Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hydrocephalus – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocephalus/symptoms-causes/syc-20373604

  The symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary by age. […] Common symptoms of hydrocephalus in infants include: A head that is larger than usual. A rapid increase in the size of an infant’s head. A bulge or tense soft spot on the top of the head. […] Among toddlers and older children, symptoms might include: Headache. Blurred or double vision. Eye movements that are not usual. Enlargement of a toddler’s head. Sleepiness or sluggishness. Nausea or vomiting. Trouble with balance. Poor coordination. Poor appetite. Loss of bladder control or urinating often. […] Common symptoms in this age group include: Headache. Sluggishness. Loss of coordination or balance. Loss of bladder control or needing to urinate often. Vision problems. Decline in memory, concentration and other thinking skills that may affect job performance.

• #2 Hydrocephalus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17334-hydrocephalus

  Symptoms of hydrocephalus vary with age. It can also depend on how far along the disease is (disease progression). It also varies with how well a person tolerates the CSF buildup. […] Symptoms in infants may include: Unusually large head. Bulging soft spot (fontanel) on top of your babys head. Downward gaze of your babys eyes (sun-setting eyes). Vomiting. Sleepiness. […] Symptoms in older children may include: Headache. Nausea and vomiting. Vision problems. Developmental delays. […] Symptoms in adults may include: Headache. Nausea and vomiting. Vision problems. Feeling tired. Problems with balance and coordination. Short-term memory loss. […] Symptoms in older adults may include: Problems walking (gait disturbances). Mild dementia. Forgetfulness. Loss of bladder control.

• #3 Hydrocephalus | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/hydrocephalus

  Symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary significantly from person to person and mostly depend on age. […] In infants, signs and symptoms may include: A rapid increase in head size, An unusually large head, A bulge on the soft spot (fontanel) on the top of the head, Vomiting, Problems feeding, Sleepiness, Irritability, Eyes that are fixed downward („sun setting”) or are not able to turn outward, Seizures, Slowing or loss of developmental progress like walking or talking. […] Older children and adults may experience: Headache, Blurred or double vision, Eyes that are not able to turn outward, Nausea or vomiting, Problems with balance, Vision problems, Decline in school or job performance, Poor coordination, Loss of bladder control or frequent urination, Sleepiness or difficulty waking up, Irritability, General slowing of movements, Problems walking, often described as feet feeling „stuck”, Changes in personality, Memory loss, cognitive impairment, or dementia. […] The symptoms of NPH usually get worse over time if it is not treated. […] Without treatment, NPH symptoms may worsen and cause death.

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydrocephalus/symptoms/

  Hydrocephalus, or excess fluid in the brain, causes slightly different symptoms depending on the type of hydrocephalus and the age of the person affected. […] Babies born with hydrocephalus (congenital hydrocephalus) often have distinctive physical features. These can include: an unusually large head, a thin and shiny scalp with easily visible veins, a bulging or tense fontanelle (the soft spot on top of a baby’s head), downward looking eyes. Congenital hydrocephalus can also cause: poor feeding, irritability, vomiting, sleepiness, muscle stiffness and spasms in your baby’s lower limbs. […] Hydrocephalus that develops in children or adults (acquired hydrocephalus) can cause headaches. The headache may be worse when you wake up in the morning. This is because the fluid in your brain does not drain as well while you’re lying down and may have built up overnight. Sitting up for a while may improve the headache. However, as the condition progresses, headaches may become continuous. Other symptoms of acquired hydrocephalus include: neck pain, feeling sick, being sick this may be worse in the morning, sleepiness can progress to a coma, changes in your mental state, such as confusion, blurred vision or double vision, difficulty walking, an inability to control your bladder (urinary incontinence) and, in some cases, your bowel (bowel incontinence).

• #5 Hydrocephalus – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/hydrocephalus/

  The symptoms of hydrocephalus tend to vary greatly from person to person and across different age groups. Infants and young children are more susceptible to symptoms from increased intracranial pressure like vomiting and adults can experience loss of function like walking or thinking. […] The symptoms of hydrocephalus in infants include unusually large head size, rapidly increasing head circumference, bulging and tense fontanelle or soft spot, prominent scalp veins, downward deviation of eyes or sunset sign, vomiting, sleepiness, irritability, and seizures. […] In children and adolescents, symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, swelling of the optic disc or papilledema, blurred or double vision, balance and gait abnormalities, slowing or loss of developmental progress, changes in personality, inability to concentrate, seizures, poor appetite, and urinary incontinence.

• #6 Pediatric Hydrocephalus – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/hydrocephalus

  A baby with hydrocephalus has extra cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain. The baby’s head may look larger than normal. […] Common symptoms of hydrocephalus may include: A full or bulging soft spot on the top of your baby’s head, Increasing head size, Seizures, Bulging eyes and not being able to look up when facing forward. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: A full or bulging soft spot on the top of your baby’s head (fontanel), Increasing head size (circumference), Seizures, Bulging eyes and not being able to look up when facing forward, Visible scalp veins, Irritability, High-pitched cry, Poor feeding, Projectile vomiting, Sleepiness or being less alert than usual, Developmental delays. […] The key to treating this condition is getting it diagnosed and treated early, and preventing infections. Your baby will need regular checkups to make sure his or her shunt is working right. Your child’s healthcare team will work closely with you as your baby grows. […] Call 911 if your child has: Seizures, Inability to arouse, Sundowning of the eyes (downward gaze).

• #7 Hydrocephalus – symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hydrocephalus

  Hydrocephalus causes a range of symptoms depending on the person’s age. The most common symptoms of hydrocephalus in all age groups include: headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures. […] In babies, hydrocephalus may also cause: increased head size, bulging or firm fontanelle (the soft spot on your baby’s head), poor feeding, drowsiness, their eyes to turn inwards. […] In older children or adults, hydrocephalus may also cause: blurred or double vision, problems concentrating, coordination issues, confusion, incontinence. […] A shunt malfunction or infection is life threatening. If you or your child show symptoms of hydrocephalus, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance or go to your nearest emergency department. […] If you or your child have hydrocephalus and have (or suspect): seizures, vomiting, altered level of consciousness or a sudden new neurological problem, abdominal pain or swelling if you or your child have a shunt, an infected shunt, a blocked shunt, swelling, pain or redness along the shunt tract.

• #8 Hydrocephalus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus

  Babies: rapid head growth, vomiting, sleepiness, seizures. […] Older people: Headaches, double vision, poor balance, urinary incontinence, personality changes, mental impairment. […] Symptoms may vary according to age. Headaches and double vision are common. Elderly adults with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) may have poor balance, difficulty controlling urination, or mental impairment. […] In babies, there may be a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting, sleepiness, seizures, and downward pointing of the eyes. […] Hydrocephalus is typically treated through surgery. One option is the placement of a shunt system. […] Normal pressure hydrocephalus affects about 6% of patients over 80. […] The clinical presentation of hydrocephalus varies with age as well as chronicity.

• #8 Hydrocephalus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus

  Infants: Hydrocephalus is difficult to detect clinically before delivery, although enlarged ventricles can be spotted on ultrasonography as early as 18-20 weeks gestation. […] Therefore, infants with hydrocephalus may present with an enlarged skull (or rapid growth in skull size), bulging fontanelles, or separated cranial sutures. […] Other symptoms include seizures, inability to look upwards („sunset eyes” or „setting sun” sign), and pauses in breathing. […] Symptoms that may occur in older children can include: Brief, shrill, high-pitched cry, changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think, headaches, irritability, poor temper control, loss of bladder control (urinary incontinence), loss of coordination and trouble walking. […] In adults, acute hydrocephalus can have many of the same signs and symptoms (headaches, vomiting, nausea, papilledema, sleepiness, or coma) of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that are seen in children. […] Chronic dilatation (especially in the elderly population) may present in a more insidious manner. Hakim’s triad of gait instability, urinary incontinence, and dementia is a relatively typical manifestation of a form of hydrocephalus known as normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).

• #9 Hydrocephalus | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydrocephalus

  Hydrocephalus progresses over time and causes increasing pressure and stretching of tissue in the brain. If this pressure isnt relieved, it can interfere with normal brain growth and development and lead to permanent damage in the brain. […] Symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary widely depending on your childs age and how advanced the condition is when its discovered. […] Older children with hydrocephalus may have: Severe headaches, often with nausea and vomiting, Blurred or double vision, Problems with balance, Trouble looking up when the head is facing forward, Problems with coordination, Trouble standing or walking, Loss of bladder control, Extreme tiredness, Irritability for no apparent reason, Delays in reaching developmental milestones, Trouble remembering and focusing, Sudden changes in personality. […] Since hydrocephalus is a progressive condition the symptoms get more severe over time most children eventually need some type of surgery.

• #10 Hydrocephalus Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1135286-clinical

  Symptoms in infants include the following: Poor feeding, Irritability, Reduced activity, Vomiting. […] Symptoms in children include the following: Slowing of mental capacity, Headaches (initially in the morning) that are more significant than in infants because of skull rigidity, Neck pain suggesting tonsillar herniation, Vomiting, more significant in the morning, Blurred vision: This is a consequence of papilledema and later of optic atrophy, Double vision: This is related to unilateral or bilateral sixth nerve palsy, Stunted growth and sexual maturation from third ventricle dilatation: This can lead to obesity and to precocious puberty or delayed onset of puberty, Difficulty in walking secondary to spasticity: This affects the lower limbs preferentially because the periventricular pyramidal tract is stretched by the hydrocephalus, Drowsiness.

• #11 Acquired Hydrocephalus | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/acquired-hydrocephalus

  Acquired hydrocephalus can look different in every child, depending on their age and the stage of the condition. […] Symptoms in newborns may include: Unusual enlargement of the head as it expands, Bulging at the child’s soft spot on the top of the head, Scalp that appears thin and glistening, Scalp veins with unnatural fullness or prominence, Vomiting, Excessive tiredness, Fussiness, Poor feeding, Downward deviation of their eyes, Seizures. […] Symptoms in older children may include: Awkward gait, Balance problems, Blurred or double vision, Developmental delays or loss of previous skills, Drowsiness or lethargy, Headache, Incontinence, Irritability, Loss of appetite, Memory loss, Nausea with or without vomiting, Changes in personality and cognition or thought process, Poor coordination, Seizures.

• #12 Hydrocephalus – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/hydrocephalus/

  In adults, symptoms can include headache, nausea and vomiting, difficulty walking or gait disturbances, loss of balance or coordination, lethargy, bladder incontinence, impaired vision, impaired cognitive skills, memory loss, and mild dementia. […] The prognosis for hydrocephalus depends on the cause, the extent of symptoms and the timeliness of diagnosis and treatment. Some patients show a dramatic improvement with treatment, while others do not. In some instances of normal pressure hydrocephalus, dementia can be reversed by shunt placement. Other symptoms, such as headaches, may disappear almost immediately if the symptoms are related to elevated pressure. […] In general, the earlier hydrocephalus is diagnosed, the better the chance for successful treatment. The longer the symptoms have been present, the less likely it is that treatment will be successful. Unfortunately, there is no way to accurately predict how successful surgery will be for each individual. Some patients will improve dramatically, while others will reach a plateau or decline after a few months.

• #13 Hydrocephalus in Adults | Learn About the 4 Categories

  https://www.hydroassoc.org/hydrocephalus-in-adults/

  Hydrocephalus occurs when there is a buildup of fluid, known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in cavities called ventricles inside the brain. […] The symptoms of hydrocephalus in adults are similar in some ways to those of NPH in the elderly but are often much more subtle. Still, they can greatly impact patients’ lives. In severe cases, symptoms might make it difficult to work or handle daily activities. […] Symptoms reported include, but are not limited to: Headaches (persistent and/or severe), Nausea and vomiting, Vision problems (double or blurred vision, or difficulty focusing can occur due to increased pressure on the optic nerves), Cognitive and memory problems (difficulties with concentration, decision-making, short-term memory issues), Balance and coordination issues, Disturbances in gait (trouble walking), Excessive tiredness, Vertigo (sensation of spinning or dizziness), Syncope (fainting), Hearing loss.

• #14 Hydrocephalus: Symptoms, Causes, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hydrocephalus

  Symptoms in young and middle-aged adults include: chronic headaches; loss of coordination; difficulty walking; bladder problems; vision problems; poor memory; difficulty concentrating. […] This form of the condition usually begins slowly and is more common in adults over the age of 60. One of the earliest signs is falling suddenly without losing consciousness. Other common symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) include: changes in the way you walk; impaired mental functions, including memory problems; trouble controlling urine. […] The outlook for someone with hydrocephalus depends largely on the extent of their symptoms and how soon they receive treatment. […] Many children experience lifelong brain damage after hydrocephalus. Their outlook will depend on: how the condition progresses; how long a child had symptoms before receiving treatment; any complications, including infections. […] Adults with severe symptoms of hydrocephalus might need to work with occupational therapists. Others may require long-term care. Some might need the care of medical specialists who focus on dementia. The long-term effects of this condition vary widely, depending on individual circumstances.

• #15 Hydrocephalus in Adults: The Symptoms May Be Different Than You Think | Neurology Specialists & Neurosurgery located in Oxnard, Santa Barbara and Camarillo, CA | Link Neuroscience Institute

  https://www.linkneuroscience.com/post/hydrocephalus-in-adults-the-symptoms-may-be-different-than-you-think

  Hydrocephalus is often associated with infants but can affect adults, too. […] However, it can also affect adults, and the symptoms may be very different and often more subtle than what you might expect. […] In adults, hydrocephalus can often be misdiagnosed because its symptoms can mimic those of other conditions, such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, or even the natural aging process. […] One of the most common symptoms of hydrocephalus in adults is a change in gait, often described as feeling unsteady, shuffling, or as if your feet are stuck to the floor. […] Adults with hydrocephalus may experience cognitive decline, including memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and problems with decision-making. […] Another symptom that might not immediately be linked to hydrocephalus is urinary incontinence or frequent urination, particularly if its a new development.

• #16 Hydrocephalus – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocephalus/symptoms-causes/syc-20373604

  Among adults 60 and older, the more common symptoms of hydrocephalus are: Loss of bladder control or needing to urinate often. Memory loss. Progressive loss of other thinking or reasoning skills. Trouble walking, often described as shuffling or the feeling of the feet being stuck. Poor coordination or balance. […] Seek emergency medical care for infants and toddlers with these symptoms: A high-pitched cry. Problems with sucking or feeding. Recurrent vomiting with no clear cause. Seizures. […] Seek prompt medical attention for other hydrocephalus symptoms in any age group.

• #17

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydrocephalus/symptoms/

  The symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) tend to affect older people and usually develop slowly, over many months or years. NPH has 3 sets of distinctive symptoms. It affects: how you walk (mobility), the urinary system, mental abilities. The first noticeable symptom of NPH is a change in how you walk (your gait). You may find it increasingly difficult to take the first step when you want to start walking. Some people have described it as feeling as though they’re frozen to the spot. You may also shuffle rather than take proper steps. As the condition progresses, you may become increasingly unsteady on your feet and be more likely to fall, particularly when turning. The change in the way you walk is often followed by bouts of urinary incontinence, which may include symptoms such as: a frequent need to pee, an urgent need to pee, loss of bladder control. The normal thinking process also starts to slow down. For example, a person may: be slow to respond to questions, react slowly to situations, be slow to process information. These symptoms may be a sign of mild dementia. They should start to improve when NPH is treated.

• #18 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15849-normal-pressure-hydrocephalus-nph

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) happens when a slow buildup of cerebrospinal fluid on your skull presses on your brain. That increased pressure disrupts your brain function, causing symptoms. The symptoms of NPH look very much like those of dementia, but NPH is sometimes reversible. […] The symptoms of NPH usually start gradually, developing and worsening over three to six months. The three main symptoms of NPH are known as Hakims triad. Between 50% and 75% of people with NPH show all three symptoms at the same time. Hakims triad includes three types of symptoms: Gait issues, Urinary incontinence, Cognitive difficulties. […] Gait issues are when you have trouble with walking-related movements. This is the most likely of the three symptom types to happen. About 80% to 95% of people with NPH show symptoms of this kind.

• #19 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus – Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  NPH is rare. It most often affects older adults, and its symptoms can be like those of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. […] These are possible symptoms of NPH: Trouble walking (feels like the feet are stuck to the ground). Poor balance. Falling. Changes in the way you walk. Forgetfulness and confusion. Mood changes. Depression. Difficulty responding to questions. Loss of bladder control. […] The complications of NPH include: Difficulty walking. Trouble thinking. Loss of bladder control.

• #20 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Symptoms & Treatments | Neurosurgeon

  https://themorrisonclinic.com/conditions/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus-symptoms-treatment

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a brain disorder in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain’s ventricles, which are fluid-filled chambers. As the brain ventricles enlarge with the excess fluid, they can disrupt and damage nearby brain tissue, leading to difficulty walking, problems with thinking and reasoning, and loss of bladder control. […] The following are considered common symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus: Difficulty walking that’s sometimes compared to the way a person walks “on a boat,” with the body bent forward, legs held wide apart and feet moving as if they’re “glued to the deck.” Mild dementia that involves loss of interest in daily activities, forgetfulness, difficulty completing routine tasks and short-term memory loss. Decline in thinking skills that includes overall slowing of thought processes, apathy, impaired planning and decision-making, reduced concentration, and changes in personality and behavior. Loss of bladder control, which tends to appear somewhat later in the disease than difficulty walking and cognitive decline.

• #21 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a brain disorder in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain’s ventricles, causing thinking and reasoning problems, difficulty walking, and loss of bladder control. […] Normal pressure hydrocephalus is called „normal pressure” because despite the excess fluid, CSF pressure as measured during a spinal tap is often normal. […] As brain ventricles enlarge with the excess CSF, they can disrupt and damage nearby brain tissue, leading to difficulty walking, problems with thinking and reasoning, and loss of bladder control. […] The following symptoms are considered hallmarks of normal pressure hydrocephalus: Difficulty walking that’s sometimes compared to the way a person walks „on a boat,” with the body bent forward, legs held wide apart and feet moving as if they’re „glued to the deck.”

• #22 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  Mild dementia that involves loss of interest in daily activities, forgetfulness, difficulty completing routine tasks and short-term memory loss. […] Decline in thinking skills that includes overall slowing of thought processes, apathy, impaired planning and decision-making, reduced concentration, and changes in personality and behavior. […] Loss of bladder control, which tends to appear somewhat later in the disease than difficulty walking and cognitive decline. […] Because the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus are similar to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. […] The three hallmark normal pressure hydrocephalus symptoms are considered the classic clinical picture, but not everyone with normal pressure hydrocephalus experiences all three symptoms. […] Available data suggests that difficulty walking is the symptom most likely to improve. […] Normal pressure hydrocephalus is one of the few causes of dementia that can be controlled or reversed with treatment.

• #23 Management of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0915/p1071.html

  Gait instability, urinary incontinence, and dementia are the signs and symptoms typically found in patients who have normal pressure hydrocephalus. […] Gait instability is most often the first presenting and most significant problem. […] The triad of gait instability, urinary incontinence, and dementia distinguishes NPH. […] Although NPH commonly is referred to as a treatable form of dementia, cognitive deficits and memory loss are the symptoms least specifically indicative of this syndrome and the last to respond to shunting. […] The term gait apraxia is sometimes used to describe the problem with locomotion experienced in patients with NPH. […] Urinary incontinence usually follows gait abnormalities and almost always includes urinary urgency. […] Dementia usually is not the presenting or most overt symptom of NPH.

• #24 Hydrocephalus in Adults | Learn About the 4 Categories

  https://www.hydroassoc.org/hydrocephalus-in-adults/

  The severity of symptoms and their impact can vary widely among patients, and if symptoms have been present for years, patients may face more pronounced disability. Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in effectively addressing these symptoms. […] If left untreated, progressive symptoms can become disabling, leading to severe cognitive and physical decline. Complications due to hydrocephalus can sometimes be fatal.

• #25 Hydrocephalus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-brain-and-spinal-cord/hydrocephalus

  Typical symptoms include an abnormally large head and abnormal development. […] When pressure in the brain is increased because of hydrocephalus, infants are irritable and listless, have a high-pitched cry, and vomit, and they may have seizures. […] Older children may have a headache, problems with vision, or both. […] If hydrocephalus is not treated, infants do not develop normally. Some children with hydrocephalus, especially those who develop hydrocephalus early in the pregnancy, are intellectually disabled or have learning disabilities, a seizure disorder (epilepsy), or, in girls, early puberty. […] Some children have vision loss. […] Other children develop normal intelligence.

• #26 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) | Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus-nph/

  NPH is often misdiagnosed as a neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimers or Parkinsons, because its symptoms are similar. NPH may also occur simultaneously with a neurodegenerative disease. […] The most common symptoms, known as Hakims triad, are: Difficulty walking (such as trouble lifting the feet or walking steadily), Poor bladder control, Cognitive impairment (for example, confusion or forgetfulness). At least half of people with NPH demonstrate all these symptoms at once. […] Additional symptoms may include: Balance problems, Slowed movement, Depression or other mood changes, Dizziness. […] This results in gradual impairment of brain function. We dont know how much of the impairment is due to compression from excess CSF or ineffective cleansing.

• #27 Hydrocephalus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560875/

  Brain damage caused by hydrocephalus can be significant and depends on multiple factors. Newborns with severe advanced hydrocephalus at birth will likely have brain damage and physical disabilities. Patients with less severe hydrocephalus who receive adequate treatment may have a relatively healthy life.

• #27 Hydrocephalus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560875/

  Hydrocephalus is the symptomatic accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the cerebral ventricles. […] Acute hydrocephalus without prompt treatment can result in brain herniation and death. […] The classic Hakim triad of NPH consists of gait problems, dementia, and urinary incontinence. Signs and symptoms of NPH may take months or years to develop. […] Acquired hydrocephalus can occur at any age. Symptoms include headache, neck pain, nausea, explosive vomiting, drowsiness, lethargy, irritability, seizures, confusion, disorientation, blurred vision, diplopia, urinary and bowel incontinence, gait instability, balance problems, lack of appetite, personality changes, and memory problems. […] Prognosis largely depends on the cause of hydrocephalus. Half of the patients with severe intraventricular hemorrhage may require definite treatment. In children, after posterior fossa surgery, around 20% will require permanent shunting.

• #28 Hydrocephalus: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hydrocephalus-7371663

  For adults with NPH, the three most important symptoms to consider are: Difficulty with coordinated walking, symmetrically, with feet feeling stuck, Cognitive impairment, Urinary urgency or incontinence. […] Acute hydrocephalus is a life-threatening medical emergency that needs immediate treatment. It can cause the brain to be squashed against the skull, called brain herniation. This can lead to serious symptoms like coma or cardiac arrest. […] Many infants born with severe hydrocephalus are likely to have brain damage and long-term physical disabilities, and some even die from their related medical conditions or from medical procedures to treat the hydrocephalus. However, many people with less severe disease go on to lead relatively healthy lives after surgical treatment. […] Ventricular shunting is effective at treating symptoms in about 60% to 80% of people with NPH. In some people, symptoms like dementia and headache completely go away. However, prompt diagnosis is critical, as people dont respond as well to shunting if they have had long-standing symptoms. […] Although many people do well with their shunts, some shunts do eventually malfunction or fail. Its important to seek immediate medical care immediately for any recurring symptoms of hydrocephalus.

• #29 Adult-onset Hydrocephalus – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/adult-onset-hydrocephalus/

  Hydrocephalus is a chronic condition. It can be controlled, but usually not cured. With appropriate early treatment, however, many people with hydrocephalus lead normal lives with few limitations. […] The symptoms of NPH usually get worse over time if the condition is left untreated. Patients with untreated, advanced NPH may experience seizures, which can get progressively worse. Dementia and/or bladder control problems usually appear after gait disturbances as the condition progresses. […] Bladder control problems usually involve urinary frequency and urgency in mild cases. In severe cases, however, a complete loss of bladder control (urinary incontinence) may result. Urinary frequency is the need to urinate more than usual, often as frequently as every one to two hours. Urinary urgency is a strong, immediate physical need to urinate. This urge is sometimes so strong that it cannot be controlled, resulting in incontinence.

• #30 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15849-normal-pressure-hydrocephalus-nph

  Urinary incontinence is when you lose control of your bladder, causing you to pee (urinate) unintentionally. […] The third key symptom type of NPH is cognitive difficulties. This is a symptom that can appear as or cause mental and physical slowness, memory problems, executive dysfunction, and emotional changes. […] NPH is unusual among dementia-like conditions because its often reversible. However, the chances of reversing this condition are highest with early diagnosis and fast treatment. Delays in diagnosis and treatment make it more likely that the damage to your brain from the pressure will be permanent, severe or both. […] NPH is a chronic (long-term) condition. The symptoms also tend to develop slowly over three to six months. However, NPH doesn’t go away on its own and will continue to worsen. As it worsens, it eventually causes severe and permanent brain damage.

• #31 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  Symptoms include problems walking, cognitive impairment, bladder control problems. […] People with NPH often have an unsteady gait, cognitive impairment, and problems with bladder control problems. […] People with NPH may have only one or two of these symptoms. NPH is a progressive disease, meaning symptoms worsen over time. […] NPH is a progressive condition and without treatment, symptoms worsen over time.

• #32 Hydrocephalus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  At first, the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus are usually very subtle. They worsen very gradually. […] Symptoms of dementia include: Memory loss, Speech problems, Apathy (indifference) and withdrawal, Changes in behavior or mood, Difficulties with reasoning, paying attention, or judgment, Walking problems, Unsteadiness, Leg weakness, Sudden falls, Shuffling steps, Difficulty taking the first step, as if feet were stuck to the floor, „Getting stuck” or „freezing” while walking. […] Urinary symptoms include: Inability to hold urine, Inability to hold stool, or feces (less common), Frequent urination, Urgency to urinate. […] The following symptoms can be related to hydrocephalus: Headache, Nausea, Difficulty focusing eyes. […] NPH is a progressive condition, meaning that the symptoms gradually worsen if not treated. In general, the outlook depends on the cause of the hydrocephalus and whether you are a candidate for surgery. Some people improve dramatically after surgery, while others do not. Some are not candidates for surgery. Those who are not candidates for surgery have few treatment options available.

• #33 Hydrocephalus: Symptoms, Causes, and Prognosis

  https://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/hydrocephalus/

  Symptoms of hydrocephalus vary with age. The main symptoms are headache, nausea and vomiting. […] Additional symptoms for babies 0-18mths may include: an increase in the head size or rate of growth (more than normal growth), soft spot on the head, vomiting, poor feeding, drowsiness, eyes turning downwards or inwards, seizures or fits. […] Additional symptoms for older children or adults may include: headache, blurred or double vision, poor concentration, loss of muscle coordination, confusion, incontinence, seizures or fits. […] Without treatment, hydrocephalus results in compromised mental functioning, visual disturbances, walking difficulty, incontinence, and reduced conscious state. […] The prognosis for a patient with Hydrocephalus is dependent on individual symptoms, timeliness of diagnosis and how the patient reacts to treatment. Most hydrocephalus patients lead long, problem-free lives. However, left untreated, progressive hydrocephalus is generally fatal.

• #34 Hydrocephalus | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/hydrocephalus/

  Hydrocephalus is an increase in total cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume or a nonphysiologic distribution of cerebrospinal fluid. […] Disease progression in TBI patients is variable, depending on whether it is an acute or chronic presentation. Acute hydrocephalus may present with headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and/or change in mental status and may progress to coma and death if untreated. In the subacute or chronic state, failure to progress with rehabilitation or a decline in cognition or behavior may indicate hydrocephalus. Earlier shunting has been associated with improved outcomes in TBI patients. […] The natural course of NPH is progression of symptoms over time. The deterioration is only partially reversible leading to recommendations for earlier surgical management. […] As previously mentioned, hydrocephalus is a potential reversible cause of disorders of consciousness.

• #35 Clinical Features of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus – Barrow Neurological Institute

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/for-physicians-researchers/education/grand-rounds-publications-media/barrow-quarterly/volume-19-no-2-2003/clinical-features-of-normal-pressure-hydrocephalus/

  Cognitive impairment is the least likely component of the clinical triad to recover. […] Disturbances of bladder control range from urinary frequency to incontinence. […] Incontinence typically signifies a late stage of NPH, although some degree of urgency is often present. […] The absence of dementia or complaints of incontinence should not deflect consideration of NPH as a cause of gait apraxia. […] In most cases, the changes in the ventricles and central nervous system that cause NPH develop over months and years and may not always improve noticeably within the short timeframe used to assess responses to the tap test. […] A favorable response to a CSF tap test suggests a likelihood of responding favorably to CSF shunting. […] A shorter duration of clinical symptoms (e.g., less than 6 months) and the onset of gait difficulty with little or no cognitive impairment also suggest a better prognosis with CSF shunting.

• #36 Hydrocephalus: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181727

  In hydrocephalus, the build-up of CSF can raise pressure inside the skull, which squashes surrounding brain tissue. […] In some cases, this can cause the head to steadily grow in size, convulsions, and brain damage. Hydrocephalus can be fatal if left untreated. […] Other symptoms include headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, cognitive problems, and walking difficulties. […] Symptoms of acquired hydrocephalus, which develops after birth, are: confusion, disorientation, or both; drowsiness and lethargy; headaches; irritability, which may get worse; lack of appetite; nausea; personality changes; problems with eyesight, such as blurred or double vision; seizures or fits; urinary incontinence; vomiting; walking difficulties, especially in adults. […] Symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Signs and symptoms may take many months or years to develop. Changes in gait: The person may feel as if they are frozen on the spot when taking their first step to start walking. They may appear to shuffle rather than walk. Normal thinking process slows down: The person may respond to questions more slowly than normal, there may be delayed reactions to situations. The individual’s ability to process information slows down. Urinary incontinence: This usually comes after changes in gait.

• #37 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/pediatric-conditions/hydrocephalus

  Symptoms often start slowly and progress. Symptoms include walking problems, mental impairment (dementia), and problems holding urine in the bladder (incontinence). […] DONT forget that NPH symptoms usually get worse over time if the condition isnt treated, even though some people may show temporary improvements. Some people recover almost completely after treatment and have a good quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the chance of good recovery.

• #38 Hydrocephalus Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1135286-clinical

  Symptoms in adults include the following: Cognitive deterioration: This can be confused with other types of dementia in the elderly, Headaches: These are more prominent in the morning because cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is resorbed less efficiently in the recumbent position, Neck pain: If present, neck pain may indicate protrusion of cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum, Nausea that is not exacerbated by head movements, Vomiting: Sometimes explosive, vomiting is more significant in the morning, Blurred vision (and episodes of „graying out”): These may suggest serious optic nerve compromise, Double vision (horizontal diplopia) from sixth nerve palsy, Difficulty in walking, Drowsiness, Incontinence (urinary first, fecal later if condition remains untreated): This indicates significant destruction of frontal lobes and advanced disease. […] Complications related to progression of hydrocephalus include the following: Visual changes, Cognitive dysfunction, Incontinence, Gait changes.

• #39 Normal–Pressure Hydrocephalus – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/delirium-and-dementia/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  Normal-pressure hydrocephalus consists of difficulty walking, urinary incontinence, and dementia due to an increase in the fluid that normally surrounds the brain. […] Usually, the main symptoms of normal-pressure hydrocephalus are general unsteadiness and loss of balance. People typically have an abnormally slow, unsteady, wide-legged walk. The feet may seem to stick to the floor (called a magnetic gait). People also have urinary incontinence and a tendency to fall. […] Dementia may not develop until late in the disorder. Often, the first signs of dementia are difficulty planning, organizing, putting ideas or doing actions for a task in the right order (sequencing), thinking abstractly, and paying attention. Memory tends to be lost later. […] Doctors may suspect normal-pressure hydrocephalus when people have the 3 typical symptoms: Difficulty walking, Urinary incontinence, Dementia.

• #40 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15849-normal-pressure-hydrocephalus-nph

  With treatment, the main symptoms of NPH are likely to improve. With treatment, those three symptoms have the following probabilities of improving: Gait issues: These symptoms improve in about 85% of treated cases. Urinary incontinence: This symptom improves in 80% of cases treated early. The chances of improvement are around 50% to 60% with treatment during later stages. Cognitive difficulties: These symptoms improve in about 80% of treated cases. […] NPH happens unpredictably, and half of the cases are idiopathic, meaning they happen for unknown reasons. Idiopathic NPH isn’t preventable, and you can’t reduce your risk of it happening. However, it’s possible to reduce your risk of secondary NPH by avoiding conditions or circumstances that can cause this condition. […] NPH is a condition that you can’t diagnose or treat on your own. Because of that, you shouldn’t ignore the symptoms or try to care for yourself or someone else who has them.

• #41 Hydrocephalus in Adulthood – Macquarie Neurosurgery & Spine

  https://mqneurosurgery.com.au/hydrocephalus-behavioural-changes/

  Hydrocephalus may cause: […] Headaches […] Nausea […] Irritability […] Drowsiness […] Seizures […] An unsteady walk or gait […] Weakness in the legs […] Falls […] Changes in personality or behaviour. […] […] […] In the early stages, NPH may cause a disturbed, shuffling gait and frequent falls. As the condition progresses, a patient may experience urinary incontinence and dementia. […] […] […] Personality changes due to NPH may include: […] Losing interest in daily activities […] Forgetfulness […] Short-term memory loss […] Difficulties with routine daily tasks. […] […] […] With treatment, the main symptoms of NPH may improve. Studies show that: […] Gait issues improve in about 85% of treated patients […] Urinary incontinence improves in about 80% of cases treated early and 50-60% of patients treated in later stages […] Cognitive difficulties improve in about 80% of treated patients.

• #42 Normal pressure hydrocephalus – Shine

  https://www.shinecharity.org.uk/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  A shunt will not necessarily reverse all your symptoms but may slow down their progression. Symptoms may continue to worsen, or some may improve while others stay the same or worsen. […] It can be very difficult to predict whose condition will improve after surgery. Some people whose tests show a good chance of improvement find they dont improve, or even deteriorate. […] If your symptoms continue to worsen, it may be due to a failure of the first procedure.

• #43 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)

  https://patient.info/doctor/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  The dementia progresses less rapidly than that seen with Alzheimer’s disease. […] One of the frequent complaints in patients suffering from NPH is dizziness, which they describe as a sense of instability in movement – eg, in sharp bends of the trunk. The following set of symptoms related to lower extremities occurs in more severe cases: spasticity, sudden 'freezing’ and hyperreflexia. […] Properly selected patients have an 80% to 90% chance of responding to shunt surgery, and all symptoms can improve following shunt surgery. […] Early treatment within three months of diagnosis is associated with better outcomes.

• #44

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/brain-skull-base-care/hydrocephalus/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  NPH occurs most often in older adults, or as the result of a traumatic injury or illness. […] Its negative effect on cognition and movement often mimics other conditions such as Alzheimers or Parkinsons disease. […] Without the right diagnosis, these symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus can mistakenly be attributed to the aging process: Diminished memory, problem-solving and other cognitive processes, Difficulty walking, with balance or other movement problems, Incontinence or loss of bowel control.

• #45 Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-022-00798-6

  Secondary hydrocephalus may result from a multitude of causes including but not limited to infection, hemorrhage, and traumatic insult. […] In developed countries, post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) represents the most common causes of secondary hydrocephalus in pediatric patients. […] In developing countries, infections of the central nervous system such as meningitis are the more common cause of pediatric hydrocephalus resulting in post-infectious hydrocephalus (PIH) due to inflammation of the ependymal lining and subventricular zone cells, as well as scarring of the CSF drainage sites at the meninges, and an obstruction of CSF drainage or flow. […] The complicated clinical triad of cognitive, gait, and urinary abnormalities contributes to the difficulties in diagnosing iNPH and many neurologists do not consider the role of co-pathology of iNPH with other neurodegenerative diseases.

• #46 Hydrocephalus factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/hydrocephalus-factsheet

  Hydrocephalus is a condition that happens when too much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collects in the brain. Too much fluid causes pressure to build and damage the brain. In babies, the pressure and fluid build-up can increase their head size. This is because the bones that make up their skull have not fused together. […] The most common symptoms of hydrocephalus are: headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures and fits. For babies, hydrocephalus can also cause: increased head size, bulging or firm fontanelle – the soft spot on a baby’s head, poor feeding, drowsiness or sleepiness, eyes turning inwards. For older children and teenagers, hydrocephalus can also cause: blurred or double vision, problems concentrating, coordination issues, confusion, incontinence. […] A shunt won’t work properly if the tubing is: blocked, kinked, disconnected. The following are warning signs that the shunt is not working properly. Babies: rapid head growth (in babies), full, bulging, or tense fontanelle, present until the skull closes at about 18 months of age, swelling and/or pain along the shunt, especially at the side of the neck, unusual irritability, nausea and vomiting, crossed eyes or eyes that focus downwards, also called sun-setting eyes, periods when the baby stops breathing, excessive drowsiness, difficulty drinking, swallowing and crying. Children: headache, visual disturbance like blurred vision, drowsiness, loss or decrease of consciousness, lethargy.

• #47 Hydrocephalus – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/hydrocephalus

  Hydrocephalus can have serious complications, so symptoms should be evaluated without delay. In some cases, hydrocephalus can be life threatening. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have any of these life-threatening symptoms including: Change in level of consciousness or alertness such as passing out or unresponsiveness, Change in mental status or sudden behavior change such as confusion, delirium, lethargy, hallucinations or delusions, Decreased vision (including decreased color perception), High fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit), High-pitched, shrill cries in an infant or small child, Irritability, fussiness, poor feeding, and poor sleeping in infants and young children, Respiratory or breathing problems such as shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, labored breathing, wheezing, not breathing, or choking, Seizure, Stiff or rigid neck, Unusual sleepiness in a child or infant or difficulty waking a child or infant, Worst headache of your life.

• #48 Hydrocephalus | Department of Neurology | The University of Chicago

  https://neurology.uchicago.edu/hydrocephalus-cloned

  Signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on a patient’s age and the underlying cause of the condition: […] In newborns: Large, growing head with a noticeably bulging fontanel (the soft spot on top of a newborn’s head) […] In older children: Balance changes […] Cognitive decline […] Headache […] Inability to look upward with the eyes […] Nausea and vomiting […] In adults: Balance changes […] Cognitive dulling with progression to headache […] Lethargy […] Nausea and vomiting […] The situations in older children and adults described above are considered urgent and may require immediate intervention. […] Classic symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus include: Bladder incontinence (loss of bladder control) […] Gait disorder with difficulty walking and poor balance […] Loss of cognitive function (short-term memory problems).

• #49 Hydrocephalus – symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hydrocephalus

  A shunt can stop working properly due to: infection, blockage or disconnection. If your shunt isn’t working properly, you may develop symptoms such as: blurry vision, incontinence, loss of consciousness. […] In babies, symptoms may include: a swollen head, vomiting, being unusually distressed, being unusually tired or floppy.

• #50 Hydrocephalus factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/hydrocephalus-factsheet

  Less common signs can include: difficulty in walking and changes in mobility, memory problems or significant change in intellect, decline in reaching developmental milestones, new seizures or worsening or increased frequency of existing seizures, back pain or worsening scoliosis, changes in bowel or bladder functioning, changes in hearing. […] Shunt infection can happen at any stage but is more common just after a new shunt has been inserted or after it has been changed. Signs of infection include: fever, neck stiffness, redness, leakage from the shunt wound area or tenderness along the tract, abdominal pain.

• #51 Hydrocephalus: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/neurology-and-neurosurgery/hydrocephalus

  If your child has any of these symptoms, he or she should be evaluated to determine if diagnostic imaging is needed, because hydrocephalus can cause neurological damage as the excess fluid puts pressure on surrounding brain tissue. […] Depending on the severity, hydrocephalus can cause significant complications and can even be fatal. If left untreated, the condition causes brain damage, which can result in physical, developmental, and intellectual disabilities. […] Children born with severe hydrocephalus will likely have already sustained brain damage, while those who develop the condition later and receive prompt treatment may experience relatively few complications.

• #52 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Symptoms, Stages & More | Stellar Care

  https://stellarcaresd.com/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus/

  Early diagnosis and intervention can lead to better outcomes in managing NPH symptoms. […] The progression and outcomes with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) can vary widely. With proper diagnosis and timely treatment, some individuals experience significant symptom improvement and can lead relatively normal lives. However, without intervention, NPH symptoms may gradually worsen over time, impacting mobility, cognition, and overall quality of life. […] NPH is unique among neurological disorders in that it offers the potential for symptom improvement through surgical intervention. Shunt placement can alleviate the accumulation of fluid in the ventricles, leading to an improvement in symptoms.

• #53 Hydrocephalus: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001571.htm

  Hydrocephalus causes the fontanelle (soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include: […] Symptoms of hydrocephalus depend on: […] In infants, hydrocephalus causes the fontanelle (soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include: […] Symptoms that may occur in older children can include: […] Without treatment, up to 6 in 10 people with hydrocephalus will die. Those who survive will have different amounts of intellectual, physical, and neurological disabilities. […] The outlook depends on the cause. Hydrocephalus that is not due to an infection has the best outlook. People with hydrocephalus caused by tumors will often do very poorly. […] Most children with hydrocephalus who survive for 1 year will have a fairly normal lifespan.

• #54 Hydrocephalus Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/hydrocephalus.html

  The most common symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on the age of onset. […] In infants, symptoms include a large head that is growing too rapidly, a bulging „soft spot” on top of head (anterior fontanelle), irritability, seizures, delays in development. […] In older children and adults, symptoms include headache, difficulty walking, loss of athletic abilities, change in personality, decrease in mental abilities. […] At any age, symptoms include vomiting, lethargy. […] The outlook depends on the cause of hydrocephalus and usually is better if the problem is diagnosed and treated early. If hydrocephalus gets worse rapidly or lasts a long time, it can cause brain damage and death. […] Children with hydrocephalus are more likely to have various developmental disabilities. Even after treatment, many children with hydrocephalus have lower intelligence, memory problems, and visual problems, including strabismus (abnormally aligned eyes). Children with hydrocephalus also may enter puberty earlier than normal. […] With appropriate treatment, most infants with hydrocephalus survive and approximately half have normal intelligence.

• #55 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Hydrocephalus/comments/1e4whhq/congenital_hydrocephalus_but_only_symptoms_as/

  Over 10 years ago at age 22 i woke up one day with a headache that didn’t go away. I have had it since then, every second of every minute of every hour etc… its permanent. Maybe 1-3 in pain and it feels like a constant pressure around my head. I became noticeably more tired and had problems with fatigue but I was young and kept trying to live a „normal” life. […] 5 years ago I started having extreme fatigue thats also been chronic until this day but its gotten a little bit better. […] Ive also had problems with anxiety, panic attacks, depressions, being sensitive to loud sounds and emotional control. […] my overall health is just getting worse and it feels intolerable.

• #56 Normal pressure hydrocephalus – Shine

  https://www.shinecharity.org.uk/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  Increasing difficulty walking is often the first symptom noticed. […] Difficulty walking occurs because the enlarging ventricles press on the part of the brain that controls movement of the legs. […] Cognitive impairment in NPH may appear to be like Alzheimers but it generally progresses at a slower rate, and usually follows difficulties with walking rather than being the first symptom to appear. […] Many people also experience issues with their mental health, such as depression or anxiety, or with regulating their mood, becoming agitated, angry or frustrated. […] Urinary leakage is more common than bowel leakage, but some people may have either or both. […] Headaches and fatigue may occur and can vary in intensity between people. There may also be a wide range of neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling or weakness in any of the arms, legs, or face.

• #57 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus | Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Center

  https://health.uconn.edu/parkinsons/areas-of-care/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus/

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a progressive neurological condition that occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain. […] CSF is naturally occurring in the brain, but when too much accumulates, it puts pressure on the brain, which can cause symptoms such as: Confusion, Changes in ones mood/depression, Difficulty with balance, Difficulty walking, Difficulty answering questions, Difficulty in bladder control. […] These symptoms can negatively impact a persons quality of life and make everyday tasks more difficult. […] Post-surgery, you will then be assessed at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and a year to ensure that the shunt is working correctly and the symptoms of NPH have not returned.

• #58 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15849-normal-pressure-hydrocephalus-nph

  NPH shunting tends to help relieve the symptoms of this condition fairly quickly. The odds of this are better when diagnosis and treatment happen sooner. Most people will show improvements from shunting within hours or days after the procedure. However, placing a shunt involves major surgery, so most people will also need several days or weeks to recover from the procedure. […] NPH is a rare condition that most often affects people over age 65. This condition can happen for idiopathic (unknown) reasons or due to another condition, such as an infection like meningitis or an injury to part of your brain. This condition causes dementia-like symptoms, affecting walking, thinking and your ability to control when you pee (urinate). […] With prompt care, many people with NPH can recover and regain most if not all abilities they had before developing this condition.

• #59 Normal pressure hydrocephalus – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/712

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterised by the clinical features of hydrocephalus (i.e., levodopa-unresponsive gait apraxia with or without cognitive impairment or urinary symptoms), but without significantly raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure. […] NPH is a confusing and misleading term. The word 'hydrocephalus’ is usually used to describe elevated CSF pressure in the brain. In NPH, there is no obvious build-up of CSF, and the pressure in the ventricular system of the brain is not considered significantly abnormal. […] Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis is common because: the criteria for diagnosis are variable and not very specific; diagnostic tests are of limited sensitivity; and in many patients with levodopa-unresponsive gait apraxia, the diagnosis is not considered. […] Key diagnostic factors include levodopa-unresponsive gait apraxia. […] Other diagnostic factors include cognitive impairment, urinary frequency, urgency, or incontinence, and faecal incontinence.

• #60 Hydrocephalus | USF Health

  https://health.usf.edu/care/neurosurgery/services-specialties/hydrocephalus

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is an increase in the volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that normally fills the ventricles of the brain and surrounds the brain and spinal cord. […] The symptoms are insidious and progressive: Gait disturbance and/or impaired balance or falls the gait often described as shuffling with short steps. Cognitive decline or mild dementia. Bladder urgency that may progress to loss of bladder control. […] In NPH, the CSF accumulates. To accommodate the increase in CSF volume, the ventricles expand, which compresses the surrounding brain and results in the triad of symptoms. […] Symptom improvement following shunt surgery is determined by the criteria used to evaluate patients as candidates. These criteria are primarily based on the evaluation of gait and balance before and after lumbar puncture. While the shunt is not a cure, it often improves the symptoms of NPH. According to the Hydrocephalus Association, 80% of patients who are accurately diagnosed with NPH and evaluated for shunt responsiveness will demonstrate improvement, but it may take weeks or months to appreciate the full benefit.

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