Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470300/

  UGIB is more common in men than women, and the incidence increases with advancing age, irrespective of genotype. UGIB accounts for 75% of all acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding cases. The annual incidence of UGIB is approximately 80 to 150 per 100,000 population. UGIB hospitalizations decreased by 21% in the United States from 2002 to 2012. The in-hospital upper GI bleed mortality rate in the United States declined between 1989 and 2009. This shifting epidemiology has been attributed to increased awareness and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections and antisecretory medications. […] Prior data from the United States show that UGIB accounts for nearly 40% of hospital admissions for gastrointestinal bleeding, with an estimated annual cost of over 2 billion dollars.

• #1 Cyclic vomiting syndrome | Description, Causes, Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclic-vomiting-syndrome

  Cyclic vomiting syndrome affects individuals of all ages but often has an onset between ages three and seven. The condition tends to be slightly more common in women than in men. The prevalence of cyclic vomiting syndrome is not fully known. Research has indicated that in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, about 2 percent of adults are affected. Various studies have found that the condition occurs in roughly 1.7 to 2.7 percent of school-age children. […] The cause of cyclic vomiting syndrome is unknown. Factors suspected of contributing to the condition include genetic variants, digestive disorders, and altered stress reactions by the brain and endocrine system. […] Bouts of vomiting are triggered by a range of factors. Some examples are allergies, anxiety, emotional distress, fasting, infections, intense exercise, menstruation, exposure to temperature extremes, motion sickness, overeating, and panic attacks.

• #1 Recent Concepts on Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=135&vmd=Full

  CVS had been regarded as a rare disease before, but now it seems to be relatively common in pediatric population with the prevalence between 1.9% and 2.3% according to the data of previous reports. The annual incidence of CVS was 3.15 per 100,000 children for 2005 in Ireland. […] There are no data on the prevalence of CVS in adults until now, but recently there are several articles reporting CVS cases in adults. It is assumed that CVS might be more common even in adults than expected before. […] CVS has been reported to be slightly more common in female than in male (55:45 or 60:40) in all age groups. […] CVS can develop in any age, but it has been mainly reported in childhood, with mean age between 4.6 years and 6.9 years. There are some reports on adults with CVS, and in adults, mean age at initial diagnosis was 34.8 years. In many patients with CVS, it took several months to years in making a definite diagnosis for CVS.

• #1 Cyclic vomiting syndrome: From pathophysiology to treatment | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-cyclic-vomiting-syndrome-from-pathophysiology-articulo-S2255534X24000616

  Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable episodes of intense vomiting, interspersed with periods of apparent wellbeing. […] The aim of the present review is to examine the most important aspects of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, subtypes, diagnostic criteria, and current management of CVS. […] CVS affects both children and adults. A study on an adult population showed a prevalence of 2%, 1%, and 0.7% in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, respectively. […] The prevalence of CVS is unknown in the Mexican population but a study conducted on Mexican school-age children evaluated the prevalence of gut-brain axis disorders, and found a 0.3% prevalence of CVS in that selected group. […] CVS is more frequent in women and the mean adult age at presentation is 37 years.

• #1 Cyclic vomiting syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome

  The average age at onset is 37 years, with described cases as young as 6 days and as old as 73 years. Typical delay in diagnosis from onset of symptoms is 3 years. Females show a slight predominance over males. […] One study found that 3 in 100,000 five-year-olds are diagnosed with the condition. Two studies on childhood CVS suggest nearly 2% of school-age children may have CVS.

• #1 Mallory Weiss Tear: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22035-mallory-weiss-tear

  Healthcare providers find between 1% and 15% of people with bleeding of their esophagus or stomach have Mallory Weiss tears. […] The most common symptom of a Mallory Weiss tear is vomiting blood, which occurs in about 85% of cases. The blood can appear bright red or dark brown, like coffee grounds. […] You should go to the ER if you have signs of bleeding in your gastrointestinal tract, such as blood in your vomit or dark, sticky stools.

• #1 Mallory-Weiss Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/931141-overview

  Mallory-Weiss tears cause approximately 3-15% of all episodes of hematemesis in adults; however, these tears are less common in children (5% of all upper GI bleeding episodes). […] In a retrospective study of Black and Hispanic patients presenting with upper GI bleeding over a 10-year period, Mallory-Weiss Tear was diagnosed in 84 of 698 of patients. Among these patients, more than half did not have a history of retching or vomiting, and 216 patients presented with hemodynamic instability. Overall, 10% of patients died from a failure to achieve hemostasis and secondary to associated comorbidities. […] Mallory-Weiss tears are equally common among male and female children. These tears also occur with equal frequency in both sexes in adults, although they have different causes. […] Mallory-Weiss tears usually occur in the fifth and sixth decades of life. In children, tears are more commonly observed in older children and adolescents secondary to increased intragastric and transgastric pressures that develop at an older age. However, children with underlying medical conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux and liver disease, can present at any age.

• #1 Hematemesis in Patients With Cancer – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/hematemesis-in-patients-with-cancer/

  Hematemesis (vomiting blood) is a serious symptom that indicates upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. In patients with cancer, it often stems from tumor erosion, treatment-related complications, or coagulopathies. […] In the United States, the incidence of hematemesis in patients with cancer has not been precisely quantified. The condition is more frequently observed in patients with advanced stages of cancer. […] Hematemesis is a common occurrence in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies such as esophageal and gastric cancers because in these cancers, the tumor often is close to major blood vessels and the mucosal lining.

• #1 Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood): Causes, What it Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17708-vomiting-blood

  Hematemesis means vomiting blood. Its a very serious symptom. It usually means you have bleeding in your upper GI tract. Internal bleeding can be an emergency. […] Hematemesis is a sign of internal bleeding from the upper portion of your digestive tract the esophagus, stomach and first portion of your small intestine called the duodenum. If you’re vomiting blood, you should seek medical attention right away. […] For this reason, healthcare providers treat all cases of hematemesis as emergencies until they know better, and you should too. […] Blood in your vomit is never normal. […] If youre bleeding a lot, youre at risk of going into hypovolemic shock, which can cause organ failure and death. […] In general, vomiting blood is a sign of bleeding inside your upper GI tract. […] Bright red blood is fresh and indicates an active bleed, which might be heavier and more urgent.

• #1 Vomiting blood | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/sym-20050732/

  In infants and young children, vomiting blood may also result from: Birth defects, Blood-clotting disorders, Milk allergy, Swallowed blood, such as from the nose or from the mother during birth, Swallowed object, Vitamin K deficiency. […] Call 911 if vomiting blood causes signs and symptoms of severe blood loss or shock, such as: Rapid, shallow breathing, Dizziness or lightheadedness after standing up, Blurred vision, Fainting, Confusion, Nausea, Cold, clammy, pale skin, Low urine output. […] Its important to quickly identify the underlying cause of the bleeding and prevent more-severe blood loss and other complications, including death.

• #1 Vomiting Blood (Hematemesis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/vomiting-blood

  Vomiting blood or hematemesis refers to significant amounts of blood vomited. […] Vomiting blood is quite an extreme concern in most cases. […] Blood in your vomit can be bright red, or it may appear dark brown or black like coffee grounds. […] Bright red blood often indicates acute bleeding episode in your oesophagus or stomach. It may represent a fast-bleeding source. […] Darker-coloured blood means your blood has been in your GI tract for a few hours. Usually, it represents a slower and steadier source of bleeding. […] The colour of the blood you vomit can be analyzed to identify the cause and criticality of bleeding. […] All examples of vomiting blood should be reported to your doctor. […] Several potential health conditions are linked with vomiting blood. […] If doctors notice any unusual symptoms, they will ask you certain questions about the symptoms to diagnose the problem.

• #1 Understanding Blood in Vomit and When to Seek Help

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/list-of-blood-in-vomit-causes-5799270

  Blood in your vomit (hematemesis) may be bright red, brown, or black. […] Vomiting blood is always a medical emergency. […] Vomiting blood is always considered an emergency needing immediate medical care, even if you only see a small amount of blood. […] Blood in your vomit usually comes from a problem in your upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] The possible causes range from minor conditions to severe diseases and injuries. […] The most common causes of GI bleeding that cause hematemesis include: Peptic ulcer disease (stomach and duodenal ulcers), Esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tear, Gastric varices, Cancer of the stomach or esophagus, Swallowing blood after a nosebleed, Forceful or prolonged vomiting. […] A GI bleed that causes a large amount of bleeding or moderate bleeding over a long time puts you at risk for anemia. […] Blood in your vomit is a medical emergency because some underlying causes can cause rapid, significant blood loss.

• #1 Vomiting Blood (Haematemesis): Causes and Symptoms

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/vomiting-blood-haematemesis

  You should call an ambulance or go directly to the nearest emergency department if you are vomiting blood. Often the bleeding will stop quite quickly but in some cases it can become severe and life-threatening. So always seek medical help quickly. […] Vomiting blood needs emergency medical assessment in hospital. […] If it is clear that the blood is coming from the upper gut, tests are usually done to identify the cause. […] Blood tests will usually be done to assess the general situation, for example, how much blood has been lost, and whether intravenous fluids or a blood transfusion is needed to counter any large amount of blood loss. […] A gastroscopy (endoscopy) is an internal examination. It involves examining the inside of the digestive tract, using a thin, flexible tube that has a light and camera at one end.

• #1 Vomiting Blood (Hematemesis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/vomiting-blood

  Imaging scans play a fundamental role in identifying the cause of the blood in the vomit, that can range from abnormal growths to ruptured organs. […] An endoscopy can help determine if there is blood in the stomach. […] This can further help doctors evaluate if there is an internal source of bleeding. […] A blood transfusion plays a crucial role in replacing the blood you lost. […] Your doctor may also give you fluids through an IV to rehydrate the body. […] In more serious cases of upper GI bleeding, your doctor can refer you to a gastroenterologist who may perform upper endoscopy to diagnose and treat the source of bleeding. […] There are many causes of vomiting blood. Some may be extremely severe, while some are minor. […] Your doctor will perform the necessary tests to determine the cause. […] Many foods and beverages are linked to causing vomiting blood. […] The amount of blood you vomit does determine the seriousness of the situation. […] Brown or black vomit may suggest internal bleeding. […] The common cause of black vomit is a problem in the gastrointestinal tract.

• #1 Timeline of the 2020 vomiting outbreak – Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) – University of Liverpool

  https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/savsnet/dog-vomiting-potential-outbreak/timelineofthe2020vomitingoutbreak/

  SAVSNET is unable to provide advice on individual cases and we urge owners worried about their dog to contact their veterinary practice. […] Our paper is now published but that doesn’t mean our work is over. Since the outbreak last year, we have continued to monitor incoming data from veterinary practices taking part in SAVSNET so that should we see signs of a repeat outbreak, we can inform the profession and dog owners. […] It appears that the proportion of records identified as gastrointestinal disease is nearly back to normal average levels. […] Our preliminary analyses suggests a potential role for a canine enteric coronavirus (CECov). […] Currently the number of records tagged as gastroenteric disease appears to be returning to a more normal proportion for this time of year suggesting that the outbreak is resolving.

• #1 Timeline of the 2020 vomiting outbreak – Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) – University of Liverpool

  https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/savsnet/dog-vomiting-potential-outbreak/timelineofthe2020vomitingoutbreak/

  Our current track of gastroenteric signs suggests a slight fall in the number of dogs presenting for primarily gastroenteric disease to practices participating in SAVSNET. […] The heat map shows the veterinary practice location of cases reported by veterinary professionals and owners, with yellow corresponding to points of greatest case report density. […] To date (06/02/20), we have received 89 case reports that have fitted the case definition from veterinary surgeons and nurses, and 460 from dogs owners, since the questionnaire went live (30/01/20). […] Veterinary practices are reporting quite widespread disease throughout England and Wales, particularly localising in North West and Southern England, with a small number of reported cases originating from Northern Ireland and Scotland.

• #1 Understanding Blood in Vomit and When to Seek Help

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vomiting-blood-6736336

  Blood in your vomit (hematemesis) may be bright red, brown, or black. […] Vomiting blood is always a medical emergency. […] Vomiting blood is always considered an emergency needing immediate medical care, even if you only see a small amount of blood. […] Blood in your vomit usually comes from a problem in your upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] The possible causes range from minor conditions to severe diseases and injuries. […] The most common causes of GI bleeding that cause hematemesis include: Peptic ulcer disease (stomach and duodenal ulcers), Esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tear, Gastric varices, Cancer of the stomach or esophagus, Swallowing blood after a nosebleed, Forceful or prolonged vomiting. […] Other causes of vomiting blood include: Esophagitis, Esophageal ulcers, Gastritis, Blood clotting disorders, Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE), Dieulafoy’s lesions. […] Blood in your vomit is a medical emergency because some underlying causes can cause rapid, significant blood loss.

• #1 Can Vomiting Blood Cause Death – When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://chaselodgehospital.com/blog/vomiting-blood/

  Haematemesis is the act of vomiting blood, which can range from small streaks of bright red blood to larger amounts of dark, coffee-ground-like material. […] The severity of haematemesis can vary, but even small amount of blood in vomit warrants immediate attention. […] The question of whether can vomiting blood cause death is validyes, if left untreated, severe haematemesis can lead to significant blood loss, organ failure, or even death. […] Understanding the reasons behind blood vomiting disease is essential for proper management. […] Vomiting blood is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to address the underlying cause and prevent complications.

• #1 Vomiting blood

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vomiting-blood/

  Vomiting blood (called haematemesis) needs to be checked. It often needs emergency treatment. […] You or your child are vomiting blood (or have vomited blood) and: […] If you have stopped vomiting blood and had no other symptoms, ask for an urgent GP appointment, call 111 or get help from 111 online.

• #1 Vomiting Blood: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options

  https://www.sakraworldhospital.com/symptom-detail/vomiting-blood

  Vomiting blood, medically known as hematemesis, is a concerning symptom that requires immediate medical attention. […] Vomiting blood can be caused by various factors, including peptic ulcers, esophageal varices, gastritis, Mallory-Weiss tears, gastrointestinal bleeding, or swallowing blood from other sources such as nosebleeds or oral injuries. […] Yes, vomiting blood is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. It can be a sign of severe bleeding or potentially life-threatening conditions that need urgent evaluation and treatment. […] Vomiting blood is a serious medical symptom that requires immediate attention and thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional. It can indicate a range of underlying conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, from minor issues to potentially life-threatening emergencies. Early diagnosis, prompt intervention, and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing vomiting blood and preventing complications such as shock, anemia, or organ damage.

• #1 Vomiting blood (haematemesis) | NICS Well

  https://www.nicswell.co.uk/conditions-and-treatments/vomiting-blood-haematemesis

  Vomiting blood (haematemesis) could be a sign of a serious problem. […] If you vomit blood, it means there may be bleeding somewhere in your food pipe, stomach or the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). […] This is a summary of the most likely causes of blood in vomit. […] Oesophageal varices are enlarged veins in the lower part of the food pipe (oesophagus). […] If a GP or AE doctor suspects oesophageal varices are the cause of blood in your vomit, you’ll need to be admitted to hospital immediately. […] Less commonly, blood in your vomit may be caused by oesophageal cancer or stomach cancer these types of cancer are uncommon, but they may be suspected if you’re over 55 and you’ve also lost a lot of weight.

• #1 Vomiting Blood | Hematemesis | Carbon Health

  https://carbonhealth.com/get-care/vomiting-blood?srsltid=AfmBOooI23BN4J0krxPKhVJRGJQbwReiC2kpHWFe8TEzy7LgXaG3wdaD

  When a person vomits blood, it often comes out as a dark red to black substance with coffee-ground-like consistency. Vomiting blood means there is bleeding somewhere in the digestive tract, so if it occurs, you should seek immediate emergency care. It could be life-threatening. […] Yes, vomiting blood, also known as hematemesis, is a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. Vomiting blood can indicate serious conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, liver disease, or cancer, and can be life-threatening. It’s important to seek prompt medical attention if you experience vomiting blood.

• #1 Why Am I Throwing Up Blood? Key Causes and Treatment Options – BuzzRx Select permission for Location

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/why-am-i-throwing-up-blood

  Yes, throwing up too hard can cause bleeding due to trauma in the esophagus lining. […] Repeated episodes of vomiting blood, large blood clots in vomited blood, bright red blood in vomit, and dark blood that looks like coffee grounds are all serious symptoms and should be evaluated on an emergency basis. […] Vomiting blood (hematemesis) is a sign of bleeding in the digestive tract. Spitting up or coughing up blood (hemoptysis) is related to the lower respiratory tract (airways and lungs). Any active internal bleeding is an emergency. […] Immediate treatment for vomiting blood is to control the bleeding and stabilize your condition before undertaking further treatment for the underlying gastrointestinal and liver disease. […] While vomiting blood itself is not life-threatening, in rare cases, it can lead to severe blood loss, hypovolemic shock, organ failure, and death. For this reason, it is important to go to the nearest emergency department, especially if you are vomiting large amounts of blood. […] Most causes of bleeding in the upper GI tract can be treated with medications, but some may require surgical treatment. Many of these conditions are curable.

• #1 Why Am I Throwing Up Blood? Key Causes and Treatment Options – BuzzRx Select permission for Location

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/why-am-i-throwing-up-blood

  Hematemesis, or vomiting blood, can have many possible causes, such as peptic ulcer, forceful vomiting, esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, and chronic pancreatitis. […] Less common causes of hematemesis can include blood conditions like anemia, tumors of the esophagus or stomach, or blunt force trauma to the stomach. Hematemesis can also signal a serious underlying condition. […] Seek immediate medical care if you vomit blood. Various tests can determine the cause and location of internal bleeding. After stabilizing your condition, treatment may include IV (intravenous or into the vein) fluids, blood transfusion, medications, or even emergency surgery. […] Hematemesis, or vomiting blood, can have many possible causes and is a medical emergency. […] Any amount of blood in vomit is worrisome. Seek emergency treatment even if you have vomited only a small amount of blood.

• #2 Cyclic vomiting syndrome: From pathophysiology to treatment | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-cyclic-vomiting-syndrome-from-pathophysiology-articulo-S2255534X24000616

  Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable episodes of intense vomiting, interspersed with periods of apparent wellbeing. […] The aim of the present review is to examine the most important aspects of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, subtypes, diagnostic criteria, and current management of CVS. […] CVS affects both children and adults. A study on an adult population showed a prevalence of 2%, 1%, and 0.7% in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, respectively. […] The prevalence of CVS is unknown in the Mexican population but a study conducted on Mexican school-age children evaluated the prevalence of gut-brain axis disorders, and found a 0.3% prevalence of CVS in that selected group. […] CVS is more frequent in women and the mean adult age at presentation is 37 years.

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• #2 What is the disease of vomiting coffee grounds-like substances? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/what-disease-is-vomiting-like-coffee-grounds-en

  Vomiting blood is an uncommon condition but has many potential serious health problems. […] Vomiting blood can be brown (looks like coffee grounds), dark red, or bright red. […] Coffee-ground vomit is often a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding. […] Although cases of vomiting blood from the stomach are rare, they can still be life-threatening if not treated immediately. […] Treatment for coffee ground vomiting depends on the cause and location of your internal bleeding. […] Coffee ground vomit is considered a medical emergency. If left untreated, severe cases can lead to shock or even death. […] To find the specific cause of the patient’s hematemesis, Vinmec International General Hospital will conduct an examination and perform specialized tests for diagnosis.

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