Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Body dysmorphic disorder: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis/print

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by excessive preoccupation with nonexistent or slight defects in physical appearance, such that patients believe they look abnormal, unattractive, ugly, or deformed, when in reality they look normal. […] BDD is common but underrecognized, and it is often associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of BDD.

• #2 Body dysmorphic disorder: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is common but underrecognized, and it is often associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of BDD.

• #3 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #4 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #5 The Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the United States Adult Population | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/prevalence-of-body-dysmorphic-disorder-in-the-united-states-adult-population/664486A24D8E14CD236C506295E46C48

  In clinical samples, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is associated with substantial suffering and reduced quality of life. Limited surveys report widely varying prevalence estimates. To better establish the prevalence of BDD, we conducted a United States nationwide prevalence survey. […] The estimated point prevalence of DSM-IV BDD among respondents was 2.4% (49/2,048) (by gender: 2.5% for women, 2.2% for men), exceeding the prevalence of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type I and about that of generalized anxiety disorder. […] BDD prevalence decreased after 44 years of age, and a larger proportion of BDD respondents were never married.

• #6 4.2 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Abnormal Psychology

  https://university.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/4-2-body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  The point prevalence rate for BDD among U.S. adults is 2.4% (APA, 2013). […] Internationally, this rate drops to 1.7% 1.8% (APA, 2013). […] Gender-based prevalence rates indicate a fairly balanced sex ratio (2.5% females; 2.2% males; APA, 2013). […] While the diagnosis rates may be different, general symptoms of BDD appear to be the same across genders with one exception: males tend to report genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to present with a comorbid eating disorder.

• #7 4.2 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Abnormal Psychology

  https://university.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/4-2-body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  The point prevalence rate for BDD among U.S. adults is 2.4% (APA, 2013). […] Internationally, this rate drops to 1.7% 1.8% (APA, 2013). […] Gender-based prevalence rates indicate a fairly balanced sex ratio (2.5% females; 2.2% males; APA, 2013). […] While the diagnosis rates may be different, general symptoms of BDD appear to be the same across genders with one exception: males tend to report genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to present with a comorbid eating disorder.

• #8 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #9 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #10 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  BDD patients present commonly as adolescents and young adults, and also frequently up to the individuals mid-30s and 40s. The mean age of onset is 1617 years, and the most common age at onset is 1213 years [8, 20]. Although patients may present at a later age, the majority (approximately two thirds) will have the onset of symptoms before the age of 18 [8]. The disorder is usually not formally diagnosed until 10 to 15 years after the onset of BDD [21, 22]. Although some may experience an abrupt onset of BDD, the disorder usually evolves gradually [23]. The disease can be severe and is often chronic. Clinical features appear similar among all age groups; however, those with an earlier age of onset are more likely to have comorbidity and suicidal ideation [24]. […] In the clinical dermatology setting, studies have estimated a prevalence of BDD of 914%. Within the cosmetic surgery setting, the prevalence ranges from 3 to 53% (see Table 9.1) [2635].

• #11 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  BDD patients present commonly as adolescents and young adults, and also frequently up to the individuals mid-30s and 40s. The mean age of onset is 1617 years, and the most common age at onset is 1213 years [8, 20]. Although patients may present at a later age, the majority (approximately two thirds) will have the onset of symptoms before the age of 18 [8]. The disorder is usually not formally diagnosed until 10 to 15 years after the onset of BDD [21, 22]. Although some may experience an abrupt onset of BDD, the disorder usually evolves gradually [23]. The disease can be severe and is often chronic. Clinical features appear similar among all age groups; however, those with an earlier age of onset are more likely to have comorbidity and suicidal ideation [24]. […] In the clinical dermatology setting, studies have estimated a prevalence of BDD of 914%. Within the cosmetic surgery setting, the prevalence ranges from 3 to 53% (see Table 9.1) [2635].

• #12 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  BDD patients present commonly as adolescents and young adults, and also frequently up to the individuals mid-30s and 40s. The mean age of onset is 1617 years, and the most common age at onset is 1213 years [8, 20]. Although patients may present at a later age, the majority (approximately two thirds) will have the onset of symptoms before the age of 18 [8]. The disorder is usually not formally diagnosed until 10 to 15 years after the onset of BDD [21, 22]. Although some may experience an abrupt onset of BDD, the disorder usually evolves gradually [23]. The disease can be severe and is often chronic. Clinical features appear similar among all age groups; however, those with an earlier age of onset are more likely to have comorbidity and suicidal ideation [24]. […] In the clinical dermatology setting, studies have estimated a prevalence of BDD of 914%. Within the cosmetic surgery setting, the prevalence ranges from 3 to 53% (see Table 9.1) [2635].

• #13 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #14 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #15 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #16

  https://www.njcmindia.com/index.php/file/article/view/2157

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by preoccupation with a perceived flaw(s) in ones appearance, leads sufferers to engage in repetitive behaviours to try to hide or fix the flaw(s) causing significant distress and interference. […] The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of BDD among higher secondary students in Imphal West, Manipur. […] About 2.6% met the DSM-V criteria for BDD. […] The study revealed BDD was prevalent but many individuals were unaware about the condition and its treatment.

• #17 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  BDD patients present commonly as adolescents and young adults, and also frequently up to the individuals mid-30s and 40s. The mean age of onset is 1617 years, and the most common age at onset is 1213 years [8, 20]. Although patients may present at a later age, the majority (approximately two thirds) will have the onset of symptoms before the age of 18 [8]. The disorder is usually not formally diagnosed until 10 to 15 years after the onset of BDD [21, 22]. Although some may experience an abrupt onset of BDD, the disorder usually evolves gradually [23]. The disease can be severe and is often chronic. Clinical features appear similar among all age groups; however, those with an earlier age of onset are more likely to have comorbidity and suicidal ideation [24]. […] In the clinical dermatology setting, studies have estimated a prevalence of BDD of 914%. Within the cosmetic surgery setting, the prevalence ranges from 3 to 53% (see Table 9.1) [2635].

• #18 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts estimate that BDD affects about 2.4% of adults in the U.S. overall. Outside the U.S., it affects between 1.7% and 2.9% of people. […] BDD is most likely to start in your teens or early adult years. People usually develop BDD around 12 or 13 years old. Two-thirds of people with BDD develop it before age 18. However, BDD can also start in adulthood. […] Most people with BDD dont get a diagnosis until 10 to 15 years after the symptoms become serious enough to meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] Without treatment, body dysmorphic disorder has the potential to disrupt your life severely. Self-harm or suicide are also more common among people living with untreated BDD. Up to 80% of people with BDD have suicidal thoughts, and 1 in 4 people with BDD attempt suicide. People with BDD are also 45 times more likely to die by suicide than people without it. Because of this, early diagnosis and treatment especially in people who develop BDD before age 18 are critical.

• #19 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  BDD patients present commonly as adolescents and young adults, and also frequently up to the individuals mid-30s and 40s. The mean age of onset is 1617 years, and the most common age at onset is 1213 years [8, 20]. Although patients may present at a later age, the majority (approximately two thirds) will have the onset of symptoms before the age of 18 [8]. The disorder is usually not formally diagnosed until 10 to 15 years after the onset of BDD [21, 22]. Although some may experience an abrupt onset of BDD, the disorder usually evolves gradually [23]. The disease can be severe and is often chronic. Clinical features appear similar among all age groups; however, those with an earlier age of onset are more likely to have comorbidity and suicidal ideation [24]. […] In the clinical dermatology setting, studies have estimated a prevalence of BDD of 914%. Within the cosmetic surgery setting, the prevalence ranges from 3 to 53% (see Table 9.1) [2635].

• #20 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  BDD is more common in women than in men in general population studies (approximately 60% women versus 40% men). However, it is more common in men than in women in cosmetic surgery and dermatology settings. […] Some studies have examined how common other psychiatric disorders were among the people they studied and found that even more people had BDD than had other disorders that are considered to be common, such as social anxiety disorder (social phobia) and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• #21 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #22 4.2 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Abnormal Psychology

  https://university.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/4-2-body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  The point prevalence rate for BDD among U.S. adults is 2.4% (APA, 2013). […] Internationally, this rate drops to 1.7% 1.8% (APA, 2013). […] Gender-based prevalence rates indicate a fairly balanced sex ratio (2.5% females; 2.2% males; APA, 2013). […] While the diagnosis rates may be different, general symptoms of BDD appear to be the same across genders with one exception: males tend to report genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to present with a comorbid eating disorder.

• #23 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  BDD is more common in women than in men in general population studies (approximately 60% women versus 40% men). However, it is more common in men than in women in cosmetic surgery and dermatology settings. […] Some studies have examined how common other psychiatric disorders were among the people they studied and found that even more people had BDD than had other disorders that are considered to be common, such as social anxiety disorder (social phobia) and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• #24 Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Appearance Preoccupation in Youth: Prevalence, Comorbidity and Psychosocial Impairment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38508411/

  Little is known about how common and impairing body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is in the general population of youth. […] The point prevalence of BDD was 1.0% (95% CI = 0.8%-1.3%). BDD was significantly more common among adolescents than children (1.9 vs 0.1%; OR = 22.5, p .001), and among female than male participants (1.8% vs 0.3%; OR = 7.3, p .001). […] Approximately 70% of young people with BDD had psychiatric comorbidity, most commonly internalizing disorders. […] BDD and appearance preoccupation are relatively common, especially among adolescent girls, and are associated with substantial co-occurring psychopathology, impairment, and risk. […] Data from an epidemiological survey of 7,654 youth aged 5 to19 years in England indicated that BDD affects approximately 1% of children and adolescents. BDD was significantly more common in adolescents compared to children and in females compared to males. Both BDD and broader appearance preoccupation were linked with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and significant psychosocial impairment, indicating a need for better screening and access to treatment.

• #25 4.2 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Abnormal Psychology

  https://university.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/4-2-body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  The point prevalence rate for BDD among U.S. adults is 2.4% (APA, 2013). […] Internationally, this rate drops to 1.7% 1.8% (APA, 2013). […] Gender-based prevalence rates indicate a fairly balanced sex ratio (2.5% females; 2.2% males; APA, 2013). […] While the diagnosis rates may be different, general symptoms of BDD appear to be the same across genders with one exception: males tend to report genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to present with a comorbid eating disorder.

• #26 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/body-dysmorphic

  The lifetime prevalence of BDD is approximately 2%, with an almost equal distribution between genders. […] The prevalence can be as high as 9 to 15% among dermatology patients, and 3 to 16% among international cosmetic surgery patients. […] Males are more likely to have genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to have a comorbid feeding or eating disorder. […] Muscle dysmorphia occurs almost exclusively in males.

• #27 4.2 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – Abnormal Psychology

  https://university.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/4-2-body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  The point prevalence rate for BDD among U.S. adults is 2.4% (APA, 2013). […] Internationally, this rate drops to 1.7% 1.8% (APA, 2013). […] Gender-based prevalence rates indicate a fairly balanced sex ratio (2.5% females; 2.2% males; APA, 2013). […] While the diagnosis rates may be different, general symptoms of BDD appear to be the same across genders with one exception: males tend to report genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to present with a comorbid eating disorder.

• #28 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/body-dysmorphic

  The lifetime prevalence of BDD is approximately 2%, with an almost equal distribution between genders. […] The prevalence can be as high as 9 to 15% among dermatology patients, and 3 to 16% among international cosmetic surgery patients. […] Males are more likely to have genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to have a comorbid feeding or eating disorder. […] Muscle dysmorphia occurs almost exclusively in males.

• #29 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/body-dysmorphic

  The lifetime prevalence of BDD is approximately 2%, with an almost equal distribution between genders. […] The prevalence can be as high as 9 to 15% among dermatology patients, and 3 to 16% among international cosmetic surgery patients. […] Males are more likely to have genital preoccupations, while females are more likely to have a comorbid feeding or eating disorder. […] Muscle dysmorphia occurs almost exclusively in males.

• #30 Body Dysmorphic Statistics | Facts About Body Dysmorphia Disorder

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/body-dysmorphic-disorder/bdd-statistics/

  Men, particularly those who participate in an elite sport or appearance-driven competitions such as body-building, may be more susceptible to a subtype of BDD called muscle dysphoria. […] While BDD can be diagnosed and treated on its own, it shares many features and symptoms with mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders. […] People with BDD are at increased risk of suicide. […] BDD rates are reported to be much higher in those who have received plastic surgery or cosmetic dental work.

• #31 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #32 Cosmetic Treatments and Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/expert-opinions/cosmetic-treatments-and-bdd/

  Cosmetic surgery is a commonly sought treatment for individuals with BDD, with 26%-40% of individuals with BDD pursuing cosmetic surgery. […] In American cosmetic surgery samples, 7%-8% of individuals meet criteria for BDD and in international cosmetic populations, the prevalence rates vary greatly, ranging between 3%-53%. […] Prevalence rates of BDD in dermatology settings range from 9%-15%. One recent study showed that 14% of individuals in cosmetic dermatology settings met criteria for BDD compared to 7% in general dermatology settings. […] Two studies have investigated the prevalence of BDD in reconstructive surgical settings (e.g., breast reconstruction), and found that 7%-16% of patients showed symptoms consistent with BDD. […] Rates of suicidality in individuals with BDD are quite high, including suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. […] Although there is little research on the association between cosmetic treatments and risk for suicidality, studies of women who have sought breast augmentation have shown suicide rates that were two to three times higher than rates in the general population.

• #33 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #34 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  Studies suggest that the most common complaints from BDD patients involve facial defects, such as skin blemishes or nasal shape. […] The prevalence of BDD has ranged from 20.7 to 24.5% in those seeking rhinoplasty surgery (see Table 9.1) [1, 40, 41]. […] In patients receiving psychiatric treatment, 3.2% of the outpatients and up to 12.1% of the inpatients have been reported to have a BDD diagnosis [2, 3, 42]. The prevalence is approximately equivalent in males and females in outpatient psychiatric patients [2]. […] Most studies indicate comorbid depression and social phobia in more than 70% of BDD patients [2]. Comorbid major depression in BDD patients has also been reported as high as 80% [43]. Rates of coincident anxiety disorder in BDD patients are also high, with 38% reporting a lifetime history of social phobia and 60% reporting any anxiety disorder [2].

• #35 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #36 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/body-dysmorphic-disorder-pro

  It is thought that 0.5% to 0.7% of the population have BDD. However, one review found: BDD in adults in the community was estimated to be 1.9%. […] In adolescents 2.2%. […] In student populations 3.3%. […] In adult psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adolescent psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adult psychiatric outpatients 5.8%. […] In general cosmetic surgery 13.2%. […] In rhinoplasty surgery 20.1%. […] In orthognathic surgery 11.2%. […] In orthodontics/cosmetic dentistry settings 5.2%. […] In dermatology outpatients 11.3%. […] In cosmetic dermatology outpatients 9.2%. […] In acne dermatology clinics 11.1%. […] Women outnumbered men in the majority of settings but not in cosmetic or dermatological settings.

• #37 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #38 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/body-dysmorphic-disorder-pro

  It is thought that 0.5% to 0.7% of the population have BDD. However, one review found: BDD in adults in the community was estimated to be 1.9%. […] In adolescents 2.2%. […] In student populations 3.3%. […] In adult psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adolescent psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adult psychiatric outpatients 5.8%. […] In general cosmetic surgery 13.2%. […] In rhinoplasty surgery 20.1%. […] In orthognathic surgery 11.2%. […] In orthodontics/cosmetic dentistry settings 5.2%. […] In dermatology outpatients 11.3%. […] In cosmetic dermatology outpatients 9.2%. […] In acne dermatology clinics 11.1%. […] Women outnumbered men in the majority of settings but not in cosmetic or dermatological settings.

• #39 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #40 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  In a cohort of 289 individuals with BDD, Phillips et al. [37] reported 76.4% sought nonpsychiatric treatment and 66.0% actually received it. […] In a 2009 cross-sectional Brazilian study [1], 150 general and cosmetic dermatology patients, and 50 controls were interviewed by clinical psychologists and surveyed for the presence of BDD. The study determined that the prevalence of BDD was higher in the dermatology groups (n=31), as compared to the control group (n=1). Cosmetic dermatology patients were further significantly more likely to have BDD than their general dermatology counterparts, with a BDD diagnosis in 14% compared with 6.7% of general dermatology patients. […] Similarly, a cross-sectional Turkish study in 2013 [25] also evaluated the frequency of BDD in cosmetic and general dermatology settings.

• #41 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #42 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  In a cohort of 289 individuals with BDD, Phillips et al. [37] reported 76.4% sought nonpsychiatric treatment and 66.0% actually received it. […] In a 2009 cross-sectional Brazilian study [1], 150 general and cosmetic dermatology patients, and 50 controls were interviewed by clinical psychologists and surveyed for the presence of BDD. The study determined that the prevalence of BDD was higher in the dermatology groups (n=31), as compared to the control group (n=1). Cosmetic dermatology patients were further significantly more likely to have BDD than their general dermatology counterparts, with a BDD diagnosis in 14% compared with 6.7% of general dermatology patients. […] Similarly, a cross-sectional Turkish study in 2013 [25] also evaluated the frequency of BDD in cosmetic and general dermatology settings.

• #43 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/body-dysmorphic-disorder-pro

  It is thought that 0.5% to 0.7% of the population have BDD. However, one review found: BDD in adults in the community was estimated to be 1.9%. […] In adolescents 2.2%. […] In student populations 3.3%. […] In adult psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adolescent psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adult psychiatric outpatients 5.8%. […] In general cosmetic surgery 13.2%. […] In rhinoplasty surgery 20.1%. […] In orthognathic surgery 11.2%. […] In orthodontics/cosmetic dentistry settings 5.2%. […] In dermatology outpatients 11.3%. […] In cosmetic dermatology outpatients 9.2%. […] In acne dermatology clinics 11.1%. […] Women outnumbered men in the majority of settings but not in cosmetic or dermatological settings.

• #44 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  Studies suggest that the most common complaints from BDD patients involve facial defects, such as skin blemishes or nasal shape. […] The prevalence of BDD has ranged from 20.7 to 24.5% in those seeking rhinoplasty surgery (see Table 9.1) [1, 40, 41]. […] In patients receiving psychiatric treatment, 3.2% of the outpatients and up to 12.1% of the inpatients have been reported to have a BDD diagnosis [2, 3, 42]. The prevalence is approximately equivalent in males and females in outpatient psychiatric patients [2]. […] Most studies indicate comorbid depression and social phobia in more than 70% of BDD patients [2]. Comorbid major depression in BDD patients has also been reported as high as 80% [43]. Rates of coincident anxiety disorder in BDD patients are also high, with 38% reporting a lifetime history of social phobia and 60% reporting any anxiety disorder [2].

• #45 Cosmetic Treatments and Body Dysmorphic Disorder – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/expert-opinions/cosmetic-treatments-and-bdd/

  Cosmetic surgery is a commonly sought treatment for individuals with BDD, with 26%-40% of individuals with BDD pursuing cosmetic surgery. […] In American cosmetic surgery samples, 7%-8% of individuals meet criteria for BDD and in international cosmetic populations, the prevalence rates vary greatly, ranging between 3%-53%. […] Prevalence rates of BDD in dermatology settings range from 9%-15%. One recent study showed that 14% of individuals in cosmetic dermatology settings met criteria for BDD compared to 7% in general dermatology settings. […] Two studies have investigated the prevalence of BDD in reconstructive surgical settings (e.g., breast reconstruction), and found that 7%-16% of patients showed symptoms consistent with BDD. […] Rates of suicidality in individuals with BDD are quite high, including suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. […] Although there is little research on the association between cosmetic treatments and risk for suicidality, studies of women who have sought breast augmentation have shown suicide rates that were two to three times higher than rates in the general population.

• #46 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  In a cohort of 289 individuals with BDD, Phillips et al. [37] reported 76.4% sought nonpsychiatric treatment and 66.0% actually received it. […] In a 2009 cross-sectional Brazilian study [1], 150 general and cosmetic dermatology patients, and 50 controls were interviewed by clinical psychologists and surveyed for the presence of BDD. The study determined that the prevalence of BDD was higher in the dermatology groups (n=31), as compared to the control group (n=1). Cosmetic dermatology patients were further significantly more likely to have BDD than their general dermatology counterparts, with a BDD diagnosis in 14% compared with 6.7% of general dermatology patients. […] Similarly, a cross-sectional Turkish study in 2013 [25] also evaluated the frequency of BDD in cosmetic and general dermatology settings.

• #47 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  In the dermatological patient population, the prevalence is predominantly higher, with 8.8% of Turkish dermatology patients; 14% of US dermatology patients; 6.7% of Brazilian dermatology patients; 4.2% of Turkish dermatology patients in another time frame; 4.9% of Swedish dermatology patients; and from 2.9 to 24.9% in patients of multiple nationalities. […] The prevalence of BDD in patients who underwent plastic surgery procedures is around 620%. […] Among BDD patients, 76% have already considered plastic surgery as a treatment for their defects, of which most of them, 6466%, have previously undergone some plastic surgery. […] Although the dissatisfaction level with the results is high, the idea of perfection is based on delusional thoughts about one’s esthetics complaints, which are not reachable by cosmetic treatments or surgeries.

• #48 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #49 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/body-dysmorphic-disorder-pro

  It is thought that 0.5% to 0.7% of the population have BDD. However, one review found: BDD in adults in the community was estimated to be 1.9%. […] In adolescents 2.2%. […] In student populations 3.3%. […] In adult psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adolescent psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adult psychiatric outpatients 5.8%. […] In general cosmetic surgery 13.2%. […] In rhinoplasty surgery 20.1%. […] In orthognathic surgery 11.2%. […] In orthodontics/cosmetic dentistry settings 5.2%. […] In dermatology outpatients 11.3%. […] In cosmetic dermatology outpatients 9.2%. […] In acne dermatology clinics 11.1%. […] Women outnumbered men in the majority of settings but not in cosmetic or dermatological settings.

• #50 Body Dysmorphic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555901/

  BDD is reported globally in all ages, in both males and females. The overall global prevalence is 2% to 3%, with a higher incidence in females than males. […] Community studies conducted in multiple countries, including the United States, have estimated the prevalence to be approximately 2% to 3% in adults, 2% to 5% in adolescents, and 3% among higher education students. […] Requests for cosmetic surgical procedures are common for patients with BDD. An estimated 13% of patients in general cosmetic surgery clinics have BDD. […] The estimated prevalence of BDD in patients pursuing rhinoplasty is 20%. […] Approximately 11% of patients seeking orthognathic (jaw) surgery are affected by BDD. […] Between 5% to 10% of patients requesting orthodontic dentistry treatment are also affected. […] BDD is often a comorbid psychiatric illness among those diagnosed with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. For those with any of these comorbid psychiatric illnesses, the inpatient prevalence of BDD is estimated at 7%, while the outpatient prevalence is approximately 6%.

• #51 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/body-dysmorphic-disorder-pro

  It is thought that 0.5% to 0.7% of the population have BDD. However, one review found: BDD in adults in the community was estimated to be 1.9%. […] In adolescents 2.2%. […] In student populations 3.3%. […] In adult psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adolescent psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adult psychiatric outpatients 5.8%. […] In general cosmetic surgery 13.2%. […] In rhinoplasty surgery 20.1%. […] In orthognathic surgery 11.2%. […] In orthodontics/cosmetic dentistry settings 5.2%. […] In dermatology outpatients 11.3%. […] In cosmetic dermatology outpatients 9.2%. […] In acne dermatology clinics 11.1%. […] Women outnumbered men in the majority of settings but not in cosmetic or dermatological settings.

• #52 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/body-dysmorphic-disorder-pro

  It is thought that 0.5% to 0.7% of the population have BDD. However, one review found: BDD in adults in the community was estimated to be 1.9%. […] In adolescents 2.2%. […] In student populations 3.3%. […] In adult psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adolescent psychiatric inpatients 7.4%. […] In adult psychiatric outpatients 5.8%. […] In general cosmetic surgery 13.2%. […] In rhinoplasty surgery 20.1%. […] In orthognathic surgery 11.2%. […] In orthodontics/cosmetic dentistry settings 5.2%. […] In dermatology outpatients 11.3%. […] In cosmetic dermatology outpatients 9.2%. […] In acne dermatology clinics 11.1%. […] Women outnumbered men in the majority of settings but not in cosmetic or dermatological settings.

• #53 A Review of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Presentation in Different Clinical Settings

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/review-body-dysmorphic-disorder-presentation-different/

  In a prospective study of the course of BDD for up to 8 years in a sample of 514 participants, 1.8% to 4.8% had current BDD and 2.6% to 6.1% had lifetime BDD. […] Patients with BDD attending a psychiatric clinic have been found to have an equal male:female ratio, and they are usually single or separated and unemployed. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually begins early in adolescence; 1 study found one-third of inpatient adolescents currently had a body image disorder or problematic body image concerns. […] A considerable overlap exists between BDD and other psychiatric disorders such as OCD, anxiety, and delusional disorder, and this comorbidity should be considered in evaluation, management, and long-term follow-up of the disorder. […] Over 60% of BDD patients were reported to have a lifetime history of an anxiety disorder.

• #54 A Review of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Presentation in Different Clinical Settings

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/review-body-dysmorphic-disorder-presentation-different/

  In a prospective study of the course of BDD for up to 8 years in a sample of 514 participants, 1.8% to 4.8% had current BDD and 2.6% to 6.1% had lifetime BDD. […] Patients with BDD attending a psychiatric clinic have been found to have an equal male:female ratio, and they are usually single or separated and unemployed. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually begins early in adolescence; 1 study found one-third of inpatient adolescents currently had a body image disorder or problematic body image concerns. […] A considerable overlap exists between BDD and other psychiatric disorders such as OCD, anxiety, and delusional disorder, and this comorbidity should be considered in evaluation, management, and long-term follow-up of the disorder. […] Over 60% of BDD patients were reported to have a lifetime history of an anxiety disorder.

• #55 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  Studies suggest that the most common complaints from BDD patients involve facial defects, such as skin blemishes or nasal shape. […] The prevalence of BDD has ranged from 20.7 to 24.5% in those seeking rhinoplasty surgery (see Table 9.1) [1, 40, 41]. […] In patients receiving psychiatric treatment, 3.2% of the outpatients and up to 12.1% of the inpatients have been reported to have a BDD diagnosis [2, 3, 42]. The prevalence is approximately equivalent in males and females in outpatient psychiatric patients [2]. […] Most studies indicate comorbid depression and social phobia in more than 70% of BDD patients [2]. Comorbid major depression in BDD patients has also been reported as high as 80% [43]. Rates of coincident anxiety disorder in BDD patients are also high, with 38% reporting a lifetime history of social phobia and 60% reporting any anxiety disorder [2].

• #56 A Review of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Presentation in Different Clinical Settings

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/review-body-dysmorphic-disorder-presentation-different/

  In a prospective study of the course of BDD for up to 8 years in a sample of 514 participants, 1.8% to 4.8% had current BDD and 2.6% to 6.1% had lifetime BDD. […] Patients with BDD attending a psychiatric clinic have been found to have an equal male:female ratio, and they are usually single or separated and unemployed. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually begins early in adolescence; 1 study found one-third of inpatient adolescents currently had a body image disorder or problematic body image concerns. […] A considerable overlap exists between BDD and other psychiatric disorders such as OCD, anxiety, and delusional disorder, and this comorbidity should be considered in evaluation, management, and long-term follow-up of the disorder. […] Over 60% of BDD patients were reported to have a lifetime history of an anxiety disorder.

• #57 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/body-dysmorphic-disorder-epidemiology-and-specific-cohorts/

  Studies suggest that the most common complaints from BDD patients involve facial defects, such as skin blemishes or nasal shape. […] The prevalence of BDD has ranged from 20.7 to 24.5% in those seeking rhinoplasty surgery (see Table 9.1) [1, 40, 41]. […] In patients receiving psychiatric treatment, 3.2% of the outpatients and up to 12.1% of the inpatients have been reported to have a BDD diagnosis [2, 3, 42]. The prevalence is approximately equivalent in males and females in outpatient psychiatric patients [2]. […] Most studies indicate comorbid depression and social phobia in more than 70% of BDD patients [2]. Comorbid major depression in BDD patients has also been reported as high as 80% [43]. Rates of coincident anxiety disorder in BDD patients are also high, with 38% reporting a lifetime history of social phobia and 60% reporting any anxiety disorder [2].

• #58 A Review of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Presentation in Different Clinical Settings

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/review-body-dysmorphic-disorder-presentation-different/

  The lifetime co-occurrence rate for social phobia is roughly 38%, which tends to predate the onset of body dysmorphic disorder. […] Nearly all studies report a high level of comorbidity with depression and social phobia, which is estimated to occur in more than 70% of BDD patients and could explain the response of the disorder to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #59 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (300.7) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/body-dysmorphic-disorder-300-7/

  BDD is relatively common with prevalence rates from 0.7% to 2.4% in the general population (Didie et al., 2010). […] Prevalence rates tend to increase in clinical settings. Prevalence rates in the medical population of dermatology increase to 9%-12%, and in the cosmetic surgery population, an increase of 3%-53% (Didie et al., 2010). […] BDD is relatively common in outpatients with OCD (8% to 37%); social phobia (11% to 13%); trichotillomania (26%); and atypical major depressive disorder (14% to 42%) (Didie et al., 2010).

• #60 Analysis Determines Body Dysmorphic Disorder Is the Most Common in Adolescent Girls

  https://www.contemporaryclinic.com/view/analysis-determines-body-dysmorphic-disorder-is-the-most-common-in-adolescent-girls

  Most young people (69.8%; 95% CI = 56.8%-80.4%) with BDD were observed to meet the diagnostic criteria for at least 1 additional psychiatric disorder, with the most common comorbidities being anxiety-related disorders (58.7%; 95% CI = 45.6%-70.8%) and depressive disorders (31.7%; 95% CI = 20.9%-44.8%). […] Further, self-harm or suicide attempts were also common among those with BDD (self-report: 46.3%; parent-report: 35.0%). […] The investigators noted not observing any instances of autism spectrum disorders.

• #61 Body Dysmorphic Statistics | Facts About Body Dysmorphia Disorder

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/body-dysmorphic-disorder/bdd-statistics/

  Men, particularly those who participate in an elite sport or appearance-driven competitions such as body-building, may be more susceptible to a subtype of BDD called muscle dysphoria. […] While BDD can be diagnosed and treated on its own, it shares many features and symptoms with mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders. […] People with BDD are at increased risk of suicide. […] BDD rates are reported to be much higher in those who have received plastic surgery or cosmetic dental work.

• #62 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  The rhinoplasty surgery, in special, is a common practice in BDD patients community, and the diagnoses of severe cases of BDD before surgery are very frequently connected to the high level of dissatisfaction with the results after surgery. […] The prevalence of BDD is larger in esthetics dermatological clinics (14%); compared to general dermatological clinics (6.7%) and in the control group (2%), the prevalence of BDD was almost equal to the general population. […] The same happens to the work capability of the BDD patients: when the disorder starts earlier in life, the social and labor impairment usually is worse. […] BDD patients usually have emotional impairment, remaining single (56.3%). […] The majority of BDD patients have suicidal ideas (80%), and a considerable percentage of them have already presented suicidal attempts (24%). […] Among American population, it has been noticed that suicide rates are 45 times larger in BDD patients when related to the rest of the population.

• #63 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts estimate that BDD affects about 2.4% of adults in the U.S. overall. Outside the U.S., it affects between 1.7% and 2.9% of people. […] BDD is most likely to start in your teens or early adult years. People usually develop BDD around 12 or 13 years old. Two-thirds of people with BDD develop it before age 18. However, BDD can also start in adulthood. […] Most people with BDD dont get a diagnosis until 10 to 15 years after the symptoms become serious enough to meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] Without treatment, body dysmorphic disorder has the potential to disrupt your life severely. Self-harm or suicide are also more common among people living with untreated BDD. Up to 80% of people with BDD have suicidal thoughts, and 1 in 4 people with BDD attempt suicide. People with BDD are also 45 times more likely to die by suicide than people without it. Because of this, early diagnosis and treatment especially in people who develop BDD before age 18 are critical.

• #64 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  The rhinoplasty surgery, in special, is a common practice in BDD patients community, and the diagnoses of severe cases of BDD before surgery are very frequently connected to the high level of dissatisfaction with the results after surgery. […] The prevalence of BDD is larger in esthetics dermatological clinics (14%); compared to general dermatological clinics (6.7%) and in the control group (2%), the prevalence of BDD was almost equal to the general population. […] The same happens to the work capability of the BDD patients: when the disorder starts earlier in life, the social and labor impairment usually is worse. […] BDD patients usually have emotional impairment, remaining single (56.3%). […] The majority of BDD patients have suicidal ideas (80%), and a considerable percentage of them have already presented suicidal attempts (24%). […] Among American population, it has been noticed that suicide rates are 45 times larger in BDD patients when related to the rest of the population.

• #65 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts estimate that BDD affects about 2.4% of adults in the U.S. overall. Outside the U.S., it affects between 1.7% and 2.9% of people. […] BDD is most likely to start in your teens or early adult years. People usually develop BDD around 12 or 13 years old. Two-thirds of people with BDD develop it before age 18. However, BDD can also start in adulthood. […] Most people with BDD dont get a diagnosis until 10 to 15 years after the symptoms become serious enough to meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] Without treatment, body dysmorphic disorder has the potential to disrupt your life severely. Self-harm or suicide are also more common among people living with untreated BDD. Up to 80% of people with BDD have suicidal thoughts, and 1 in 4 people with BDD attempt suicide. People with BDD are also 45 times more likely to die by suicide than people without it. Because of this, early diagnosis and treatment especially in people who develop BDD before age 18 are critical.

• #66 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  The rhinoplasty surgery, in special, is a common practice in BDD patients community, and the diagnoses of severe cases of BDD before surgery are very frequently connected to the high level of dissatisfaction with the results after surgery. […] The prevalence of BDD is larger in esthetics dermatological clinics (14%); compared to general dermatological clinics (6.7%) and in the control group (2%), the prevalence of BDD was almost equal to the general population. […] The same happens to the work capability of the BDD patients: when the disorder starts earlier in life, the social and labor impairment usually is worse. […] BDD patients usually have emotional impairment, remaining single (56.3%). […] The majority of BDD patients have suicidal ideas (80%), and a considerable percentage of them have already presented suicidal attempts (24%). […] Among American population, it has been noticed that suicide rates are 45 times larger in BDD patients when related to the rest of the population.

• #67 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts estimate that BDD affects about 2.4% of adults in the U.S. overall. Outside the U.S., it affects between 1.7% and 2.9% of people. […] BDD is most likely to start in your teens or early adult years. People usually develop BDD around 12 or 13 years old. Two-thirds of people with BDD develop it before age 18. However, BDD can also start in adulthood. […] Most people with BDD dont get a diagnosis until 10 to 15 years after the symptoms become serious enough to meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] Without treatment, body dysmorphic disorder has the potential to disrupt your life severely. Self-harm or suicide are also more common among people living with untreated BDD. Up to 80% of people with BDD have suicidal thoughts, and 1 in 4 people with BDD attempt suicide. People with BDD are also 45 times more likely to die by suicide than people without it. Because of this, early diagnosis and treatment especially in people who develop BDD before age 18 are critical.

• #68 Analysis Determines Body Dysmorphic Disorder Is the Most Common in Adolescent Girls

  https://www.contemporaryclinic.com/view/analysis-determines-body-dysmorphic-disorder-is-the-most-common-in-adolescent-girls

  Most young people (69.8%; 95% CI = 56.8%-80.4%) with BDD were observed to meet the diagnostic criteria for at least 1 additional psychiatric disorder, with the most common comorbidities being anxiety-related disorders (58.7%; 95% CI = 45.6%-70.8%) and depressive disorders (31.7%; 95% CI = 20.9%-44.8%). […] Further, self-harm or suicide attempts were also common among those with BDD (self-report: 46.3%; parent-report: 35.0%). […] The investigators noted not observing any instances of autism spectrum disorders.

• #69 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts estimate that BDD affects about 2.4% of adults in the U.S. overall. Outside the U.S., it affects between 1.7% and 2.9% of people. […] BDD is most likely to start in your teens or early adult years. People usually develop BDD around 12 or 13 years old. Two-thirds of people with BDD develop it before age 18. However, BDD can also start in adulthood. […] Most people with BDD dont get a diagnosis until 10 to 15 years after the symptoms become serious enough to meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] Without treatment, body dysmorphic disorder has the potential to disrupt your life severely. Self-harm or suicide are also more common among people living with untreated BDD. Up to 80% of people with BDD have suicidal thoughts, and 1 in 4 people with BDD attempt suicide. People with BDD are also 45 times more likely to die by suicide than people without it. Because of this, early diagnosis and treatment especially in people who develop BDD before age 18 are critical.

• #70 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental illness characterised by constant worrying over a perceived or slight defect in appearance. […] It is thought that between one and two per cent of the population may have BDD, with men and women equally affected. […] Suicide rates among people with BDD are high. […] Diagnosis of BDD is difficult for many reasons, including: People with BDD are more likely to seek help from dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons than psychologists and psychiatrists. […] This type of mental illness doesn’t get much publicity, so some health professionals may not even be aware that BDD exists.

• #71 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental illness characterised by constant worrying over a perceived or slight defect in appearance. […] It is thought that between one and two per cent of the population may have BDD, with men and women equally affected. […] Suicide rates among people with BDD are high. […] Diagnosis of BDD is difficult for many reasons, including: People with BDD are more likely to seek help from dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons than psychologists and psychiatrists. […] This type of mental illness doesn’t get much publicity, so some health professionals may not even be aware that BDD exists.

• #72 Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental illness characterised by constant worrying over a perceived or slight defect in appearance. […] It is thought that between one and two per cent of the population may have BDD, with men and women equally affected. […] Suicide rates among people with BDD are high. […] Diagnosis of BDD is difficult for many reasons, including: People with BDD are more likely to seek help from dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons than psychologists and psychiatrists. […] This type of mental illness doesn’t get much publicity, so some health professionals may not even be aware that BDD exists.

• #73 Prevalence of BDD – BDD

  https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/prevalence/

  Body Dysmorphic Disorder currently affects 1.7% to 2.9% of the general population. This means that more than 5 million people to nearly 10 million people in the United States alone have BDD. These numbers are based on five nationwide population-based prevalence studies. […] It’s possible that BDD may be even more common than this, because people with this disorder are often reluctant to reveal their BDD symptoms to others due to embarrassment and shame. […] This means that BDD is about as common as, or perhaps more common than, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and more common than disorders such as anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. […] BDD affects an even higher proportion of people who are seen in various health care settings (e.g., cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dental, adult orthodontia, dental, or mental health settings). For example, the prevalence of BDD is 11-13% in dermatology settings, 13-15% in general cosmetic surgery settings, and 20% in rhinoplasty surgery settings.

• #74 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9888-body-dysmorphic-disorder

  Experts estimate that BDD affects about 2.4% of adults in the U.S. overall. Outside the U.S., it affects between 1.7% and 2.9% of people. […] BDD is most likely to start in your teens or early adult years. People usually develop BDD around 12 or 13 years old. Two-thirds of people with BDD develop it before age 18. However, BDD can also start in adulthood. […] Most people with BDD dont get a diagnosis until 10 to 15 years after the symptoms become serious enough to meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] Without treatment, body dysmorphic disorder has the potential to disrupt your life severely. Self-harm or suicide are also more common among people living with untreated BDD. Up to 80% of people with BDD have suicidal thoughts, and 1 in 4 people with BDD attempt suicide. People with BDD are also 45 times more likely to die by suicide than people without it. Because of this, early diagnosis and treatment especially in people who develop BDD before age 18 are critical.

• #75 Body dysmorphic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938

  Body dysmorphic disorder typically starts in the early teenage years and it affects both males and females. […] Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering body dysmorphic disorder, including: Having blood relatives with body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually doesn’t get better on its own. If left untreated, it may get worse over time, leading to anxiety, extensive medical bills, severe depression, and even suicidal thoughts and behavior.

• #76 Body dysmorphic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder

  BDD is frequently comorbid with anxiety, depression, psychotic, or bipolar spectrum disorders. […] BDD is particularly associated with anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder, as individuals often fear being judged for their appearance and avoid social interactions. […] BDD also frequently coexists with depression, with feelings of sadness and hopelessness often arising when obsessing over perceived flaws, sometimes leading to suicidal ideation and the development of MDD. […] Estimates place the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire’s sensitivity at 100% (0% false negatives) and specificity at 92.5% (7.5% false positives).

• #77 Body Dysmorphic Disorder | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/body-dysmorphic-disorder/

  An estimated 2.4% of the adults in the United States meet the criteria for body dysmorphic disorder, with slightly higher rates in women than in men (APA, 2013). […] The prevalence of BDD in the general population is approximately 2% and is strongly associated with a history of cosmetic surgery and higher rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. […] BDDs prevalence is markedly increased in the inpatient psychiatric setting, at approximately 16%. […] Prevalence in those seeking outpatient care for OCD, social anxiety, and other disorders ranged from 10% to 40%. […] BDD is often initially undetected, suggesting the importance of BDD-specific screening practices and their role in achieving better outcomes. […] The two largest population-based studies of BDD (one conducted in the United States, the other in Germany) found a point prevalence of 2.5% of women versus 2.2% of men, and 1.9% of women and 1.4% of men, respectively.

• #78 Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-02101-0

  The prevalence of BDD in the general population of adults is estimated to be 0.7-2.4%. […] Compared with the general population, certain populations, such as students and psychiatric and dermatology patients, have exhibited a higher weighted prevalence (3.3%, 5.8-7.4%, and 9.2-11.3%, respectively). […] The prevalence of BDD in our sample was 1.8%. […] Increased overall social media use was associated with BDD (p=0.030). […] BDD was associated with comparing ones body image with that of people on social media (p=0.001). […] The purpose of this study was to explore the association between social media use and BDD and to determine whether social media use is a predisposing factor for BDD. […] Our study revealed that younger age, being single and being a student were associated with BDD.

• #79 Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-02101-0

  The prevalence of BDD in the general population of adults is estimated to be 0.7-2.4%. […] Compared with the general population, certain populations, such as students and psychiatric and dermatology patients, have exhibited a higher weighted prevalence (3.3%, 5.8-7.4%, and 9.2-11.3%, respectively). […] The prevalence of BDD in our sample was 1.8%. […] Increased overall social media use was associated with BDD (p=0.030). […] BDD was associated with comparing ones body image with that of people on social media (p=0.001). […] The purpose of this study was to explore the association between social media use and BDD and to determine whether social media use is a predisposing factor for BDD. […] Our study revealed that younger age, being single and being a student were associated with BDD.

• #80 The Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the United States Adult Population | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/prevalence-of-body-dysmorphic-disorder-in-the-united-states-adult-population/664486A24D8E14CD236C506295E46C48

  In clinical samples, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is associated with substantial suffering and reduced quality of life. Limited surveys report widely varying prevalence estimates. To better establish the prevalence of BDD, we conducted a United States nationwide prevalence survey. […] The estimated point prevalence of DSM-IV BDD among respondents was 2.4% (49/2,048) (by gender: 2.5% for women, 2.2% for men), exceeding the prevalence of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type I and about that of generalized anxiety disorder. […] BDD prevalence decreased after 44 years of age, and a larger proportion of BDD respondents were never married.

• #81 Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-02101-0

  The prevalence of BDD in the general population of adults is estimated to be 0.7-2.4%. […] Compared with the general population, certain populations, such as students and psychiatric and dermatology patients, have exhibited a higher weighted prevalence (3.3%, 5.8-7.4%, and 9.2-11.3%, respectively). […] The prevalence of BDD in our sample was 1.8%. […] Increased overall social media use was associated with BDD (p=0.030). […] BDD was associated with comparing ones body image with that of people on social media (p=0.001). […] The purpose of this study was to explore the association between social media use and BDD and to determine whether social media use is a predisposing factor for BDD. […] Our study revealed that younger age, being single and being a student were associated with BDD.

• #82 Body dysmorphic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938

  Body dysmorphic disorder typically starts in the early teenage years and it affects both males and females. […] Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering body dysmorphic disorder, including: Having blood relatives with body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] Body dysmorphic disorder usually doesn’t get better on its own. If left untreated, it may get worse over time, leading to anxiety, extensive medical bills, severe depression, and even suicidal thoughts and behavior.

• #83 JMIR Formative Research – Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the Spanish Population: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e46515

  Our study shows that the sociodemographic characteristics most associated with the diagnosis of BDD are gender (female and other), age group of 18-24 years, students, income level of less than 500/month, and a diagnosis of previous dermatologic or psychiatric disease. […] Participants with BDD in our study were concerned about an average of 4.6 different body parts, which is in line with that reported by previous studies. […] The prevalence of BDD in participants with dermatologic conditions in our study falls within the range reported in the literature. […] Our study showed a significant comorbidity with anxiety disorders, making it necessary to conduct future studies in this subgroup. […] Ultimately, the diagnosis of BDD was associated with a perception of reduced quality of life that is not subsidiary to the presence of mental health disorders.

• #84 Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-02101-0

  The prevalence of BDD in the general population of adults is estimated to be 0.7-2.4%. […] Compared with the general population, certain populations, such as students and psychiatric and dermatology patients, have exhibited a higher weighted prevalence (3.3%, 5.8-7.4%, and 9.2-11.3%, respectively). […] The prevalence of BDD in our sample was 1.8%. […] Increased overall social media use was associated with BDD (p=0.030). […] BDD was associated with comparing ones body image with that of people on social media (p=0.001). […] The purpose of this study was to explore the association between social media use and BDD and to determine whether social media use is a predisposing factor for BDD. […] Our study revealed that younger age, being single and being a student were associated with BDD.

• #85 Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-02101-0

  Increased time spent on social media was also associated with BDD. […] The subthreshold BDD group was also associated with believing that others view their appearance as abnormal and that others judge people based on their appearance. […] Further research is needed to explore BDD and the impacts that social media has on developing BDD.

• #86 Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-02101-0

  Increased time spent on social media was also associated with BDD. […] The subthreshold BDD group was also associated with believing that others view their appearance as abnormal and that others judge people based on their appearance. […] Further research is needed to explore BDD and the impacts that social media has on developing BDD.

• #87 Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-02101-0

  Increased time spent on social media was also associated with BDD. […] The subthreshold BDD group was also associated with believing that others view their appearance as abnormal and that others judge people based on their appearance. […] Further research is needed to explore BDD and the impacts that social media has on developing BDD.

• #88 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #89 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #90 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #91 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #92 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #93 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #94 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #95 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #96 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60898

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. […] The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. […] Studies have found a BDD prevalence of 1.9 in German women; 2.5% in American women; 2.0% in American women in another time frame; 4.4% in German women in another time frame; 2.1% in Swedish women. […] In mixed populations (both genders), the prevalence of BDD was 1.7% in English population and 2.4% in French population; 0.7% in Italian population, and around 28% in the population of American college students. […] In the worldwide population, the prevalence of BDD is around 12%; it can reach 3% of global population.

• #97 JMIR Formative Research – Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the Spanish Population: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e46515

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined as excessive concern with mild or nonexistent defects in personal physical appearance, which are not perceived by others. The worldwide prevalence of BDD ranges between 0.5% and 3.2%, with no differences across genders. The mean age of onset of BDD is 16.9 years. BDD is typically associated with young age, psychiatric disorders, and dermatological procedures. Patients with BDD typically display poorer mental health status than patients diagnosed with other mental disorders. […] The prevalence of BDD in the population assessed in this study was 15.2% (284/1421, 19.9% in females vs 34/653, 5.2% in males). […] Our study reports that the prevalence of BDD in adults is 15.2% in Spain, which is higher than that reported in the general population (0.5%-3.2%) in another study and higher than that reported in a Spanish multicentric study in patients with acne (10.6%).

• #98 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Gender differences and prevalence in a Pakistani medical student population | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-8-20

  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect which causes significant distress or impairment in functioning. […] This study was designed to determine the point prevalence of BDD in Pakistani medical students and the gender differences in prevalence of BDD, body foci of concern and symptoms of BDD. […] The prevalence of BDD was computed to be 5.8% (9/156). The male to female ratio was 1.7 (7.5%:4.5%). […] The present study revealed that the prevalence of BDD in the medical students in the medical college was 5.8% with a male to female ratio of 1.7. […] The slightly higher prevalence of BDD in our sample could be accounted for by a number of different factors. Medical students might be more conscious about their physical appearance than students in most other fields of study, because of society’s high expectations from a doctor in terms of grooming and appearance.

• #99 Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Gender differences and prevalence in a Pakistani medical student population | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-8-20

  The present study showed that the male to female ratio for BDD it was 1.7. […] Our finding of the male to female ratio being 1.7 for BDD was inconsistent with our hypothesis that more females would have self-reported BDD. […] The present study had a number of limitations which merit discussion. […] BDD is fairly common in our medical student population. Our study indicates that BDD is more prevalent in males. […] Cultural factors influence the prevalence as well as gender differences in BDD symptomatology. Further research is required to establish the gender ratio in the prevalence of BDD in community settings.

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