

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an obsessive compulsive and related disorder in which individuals have pervasive and intrusive feelings regarding an imagined or slight flaw in his or her appearance causing impairment in daily functioning. […] Diagnostic criteria according to the DSM-5 are as follows (all must be met for diagnosis): Preoccupation with a perceived defect or flaw in physical appearance. If a noticeable defect is present, the patients perception is grossly exaggerated. The preoccupation results in clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of function. The patient has performed repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to the appearance concerns at some point during their disease. The preoccupation is not secondary to concerns about body fat or weight that meet diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder. […] There is often a delay in diagnosis of 10 to 15 years or more after the onset of symptoms. […] Estimates show that 71% of patients with BDD seek and 61% receive cosmetic treatments.

• #23 Treatment utilization and treatment barriers in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-02489-0

  Only 15.2% of the individuals with BDD had been diagnosed with BDD, and lifetime rates of mental health treatment were low (39.9%). […] Despite being relatively common (i.e. weighted point prevalence rates of 1.9% in the community, 7.4% in inpatients and 5.8% in outpatients), awareness for BDD is still lower than for other, comparably less common mental disorders like anorexia nervosa or schizophrenia. […] Thus, BDD tends to be underdiagnosed or mistaken for other disorders like depression or anxiety disorders. […] Consequently, BDD is frequently untreated or inadequately treated. […] In sum, previous studies either used samples with high rates of treatment experience or did not analyze predictors of treatment seeking in detail. […] A deeper understanding of barriers and determinants of treatment is crucial for a targeted reduction of treatment barriers and a broader dissemination of treatment, especially for those individuals who are still unsure whether to initiate contact with a professional.

• #24 Body Dysmorphic Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20800

  The combination of medications and cognitive behavioral therapy can be effective. […] Patients who fail adequate SSRI trials can augment their SSRI therapy with clomipramine. […] Suicidal ideation and behavior are commonly associated with BDD; patients who have active suicidal ideation or recent suicidal behavior warrant inpatient hospitalization. […] Multiple American medical organizations have elected for BDD screenings in procedures that patients with BDD commonly seek. […] BDD involves an overwhelming preoccupation with a perceived physical defect. Typical areas of concern include the skin, hair, nose, genitalia, breasts, and body shape. […] The symptoms often go undetected and can severely impact one’s life. Affected patients often seek cosmetic surgical solutions for their perceived defects. Unfortunately, surgical procedures are ineffective.

• #25 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

  https://www.katharinephillipsmd.com/bdd.html

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common yet underrecognized body image disorder. […] For a diagnosis of BDD to be made, the appearance concerns must cause significant emotional distress or significantly interfere with day-to-day functioning (for example, social, academic, or occupational functioning). […] BDD is a serious disorder. It’s associated with high rates of psychiatric hospitalization, and it can lead to suicide. […] If you’re diagnosed with BDD, I encourage you to try the medications and/or therapy discussed above. […] These treatments can free you from your appearance obsessions and compulsive behaviors, depression, anxiety, social anxiety, and other symptoms. […] By definition, people with BDD have a distorted view of how they look. […] Research studies show that people with BDD actually see (visually perceive) themselves differently than others see them.

• #26 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD): Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/309254

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition in which a person worries excessively about a perceived flaw in their physical appearance. […] A person with BDD may spend long periods thinking about physical details that are barely noticeable or not visible to other people. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fifth Edition (DSM-5) list the following criteria for diagnosing BDD: Preoccupation with one or more imperfections in a person’s appearance that others cannot see or that are very slight. […] Many people with BDD never get a diagnosis or receive appropriate treatment. […] A study published in 2015 notes that, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual fifth edition (DSM-5), 78 percent of people who seek plastic surgery in the U.S. have BDD. […] The authors urge plastic and cosmetic surgeons to be aware of the signs of BDD. […] If a person with BDD receives an accurate diagnosis, treatment with medication and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help.

• #27 Body Dysmorphic Disorder DSM-5 300.7 (F45.22)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/body-dysmorphic-disorder-dsm–5-300.7-(f45.22)

  The DSM -5 indicates that the typical age of onset of Body Dysmorphic Disorder is ages 12-13, with an average onset of 16-17. […] According to DSM-5 data, the incidence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States is 2.5% in males, and 2.2. % in females. […] The DSM-5 indicates that child maltreatment is a risk factor for BDD. […] The DSM-5 identifies Depressive Disorder, OCD and substance use as disorders co-morbid with Body Dysmorphia Disorder. […] BDD is chronic, but responds favorably to treatment. […] The DSM-5 currently classifies BDD as a discrete disorder. […] Diagnostic rule-outs outlined in the DSM-5 include Eating Disorders, OCD, somatic anxiety, Major Depressive disorder, Anxiety disorders, and psychotic disorders.

• #28 Recent advances in understanding and managing body dysmorphic disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5566091/

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common and disabling psychiatric disorder characterised by excessive and persistent preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in one’s appearance, which are unnoticeable to others, and associated repetitive behaviours (eg, mirror checking). […] The disorder generally starts in adolescence, but often goes unnoticed and is severely underdiagnosed. […] Left untreated, BDD typically persists and causes marked functional impairment in multiple domains. […] Key issues in assessment are outlined including the use of validated screening instruments to minimise misdiagnosis and the importance of risk assessment in this population given the high rates of suicidality and inappropriate use of cosmetic treatments. […] To meet diagnostic criteria for BDD, the appearance preoccupation cannot be better explained by concerns with body fat or weight in an individual who fulfils diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder.

• #29 Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/types/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  DSM diagnostic criteria includes: Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or a markedly excessive concern where there is a slight physical anomaly. […] Clinically significant distress or impairment in daily life activities as a result of intense preoccupation with physical appearance. […] The appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns with body fat or weight in an individual whose symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder. […] Eating disorders can also co-occur with BDD, in which case both disorders should be diagnosed. […] Access to evidence-based treatment has been shown to reduce the severity, duration and impact of BDD. Treatment for BDD may include therapy and/or medication. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to be effective for BDD. […] If you or someone you know may have BDD, accessing support and treatment is important. Early intervention is key to improved health and quality of life outcomes.

• #30 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  If people’s only concern is body shape and weight and their eating behavior is abnormal, an eating disorder may be the more accurate diagnosis; if their only concern is the appearance of their physical sex characteristics or other physical characteristics that reflect their sex at birth, a diagnosis of gender dysphoria may be considered.

• #31 A Review of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Presentation in Different Clinical Settings

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/review-body-dysmorphic-disorder-presentation-different/

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common psychiatric disorder characterized by preoccupations with perceived defects in physical appearance. This review aimed to explore epidemiology, clinical features, comorbidities, and treatment options for BDD in different clinical settings. […] The DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of BDD are (1) preoccupation with an imagined or barely perceptible defect in appearance, (2) the preoccupation causes marked distress and impairment in social and occupational functioning, and (3) the appearance concern is not better accounted for by another mental disorder. […] The upcoming DSM-5 recommendation is to move BDD from somatoform disorders to the classification of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. […] A considerable overlap exists between BDD and other psychiatric disorders such as OCD, anxiety, and delusional disorder, and this comorbidity should be considered in evaluation, management, and long-term follow-up of the disorder.

• #32 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

  https://patient.info/mental-health/body-dysmorphic-disorder-leaflet

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a condition where a person spends a lot of time worried and concerned about their appearance. This is persistent over a long period of time, rather than just happening occasionally. […] There are no tests to diagnose BDD – it is a clinical diagnosis. That means the doctor will make the diagnosis by talking to you about your symptoms, and carrying out a mental state examination which goes through different aspects of your mental health. […] BDD can affect anyone. However, it most commonly first develops in the teenage years. […] The usual treatment for BDD is either a talking therapy (cognitive behavioural therapy, or CBT) or a specific type of antidepressant medicine. Sometimes a combination of CBT plus an antidepressant medicine is used. […] CBT is a type of specialist talking treatment (a specialised psychological therapy). It is probably the most effective treatment for BDD.

• #33 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Diagnosis, Causes and Treatments

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/body-dysmorphic-disorder-diagnosis-causes-treatments-

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an increasingly common anxiety disorder characterised by obsessive concerns with body image and perception. […] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT helps the patient recognise and understand their triggers for insecurities and anxiety surrounding body image. It helps them recognise that these beliefs are irrational and harmful and form a more realistic and positive view of their appearance. […] Exposure and Response Prevention: This is a common aspect of CBT when treating BDD, involving gradual exposure to a stimulus that can trigger body related anxiety such as being in crowded places. The response prevention aspect involves working with the patient to reduce compulsive behaviours, such as constant mirror checking. […] Medication: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), typically used to treat depression can be effective in reducing BDD symptoms through regulating neurotransmitter levels.

• #34 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/

  CBT can help you manage your BDD symptoms by changing the way you think and behave. […] SSRIs are a type of antidepressant. […] If treatment with both CBT and an SSRI has not improved your BDD symptoms after 12 weeks, you may be prescribed a different type of SSRI or another antidepressant called clomipramine. […] These services will probably do a more in-depth assessment of your BDD.

• #35 Body dysmorphic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938

  Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health condition in which you can’t stop thinking about one or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance a flaw that appears minor or can’t be seen by others. […] Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder may include cognitive behavioral therapy and medication. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually doesn’t get better on its own. If left untreated, it may get worse over time, leading to anxiety, extensive medical bills, severe depression, and even suicidal thoughts and behavior. […] If you have any signs or symptoms, see your health care provider or a mental health professional.

• #36 Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/types/body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a complex mental health condition, classified within the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). BDD differs from typical appearance concerns and body dissatisfaction as it is characterized by excessive appearance-related preoccupations, repetitive compensatory behaviours and causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning for the person experiencing BDD. […] Studies estimate that the prevalence of BDD is between 1.7%–2.9% of the population. […] People experiencing BDD can become so fixated on their perceived flaws that they feel defined by them and many report feelings of shame, self-disgust, hopelessness and embarrassment. […] People can live with BDD for many years before seeking assistance, with high rates of underdiagnosis and undertreatment. This is mainly due to feelings of shame or fear of stigma that prevents help seeking, lack of awareness of living with a mental health disorder or lack of awareness that BDD is a treatable condition.

• #37 JMIR Formative Research – Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the Spanish Population: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e46515

  Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined as excessive concern with mild or nonexistent defects in personal physical appearance, which are not perceived by others. […] The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BDD in Spain and to identify the variables associated with BDD. […] Of the 2091 participants who took the survey, 322 (15.2%) met the criteria of having BDD. […] BDD was significantly associated with female gender, younger age (18-24 years), students, monthly income of less than 500 (1=US $1.11), and the presence of dermatological and some psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders (P.05). […] The number of body parts of concern in participants with BDD was significantly higher than that in those without BDD (4.6 vs 2.2, respectively; P.001).

• #38 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

  https://patient.info/mental-health/body-dysmorphic-disorder-leaflet

  Although they are often used to treat depression, SSRI antidepressant medicines can also reduce the symptoms of BDD, even if you are not depressed. […] BDD is a chronic illness – it lasts for many years. About half of all people with BDD will find that their symptoms fully or partially go away with appropriate treatment, but if the symptoms are more severe or have lasted for many years before help has been sought, a cure is less likely.

• #39 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Nevertheless, it is important to establish the differential diagnostics in order to determine the severity of the disease, the comorbidities, and the risk factors. […] BDD, which was primarily called dysmorphophobia, is a severe psychiatric disorder usual and disabling. […] Even though BDD being still an underrecognized and underdiagnosed pathology in our society, it causes too much pain, social, and professional impairment to the patients. […] Therefore, it is paramount that not only psychologists and psychiatrists know more about BDD, but also, professionals of esthetics area, cosmetology and gyms, which include alternative specialty doctors, physiotherapists and personal trainers. […] It is important to emphasize that this classification has changed much and do not include BDD anymore.

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