Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6166961/

  Hydrocephalus is a debilitating disorder, affecting all age groups. Evaluation of its global epidemiology is required for healthcare planning and resource allocation. […] To define age-specific global prevalence and incidence of hydrocephalus. […] The main outcome of interest was hydrocephalus prevalence among pediatric ( 18 years), adults (1964 years), and elderly ( 65) patients. […] Mean hydrocephalus prevalence was 85/100,000 [95% CI 62, 116]. The prevalence was 88/100,000 [95% CI 72, 107] in pediatrics; 11/100,000 [95% CI 5, 25] in adults; and 175/100,000 [95% CI 67, 458] in the elderly. […] The ICBDSR-based incidence of hydrocephalus diagnosed at birth remained stable over 11 years: 81/100,000 [95% CI 69, 96]. A significantly lower incidence was identified in high-income countries.

• #2 Hydrocephalus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560875/

  Hydrocephalus is most common in infancy secondary to congenital malformations and from intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies. Late in life, it presents another peak due to NPH cases. The overall global prevalence of hydrocephalus is approximately 85 per 100,000 individuals with a significant difference between different age groups; 88 per 100,000 for the pediatric population and 11 per 100,000 in adults. […] The prevalence in the elderly population is much higher, somewhere around 175 per 100,000, and more than 400 per 100,000 for those more than 80 years old due to the high incidence of NPH later in life. Africa and South America have higher hydrocephalus prevalence. […] Infantile hydrocephalus prevalence is between 1 and 32 per 10,000 births. Both genders are generally equally affected.

• #3 Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204926

  Hydrocephalus is a debilitating disorder, affecting all age groups. Evaluation of its global epidemiology is required for healthcare planning and resource allocation. […] To define age-specific global prevalence and incidence of hydrocephalus. […] Mean hydrocephalus prevalence was 85/100,000 [95% CI 62, 116]. The prevalence was 88/100,000 [95% CI 72, 107] in pediatrics; 11/100,000 [95% CI 5, 25] in adults; and 175/100,000 [95% CI 67, 458] in the elderly. […] This systematic review established age-specific global hydrocephalus prevalence. While high-income countries had a lower hydrocephalus incidence according to the ICBDSR registry, folate fortification status was not associated with incidence. Our findings may inform future healthcare resource allocation and study. […] The overall global prevalence of hydrocephalus was 84.7/100,000 [95% CI 61.9 to 115.9]. The pooled prevalence of isolated hydrocephalus in the pediatric population was 71.9/100,000 [95% CI, 58.3 to 886].

• #4 Hydrocephalus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1135286-overview

  The global prevalence of hydrocephalus is estimated at approximately 85 cases per 100,000 individuals, with notable variation across age groups: 88 per 100,000 in the pediatric population and 11 per 100,000 in adults. […] Generally, incidence is equal in males and females. The exception is Bickers-Adams syndrome (X-linked hydrocephalus with stenosis of aqueduct of Sylvius), transmitted by females and manifested in males. NPH has a slight male preponderance. […] Incidence of human hydrocephalus presents a bimodal age curve. One peak occurs in infancy and is related to the various forms of congenital malformations and premature birth. Another peak occurs in adulthood, mostly resulting from NPH. Adult hydrocephalus represents approximately 40% of total cases of hydrocephalus. […] The outcome of pediatric hydrocephalus has been studied frequently, but much remains unresolved about long-term and social outcomes.

• #5 Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6166961/

  This systematic review established age-specific global hydrocephalus prevalence. […] While high-income countries had a lower hydrocephalus incidence according to the ICBDSR registry, folate fortification status was not associated with incidence. […] The overall global prevalence of hydrocephalus was 84.7/100,000 [95% CI 61.9 to 115.9]. […] The pooled prevalence of isolated hydrocephalus in the pediatric population was 71.9/100,000 [95% CI, 58.3 to 886]. […] The prevalence of hydrocephalus is significantly higher in Africa and South America when compared to other continents. […] From congenital birth defect registries, the incidence of hydrocephalus was 81/100,000 births. […] Countries with lower income level had significantly higher incidence of congenital hydrocephalus. […] The expected increase in the elderly with aging demography underscores the importance of healthcare resource allocation and further study of the burden of hydrocephalus.

• #6

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2021/69002/hydrocephalus_in_low_and_middle_income_countries__.7.aspx

  Hydrocephalus remains one of the most commonly treated neurosurgical conditions worldwide. […] The incidence of hydrocephalus is 123 per 100,000 births in LMICs compared to 79 per 100,000 births in high-income countries. […] Hydrocephalus is still one of the most common birth defects globally, with an estimated 400,000 new cases per year worldwide. […] A systematic review by Isaacs et al. showed that Africa has close to a twofold higher prevalence of pediatric hydrocephalus than North America (104/100,000 vs. 55.6/100,000). […] The causes of hydrocephalus in developing countries are also different from the etiology in developed countries, where post infectious causes are responsible for approximately 60% of hydrocephalus cases in developing countries in Africa. […] With the burden of disease so heavily swayed toward people living in LMICs, especially of pediatric hydrocephalus, this population warrants special attention and strict protocols for managing and diagnosing hydrocephalus.

• #7 Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis – CURE

  https://cure.org/research/global-hydrocephalus-epidemiology-and-incidence-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/

  This model predicts that each year, nearly 400,000 new cases of pediatric hydrocephalus will develop worldwide. […] The greatest burden of disease falls on the African, Latin American, and Southeast Asian regions, accounting for three-quarters of the total volume of new cases. […] Low- and middle-income countries incur the greatest burden of disease, particularly those within the African and Latin American regions. […] Reliable incidence and burden figures for adult forms of hydrocephalus are absent in the literature and warrant specific investigation. […] A global effort to address hydrocephalus in regions with the greatest demand is imperative to reduce disease incidence, morbidity, mortality, and disparities of access to treatment.

• #8 Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis – Neurosurgery Blog

  https://www.neurosurgery-blog.com/archives/13031

  Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders, yet a reliable assessment of the global burden of disease is lacking. The authors sought a reliable estimate of the prevalence and annual incidence of hydrocephalus worldwide. […] The pooled incidence of congenital hydrocephalus was highest in Africa and Latin America (145 and 316 per 100,000 births, respectively) and lowest in the United States/Canada (68 per 100,000 births) (p for interaction < 0.1). The incidence was higher in low- and middle-income countries (123 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 98–152 births) than in high-income countries (79 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 68–90 births) (p for interaction < 0.01). [...] While likely representing an underestimate, this model predicts that each year, nearly 400,000 new cases of pediatric hydrocephalus will develop worldwide. The greatest burden of disease falls on the African, Latin American, and Southeast Asian regions, accounting for three-quarters of the total volume of new cases.

• #9

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2021/69002/hydrocephalus_in_low_and_middle_income_countries__.7.aspx

  The burden of hydrocephalus disease is largest in Africa, South America, and South-East Asia. […] In Africa and India, there are approximately 6000 new cases of hydrocephalus born every year; in Eastern Africa, hydrocephalus is by a long way the most commonly treated neurosurgical condition. […] The role of endoscopic techniques in managing hydrocephalus is well-established. […] Treating patients with hydrocephalus comes with a commitment to follow-up, manage complications such as infection and blockage of the shunt, and caring for the neurodevelopmental comorbidities and cognitive impairments that will affect schooling and employment opportunities. […] Some strategies used to aid in neurosurgical care for patients with hydrocephalus, among other conditions, are the concept of surgical camps, where a single surgeon or a small team travels to a remote location and performs clinics and surgery on as many individuals as possible in a short period. […] The incidence of neural tube defects is on the decline worldwide, while this remains a problem in most LMICs. […] Follow-up of patients with hydrocephalus requires a life-long commitment from the healthcare team.

• #10 Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204926

  The mean annual incidence of congenital hydrocephalus over the 11-year period (Fig 7A), was 49.5/100,000 [95% CI 41.1 to 59.8] for isolated hydrocephalus and 81.2/100,000 [95% CI 69.1 to 95.5] when spina-bifida associated hydrocephalus is factored in. […] Countries with lower income level had significantly higher incidence of congenital hydrocephalus.

• #11

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-021-05157-0

  Infant hydrocephalus represents an important public health issue. Recent analysis of registry-based data has improved our understanding of the variable epidemiology of infant hydrocephalus around the world and the consequent burden of disease that this vulnerable population must carry throughout their lifetimes. […] Best current estimates suggest that the incidence of congenital and acquired infant hydrocephalus may be between 80 and 125 cases/100,000 births depending on world region. […] When one takes a global perspective, complexities related to the underlying epidemiology of infant hydrocephalus become abundantly clear. The causes of infant hydrocephalus vary from one world region to another, largely related to the underlying income characteristics of the population. […] Further analysis of high-quality registry-based data may help clarify these issues.

• #12

  https://ronlitman.substack.com/p/infantile-and-childhood-hydrocephalus

  Approximately 400,000 cases of infantile and childhood hydrocephalus occur worldwide annually. […] The most common cause of hydrocephalus globally in infants and children is infection. Hydrocephalus often follows neonatal sepsis and can be caused by a variety of pathogens. […] In the United States, the most common cause of hydrocephalus in the pediatric population is intraventricular hemorrhage associated with prematurity. […] The CSF shunt is the mainstay of treatment for hydrocephalus. Because shunts have high failure rates, alternative treatments have been proposed that may improve quality of life. […] How high is the failure rate? A neurosurgeon friend that I knew well called them annuities because approximately 30 to 40% of shunts placed in infants fail in the first year, 40 to 50% fail by 2 years, and 80 to 90% fail by 10 years. […] Obstruction and infection are the most causes of failure. […] A North American randomized trial comparing the combined surgery with shunting alone is under way (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04177914).

• #13 Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis – CURE

  https://cure.org/research/global-hydrocephalus-epidemiology-and-incidence-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis […] Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders, yet a reliable assessment of the global burden of disease is lacking. […] The authors performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to estimate the incidence of congenital hydrocephalus by WHO region and World Bank income level using the MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases. […] The pooled incidence of congenital hydrocephalus was highest in Africa and Latin America (145 and 316 per 100,000 births, respectively) and lowest in the United States/Canada (68 per 100,000 births). […] The incidence was higher in low- and middle-income countries (123 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 98–152 births) than in high-income countries (79 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 68–90 births).

• #14 Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/loGYN2Wl/

  Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis […] Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders, yet a reliable assessment of the global burden of disease is lacking. The authors sought a reliable estimate of the prevalence and annual incidence of hydrocephalus worldwide. […] The pooled incidence of congenital hydrocephalus was highest in Africa and Latin America (145 and 316 per 100,000 births, respectively) and lowest in the United States/Canada (68 per 100,000 births) (p for interaction < 0.1). The incidence was higher in low- and middle-income countries (123 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 98–152 births) than in high-income countries (79 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 68–90 births) (p for interaction < 0.01). [...] This model predicts that each year, nearly 400,000 new cases of pediatric hydrocephalus will develop worldwide. The greatest burden of disease falls on the African, Latin American, and Southeast Asian regions, accounting for three-quarters of the total volume of new cases. [...] Reliable incidence and burden figures for adult forms of hydrocephalus are absent in the literature and warrant specific investigation. A global effort to address hydrocephalus in regions with the greatest demand is imperative to reduce disease incidence, morbidity, mortality, and disparities of access to treatment.

• #15 Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 130 Issue 4 (2018) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/130/4/article-p1065.xml

  Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders, yet a reliable assessment of the global burden of disease is lacking. The authors sought a reliable estimate of the prevalence and annual incidence of hydrocephalus worldwide. […] The pooled incidence of congenital hydrocephalus was highest in Africa and Latin America (145 and 316 per 100,000 births, respectively) and lowest in the United States/Canada (68 per 100,000 births) (p for interaction 0.1). The incidence was higher in low- and middle-income countries (123 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 98152 births) than in high-income countries (79 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 6890 births) (p for interaction 0.01). […] For the first time in a global model, the annual incidence of pediatric hydrocephalus is estimated. Low- and middle-income countries incur the greatest burden of disease, particularly those within the African and Latin American regions. Reliable incidence and burden figures for adult forms of hydrocephalus are absent in the literature and warrant specific investigation. A global effort to address hydrocephalus in regions with the greatest demand is imperative to reduce disease incidence, morbidity, mortality, and disparities of access to treatment.

• #16 Hydrocephalus | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/hydrocephalus/

  The estimated incidence of congenital hydrocephalus varies by region of the world. It was previously reported as lowest in the United States and Canada at 68 per 100,00 births and highest in Latin America at 316 per 100,000 births. About 15% of children with myelomeningocele are born with significant hydrocephalus, and up to 80-90% eventually develop it due to deformities associated with the associated Chiari II malformation that obstruct CSF flow. […] Up to 20% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage will develop hydrocephalus. The risk is highest in those with hemorrhage due to an aneurysm. […] Normal pressure hydrocephalus typically occurs in adults older than 60 years. The incidence has been reported between 1.1 to 5.5 newly affected individuals per 100,000 persons. […] Hydrocephalus is relatively common and reversible cause of disorders of consciousness (DOC). An incidence rate of 38.4% has been reported in patients presenting with DOC.

• #17 Normal pressure hydrocephalus – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) refers to a condition of pathologically enlarged ventricular size with normal opening pressures on lumbar puncture. […] NPH is a rare condition compared with other causes of dementia in older adults, such as Alzheimer disease (AD). The incidence of NPH has varied in different studies from 2 to 20 per million per year. Prevalence studies report rates ranging from 10 to 22 per hundred thousand. […] Secondary NPH (those cases associated with an identified etiology) can occur in all age groups. In comparison, idiopathic NPH increases in prevalence with age and is most common in adults over the age of 60 years. In one population-based study, the prevalence rose from 0.2 percent in persons 70 to 79 years of age to 6 percent in those over 80 years old. It is equally common in males and females.

• #18 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150924-overview

  A Norwegian study of a population of 220,000 inhabitants found a prevalence of probable idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) of 21.9 per 100,000 population and an incidence of 5.5 per 100,000 population; the investigators suggested that those numbers be regarded as minimum estimates. The study also showed that the incidence and prevalence of NPH increases with age. […] A Japanese study found radiological and clinical features consistent with INPH in 2.9% of community-dwelling elderly subjects. […] In another Japanese study, elderly individuals (age 65 y) underwent MRI and the prevalence of NPH was 1.4%. […] The prevalence of NPH may be as high as 14% in extended care facility patients.

• #19 Normal pressure hydrocephalus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus?lang=us

  The incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus is much higher in elderly populations. Exact epidemiology is difficult to establish, as the diagnosis is often not made in nursing home patients as […] but the prevalence is estimated at ~1.5% (range 0.1-2.9%) 35. […] A large study in Norway found a striking increase in incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus with increasing age from 3.3 per 100,000 people (50-59 years) to 181.7 per 100,000 people (70-79 years) 3.

• #20 Prevalence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: A prospective, population-based study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217705

  In this prospective, population-based study the estimated prevalence of iNPH among individuals 65 years and older was 3.7% according to a modified version of the American-European guidelines and 1.5% according to the Japanese guidelines. […] The prevalence of m-probable iNPH was significantly higher among those aged over 80 years (8.9%) than under (2.1%), (p0.001), whereas the difference between men (4.6%) and women (2.9%) was non-significant (p = 0.24). […] Despite the opportunity to improve the symptoms by shunt surgery, previous prevalence studies indicate that iNPH is under-diagnosed and under-treated. Prospective, population-based studies are warranted to minimize selection bias and estimate the true prevalence of the disease, as well as age and sex differences. […] In this prospective, population-based study the prevalence of probable iNPH was 3.7% among individuals 65 years and older, and more common in the higher age group, 80 years and above. INPH needs to be increasingly recognized since it is a fairly common condition and an important cause of gait impairment and dementia among the elderly that can, in most cases, be effectively treated by a shunt-operation.

• #21

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1611256

  Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a progressive neurological condition characterized by a deterioration of gait, cognition, and continence. The prevalence has previously been reported to be between 0.5 and 3% among individuals over age 65. […] One of the challenges of diagnosing iNPH is that there are no common, widely accepted diagnostic criteria. […] The prevalence of iNPH for those 65 years and older was 3.7% according to the American-European guidelines and 1.5% according to the Japanese guidelines. […] This thesis shows that iNPH is fairly common in a normal population of elderly individuals. […] In this prospective, population-based study the prevalence of iNPH was 3.7% among individuals 65 years and older, and more common in the higher age group, 80 years and above.

• #22 Increasing incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus in Germany: an analysis of the Federal Statistical Office Database from 2005 to 2022 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79569-8

  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a reversible cause of gait disturbances and dementia in the elderly, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. […] In Germany, the epidemiology and surgical management of NPH are not well understood. This study aimed to characterise epidemiological trends and evaluate surgical management strategies for NPH in Germany. […] A total of 118,526 NPH diagnoses were recorded, with 29,662 surgical interventions. The population-adjusted incidence of NPH increased by 48%, from 5.4 to 8.0 cases per 100,000 individuals (p<0.001), peaking in 2018. [...] The study highlights a 48% rise in NPH incidence in Germany from 2005 to 2022, particularly affecting the elderly. There was also an increase in surgical interventions, underscoring the need for prioritising NPH in national healthcare research agendas.

• #23 Neonatal Hydrocephalus: When to intervene?

  https://www.oatext.com/neonatal-hydrocephalus-when-to-intervene.php

  Neonatal hydrocephalus is considered a multifactorial disorder, typically stems from CNS perinatal or neonatal infection, aqueductal stenosis, Dandy-Walker Malformation (DWM), and holoprosencephaly. […] At 0.3 to 2.5 cases per 1,000 live births, hydrocephalus is one of the most common congenital abnormalities occurring in the nervous system. […] The ICBDSR reports the incidence of congenital hydrocephalus to be approximately 50 cases per 100,000 births annually. […] However, the overall incidence of hydrocephalus related to spina bifida rises to 81 cases per 100,000 births annually. […] When taking into account congenital and acquired etiologies including posthemorrhagic and postinfectious hydrocephalus, the registry states the incidence of neonatal hydrocephalus to be as high as 270 cases per 100,000 births annually which would represent over 380,000 global new cases of hydrocephalus every year.

• #24 Infantile hydrocephalus epidemiology: an indicator of enhanced survival. | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition

  https://fn.bmj.com/content/70/2/F123

  The epidemiology of infantile hydrocephalus in the birth years 1973-90 was investigated in west Sweden. The study revealed a significant increase in prevalence from 1973-8 and 1979-82 considered due to the enhanced survival of very and extremely preterm infants. […] The striking predominance of a perinatal/neonatal aetiology in very preterm hydrocephalic infants could be confirmed: 89% born from 1983-90 had suffered a confirmed postpartum intraventricular haemorrhage. […] Despite the increased survival resulting in a majority of healthy infants, there is an accumulating cohort of hydrocephalic children.

• #25 Hydrocephalus in children-epidemiology and outcome | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS | Full Text

  https://fluidsbarrierscns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-8454-1-S1-S23

  A population based study on live birth prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome in children with hydrocephalus. […] The prevalence of hydrocephalus was 0.8 per 1000 livebirths, for isolated hydrocephalus 0.48 and for hydrocephalus associated with myelomeningocele (MMC) 0.32/1000. The prevalence decreased during the period from 0.54 to 0.43/1000 for simple hydrocephalus and from 0.35 to 0.33/1000 livebirths for MMC. […] A decreasing trend of hydrocephalus was observed during the ten-year period.

• #26 Neonatal Hydrocephalus: When to intervene?

  https://www.oatext.com/neonatal-hydrocephalus-when-to-intervene.php

  Socioeconomic factors play a significant factor in terms of the incidence of neonatal hydrocephalus. […] The prevalence of congenital hydrocephalus is expected to increase as the survival rate for patients is reaching higher percentages due to new treatment options and early surgical interventions. […] Studies report that the global prevalence of neonatal hydrocephalus is 72 cases per 100,000 population group. […] When introducing spina bifida-associated prevalence, an increase to 88 cases per 100,000 population group is observed. […] The importance of this review is to show a clinical presentation of congenital hydrocephalus, guidelines for its treatment, and alternative therapies with the goal of improving neurological outcomes.

• #27 Epidemiology of hydrocephalus – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/neurology/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus/epidemiology-of-hydrocephalus

  The exact epidemiology of hydrocephalus in children and adults is unknown. […] it is thought to affect 0.9 to 1.5 per 1000 births which increases to 1.3 to 2.9 per 1000 birth when congenital abnormalities are considered (e.g. spina bifida, myemeninocele) […] There are conflicting reports on the incidence of paediatric hydrocephalus with some suggesting a decline in the incidence in the developed countries while others indicate increased rates because of improved survival of premature infants […] higher rates of hydrocephalus is seen in developing countries than in developed countries (due to high rates of neonatal infection and neural tube defects) […] a prospective observational study of hydrocephalus in east Africa estimated more than 6000 new cases a year […] Similarly the incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) remains uncertain due to differences in diagnostic criteria between different centres […] a recent study surveying 49 centers in Germany known to care for NPH patients estimated 1.8 cases per 100 000 people.

• #28 Text of H.R. 2313 (114th): Advancing Research for Hydrocephalus Act of 2015 (Introduced version) – GovTrack.us

  https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr2313/text

  To amend the Public Health Service Act to enhance and expand infrastructure and activities to track the epidemiology of hydrocephalus, and for other purposes. […] The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall enhance and expand infrastructure and activities to track the epidemiology of hydrocephalus; and incorporate information obtained through such activities into a statistically sound, scientifically credible, integrated surveillance system, to be known as the National Hydrocephalus Surveillance System. […] The Secretary shall ensure that the National Hydrocephalus Surveillance System is designed in a manner that facilitates further research on hydrocephalus. […] In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary shall provide for the collection and storage of information on the incidence and prevalence of hydrocephalus in the United States;

• #29 Hydrocephalus Research the Hydrocephalus Association Funds

  https://www.hydroassoc.org/research-we-fund/

  The Hydrocephalus Association Research Program is focused on advancing promising avenues of hydrocephalus research and building a committed and connected hydrocephalus research community. […] HA launched the Epidemiology Challenge Award in 2024, aimed to develop reliable data on the epidemiology and economic impact of adult hydrocephalus. […] We support two multicenter clinical research networks, the pediatric-focused Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) and the Adult HCRN (AHCRN). These networks of highly skilled clinician-scientists are changing how hydrocephalus clinical research is conducted and producing high quality, high impact studies at an unprecedented pace. […] The HA Patient-Powered Interactive Engagement Registry (HAPPIER) is an online database that was developed by HA and created to bring the patient perspective to hydrocephalus research. HAPPIER currently collects information on the treatment and symptoms, health, and quality of life of people living with hydrocephalus. […] The Hydrocephalus Association Network for Discovery Science (HANDS) is a platform for both communication and collaboration among hydrocephalus basic and translational researchers with a focus on mentorship, innovation, and shared infrastructure.

• #30 The epidemiology of hydrocephalus (Chapter 5) – Adult Hydrocephalus

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/adult-hydrocephalus/epidemiology-of-hydrocephalus/960313D354A971C238F88ABB5541CAD8

  This chapter presents the existing data concerning the epidemiology of selected forms of hydrocephalus, concentrating on congenital and infantile hydrocephalus and idiopathic and secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). […] The epidemiology of congenital and infantile hydrocephalus has been explored in several studies. […] The chapter explores the epidemiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) in a Norwegian county of 220000 inhabitants, by actively informing the public and professional health workers about the condition, asking for referral of suspected individuals on a broad clinical basis. […] The lack of universally accepted guidelines for the diagnosis of iNPH, and the lack of powerful tests to predict shunt success, probably also contribute to the relative low rate of diagnosis, and consequently, of surgery.

• #31

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1611256

  Considerable discrepancies were found when diagnosing iNPH according to two international guidelines and a neurologist, respectively. […] As a step towards widely accepted, standardized diagnostic criteria, we suggest a revision of the current guidelines, preferably into one common diagnostic system.

• #32 Pediatric Hydrocephalus in the Developing World | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-27250-4_59

  Hydrocephalus in children has been inadequately recognized as an important cause of death and disability in developing countries. […] The inadequate number of centers trained and equipped to treat hydrocephalus is a ubiquitous barrier to care for these children throughout the developing world. […] Research and public health policy have the potential to diminish the burden for both of these etiologies through prevention. […] In some regions, infants with hydrocephalus are not recognized as having a treatable medical condition, which can delay or prevent referral for neurosurgical treatment. […] A number of organized efforts in recent decades have made progress by providing treatment, training, research, and public education. But there is far more to be done.

• #33 Pediatric Hydrocephalus in the Developing World – CURE

  https://cure.org/research/pediatric-hydrocephalus-in-the-developing-world/

  Hydrocephalus in children has been inadequately recognized as an important cause of death and disability in developing countries. […] The inadequate number of centers trained and equipped to treat hydrocephalus is a ubiquitous barrier to care for these children throughout the developing world. […] Relative to the treatment of other conditions, hydrocephalus treatment is very cost-effective; yet, poverty and insufficient health system support remain as significant obstacles to treatment. […] A number of organized efforts in recent decades have made progress by providing treatment, training, research, and public education. But there is far more to be done. […] Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders, yet a reliable assessment…

• #34 Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis – Neurosurgery Blog

  https://www.neurosurgery-blog.com/archives/13031

  Low and middle-income countries incur the greatest burden of disease, particularly those within the African and Latin American regions. Reliable incidence and burden figures for adult forms of hydrocephalus are absent in the literature and warrant specific investigation. A global effort to address hydrocephalus in regions with the greatest demand is imperative to reduce disease incidence, morbidity, mortality, and disparities of access to treatment.

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2021/69002/a_comparison_of_adult_and_pediatric_hydrocephalus.23.aspx

  Hydrocephalus is a common clinical problem encountered in neurosurgical practice. […] The prevalence of hydrocephalus shows a bimodal distribution affecting pediatric age groups and elderly population more than general adults. […] Adult and pediatric hydrocephalus have been extensively analysed separately, but to the best of our knowledge, no paper has analysed the differences between adult and pediatric hydrocephalus. […] The definitive hydrocephalus management are limited to endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts. […] The UK shunt registry study showed that the incidence of 1-year shunt revision rates in infants is 1.8 times higher than adults and in children 1.4 times higher than adults. […] There are distinct differences in the etiology, presentation, modes of investigation, and management of hydrocephalus in pediatric and adult populations.

• #36 SciELO Brasil – Epidemiology of hydrocephalus in Brazil Epidemiology of hydrocephalus in Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/6WPrfCrggpHBbHZyb4sqcyD/?lang=en

  Nonetheless, the global prevalence of hydrocephalus is approximately 80 cases for every 100000 individuals, including those with spina bifida and other causes of childhood hydrocephalus. […] In Latin America, the estimated incidence is 316 cases for every 100000 births. […] The management of complications treatment, particularly shunt revisions, was responsible for a great number of admissions, due to high rates of shunt malfunction within the first post-operative year, but also in subsequent years, as the children would grow. […] The total expenditure on procedures for treating hydrocephalus reached $140 million, with a mean cost of $1,020.39 per hospital admission. […] However, costs in Brazil are likely underestimated, due to the already-mentioned biases. […] The authors noted a significant reduction in admissions between 2020 and 2021 in comparison with previous years, probably due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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