Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood): Causes, What it Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17708-vomiting-blood

  Hematemesis means vomiting blood. Its a very serious symptom. It usually means you have bleeding in your upper GI tract. Internal bleeding can be an emergency. […] Hematemesis is a sign of internal bleeding from the upper portion of your digestive tract the esophagus, stomach and first portion of your small intestine called the duodenum. If you’re vomiting blood, you should seek medical attention right away. […] Healthcare providers treat all cases of hematemesis as emergencies until they know better, and you should too. […] Blood in your vomit is never normal. […] Vomiting itself is unlikely to cause death, but severe blood loss can. If youre bleeding a lot, youre at risk of going into hypovolemic shock, which can cause organ failure and death. […] In general, vomiting blood is a sign of bleeding inside your upper GI tract.

• #2 What is hematemesis? Vomiting blood, explained | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-hematemesis–vomiting-blood–explained.h00-159774867.html

  Hematemesis is the scientific term for vomiting blood. […] Hematemesis can occur for many different reasons. Only some of them relate to cancer. […] The entire inner surface of your gastrointestinal (GI) tract is covered by a layer of endothelial cells. This acts as a membrane that protects all the structures beneath it, including nerves and blood vessels. The endothelium shields hundreds of blood vessels. So, if you have a breach there, it can cause significant bleeding. And, if your stomach fills up with blood, that can cause vomiting. […] This could be stomach cancer, esophageal cancer or some other type of cancer that has grown through the walls of the GI tract. […] When blood that would normally pass through the liver encounters resistance due to scarring, it backs up and the vessels get very large and start protruding into the esophagus. The walls of these blood vessels are very delicate, and they can burst open if the pressure gets high enough.

• #3 Vomiting Blood (Hematemesis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vomiting-blood

  Vomiting blood (hematemesis) is the regurgitation of stomach contents mixed with blood, or the regurgitation of blood only. Blood in vomit generally comes from an upper gastrointestinal (GI) source, such as your stomach. […] Vomiting blood may also be caused by more serious conditions that can be a medical emergency, such as: internal injuries, organ bleeding, organ rupture. […] Bright red blood often indicates an acute bleeding episode in your esophagus or stomach. It may represent a fast-bleeding source. […] Darker-colored blood means the blood has been in your GI tract for a few hours. It usually represents a slower and steadier source of bleeding. […] Vomiting blood caused by excessive bleeding can cause shock due to internal GI bleeding. […] If not treated immediately, shock can lead to irreversible organ dysfunction, multi-organ failure, and death.

• #4 Video: Pathophysiology of Vomiting

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/15394/pathophysiology-of-vomiting

  Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It’s a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through interaction with cranial nerves and neural networks such as chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and the solitary tract nucleus (STN). […] CTZ, a primary site of action for many emetic and antiemetic drugs, is crucial in initiating the vomiting reflex. It is located outside the blood-brain barrier, detecting stimuli in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid and signaling the emesis center to initiate vomiting. Another site, STN, is rich in receptors for enkephalin, histamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin receptors.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Vomiting-Mechanism.aspx

  Vomiting is a forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach and sometimes the gut. The whole mechanism is guided and controlled by the brain and its vomiting centre. […] The fourth ventricle of the brain hosts the vomiting centre. The floor of the fourth ventricle contains an area called the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). It is also called the area postrema. When the CTZ is stimulated, vomiting may occur. […] The CTZ contains receptors for dopamine, serotonin, opioids, acetylcholine and the neurotransmitter substance P. When stimulated, each of these receptors gives rise to pathways leading to vomiting and nausea. Present in high concentrations in the vomiting centre, Substance P seems to be involved in the final common pathways that give rise to vomiting. […] The CTZ lies outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Normally, the BBB controls substances that affect the brain. Medications and chemicals in the blood have selective access to the brain when protected by the BBB. As the CTZ, however, lies outside the BBB, drugs and medications are capable of stimulating this area to trigger vomiting. Medications that control or are used to treat vomiting may inhibit this area to prevent vomiting.

• #6 Physiology of the Digestive Tract Correlates of Vomiting

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1820&vmd=Full&

  Emesis is composed of 3 independent digestive tract correlates that are individually organized by a brainstem neural network and all 3 hierarchically organized by a central pattern generator. […] The digestive tract sensory mechanisms that activate vomiting are the digestive tract mucosa or chemoreceptive trigger zone of the area postrema. […] Regardless of the initial stimulus, the area postrema may be activated in order to inhibit orthograde digestive tract motility and reflux blocking reflexes that would interfere with anterograde movement, which is the basic purpose of vomiting. […] The digestive tract correlates are (1) relaxation of the upper stomach and contraction of the lower pharynx, (2) retrograde giant contraction, and (3) the pharyngo-esophageal responses during retching and vomitus expulsion.

• #7 Nausea and Vomiting (Emesis) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/nausea-and-vomiting-emesis

  Vomiting can also be referred to as emesis, and consists of the following stages: Nausea is an unpleasant sensation of wanting to vomit, and is often associated with cold sweat, pallor, salivation, loss of gastric tone, duodenal contraction, and the reflux of intestinal contents into the stomach. […] Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of the contents of the gastrointestinal system out through the mouth. From an evolutionary perspective, it is thought to have evolved as a defense mechanism of the body, serving a protective function to rid the body of noxious substances that have been ingested, rather than allowing them to be retained and absorbed by the intestine. […] The mechanisms of emesis can be divided into three components: Afferent inputs go to the central nervous system (CNS), relaying the signals of emetic stimuli; These signals are received, recognised, and centrally processed. They then form integrated emetic efferent signals coming from the CNS; These motor and chemical efferent pathways relay signals that lead to the coordinated respiratory, gastrointestinal and abdominal muscle expulsive actions of vomiting.

• #8 Video: Pathophysiology of Vomiting

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/15394/pathophysiology-of-vomiting

  The vomiting center also receives signals from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear, higher cortical centers, and afferent nerves from the gastrointestinal tract. The vestibular system, encompassing muscarinic and histamine receptors, is involved in motion sickness. The gastrointestinal tract’s vagal and spinal afferent nerves, rich in 5-HT3 receptors, are activated by mucosal irritation due to chemotherapy, radiation, distention, or gastroenteritis. This leads to serotonin release and stimulates CTZ and the vomiting center, contributing to vomiting. Lastly, the central nervous system plays a role in emotional and stress-related vomiting. […] Since several neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, histamine, acetylcholine, and substance P trigger the vomiting reflex by binding their respective receptors in the vomiting center or CTZ, they are valuable targets for various anti-emetic drugs.

• #9 Nausea and Vomiting (Emesis) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/nausea-and-vomiting-emesis

  There are two medullary centres of vomiting in the brain known as the sensory chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and the integrative centre. […] The CTZ is located in the medulla of the brain. It has a defensive blood-brain barrier for detecting circulating toxins in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and is sensitive to a number of circulating emetic agents, including morphine, intravenous copper sulphate, and certain circulating metabolic emetic agents associated with uraemia, infections and radiation. […] The integrative vomiting centre coordinates activities of the nearby neural structures to produce a complex patterned response, resulting in the processing and action of the vomiting reflex. […] The vomiting centre is predominantly activated by three different mechanisms: By nervous impulses from the stomach, intestinal tract, and other portions of the body, resulting in a reflexive activation; By stimulation from the higher brain centres; By the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) sending impulses.

• #10 Molecular and Circuit Mechanisms Regulating Nausea and Vomiting: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/npt-2024-0006

  Nausea and vomiting are closely related but distinct physiologic and psychological phenomena that are often experienced together. […] The mechanism underlying nausea and vomiting is complex and involves multiple different receptors and neural pathways, all of which have important roles. […] The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata, which includes the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the area postrema (AP) on the floor of the fourth ventricle and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the lower part of the brainstem. […] Multiple neurotransmitters and their receptors play crucial roles in the neural transmission pathways associated with nausea and vomiting. […] The occurrence of nausea and vomiting is the result of continuous interaction between the gastrointestinal tract, including the enteric, central, and autonomic nervous systems.

• #11 Molecular and Circuit Mechanisms Regulating Nausea and Vomiting: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/npt-2024-0006

  The neural pathways underlying the occurrence of nausea and vomiting are not completely understood. […] The AP has also been proposed to have additional functions in feeding, metabolism, cardiovascular regulation, and fluid/cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. […] The involvement of dopamine in vomiting was first discovered through the pro-emetic effects of the non-selective dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine. […] Current research suggests that the NK1 receptor has a major role in inducing vomiting, especially in the delayed phase of vomiting induced by chemotherapy for cancer. […] The physiologic effects of histamine are mediated through four types of histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4). […] Although the exact physiologic mechanisms by which opioid drugs induce nausea and vomiting have not been fully elucidated, some studies suggest that this process involves activation of opioid receptors in the AP, vestibular organs, and gastrointestinal tract.

• #12 Nausea and Vomiting (Emesis) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/nausea-and-vomiting-emesis

  The neural pathways involved in the motor act of vomiting are associated mainly with the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm, the spinal nerves to the abdominal and intercostal muscles, efferent visceral autonomic fibres to the gut, and the viscera efferent fibres to parts of the voluntary muscles of the pharynx and larynx. […] The vomiting reflex is mediated by both the autonomic and somatic systems, and consists of two phases: Prodomal phase (pre-ejection): Relaxation of gastric muscles followed by small intestinal retrograde peristalsis; Ejection phase: Comprises of retching and vomiting including expulsion of gastric contents. […] Chemotherapy Cytotoxic drugs cause stimulation of 5-HT3-receptors peripherally and possibly centrally on the CTZ. This in turn will cause the release of the aforementioned chemical transmitters dopamine and 5HT, which trigger the vomiting centre and cause the release of Ach, thereby leading to induction of nausea and vomiting.

• #13 Physiology of the Digestive Tract Correlates of Vomiting

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1820&vmd=Full&

  The retrograde giant contraction empties the proximal digestive tract of noxious agents and supplies the stomach with fluids to neutralize the gastric acid which protect the esophagus from damage during expulsion. […] An additional important function of the RGC is to move the digestive tract fluids into the stomach which can neutralize the gastric acid in preparation for vomitus expulsion through the esophagus. […] The vagus nerve mediates activation of the RGC and its associated pre- and post-RGC motor events, but sympathectomy has no effect on any digestive tract correlate of vomiting. […] Studies suggest that the primary response that generates the RGC and RGC potential is ECA disruption. […] The mechanism of the orad propagation of the RGC and myoelectric correlates are discussed below. […] All of the recorded digestive tract motor correlates of vomitus expulsion are mediated by striated muscles of the pharynx and proximal esophagus, and all are mediated by their motor nerves through cholinergic receptors.

• #14

  https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11290&id=4252708

  Difficult Vomiting Disorders: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis […] The presence of blood in the vomitus implies disruption of the gastrointestinal mucosa; blood may appear as frank red clots or as a dark brown „coffee-grounds” material resulting from acid proteolysis. […] Examination of the mouth and pharyngeal structures often provide important clues to the pathogenesis of vomiting, e.g., uremic breath or ulcers, icteric mucous membranes, severe pharyngitis or pharyngeal string foreign bodies. […] The physical examination finding of generalized lymphadenopathy would suggest neoplasia or a systemic inflammatory disease as the pathogenesis of the vomiting. […] After identifying problems from the history and physical examination, a reasonable list of differential diagnoses may then be considered based upon pathogenetic mechanism.

• #15 Coffee Ground Emesis (Vomitus): Causes, What it Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23153-coffee-ground-vomitus

  Coffee ground emesis (CGE) is vomit that looks like coffee grounds. The appearance of coffee grounds comes from coagulated blood in your vomit. It may appear dark red, brown or black, depending on how old the blood is. Blood in your vomit is a symptom that healthcare providers take very seriously. […] Coffee ground vomitus is an indication of internal bleeding somewhere in your upper GI tract. Your upper GI tract includes your esophagus, stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). There are many possible causes, but internal bleeding is always treated as a medical emergency. […] Hematemesis means vomiting blood, so coffee ground emesis is one type of hematemesis. With coffee ground emesis, the blood is not fresh or bright red. By the time your vomiting reflex was triggered, the blood had been in your GI tract long enough to begin to dry, congeal, and turn to a darker color.

• #16 Vomiting Blood (Hematemesis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vomiting-blood

  Common causes of vomiting blood include: swallowing blood following a nosebleed or oral surgery, a tear in the esophagus due to excessive coughing or vomiting, a bleeding ulcer, gastritis (stomach inflammation), severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Less common and more serious causes include: esophageal varices, alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hemophilia, anemia, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer. […] Depending on the amount of blood lost, you may need a blood transfusion. […] Depending on the cause, your doctor may prescribe medication to stop the vomiting or to decrease stomach acid. […] In more severe cases of upper GI bleeding, your doctor may refer you to a gastroenterologist. […] The gastroenterologist may perform an upper endoscopy to diagnose and treat the source of bleeding. In severe cases, such as stomach or bowel perforation, surgery may be needed.

• #17 Vomiting Blood: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-hematemesis

  Hematemesis is a sign of bleeding in your upper digestive tract. This includes the first part of your intestine, your stomach, or your esophagus. […] Some common hematemesis causes include: Stomach ulcers. Known as a peptic ulcer, this condition is a painful, open sore in your stomach lining. You can also get these sores in the first part of your intestine; these are called duodenal ulcers. These sores can damage an artery, causing you to vomit blood. […] Esophageal varices are swollen vessels in the tube from your mouth to your stomach. These occur when scarring or clots in your liver block normal blood flow. The blood will redirect to these smaller vessels, which aren’t meant to carry a lot of blood. When they become too swollen, they can leak blood or burst and cause life-threatening bleeding.

• #18 Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hematemesis-vomiting-blood-8605592

  Hematemesis is a medical term for vomiting blood. Blood is typically bright red or has a „coffee ground” appearance. It often appears with other symptoms like abdominal pain, weakness, or tachycardia (rapid heartbeat). […] Hematemesis may indicate an underlying condition like a peptic ulcer, gastritis, or esophageal varices. Immediate medical attention is crucial for determining the cause and initiating treatment that helps prevent further complications. […] Hematemesis occurs due to bleeding in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which leads to blood being expelled through vomiting. The GI tract includes the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). […] The most common causes of hematemesis include: Peptic ulcers: These sores develop on the lining of the stomach or the duodenum, often due to infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria or the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

• #19 Symptom Information: Vomiting blood / Hematemesis

  https://info.isabelhealthcare.com/blog/symptom-information-vomiting-blood-hematemesis

  Vomiting blood is regurgitation of the blood from somewhere in the upper gastrointestinal tract which includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach or small intestine. […] Some causes of vomiting blood are: […] Peptic ulcer disease: This is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. […] Gastritis: This is inflammation of the stomach lining and can erode the lining (erosive gastritis). […] Esophagitis: This is inflammation, irritation or swelling of the esophagus (food pipe). […] Esophageal tear/esophageal perforation: This is a hole in the esophagus (food pipe) which allows the contents of the esophagus to pass into the mediastinum which is the area surrounding the chest and can result in an infection of this area called mediastinitis. […] Dieulafoys lesion: This is caused by a large stomach arteriole (a small blood vessel that branches out from an artery leading to the smaller capillaries in the blood circulation) that erodes and bleeds.

• #20 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470300/

  The most common cause of UGIB is peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Ulceration occurs due to a breakdown in the mucosal defense mechanism from endogenous (eg, acid, pepsin, bile) and exogenous (eg, infection, drugs, smoking) factors. H pylori infection and the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the 2 most common causes of PUD. H pylori causes mucosal inflammation, leading to epithelial cell degeneration and injury. NSAIDs cause mucosal injury by blocking the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) pathway, leading to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins are necessary molecules that maintain the mucosal barrier.[13] […] Variceal bleeding can occur in patients with an elevated portal vein pressure, defined as 12 mm Hg. Locations of increased resistance of portal blood flow include prehepatic (eg, portal vein thrombosis), intrahepatic (eg, cirrhosis), and posthepatic (eg, hepatic vein or inferior vena cava thrombosis). Increased portal vein pressure leads to the formation of portosystemic collaterals, a complex process of gradual dilation and hypertrophy of preexisting vascular channels called varices.[14][15][16]

• #21 Vomiting blood (haematemesis) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/vomiting-blood-haematemesis

  Vomiting blood (haematemesis) could be a sign of a serious problem. […] If you vomit blood, it means there’s bleeding somewhere in your oesophagus (the tube linking your mouth to your stomach), stomach or the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). […] If you vomit blood and also have a burning or gnawing pain in your tummy, the most likely causes are a stomach ulcer or severe inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis). […] Bleeding occurs when the ulcer or inflammation damages an underlying artery (blood vessel). […] Oesophageal varices are enlarged veins in the walls of the lower part of the oesophagus (tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach). […] If your GP or doctor thinks oesophageal varices are the cause of blood in your vomit, you’ll need to be admitted to hospital immediately. […] If you have severe GORD, it can irritate the lining of your oesophagus and cause bleeding. […] Long periods of retching can tear the lining of your oesophagus, which can also result in bleeding. […] It’s possible to swallow blood in certain circumstances, for example, after a severe nosebleed.

• #22 Vomiting blood Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/vomiting-blood

  Vomiting blood is regurgitating (throwing up) contents of the stomach that contains blood. […] Blood that is vomited may come from any of these places. […] Vomiting that is very forceful or continues for a very long time may cause a tear in the small blood vessels of the throat. This may produce streaks of blood in the vomit. […] Swollen veins in the walls of the lower part of the esophagus, and sometimes the stomach, may begin to bleed. These veins (called varices) may be present in people with severe liver damage. […] Repeated vomiting and retching may cause bleeding and damage to the lower esophagus called Mallory Weiss tears. […] Other causes may include: Bleeding ulcer in the stomach, first part of the small intestine, or esophagus; Blood clotting disorders; Defects in the blood vessels of the GI tract; Swelling, irritation, or inflammation of the esophagus lining (esophagitis) or the stomach lining (gastritis); Swallowing blood (for example, after a nosebleed); Tumors of the mouth, throat, stomach or esophagus.

• #23 Vomiting Blood (Haematemesis): Causes and Symptoms

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/vomiting-blood-haematemesis

  Vomiting blood is usually a sign of a problem within the upper gut – the gullet (oesophagus), stomach or the first part of the gut (small intestine) known as the duodenum. […] Vomiting blood needs emergency medical assessment in hospital. […] Oesophageal varices are enlarged, swollen blood vessels in the lining of the oesophagus or stomach. They are one of the possible complications of liver cirrhosis. […] In cirrhosis, scarred liver tissue blocks the blood flow through the liver. This causes an increase in pressure in the vein that takes blood from the gut to the liver (the portal vein). The increased pressure pushes back into the gut and causes the veins to swell in the oesophagus. The swellings are fragile and therefore may bleed heavily into the gullet. […] Inflammation of the oesophagus (oesophagitis) is often due to acid reflux from the stomach (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)). The inflamed oesophagus sometimes bleeds.

• #24 Mallory-Weiss tear Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/mallory-weiss-tear

  Mucosal lacerations – gastroesophageal junction […] A Mallory-Weiss tear occurs in the mucous membrane of the lower part of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach, near where they join. The tear may bleed. […] Mallory-Weiss tears are most often caused by forceful or long-term vomiting or coughing. They may also be caused by epileptic convulsions. […] Any condition that leads to violent and lengthy bouts of coughing or vomiting can cause these tears. […] Symptoms may include: […] Vomiting blood (bright red) […] The tear usually heals in a few days without treatment. […] If blood loss has been large, blood transfusions may be needed. […] Repeated bleeding is uncommon and the outcome is most often good. […] Contact your health care provider if you begin vomiting blood or if you pass bloody stools. […] Treatments to relieve vomiting and coughing may reduce risk.

• #25 Mallory-Weiss Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/931141-overview

  In 1929, Kenneth Mallory and Soma Weiss first described a syndrome characterized by esophageal bleeding caused by a mucosal tear in the esophagus as a result of forceful vomiting or retching. The tear typically occurs after repeated episodes of vomiting or retching, but it may occur after a single incident. […] Any disorder that initiates vomiting may result in the development of a Mallory-Weiss tear, which develops as a linear laceration at the gastroesophageal junction because the esophagus and stomach are cylindrical. The cylindrical shape allows longitudinal tears to occur more easily than circumferential tears. These tears have been postulated to occur either by a rapid increase in intragastric pressure and distention, which increases the forceful fluid ejection through the esophagus, or secondary to a significant change in transgastric pressure (ie, difference in pressure across the gastric wall) because negative intrathoracic pressure and positive intragastric pressure leads to distortion of the gastric cardia, resulting in a gastric or esophageal tear.

• #26 Vomiting Blood: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-hematemesis

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Also known as GERD, this condition happens when stomach acid backwashes into your esophagus and causes inflammation. Severe cases can irritate your lining and cause bleeding. […] Mallory-Weiss tear. This is a bleeding tear in your esophagus lining that occurs after violent and prolonged coughing or vomiting. It’s often linked to heavy alcohol drinking. […] True hematemesis is a medical emergency and can’t be treated at home. Your doctor will need to find the cause of your bleeding and stop it, then treat any underlying conditions. If you have only a little blood loss, they might give you medications and some fluids. […] If you have a lot of blood loss, you might need: Blood transfusion, Intravenous, or IV, fluids, Oxygen and breathing assistance, Blood-pressure medications. […] Once you’re stable, your doctor will treat the cause. Treatment can include antacid medications, antibiotics, embolization to block a blood vessel, and other treatments.

• #27 Mallory-Weiss Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/931141-overview

  Although most cases of Mallory-Weiss tears are self-limiting, patients with severe or recurrent episodes of bleeding that require intensive care therapy and interventional endoscopy have been reported. Typically, these patients have underlying conditions, including portal hypertension and hepatic insufficiency.

• #28 Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hematemesis-vomiting-blood-8605592

  Esophageal varices: These enlarged veins in the esophagus are typically seen in people with liver disease, such as cirrhosis (extreme liver scarring and damage). […] Gastritis: This is inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by alcohol use, chronic (long-term) vomiting, or certain medications. […] Mallory-Weiss tears: These tears occur in the lining of the esophagus due to repeated vomiting. […] Liver disease: Conditions such as cirrhosis or hepatitis (liver inflammation) can increase the risk of esophageal varices and hematemesis. […] Alcohol use: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to gastritis, liver disease, and an increased risk of GI bleeding. […] Diagnosing hematemesis typically involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examination, and diagnostic tests to determine the underlying cause of the bleeding.

• #29 Throwing Up Blood: 11 Common Causes (& How to Treat) – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/blood-in-vomit/

  Gastritis is characterized by inflammation in the stomach, which can occur when the protective mucus lining is destroyed and left untreated. Without the mucus lining, the stomach is prone to developing ulcers, which can bleed over time and lead to bloody vomit and dark stools. […] Stomach ulcers mostly occur due to chronic gastritis that is left untreated. Stomach tissue that is constantly irritated by stomach acid can lead to the appearance of ulcers. […] GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux, is the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus and towards the mouth. This condition causes constant pain and inflammation of the esophageal wall, and in severe cases, it can cause bleeding and the appearance of bloody vomit. […] Chronic pancreatitis is the progressive inflammation of the pancreas, which can cause blood vessels around the pancreas to rupture and result in bloody vomit.

• #30 Vomiting blood // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/symptoms/vomiting-blood

  Vomiting blood (hematemesis) refers to significant amounts of blood in your vomit. […] Blood in vomit may be bright red, or it may appear black or dark brown like coffee grounds. […] Bleeding in your upper gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine) from peptic (stomach or duodenal) ulcers or torn blood vessels is a common cause of vomiting blood. […] Vomiting blood may be caused by: Acute liver failure, Aspirin, Benign tumors of the stomach or esophagus, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Defects in gastrointestinal tract blood vessels, Dieulafoy’s lesion (an artery that protrudes through the stomach wall), Duodenitis, which is inflammation of the top part of the small intestine, Esophageal cancer, Esophageal varices (enlarged veins in the esophagus), Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), Gastric erosions (breakdown of tissue lining the stomach) due to H. pylori, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) or other medications, Gastric varices (enlarged veins in the stomach) due to liver failure or portal hypertension, Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), Gastropathy (bleeding due to dilated blood vessels in the stomach lining), Mallory-Weiss tear (tear in the esophagus associated with pressure caused by vomiting or coughing), Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatitis, Peptic ulcer, Portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the portal vein), Prolonged or vigorous vomiting, Stomach cancer. […] It’s important to quickly identify the underlying cause of the bleeding and prevent more-severe blood loss and other complications, including death.

• #31 Vomiting blood | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/symptoms/vomiting-blood?content_id=SYM-20050732

  Vomiting blood (hematemesis) refers to significant amounts of blood in your vomit. […] Bleeding in your upper gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine) from peptic (stomach or duodenal) ulcers or torn blood vessels is a common cause of vomiting blood. […] Vomiting blood may be caused by: Acute liver failure, Aspirin, Benign tumors of the stomach or esophagus, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Defects in gastrointestinal tract blood vessels, Dieulafoy’s lesion (an artery that protrudes through the stomach wall), Duodenitis, which is inflammation of the top part of the small intestine, Esophageal cancer, Esophageal varices (enlarged veins in the esophagus), Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), Gastric erosions (breakdown of tissue lining the stomach) due to H. pylori, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) or other medications, Gastric varices (enlarged veins in the stomach) due to liver failure or portal hypertension, Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), Gastropathy (bleeding due to dilated blood vessels in the stomach lining), Mallory-Weiss tear (tear in the esophagus associated with pressure caused by vomiting or coughing), Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatitis, Peptic ulcer, Portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the portal vein), Prolonged or vigorous vomiting, Stomach cancer. […] It’s important to quickly identify the underlying cause of the bleeding and prevent more-severe blood loss and other complications, including death.

• #32 Why Am I Throwing Up Blood? Key Causes and Treatment Options – BuzzRx Select permission for Location

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/why-am-i-throwing-up-blood

  Hematemesis, or vomiting blood, can have many possible causes, such as peptic ulcer, forceful vomiting, esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, and chronic pancreatitis. […] Less common causes of hematemesis can include blood conditions like anemia, tumors of the esophagus or stomach, or blunt force trauma to the stomach. Hematemesis can also signal a serious underlying condition. […] Hematemesis, or vomiting blood, can have many possible causes and is a medical emergency. […] Common causes of vomiting blood include bleeding peptic ulcer (open sore) in the stomach or duodenum, esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus lining), gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), or duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum). […] Portal hypertension (increased pressure in the portal vein in the liver due to cirrhosis) can cause increased blood pressure in the abdominal veins, leading to enlarged veins in the esophagus and stomach.

• #33 Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood): Causes, What it Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17708-vomiting-blood

  Bright red blood is fresh and indicates an active bleed, which might be heavier and more urgent. Coffee ground vomit blood that looks brown and lumpy is older blood. […] Conditions that most commonly cause hematemesis include: Bleeding ulcers. A peptic ulcer is an open sore in your stomach or duodenum. […] Healthcare providers can stop active internal bleeding in several ways. This will be their first concern when you are vomiting blood. […] Hematemesis is always treated as an emergency. […] To locate the source of the bleeding and make sure it has stopped, your healthcare team will need to look inside your upper GI tract. […] Active internal bleeding can be an emergency.

• #34 Why Is My Dog Throwing Up Blood? | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/symptoms/why-my-dog-throwing-blood

  Vomiting blood is known by veterinarians as hematemesis (hema means blood and emesis means vomit). […] Bright red blood that is liquid often comes from the esophagus—the tube that connects the mouth and stomach. […] Dark red blood that either is clotted or looks like coffee grounds usually indicates that it has been partially digested by stomach acid, so it likely came from either the stomach or the upper part of the intestinal tract. […] Coughing up blood usually means that the bleeding is located within the respiratory tract, whereas vomiting up blood indicates that the bleeding is in the GI tract. […] For the most part, a dog vomiting blood is considered an emergency and should be seen by a veterinarian immediately. […] Untreated prolonged or severe vomiting of any cause: Over time, vomiting exposes the esophagus to stomach acids, which can be very irritating and lead to bleeding.

• #35 What is hematemesis? Vomiting blood, explained | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-hematemesis–vomiting-blood–explained.h00-159774867.html

  Blood thinners themselves dont cause spontaneous bleeding. But if you have a small breach in the endothelium already, a blood thinner can make it start bleeding, even if it never did before. […] The symptom itself is unpleasant but usually painless. […] It generally falls into one of two categories: Bright red blood is usually fresh, and the bleeding is occurring right now. Dark brown blood is usually older, and has been present in the stomach for 1-2 days. […] Any time you vomit blood, consider it an emergency. […] If it only happened once and you only brought up about a teaspoon or so, we might just monitor you. […] But if youre losing a lot of blood, anemia can become an issue, so we need to find a way to control it and possibly replace the blood youve already lost. […] We prefer to treat hematemesis endoscopically or by introducing a special scope through the mouth that can cauterize wounds. […] Yes. Often, hematemesis will clear up by itself, especially if its only a modest amount. But that doesnt mean you should ignore it. Any time you vomit blood, mention it to your care team immediately.

• #36 Coffee ground vomiting – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_ground_vomiting

  Coffee ground vomitus refers to a particular appearance of vomit. Within organic heme molecules of red blood cells is the element iron, which oxidizes following exposure to gastric acid. This reaction causes the vomitus to look black like coffee grounds. […] Esophagitis, esophageal varices, gastritis, cirrhosis or gastric ulcers for example, may bleed and produce coffee-ground vomitus. […] Diseases such as Ebola, yellow fever, viral hepatitis, haemophilia B, fatty liver disease and cancers of stomach, pancreas, esophagus and, rarely, retrograde jejunogastric intussusception might also be the reason behind coffee-ground vomitus. […] When attributed to peptic inflammation, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is commonly implicated. These drugs can interfere with the stomach’s natural defenses against the strongly acidic environment, causing damage to the mucosa that can result in bleeding.

• #37 Coffee Ground Emesis (Vomitus): Causes, What it Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23153-coffee-ground-vomitus

  Blood that has had time to coagulate and turn coffee brown or black is not fresh. That means that the bleeding has slowed or even stopped, at least temporarily. However, the cause of the bleeding may still be active, and there may be more to come. Healthcare providers treat CGE as an acute condition. […] Coffee ground vomit indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The cause of the bleeding may not be the same as the cause of the vomiting. Common causes of upper GI bleeding include: A bleeding ulcer in your stomach or duodenum. Inflammation of your stomach or esophagus. Swollen and bleeding veins in your esophagus or stomach. A tear in your esophagus caused by violent vomiting. Cancer of the stomach, the esophagus or the pancreas. Viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. […] Your healthcare provider will work to isolate the cause and stop the bleeding if necessary. Often, the bleeding stops on its own, but they will still need to treat the underlying cause.

• #38 Coffee Ground Emesis (Vomitus): Causes, What it Is & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23153-coffee-ground-vomitus

  Vomit that looks like coffee grounds isn’t normal. It means that something is bleeding inside you. There are many possible causes, some more serious than others. But any bleeding can become an emergency if it doesn’t stop. If you ever see coffee ground emesis, seek medical attention right away. It’s important to find out the cause and to treat it as soon as possible.

• #39 Hematemesis | MUSC Health | Charleston SC

  https://muschealth.org/medical-services/ddc/patients/symptoms-and-conditions/hematemesis

  If a person begins to vomit blood, a serious condition known as hematemesis may be indicated. […] Hematemesis is considered a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. […] There can be many causes of hematemesis, such as bleeding ulcers, prolonged and vigorous retching that causes tears in the esophageal mucosa (known as Mallory-Weiss Syndrome), gastric or intestinal varices, vascular malfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract, tumors in the stomach or esophagus, gastroenteritis, gastritis, or peptic ulcers can cause internal bleeding, radiation exposure, hemorrhagic fever. […] The blood loss that a person may experience in an episode of hematemesis can be life threatening. The person could go into shock (known as hypovolemic shock) as a result of this bleeding, and possibly even die.

• #40 Gastro Doctor in Kolkata Explains the Causes of Vomiting Blood

  https://www.drindraneelsaha.in/common-conditions-associated-with-vomiting-blood/

  Hematemesis or vomiting blood is not just only spitting up blood from the mouth. It is a serious condition indicating that your digestive system is bleeding. The blood may either come out alone or be mixed with the stomachs contents and fluids. […] In most cases, vomiting blood is a symptom of a serious health condition. There are many causes of vomiting blood. Some may be fatal such as organ rupture or blood might also come out as a result of nose or mouth bleed. […] Hypovolemic shock limits the bodys ability to transfer blood to vital organs, leading to multiple organ failure and eventually death. […] Stomach ulcers: These are painful open sores in the lining of the stomach. They damage the arteries, causing the blood to come out of the mouth. […] Acute pancreatitis: Bleeding is common in patients with chronic pancreatitis. This condition impairs the veins of the pancreas leading to rupture and bleeding.

• #41 What Is Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood)? – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-is-hematemesis-vomiting-blood/

  Mallory-Weiss Tear: A tear in the mucous membrane at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, usually caused by severe vomiting or retching. […] Diagnosing hematemesis involves several steps to identify the source and cause of the bleeding: […] Endoscopy: This is a crucial diagnostic tool where a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth to visualize the upper GI tract. It helps in identifying the source of bleeding and can also be therapeutic. […] Hematemesis can lead to several complications if not promptly addressed: […] Hypovolemic Shock: Severe blood loss can lead to a significant drop in blood pressure, resulting in shock, which is a life-threatening condition. […] Anemia: Chronic or severe bleeding can lead to a significant reduction in red blood cells, causing anemia and associated symptoms like fatigue and weakness.

• #42 Blood in Vomit: Causes, Treatment, and When to See a Doctor – K Health

  https://khealth.com/learn/symptoms/blood-in-vomit/

  If the bleeding inside your digestive tract is excessive, you may be anemic, meaning you don’t have enough red blood cells circulating in your body. […] Depending on the severity of the anemia, they may suggest a blood transfusion to help replace some of your red blood cells. […] In some cases, if the bleeding cannot be found or stopped, surgery may be required to find and stop the bleeding.

• #43 What Is Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood)? – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-is-hematemesis-vomiting-blood/

  Recurrent Bleeding: Without proper treatment, the underlying cause of hematemesis can lead to recurrent episodes of bleeding, further complicating the patients condition. […] Hematemesis is a critical condition that requires immediate medical attention to identify and treat the underlying cause. Understanding the potential causes, diagnostic methods, and complications associated with hematemesis is essential for effective management and improving patient outcomes.

• #44 Vomiting Blood ( Hematemesis ): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/symptoms/vomiting-blood

  A darker colour of blood may indicate a slower release of blood, which can then mix with food and be regurgitated later. […] The diagnosis of vomiting blood begins with the doctor inquiring about the patient’s medical history and recent history of injuries that may have caused internal trauma. […] If the patient has experienced significant blood loss due to vomiting, a blood transfusion may be administered as the initial treatment. […] In cases of active internal bleeding, healthcare professionals have multiple methods to halt the bleeding, which is their primary priority when you’re experiencing hematemesis. […] Recurrent instances of hematemesis may occur if the underlying issue is not effectively addressed and treated.

• #45 Vomiting blood: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003118.htm

  Other causes may include: Bleeding ulcer in the stomach, first part of the small intestine, or esophagus; Blood clotting disorders; Defects in the blood vessels of the GI tract; Swelling, irritation, or inflammation of the esophagus lining (esophagitis) or the stomach lining (gastritis); Swallowing blood (for example, after a nosebleed); Tumors of the mouth, throat, stomach or esophagus. […] Get medical attention right away. Vomiting blood can indicate a serious medical problem. […] Contact your health care provider or go to the emergency room if vomiting of blood occurs. You will need to be examined right away. […] If you have vomited a lot of blood, you may need emergency treatment. This may include: Administration of oxygen; Blood transfusions; EGD with application of laser or other treatments to stop the bleeding; Fluids through a vein; Medicines to decrease stomach acid; Possible surgery if bleeding does not stop.

• #46 Vomiting Blood (haematemesis) Causes and Treatment – Emergency Care Services | No Wait Open 24 HRS

  https://postoaker.com/vomiting-blood-haematemesis-causes-and-treatment/

  The medical team will first take care of any low blood pressure or breathing problems that may have occurred due to excessive bleeding. If your blood pressure is high or your stomach acid level is low, you might need a blood transfusion, breathing assistance, and medication. […] Further treatment may include intravenous fluids (injected directly into a vein) and surgery. […] After the medical team has successfully stabilized you, they will work towards detecting the cause of your vomiting blood.

• #47 Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hematemesis-vomiting-blood-8605592

  Upper endoscopy, also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is a key diagnostic procedure for hematemesis. During this procedure, a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to visually inspect the GI tract for signs of bleeding, such as ulcers or varices. […] If hematemesis involves significant blood loss, immediate emergency treatment is essential. This may include: Oxygen therapy to ensure adequate oxygenation due to potential blood loss-induced anemia (low red blood cells or hemoglobin). […] Blood transfusions to replace lost blood volume. […] Surgical intervention may be necessary if bleeding persists despite initial interventions or in cases of severe hemorrhage that cannot be controlled endoscopically. […] Preventing hematemesis involves managing underlying conditions like peptic ulcers, gastritis, or liver disease with medication and lifestyle changes.

• #48 Vomiting Blood (Hematemesis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/vomiting-blood

  Your doctor may generally recommend an imaging test. Imaging scans play a fundamental role in identifying the cause of the blood in the vomit, that can range from abnormal growths to ruptured organs. […] In more serious cases of upper GI bleeding, your doctor can refer you to a gastroenterologist who may perform upper endoscopy to diagnose and treat the source of bleeding. In serious cases, like stomach or bowel perforation, surgery may be needed. […] There are many causes of vomiting blood. Some may be extremely severe, while some are minor. Either way, you are recommended to seek medical help if you vomit blood.

• #49 Vomiting Blood (Haematemesis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/vomiting-blood-haematemesis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Generally, a gastroscopy is performed to detect the traces of internal bleeding and its potential sources. For this, a fibre optic camera is fixed in a long and thin tube that is passed down the patients throat to the duodenum. If any source or wound of internal bleeding is detected, it is sealed up to prevent further internal bleeding. […] In some critical cases, surgical intervention such as bowel or stomach perforation becomes vital.

• #50 Vomiting Blood (Haematemesis): Causes and Symptoms

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/vomiting-blood-haematemesis

  Mallory-Weiss syndrome is bleeding caused by a tear in the lining of the oesophagus or stomach. The tear can be caused by anything that leads to a sudden rise in pressure in the stomach or the oesophagus. […] A stomach ulcer may bleed, sometimes heavily. […] Stomach cancer sometimes causes bleeding into the stomach. […] Duodenal ulcer may bleed, sometimes heavily. […] Medicines like warfarin or the newer oral anticoagulants do not usually cause the bleeding but, if there is an underlying problem (such as an ulcer), they will make the bleeding worse. […] The initial treatment may require a drip into a vein to give fluid, or even a blood transfusion if a lot of blood has been lost. […] Stopping the bleeding can be done by using instruments that can be passed down the endoscope but studies have shown that this is rarely necessary as most bleeding settles on its own, even if it has been very heavy.

• #51 Why Am I Throwing Up Blood? Key Causes and Treatment Options – BuzzRx Select permission for Location

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/why-am-i-throwing-up-blood

  Chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) can damage surrounding blood vessels, which can rupture and cause bleeding. […] Repeated episodes of vomiting blood, large blood clots in vomited blood, bright red blood in vomit, and dark blood that looks like coffee grounds are all serious symptoms and should be evaluated on an emergency basis. […] Vomiting blood (hematemesis) is a sign of bleeding in the digestive tract. Spitting up or coughing up blood (hemoptysis) is related to the lower respiratory tract (airways and lungs). Any active internal bleeding is an emergency. […] Immediate treatment for vomiting blood is to control the bleeding and stabilize your condition before undertaking further treatment for the underlying gastrointestinal and liver disease. […] Long-term management and prevention of hematemesis (vomiting blood) will depend on the underlying cause.

• #52 Understanding Blood in Vomit and When to Seek Help

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vomiting-blood-6736336

  Blood in your vomit (hematemesis) may be bright red, brown, or black. […] Blood in your vomit usually comes from a problem in your upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The upper GI tract includes the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). […] The most common causes of GI bleeding that cause hematemesis include: Peptic ulcer disease (stomach and duodenal ulcers), Esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tear, Gastric varices, Cancer of the stomach or esophagus, Swallowing blood after a nosebleed, Forceful or prolonged vomiting. […] Losing blood when vomiting can lead to several complications, depending on the cause. Going into shock and organ failure are possible complications. […] Blood in your vomit is a medical emergency because some underlying causes can cause rapid, significant blood loss.

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