Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Viral Hepatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554549/

  Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver that can result from a variety of causes, such as heavy alcohol use, autoimmune disorders, drugs, or toxins. However, the most frequent cause of hepatitis is due to a viral infection, referred to as „viral hepatitis.” Several different strains of viruses can cause hepatitis. In the United States, the most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. The other types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis D and E, which are encountered less frequently. […] The severity and duration of the hepatitis are variable depending on the pathogen and comorbidities. Based on the etiology of hepatitis, the severity can range from mild, nearly asymptomatic, to severe illness requiring liver transplantation. Hepatitis can be further classified into „acute” and „chronic” based on the duration of the inflammation in the liver. Depending on the type, hepatitis can be self-limited and resolve quickly, while others can become more chronic and last years. Some individuals may rapidly progress to fulminant liver failure, while others may be asymptomatic carriers.

• #1 Clinical Overview of Viral Hepatitis | Viral Hepatitis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Many people with a viral hepatitis infection do not have symptoms and are unaware of their infection. […] Chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C can cause serious health problems, including liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death. […] If symptoms occur with an acute infection, they can appear anytime from 2 weeks to 6 months after exposure. Symptoms of chronic viral hepatitis can take decades to develop and are typically the same as those for acute infection. […] Jaundice might occur in 20%30% of people. […] Nonspecific symptoms like loss of appetite, fatigue, or abdominal pain might be present in 10%20% of people. […] Chronic HCV infection develops in most people. […] Most people with acute disease recover with no lasting liver damage. […] 15%25% of people with chronic infection develop chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer. […] Approximately 5%25% of people with chronic hepatitis C will develop cirrhosis over 1020 years. […] People with hepatitis C and cirrhosis have a 1%4% annual risk for hepatocellular carcinoma.

• #1 Hepatitis – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hepatitis/

  Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. […] Hepatitis is commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes including heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions. […] Many people infected with hepatitis do not have symptoms and do not know they are infected. Symptoms of acute hepatitis can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, light-colored stools, joint pain, and jaundice. Symptoms of chronic viral hepatitis can take decades to develop. […] Not everyone with hepatitis A will develop symptoms and adults are more likely to have symptoms than children. If symptoms do develop, they usually appear 2 to 7 weeks after infection and may include: Fever, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Diarrhea, Light-colored stools, Joint pain, Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or eyes).

• #1 Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-acute-viral-hepatitis

  Symptoms range from none to very severe. Affected people may have a poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, pain in the upper right part of the abdomen, and jaundice. Acute viral hepatitis can cause anything from a minor flu-like illness to fatal liver failure. Sometimes there are no symptoms. The severity of symptoms and speed of recovery vary considerably, depending on the particular virus and on the person’s response to the infection. Hepatitis A and C often cause very mild symptoms or none at all and may be unnoticed. Hepatitis B and E are more likely to produce severe symptoms. Infection with both hepatitis B and D (called coinfection) may make the symptoms of hepatitis B even more severe. Symptoms of acute viral hepatitis usually begin suddenly. They include a poor appetite, a general feeling of illness (malaise), nausea and vomiting, fever, and pain in the upper right part of the abdomen (where the liver is located). In people who smoke, a distaste for cigarettes is a typical symptom. Occasionally, especially with hepatitis B, infected people develop joint pains and itchy red hives on the skin (wheals or urticaria). Appetite usually returns about a week after symptoms begin. Sometimes, after 3 to 10 days, the urine becomes dark, and stool becomes pale. Jaundice (a yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes) may develop. It is sometimes accompanied by itching. These symptoms occur because the damaged liver cannot remove bilirubin from the blood as it normally does. The liver may be enlarged and tender. Most of the initial symptoms (poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fever) usually disappear within a week, and people feel better even though the jaundice may worsen. The jaundice usually peaks in 1 to 2 weeks, then fades over 2 to 4 weeks. But it can sometimes take much longer to resolve completely. Rarely, fulminant hepatitis develops. Fulminant hepatitis is severe hepatitis with signs of liver failure. Fulminant hepatitis can occur in people with hepatitis A, but it is more likely to develop in people with hepatitis B, particularly if they also have hepatitis D. Fulminant hepatitis can progress very quickly, usually within days or weeks. People with acute viral hepatitis usually recover in 4 to 8 weeks, even without treatment. However, some people infected with hepatitis B or C develop chronic infections.

• #1 Viral Hepatitis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis

  Hepatitis symptoms are caused by liver inflammation, which can lead to jaundice, a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Other symptoms include stomach pain, nausea, and a darker urine color. […] Hepatitis symptoms include: Stomach pain, Jaundice, Pale or grey stool, Dark urine, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Fever, Joint pain, Vomiting. […] When a hepatitis virus enters the body and attacks liver cells, the immune system triggers inflammation in the liver, which can result in liver scarring or cirrhosis over time. Depending on the type of hepatitis, it can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis can lead to liver damage like cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer. […] Hepatitis has three main phases following its incubation period, which can last from six weeks to six months. The stages of viral hepatitis include: Prodromal phase. The first phase of hepatitis is marked by a feeling of malaise and fatigue, and may be accompanied by fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. It could also entail joint or muscle pain. Icteric phase. The icteric phase of viral hepatitis involves jaundice, urine turning dark, or eyes turning yellow. This phase may last several days to a few weeks. Convalescence phase. The convalescence phase of hepatitis involves malaise and fatigue that can last for weeks or months, but symptoms from the icteric or prodromal phases typically go away at this stage.

• #1

  https://nursing-homelawyers.com/what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-hepatitis/

  There are three phases of Hepatitis – Preicteric, Icteric and Posticteric. Symptoms of the first phase – the preicteric phase includes: nausea / vomiting, decreased appetite / weight loss, fever, fatigue, headache and joint pain, rt upper quadrant abdominal pain, enlarged spleen/liver/lymph nodes and rash and itching of the skin (urticaria). […] In the second phase – known as the Icteric phase, the symptoms include the symptoms of preicteric phase but there is also jaundice (yellowing of the skin), pruritus (intense / persistent itch), clay or light-colored stools and dark urine. […] The third / or last phase is the posticteric phase which involves the cessation of the above noted symptoms, liver enlargement and continued fatigue. Complications include the need for liver transplant, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis coma and possibly death.

• #1 Hepatitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hepatitis.html

  Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver in which the tissue dies in patches. The condition can range from minor flu-like symptoms to liver failure. The symptoms of hepatitis can range from relatively mild to loss of life. Before symptoms of illness begin, a person may have a severe loss of appetite. A distaste for cigarettes is also an early sign. The patient may also experience a general feeling of being unwell, nausea, vomiting and often fever. Sometimes, especially in hepatitis B, hives and joint pain may occur. […] After three to 10 days, the urine darkens, and a yellowish color develops in the skin. Some body fluids, such as bile, build up as a result of getting in the way of the work of the liver. The liver is usually larger than usual and tender, and in 15 to 20% of patients, the spleen is also larger than normal. Then symptoms begin to improve and the person feels better, even as the jaundice gets worse. Jaundice usually reaches its worst in one to two weeks. It then fades over the next two to four weeks.

• #1 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A infections are usually short-term illnesses. They cause mild symptoms. But you can spread hepatitis A even before you have symptoms. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A may include: Diarrhea. Fatigue and weakness. Fever. Pruritus (itchy skin). Joint pain. Light-colored poop and dark-colored pee. Loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting. Stomach pain, especially in the upper left part of your stomach. Yellow-colored skin, whites of eyes (sclera) and mucous membranes from jaundice. […] Hepatitis A symptoms last as long as it takes for your immune system to defeat the virus. Symptoms typically go away within two months. But some people may have symptoms for six months or more. Sometimes, symptoms go away but come back. […] Hepatitis A usually doesn’t cause complications like cirrhosis. That’s because most people get better before the virus can damage their livers. Rarely, people with hepatitis A develop liver failure. But you could have more risk if you’re: Age 65 and older. Taking immunosuppressants. Living with preexisting chronic liver disease.

• #1 Hepatitis B – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802

  Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute. Acute hepatitis B lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection lasts more than six months and is called chronic. Chronic hepatitis B raises the risk of liver failure, liver cancer and serious scarring of the liver called cirrhosis. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B range from mild to serious. The symptoms usually start about 1 to 4 months after you’ve been infected with HBV. But you could notice them as early as two weeks after you’re infected. Some people with acute or chronic hepatitis B may not have any symptoms, especially young children. […] Hepatitis B symptoms may include: Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen. Dark urine. Fever. Joint pain. Loss of appetite. Upset stomach and vomiting. Weakness and extreme tiredness. Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.

• #1 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hepatitis-b/what-are-signs-and-symptoms-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B often doesnt show symptoms, and it usually goes away on its own. Most people dont even know they have it. When there are hepatitis B symptoms, it can feel like the flu. […] About half of adults with hepatitis B never get any symptoms. The symptoms can also feel like other illnesses, like the flu. So its possible to have the infection and not know it. […] When people do show signs of hepatitis B, they usually show up between 6 weeks and 6 months after they got the virus. Hepatitis B symptoms typically last for a few weeks, but can sometimes stick around for months. These are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B: feeling really tired, pain in your belly, losing your appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain in your joints, headache, fever, hives, dark-colored urine (pee), pale, clay-colored bowel movements (poop), jaundice when your eyes and skin get yellow.

• #1 Hepatitis B – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802

  Acute HBV infection lasts less than six months. Your immune system likely can clear the hepatitis B virus from your body. You should recover fully within a few months. Most people who get HBV infections as adults have an acute infections. But these can lead to a chronic infections. […] Chronic HBV infection lasts six months or longer. It lingers because the immune system can’t fight off the infection. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection may last a lifetime. It can lead to serious illnesses such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Some people with chronic hepatitis B may have no symptoms at all. Some may have ongoing tiredness and mild symptoms of acute hepatitis. […] The younger you are when you get hepatitis B, the higher your risk of the condition becoming chronic. That’s especially true for newborns or children younger than 5. Chronic hepatitis B may not be detected for decades until a person becomes very ill from liver disease.

• #1 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  Soon after the hepatitis B virus (HBV) enters the body, it infects cells in the liver called hepatocytes. In response to this infection, the immune system tries to destroy the virus. The liver participates in this fight by increasing the amount of enzymes it manufactures, which causes inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). […] The initial infection is known as acute hepatitis B, meaning short-term inflammation of the liver. Most people are able to clear hep B from the body within six months of becoming infected. If they clear it, they are no longer infected, nor can they infect others. Additionally, they now have hepatitis B antibodies, which will protect them from future reinfection. […] A chronic hepatitis B infection means that the immune system is not able to get rid of the virus within six months after infection. In other words, the virus continues to reproduce in the persons liver for several months or years after infection. This can increase the risk of liver damage and liver cancer. Whats more, someone with chronic HBV infection can transmit the virus to others. The risk of chronic infection is higher in infants and children than it is in adults.

• #1 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  Among 100 untreated adults with chronic hepatitis B infection, in five years roughly: Eight to 20 people will develop cirrhosis; of those, 20 people will go on to experience severe liver failure known as hepatic decompensation, and/or two to five people will go on to develop HCC. […] About 15 percent of adults who develop chronic hepatitis B after childhood along with 25 percent of those who became chronically infected as children die prematurely from cirrhosis HCC. In the United States, approximately 2,000 to 4,000 people die every year from chronic hepatitis B related causes.

• #1 Hepatitis C – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/symptoms-causes/syc-20354278

  Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver swelling, called inflammation. Hepatitis C can lead to serious liver damage. […] But many people with hepatitis C don’t know they have it. That’s mainly because symptoms can take decades to appear. […] Every long-term hepatitis C infection starts with what’s called an acute phase. Acute hepatitis C usually isn’t diagnosed because it rarely causes symptoms. When there are symptoms in this phase, they may include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, fever and muscle aches. […] Long-term infection with the hepatitis C virus is called chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C usually has no symptoms for many years. Symptoms appear only after the virus damages the liver enough to cause them. […] Symptoms can include: Bleeding easily. Bruising easily. Fatigue. Not wanting to eat. Yellowing of the skin, called jaundice. This might show up more in white people. Also, yellowing of the whites of the eyes in white, Black and brown people. Dark-colored urine. Itchy skin. Fluid buildup in the stomach area, called ascites. Swelling in the legs. Weight loss. Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech, called hepatic encephalopathy. Spiderlike blood vessels on the skin, called spider angiomas. […] Acute hepatitis C infection doesn’t always become chronic. Some people clear the infection from their bodies after the acute phase. This is called spontaneous viral clearance. Antiviral therapy also helps clear acute hepatitis C.

• #1 Hepatitis C: Symptoms, causes, is it curable, and contagiousness

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/294705

  Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe and chronic health condition. […] People can have hepatitis C with no symptoms, especially at the acute stage, and may not know they have it. This makes it easier to transmit to others. […] Most people with acute hepatitis C do not develop symptoms. If they do, symptoms usually arise between 2 and 12 weeks after exposure. […] People rarely receive a diagnosis of acute hepatitis C as it lacks definitive symptoms. Because of this, doctors often call hepatitis C the silent epidemic. […] The acute symptoms are very similar to other viral infections. Symptoms of acute hepatitis C include: a fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, dark urine, clay-colored stool, joint pain, jaundice, rarely.

• #1 Viral hepatitis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/viral-hepatitis

  Most people with chronic HBV do not present obvious symptoms, despite showing signs of liver inflammation and being able to contaminate their immediate circle. […] Acute hepatitis C develops after an incubation period averaging between six and ten weeks. It is largely asymptomatic. […] Symptoms that do occur are similar to those of other forms of viral hepatitis (fatigue, nausea, pains followed by dark urine and jaundice). […] It is acknowledged that only 15 to 45% of cases of acute hepatitis C end in recovery, irrespective of whether or not they are symptomatic, while 55 to 85% of infected patients go on to develop chronic infection. […] This can lead to progressive deterioration of the liver, and subsequently to cirrhosis. […] From the cirrhosis stage, there is a high risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma, the rate being between 1 and 4% per year.

• #1 Hepatitis: What Is It? Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis

  When your liver stops functioning normally, liver failure can occur. Complications of liver failure include: bleeding disorders, a buildup of fluid in your abdomen, known as ascites, increased blood pressure in portal veins that enter your liver, known as portal hypertension, kidney failure, hepatic encephalopathy, which can involve fatigue, memory loss, and diminished mental abilities, hepatocellular carcinoma, which is a form of liver cancer, death. […] People with chronic hepatitis B and C should avoid alcohol as it can accelerate liver disease and failure.

• #1 Overview of Chronic Hepatitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-chronic-hepatitis

  Chronic hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that lasts at least 6 months. […] Most people have no symptoms, but some have vague symptoms, such as a general feeling of illness, poor appetite, and fatigue. […] Chronic hepatitis can progress to cirrhosis and ultimately liver cancer and/or liver failure. […] In about two-thirds of people, chronic hepatitis develops gradually, often without causing any symptoms of a liver disorder until cirrhosis occurs. […] Chronic hepatitis often causes general symptoms, such as a vague feeling of illness (malaise), poor appetite, and fatigue. […] Often, the first specific symptoms occur when liver disease has progressed and there is evidence of cirrhosis. Symptoms can include an enlarged spleen, small spiderlike blood vessels visible in the skin (called spider angiomas), redness of the palms, accumulation of fluid within the abdomen (ascites), a tendency to bleed (coagulopathy), bleeding in the digestive tract due to esophageal varices, jaundice, deterioration of brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and liver cancer.

• #1 Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-acute-viral-hepatitis

  The liver cannot remove toxic substances as it normally does. So these toxic substances build up in the blood and reach the brain, causing mental function to deteriorate quickly called hepatic (portosystemic) encephalopathy. People may lapse into a coma within days to weeks. Fulminant hepatitis may be fatal, especially in adults. Sometimes liver transplantation must be done immediately to save the person’s life.

• #1 A Visual Guide to Hepatitis A, B, C

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/ss/slideshow-hepatitis-overview

  Viral hepatitis is the top cause of liver cancer, so people with chronic hepatitis B or C need monitoring even if they feel healthy. Blood tests can detect proteins that suggest the presence of liver cancer. Ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs can reveal abnormal lesions in the liver (seen here in green). A biopsy is needed to determine if these areas are cancerous. Tumors that are found early may be surgically removed. But most liver cancers are difficult to treat.

• #1 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  In this phase, people have seroconverted to anti-HBe positive, but their chronic HBV is very active. ALT and HBV viral loads are elevated. Liver inflammation and fibrosis levels are moderate to severe. […] Every year, approximately 0.5 percent of people will clear HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen); most will also acquire HBs antibodies. When this occurs, it means their chronic hepatitis B infection is resolved. Some will continue to have low levels of HBV DNA. A resolved chronic hep B infection reduces the risk of liver failure and death. […] Here are some of the factors that increase the risk of cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer: Over age 40, Male, Immune compromised, HBV DNA (viral load) 2,000 IU/ml, Elevated ALT, Prolonged time to HBeAg seroconversion, HBeAg-negative, Genotype C chronic HBV, Presence of other viral infections, such as HCV, HDV or HIV, Heavy alcohol use, Metabolic syndrome (diabetes, obesity).

• #1 Hepatitis C Stages: Acute, Chronic, End, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-c/stages-progression

  Every case of hepatitis C begins as an acute infection. Infections that last more than 6 months are considered chronic. Over time, chronic hepatitis C can cause severe liver scarring (cirrhosis) that may lead to liver failure or end-stage hepatitis C. […] Symptoms can be mild for many years, even while liver damage is taking place. […] Many people with hepatitis C end up with chronic hepatitis C that can last a lifetime. The consequences of long-term infection include liver damage, liver cancer, and even death. […] Early detection and treatment are key for stopping the progression of hepatitis C and avoiding major complications. […] The progression begins with inflammation of the liver, followed by the death of liver cells. This causes scarring and hardening of liver tissue. […] Roughly 15-30% of people with chronic hepatitis C go on to develop cirrhosis of the liver within 20 years.

• #1 Hepatitis C | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hepatitis-c/

  If left untreated for many years, hepatitis C can cause liver damage (cirrhosis). In severe cases, life-threatening problems such as liver failure or liver cancer can eventually develop. […] Early treatment of hepatitis C prevents these serious complications, while later treatment reduces the risk.

• #1 I want to know about hepatitis C infection. Please help.

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/hepatitis-c/what-are-the-symptoms-and-treatment-of-hepatitis-c-infection

  There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is a viral infection that affects the liver. It can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) illness. It can be life-threatening. Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and yellowing of the skin, or eyes (jaundice). […] Most people do not have symptoms in the first weeks after infection. It can take between two weeks and six months to have symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they may include: Fever. Feeling very tired. Loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting. Abdominal pain. Dark urine. Pale feces. Joint pain. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). […] Of those with chronic hepatitis C infection, the risk of cirrhosis ranges from 15 percent to 30 percent within 20 years.

• #1 Hepatitis C: Symptoms, causes, is it curable, and contagiousness

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/294705

  Hepatitis C infections can be acute and short-term or chronic, meaning the body cannot clear the virus. […] HCV is a serious condition that causes inflammation of the liver and can lead to organ damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and eventual failure. However, thanks to modern treatments, doctors can cure hepatitis C in most cases.

• #2 Hepatitis C | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/hepatitis-c

  Hepatitis C is an infection caused by the hepatitis C virus. While some people will clear (get rid of) the virus without treatment, most people who get the infection will develop chronic (long-term) infection and can pass it on to others. Some of these people will feel very sick and may develop liver damage such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver cancer. Others with chronic infection can remain healthy for many years without symptoms, or might develop symptoms or complications slowly. Some people infected decades ago may not know it. There is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C infection, but it can be cured once someone is infected. […] Many adults with hepatitis C have few or no symptoms. When symptoms occur, they can include tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and muscle or joint pain. Hepatitis C can also cause jaundice (which shows up as yellowing of the skin and eyes and dark urine) and clay or gray colored stools. Years later, cirrhosis may occur in some who are infected, when scar tissue replaces healthy liver cells.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis C | Hepatitis C | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Many people with hepatitis C do not have symptoms and do not know they are infected. If symptoms occur with an acute infection, they can appear any time from 2 weeks to 6 months after exposure. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis C can include: Dark urine or clay-colored stools, Feeling tired, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea, stomach pain, throwing up, Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice). […] Symptoms of chronic hepatitis C can take decades to develop and are typically the same as those for acute infection. […] Even if you don’t have any symptoms, you may still have hepatitis C and can pass the virus to someone else. […] Since many people don’t experience symptoms, testing is the best way to diagnose hepatitis C.

• #2 Hepatitis – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/hepatitis/

  Symptoms typically last for several weeks but can persist for up to 6 months. […] Not all people with acute hepatitis B infection (HBV) have symptoms and symptoms can vary by age. […] Symptoms of acute HBV infections can include: Fever, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Light-colored stools, Joint pain, Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or eyes). […] Symptoms usually appear 2-12 weeks after exposure and may include: Fever, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Light-colored stools, Joint pain, Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or eyes). […] Most people with chronic HCV infections do not experience symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose and treat. Many eventually develop chronic liver disease, which can range from mild to severe and include cirrhosis and liver cancer. Chronic liver disease in those with hepatitis C usually happens slowly, without any signs or symptoms, over several decades.

• #2 Viral hepatitis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/viral-hepatitis

  Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by toxic substances or in the majority of cases by viruses. […] The symptoms include yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, pale stools, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. […] In contrast to hepatitis A and hepatitis E, the hepatitis B and C viruses may lead to chronic infection, which means that the individual does not manage to eliminate the virus and, many years later, may develop serious complications of chronic hepatitis: cirrhosis and chances to develop liver cancer. […] Acute hepatitis B is often asymptomatic, or causes flu-like symptoms (loss of appetite and digestive problems, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, fever). […] Depending on the age at HBV infection, infected people can present characteristic symptoms of acute inflammation of the liver (jaundice, dark urine, pale stools).

• #2 Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-acute-viral-hepatitis

  Some manifestations of acute hepatitis are virus-specific and some patients are asymptomatic, but in general, acute infection tends to develop in predictable phases: […] In the prodromal (pre-icteric) phase, nonspecific symptoms occur; they include profound anorexia, malaise, nausea and vomiting, a newly developed distaste for cigarettes (in smokers), and often fever or right upper quadrant abdominal pain. […] After 3 to 10 days, the urine darkens, followed by jaundice. Systemic symptoms often regress, and patients feel better despite worsening jaundice. […] During this 2- to 4-week period, jaundice fades. […] Acute viral hepatitis usually resolves spontaneously 4 to 8 weeks after symptom onset. […] Anicteric hepatitis (hepatitis without jaundice) occurs more often than icteric hepatitis in patients with HCV infection and in children with HAV infection.

• #2 Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-acute-viral-hepatitis

  Recrudescent hepatitis occurs in a few patients and is characterized by recurrent manifestations during the recovery phase. […] Manifestations of cholestasis may develop during the icteric phase (called cholestatic hepatitis) but usually resolve. When they persist, they cause prolonged jaundice, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and pruritus, despite general regression of inflammation.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver that can cause mild to severe illness. […] Hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause mild to severe symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to severe and can include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-coloured urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes and skin). Not everyone who is infected will have all the symptoms. […] Adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children. The severity of disease and fatal outcomes are higher in older age groups. Infected children under 6 years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice. Hepatitis A sometimes relapses, meaning the person who just recovered falls sick again with another acute episode. This is normally followed by recovery. […] Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and can take several weeks or months.

• #2 Hepatitis A | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hepatitis-a/

  Some people with hepatitis A, particularly young children, wont have any symptoms. […] If you do develop symptoms, they tend to occur around 4 weeks after exposure to the hepatitis A virus. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A include: feeling tired and generally unwell, joint and muscle pain, a high temperature (fever), loss of appetite, feeling or being sick, pain in the upper-right part of your tummy, a headache, sore throat and cough, constipation or diarrhoea, a raised, itchy rash (hives), yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark pee, pale poo, itchy skin, the upper-right part of your tummy becoming swollen and tender. […] Hepatitis A can occasionally last for many months. […] In rare cases, it can be life-threatening if it causes liver failure.

• #2 Hepatitis A | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/hepatitis-a

  Symptoms include fever, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, and yellow skin and eyes (jaundice). […] Symptoms may last for several weeks. Most people fully recover from hepatitis A infection. […] For older children and adults, the symptoms of hepatitis A include: fever, nausea, abdominal discomfort and pain, dark urine, yellow skin and eyes (jaundice). […] A single infection of hepatitis A leads to lifelong immunity. […] Around 10% of people who have had hepatitis A experience a relapse (become unwell again with hepatitis A). Most people who have a relapse fully recover. […] Hepatitis A does not cause chronic (long-lasting) liver disease. […] The severity of the disease is more severe in older age groups and for people with existing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. […] Complications of hepatitis A are rare, but the infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. This is an acute form of hepatitis that can cause liver failure. The risk of death from fulminant hepatitis increases with age.

• #2 Hepatitis B: Causes, Symptoms, and Vaccine Information

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/hepatitis/hepatitis-b

  The hepatitis B germ (virus) can cause a short-term (acute) infection, which may or may not cause symptoms. Following an acute infection, a minority of infected adults develop a persistent infection called chronic hepatitis B. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis may develop shortly after you first become infected with the virus (within 1-6 months, which is the incubation period). Symptoms include: Feeling sick (nausea). Being sick (vomiting). Tummy (abdominal) pains. High temperature (fever). Feeling generally unwell. You may look yellow (become jaundiced). […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B infection usually go after a few weeks, as the immune system either clears the virus or brings it under control. Rarely, an acute severe (fulminant) hepatitis develops which is life-threatening. […] In around 4% of otherwise healthy adults, the virus remains long-term (chronic hepatitis B infection). This may occur whether or not you have symptoms in the acute phase.

• #2 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hepatitis-b/what-are-signs-and-symptoms-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B often doesnt show symptoms, and it usually goes away on its own. Most people dont even know they have it. When there are hepatitis B symptoms, it can feel like the flu. […] About half of adults with hepatitis B never get any symptoms. The symptoms can also feel like other illnesses, like the flu. So its possible to have the infection and not know it. […] When people do show signs of hepatitis B, they usually show up between 6 weeks and 6 months after they got the virus. Hepatitis B symptoms typically last for a few weeks, but can sometimes stick around for months. These are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B: feeling really tired, pain in your belly, losing your appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain in your joints, headache, fever, hives, dark-colored urine (pee), pale, clay-colored bowel movements (poop), jaundice when your eyes and skin get yellow.

• #2 Hepatitis B Symptoms | LiverWELL

  https://liverwell.org.au/liver-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms/

  Most people who get infected with hepatitis B as an adult will have a short term (acute) illness, and their body will get rid of the virus naturally. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B infection may be flu-like symptoms, muscle aches and pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and jaundice (yellowish discolouration of the skin and eyes), however many people will have no symptoms at all and not know that they have the infection. […] Similarly, people with chronic hepatitis B often experience no symptoms at all. Most people with chronic hepatitis B have had the infection since birth or early childhood, and might not know that the symptoms they experience are abnormal in any way. Symptoms vary in their severity and intensity over time. […] Some of the symptoms that people with chronic hepatitis B may experience include: Flu like symptoms: chills and fevers, Joint and muscle pain, Tiredness and irritability, Loss of appetite, Abdominal discomfort and/or pain, Nausea and vomiting, Jaundice (yellowish discolouration of the skin and eyes), Diarrhoea. […] In addition, the symptoms of hepatitis B may mask the symptoms of other emerging health problems.

• #2 Viral Hepatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554549/

  Patients with HBV infection are at risk of developing chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, as well as hepatocellular carcinoma as a consequence. Fulminant hepatic failure happens in about 0.5% to 1% of the patients with HBV infection. However, when there is fulminant hepatic failure, the mortality rate is approximately 80%. Chronic liver disease from chronic HBV infection is responsible for about 650,000 fatalities per year globally. […] Patients infected with HCV will develop a chronic infection in 50% to 60% of cases. These patients are at risk of progression to cirrhosis and developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic HCV infection was previously a leading cause of liver transplantation. The hepatitis C-related mortality rate in the United States increased annually until 2013. With the introduction of highly effective anti-HCV therapy in 2013 and 2014, the mortality rate and the need for liver transplants have declined significantly. However, mortality remains elevated in developing countries.

• #2 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  Most adults who are infected with hepatitis B clear the virus during the acute phase of the infection. People who have impaired immune responses have a higher risk of not clearing hep B on their own and are more likely to develop chronic HBV infection. […] Chronic hepatitis B infection is characterized by four phases. Not everyone will experience all four phases, and the lengths of the phases vary among people. […] In this phase, HBV is replicating, or multiplying, quickly, but inflammation is low. […] In this phase, HBV is beginning to do significant damage to the liver, both in terms of inflammation and fibrosis. […] This is also called the inactive carrier state. In this phase, HBe antibodies (anti-HBe) are present. ALT is normal, and HBV DNA may be low or undetectable. Inflammation is minimal, and fibrosis level can vary depending on how much liver damage occurred in the previous stage.

• #2 Viral hepatitis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/viral-hepatitis

  Most people with chronic HBV do not present obvious symptoms, despite showing signs of liver inflammation and being able to contaminate their immediate circle. […] Acute hepatitis C develops after an incubation period averaging between six and ten weeks. It is largely asymptomatic. […] Symptoms that do occur are similar to those of other forms of viral hepatitis (fatigue, nausea, pains followed by dark urine and jaundice). […] It is acknowledged that only 15 to 45% of cases of acute hepatitis C end in recovery, irrespective of whether or not they are symptomatic, while 55 to 85% of infected patients go on to develop chronic infection. […] This can lead to progressive deterioration of the liver, and subsequently to cirrhosis. […] From the cirrhosis stage, there is a high risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma, the rate being between 1 and 4% per year.

• #2 Hepatitis C: Symptoms, causes, is it curable, and contagiousness

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/294705

  Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe and chronic health condition. […] People can have hepatitis C with no symptoms, especially at the acute stage, and may not know they have it. This makes it easier to transmit to others. […] Most people with acute hepatitis C do not develop symptoms. If they do, symptoms usually arise between 2 and 12 weeks after exposure. […] People rarely receive a diagnosis of acute hepatitis C as it lacks definitive symptoms. Because of this, doctors often call hepatitis C the silent epidemic. […] The acute symptoms are very similar to other viral infections. Symptoms of acute hepatitis C include: a fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, dark urine, clay-colored stool, joint pain, jaundice, rarely.

• #2 Symptoms, transmission, and current treatments for hepatitis C | DNDi

  https://dndi.org/diseases/hepatitis-c/facts/

  Hepatitis C can cause a mild illness of a few weeks or develop into a serious, lifelong, chronic illness. […] The acutely infected may have these symptoms: fever, fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, grey-coloured faeces, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes). […] Following infection, there is an incubation period of 2 weeks to 6 months. After this period, approximately 80% of people show no symptoms. […] 75% of those reported as living with chronic hepatitis C live in low- and middle-income countries. […] The remaining 70% develop chronic hepatitis C and for these, the risk of liver cirrhosis ranges between 15% and 30% within 20 years. […] 1530% of those chronically infected develop cirrhosis of the liver within 20 years.

• #2 Hepatitis C Stages: Acute, Chronic, End, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-c/stages-progression

  Every case of hepatitis C begins as an acute infection. Infections that last more than 6 months are considered chronic. Over time, chronic hepatitis C can cause severe liver scarring (cirrhosis) that may lead to liver failure or end-stage hepatitis C. […] Symptoms can be mild for many years, even while liver damage is taking place. […] Many people with hepatitis C end up with chronic hepatitis C that can last a lifetime. The consequences of long-term infection include liver damage, liver cancer, and even death. […] Early detection and treatment are key for stopping the progression of hepatitis C and avoiding major complications. […] The progression begins with inflammation of the liver, followed by the death of liver cells. This causes scarring and hardening of liver tissue. […] Roughly 15-30% of people with chronic hepatitis C go on to develop cirrhosis of the liver within 20 years.

• #2 Hepatitis C Symptoms | LiverWELL

  https://liverwell.org.au/liver-conditions/hepatitis-c/symptoms/

  Each person will experience hepatitis C differently, having some, many, or no symptoms at all. Symptoms vary and their severity and intensity may rise and fall over time. […] The symptoms of hepatitis C may mask the symptoms of other emerging health problems. […] It is important for people with hepatitis C to be aware of how they are feeling and to consult their doctor or other health practitioner if they have any new symptoms. […] Flu like symptoms: alternate chills and fevers […] Pain in the liver region […] Tiredness: chronic fatigue or sudden attacks of exhaustion […] Night sweats […] Abdominal bloating […] Nausea/indigestion […] Increased perspiration […] Poor concentration and forgetfulness […] Joint and muscle pain […] Itching and skin problems […] Depression, irritability, mood swings […] Adverse reactions to alcohol […] Loss of appetite […] Diarrhoea […] Irritable bowel syndrome.

• #2 Hepatitis – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Risk factors, and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/hepatitis-types-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-prevention

  The consequences of acute hepatitis are typically not persistent. However, chronic hepatitis can lead to more severe complications. Certain supplements and medications can also complicate hepatitis. Consulting a general physician before taking medicine is beneficial. Below are the complications of hepatitis: Chronic liver diseases (like liver abscess), Acute or subacute hepatic necrosis (cell death), Liver cirrhosis (scarring of liver tissue), Hepatocellular carcinoma (cancer in the liver cells), Liver failure, Bleeding disorders, Ascites (buildup of fluid in the abdomen), Portal hypertension (increased blood pressure in the portal veins), Kidney failure, Esophageal varices (enlarged veins in the esophagus), Liver cancer.

• #2 Symptoms of hepatitis B – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms/

  Symptoms of later stage liver damage (cirrhosis) can include: Tiredness (fatigue) and weakness, Feeling sick and appetite loss, Weight loss or muscle wasting, Small spider-like veins on skin above your waist (spider angiomas), Blotchy red patches on the palms of your hands, Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), High temperature and shivering, Vomiting blood, Change in the colour of your poo to either pale or very dark and tar-like, Very itchy skin, Swelling of your tummy, legs or ankles, Dark-coloured pee, Bleeding or bruising easily, Confusion, memory loss, personality changes, or poor judgement, Abnormal periods (in people born female), Shrunken testicles, swollen scrotum, or swelling or growing breasts (in people born male), Loss of sex drive (libido). […] The main symptom of jaundice is yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. The change in skin colour is usually easy to notice on white skin but it can be harder to see on black and brown skin.

• #2 Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-acute-viral-hepatitis

  The liver cannot remove toxic substances as it normally does. So these toxic substances build up in the blood and reach the brain, causing mental function to deteriorate quickly called hepatic (portosystemic) encephalopathy. People may lapse into a coma within days to weeks. Fulminant hepatitis may be fatal, especially in adults. Sometimes liver transplantation must be done immediately to save the person’s life.

• #2 Hepatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis

  Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure. Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer. […] Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms. As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain. Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease. Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women. Extensive damage and scarring of the liver over time defines cirrhosis, a condition in which the liver’s ability to function is permanently impeded. This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, ascites (abdominal fluid collection), and peripheral edema (leg swelling). Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices, hepatorenal syndrome, and liver cancer.

• #2 Hepatitis C Stages: Acute, Chronic, End, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-c/stages-progression

  Chronic hepatitis C can cause serious long-term health consequences when it leads to liver scarring. End-stage hepatitis C occurs when the liver is severely damaged and can no longer function properly. […] Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal swelling, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), and muddled thinking. […] People who develop cirrhosis have a 36% annual risk of hepatic decompensation or decompensated cirrhosis. This occurs when your liver function decreases and may be a sign of end-stage hepatitis C. […] People who develop cirrhosis also have a 14% annual risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma, which is the most common type of primary liver cancer. […] If you suspect that you have hepatitis C, consult with a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Early detection and treatment are the best ways to prevent and treat any serious complications or progression.

• #2 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A infections are usually short-term illnesses. They cause mild symptoms. But you can spread hepatitis A even before you have symptoms. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A may include: Diarrhea. Fatigue and weakness. Fever. Pruritus (itchy skin). Joint pain. Light-colored poop and dark-colored pee. Loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting. Stomach pain, especially in the upper left part of your stomach. Yellow-colored skin, whites of eyes (sclera) and mucous membranes from jaundice. […] Hepatitis A symptoms last as long as it takes for your immune system to defeat the virus. Symptoms typically go away within two months. But some people may have symptoms for six months or more. Sometimes, symptoms go away but come back. […] Hepatitis A usually doesn’t cause complications like cirrhosis. That’s because most people get better before the virus can damage their livers. Rarely, people with hepatitis A develop liver failure. But you could have more risk if you’re: Age 65 and older. Taking immunosuppressants. Living with preexisting chronic liver disease.

• #2 Hepatitis C | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hepatitis-c/

  If left untreated for many years, hepatitis C can cause liver damage (cirrhosis). In severe cases, life-threatening problems such as liver failure or liver cancer can eventually develop. […] Early treatment of hepatitis C prevents these serious complications, while later treatment reduces the risk.

• #2 Hepatitis C | HCV | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitisc.html

  If you have chronic hepatitis C, you probably will not have symptoms until it causes complications. This can happen decades after you were infected. For this reason, hepatitis C screening is important, even if you have no symptoms. […] Without treatment, hepatitis C may lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C can prevent these complications.

• #2 7 Common Signs of Hepatitis: John M Rivas, M.D.: Gastroenterology and Endoscopy

  https://www.johnrivasmd.com/blog/7-common-signs-of-hepatitis

  While these symptoms can resolve in a few weeks, hepatitis A can lead to serious illness that lasts for months. If you suspect you may have hepatitis, schedule an appointment with Dr. Rivas right away to get a diagnosis and start treatment if applicable. […] For most people with viral hepatitis, effective treatments do exist. The earlier you see Dr. Rivas for an evaluation, the sooner you can receive an accurate diagnosis and begin treatment. The type of treatment Dr. Rivas recommends depends on the type of hepatitis you have. […] Some forms of hepatitis respond well to rest, hydration, a healthy diet, and time. In other cases, you may need to take antiviral medications for months or years and maintain regular check-ups with Dr. Rivas. In severe cases or if you develop cirrhosis as the result of your hepatitis, you may require a liver transplant.

• #2 Hepatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/hepatitis-overview-7506913

  Chronic cases of viral hepatitis, especially HBV and HCV, can increase your risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Unfortunately, around 15% to 20% of people with HCV develop cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) within 20 years of being exposed to the virus. […] Following your treatment plan as directed can limit liver inflammation and slow the infection from growing into a more serious complication.

• #2 Hepatitis: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention |Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/gastroenterology/treatment/hepatitis

  Hepatitis is a condition that causes inflammation of the liver, an important organ that helps your body absorb nutrients, filter toxins, and fight infections. When the liver is inflamed, it may not function properly. Understanding the different types of hepatitis, their symptoms and treatment options is key to managing the condition effectively. […] Many types of hepatitis do not show symptoms in their early stages, but when symptoms do occur, they may include: Fatigue, Fever, Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), Stomach or joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea or vomiting, Itching, Dark urine, Light- or gray-colored stools. […] Its very important to diagnose and treat chronic hepatitis. Chronic infections can lead to complications with how your liver functions like cirrhosis (scarring), failure and a higher risk of liver cancer. You could need a liver transplant if you have liver failure or liver cancer.

• #3 Hepatitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hepatitis.html

  Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver in which the tissue dies in patches. The condition can range from minor flu-like symptoms to liver failure. The symptoms of hepatitis can range from relatively mild to loss of life. Before symptoms of illness begin, a person may have a severe loss of appetite. A distaste for cigarettes is also an early sign. The patient may also experience a general feeling of being unwell, nausea, vomiting and often fever. Sometimes, especially in hepatitis B, hives and joint pain may occur. […] After three to 10 days, the urine darkens, and a yellowish color develops in the skin. Some body fluids, such as bile, build up as a result of getting in the way of the work of the liver. The liver is usually larger than usual and tender, and in 15 to 20% of patients, the spleen is also larger than normal. Then symptoms begin to improve and the person feels better, even as the jaundice gets worse. Jaundice usually reaches its worst in one to two weeks. It then fades over the next two to four weeks.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver that can cause mild to severe illness. […] Hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause mild to severe symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to severe and can include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-coloured urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes and skin). Not everyone who is infected will have all the symptoms. […] Adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children. The severity of disease and fatal outcomes are higher in older age groups. Infected children under 6 years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice. Hepatitis A sometimes relapses, meaning the person who just recovered falls sick again with another acute episode. This is normally followed by recovery. […] Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and can take several weeks or months.

• #3 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  In this phase, people have seroconverted to anti-HBe positive, but their chronic HBV is very active. ALT and HBV viral loads are elevated. Liver inflammation and fibrosis levels are moderate to severe. […] Every year, approximately 0.5 percent of people will clear HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen); most will also acquire HBs antibodies. When this occurs, it means their chronic hepatitis B infection is resolved. Some will continue to have low levels of HBV DNA. A resolved chronic hep B infection reduces the risk of liver failure and death. […] Here are some of the factors that increase the risk of cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer: Over age 40, Male, Immune compromised, HBV DNA (viral load) 2,000 IU/ml, Elevated ALT, Prolonged time to HBeAg seroconversion, HBeAg-negative, Genotype C chronic HBV, Presence of other viral infections, such as HCV, HDV or HIV, Heavy alcohol use, Metabolic syndrome (diabetes, obesity).

• #3 Viral hepatitis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/viral-hepatitis

  Most people with chronic HBV do not present obvious symptoms, despite showing signs of liver inflammation and being able to contaminate their immediate circle. […] Acute hepatitis C develops after an incubation period averaging between six and ten weeks. It is largely asymptomatic. […] Symptoms that do occur are similar to those of other forms of viral hepatitis (fatigue, nausea, pains followed by dark urine and jaundice). […] It is acknowledged that only 15 to 45% of cases of acute hepatitis C end in recovery, irrespective of whether or not they are symptomatic, while 55 to 85% of infected patients go on to develop chronic infection. […] This can lead to progressive deterioration of the liver, and subsequently to cirrhosis. […] From the cirrhosis stage, there is a high risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma, the rate being between 1 and 4% per year.

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