Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12325-024-02875-0

  Vitiligo, a chronic autoimmune skin depigmentation disease with an unpredictable course, has been associated with several comorbid autoimmune and psychological conditions. […] This real-world analysis presents data on vitiligo epidemiology, comorbidities, and treatment of patients in Israel. […] In this analysis, 11,412 patients with vitiligo were matched to patients from the general population. Incidence and prevalence rates increased over time from 2005 to 2021. […] This study showed that the prevalence of vitiligo was approximately 0.5% in 2021, with nearly a quarter of patients with vitiligo having never received treatment. […] These findings highlight the systemic burden of disease, the lack of adequate treatment in this population, and the need for more effective management options, such as early diagnosis and appropriate intervention.

• #2

  https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/4075

  Vitiligo is an acquired disorder of pigmentation, characterized by the development of white patches on the skin, often with a typical symmetrical distribution and progressive extension. […] The aim of this study was to systematically scan the scientific literature for studies dealing with vitiligo epidemiology. […] The data suggest that in Italy the prevalence of vitiligo increases with age, and it varies from 0.19% (age 18-21) to 0.6% (age 45). […] We estimated 152,000 patients diagnosed with Non-Segmental Vitiligo (NSV) in Italy; based on Body Surface Area (BSA), 33% are Not Severe, 31% Mild, 27% Moderate/Severe, 9% Very Severe. […] There is a remarkable association of vitiligo with anxiety and depression, and Mental Health is associated with 30% of social costs.

• #3 Pulsenotes | Vitiligo

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/dermatology/notes/vitiligo

  Vitiligo is the most common cause of depigmentation that affects up to 2% of the worlds population. […] Vitiligo can affect both children and adults with an equal sex distribution. It may appear at any age but most commonly presents in the second to third decade of life with up to 80% of adults presenting before 30 years old.

• #4 Vitiligo | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31232

  Vitiligo is the most common cause of depigmentation. It can appear at any age, from childhood to adulthood, but peak incidence is reported in the second and third decades. The age of onset usually varies between the sexes. Its prevalence is approximately 0.1% to 2% of people, including adults and children worldwide, and it affects all races equally.[6] […] The diagnosis of vitiligo is usually made on clinical features, through Wood light examination biopsy is sometimes helpful to differentiate vitiligo from other hypopigmented or depigmented disorders.[10] The histopathological examination of the skin reveals the absence of melanocytes and complete epidermal pigmentation loss. Superficial perifollicular and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates may be present at the margin of the vitiligo lesions due to the cell-mediated process that destroys the melanocytes.[11]

• #5 Vitiligo: Compendium of clinico-epidemiological features – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/vitiligo-compendium-of-clinico-epidemiological-features/

  Vitiligo occurs worldwide with an overall prevalence of 1%. However, its incidence ranges from 0.1 to 8.8% across the country and in different countries of the globe. The highest incidence of the condition has been recorded in Indians from the Indian subcontinent, followed by Mexico and Japan. The difference in its incidence may be due to a higher reporting of vitiligo in a population, where an apparent color contrast and stigma attached to the condition may force them to seek early consultation. […] Behl et al had organized camps in rural areas and industrial pockets in India to evaluate the status of vitiligo. Its incidence was found to be higher in villagers living near dyeing, printing, and carpet industries. A higher incidence of vitiligo in such areas may be due to inclusion of cases with chemically induced depigmentation by industrial phenols and quinones, which might have a completely different pathomechanism. Its incidence, however, was relatively low amongst those residing adjoining copper-mines.

• #6 Vitiligo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-overview

  In the United States, the relative rate of vitiligo is 1%. Vitiligo is relatively common globally, with a rate of 1-2%. Approximately 30% of vitiligo cases occur with a familial clustering of cases. […] A female preponderance has been reported for vitiligo, but it is not statistically significant and the discrepancy has been attributed to an increase in reporting of cosmetic concerns by female patients. […] Although vitiligo may appear at any time from birth to senescence, onset is most commonly observed in persons aged 10-30 years. The average age of onset for vitiligo is approximately 20 years. The age of onset is unlikely to vary between the sexes.

• #7

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-014-0098-6

  Vitiligo is a common condition seen in a dermatology office, which has a variety of comorbidities. Worldwide, the prevalence of vitiligo ranges from 0.4 to 2.0 %, with regions of greater or lesser prevalence. Most studies demonstrate slightly greater prevalence in females and 50 % onset in childhood, but exceptions to these rules exist. […] Childhood vitiligo has been associated with atopic diathesis, halo nevi, and family history of vitiligo and autoimmunity. Post-pubescent vitiligo has been associated with greater acrofacial disease and thyroid disease, and early data supports reduced non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer risk. Disease severity is inversely proportional to distance from the equator, and birthplace outside the USA may be somewhat protective against severe disease. This article reviews the epidemiology of vitiligo and the epidemiologic relationship of vitiligo to comorbid diseases and family history, with a focus on recent literature.

• #8 The Prevalence of Vitiligo: A Meta-Analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0163806

  A total of 103 studies were eligible for inclusion. The pooled prevalence of vitiligo from 82 population- or community-based studies was 0.2% (95%CI: 0.1%0.2%) and from 22 hospital-based studies was 1.8% (95%CI: 1.4%2.1%). […] A relatively high prevalence of vitiligo was found in Africa area and in female patients. The prevalence has maintained at a low level in recent years. It showed an inverse trend with age increment in population- or community-based studies and hospital-based studies. […] The results of this study showed that the pooled prevalence of 82 population- or community-based studies was 0.2% and of 22 hospital-based studies was 1.8%. The latter data derived from hospital-based surveys was obviously high. […] In general, the prevalence of vitiligo showed a relatively decreased trend with increase in the times. Especially, it has remained at a low level in recent two decades in both population- or community-based studies and hospital-based studies.

• #9 Prevalence of Vitiligo Among Adults in the United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8600454/

  This survey study provides current US population-based prevalence estimates of overall (diagnosed and undiagnosed combined) vitiligo in adults between 0.76% (1.9 million cases in 2020) and 1.11% (2.8 million cases in 2020) and estimates that approximately 40% of adults with vitiligo may be undiagnosed in the US.

• #10 Prevalence of Vitiligo Among Adults in the United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8600454/

  Results of this survey study demonstrated that the current US population-based prevalence estimate of overall (diagnosed and undiagnosed combined) vitiligo in adults is between 0.76% (1.9 million cases in 2020) and 1.11% (2.8 million cases in 2020). Additionally, this study suggests that approximately 40% of adult vitiligo in the US may be undiagnosed. Future studies should be performed to confirm these findings. […] The estimates of point prevalence of undiagnosed vitiligo were 0.29% (clinician-adjudicated) and 0.61% (self-reported). These findings suggest that up to 40% of adults with vitiligo in the US may be undiagnosed. […] The present study also estimated the prevalence of segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo for both diagnosed and undiagnosed vitiligo. The distinction between segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo is of prime importance for both patients and physicians when reporting on the prevalence of vitiligo.

• #11 Epidemiology of Vitiligo – A Dual Population-Based Approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8165096/

  Most epidemiological data on vitiligo refer to selected environments or focus on the prevalence of comorbidity unrelated to the population. […] Aim of the study was to gain robust representative prevalence data on vitiligo and on associated dermatologic comorbidity in the German adult population. […] In the working cohort (N = 121,783; 57% male; mean age 43 years), the prevalence of vitiligo was 0.77% (0.84% in men; 0.67% in women). In the claims data (N = 1,619,678; 38% male; mean age 46 years), prevalence was 0.17% (0.14% in men; 0.18% in women). […] The resulting discrepancy of claims vs primary data between 0.17% and 0.77% indicates the most probable spectrum of vitiligo prevalence in Germany. […] In order to obtain representative population-based data on the prevalence of vitiligo and to get control on selection bias of the claims data, the current study investigated two large data sources which represent significant proportions of the German general population. […] The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence and dermatologic comorbidity of vitiligo in the adult general population. […] Overall, these data reflect the situation in Mid-European countries like Germany.

• #12 Epidemiology of vitiligo- a dual population-based approach | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-vitiligo–a-dual-population-based-approach-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Most epidemiological data on vitiligo refer to selected environments or focus on the prevalence of comorbidity unrelated to the population. […] Aim of the study was to gain robust representative prevalence data on vitiligo and on associated dermatologic comorbidity in the German adult population. […] In the working cohort (N = 121,783; 57% male; mean age 43 years), the prevalence of vitiligo was 0.77% (0.84% in men; 0.67% in women). In the claims data (N = 1,619,678; 38% male; mean age 46 years), prevalence was 0.17% (0.14% in men; 0.18% in women). […] The resulting discrepancy of claims vs primary data between 0.17% and 0.77% indicates the most probable spectrum of vitiligo prevalence in Germany. It is more frequently observed in clinical exams than recorded in claims data, indicating a marked proportion of people seeking no medical help. Such nonattendance may result from the fact that many treatment options do not provide satisfying benefits to the patients. […] In total, these large-scale data from two independent cohorts and settings confirm that Vitiligo is a relatively frequent disease associated with relevant comorbidity.

• #13 Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Vitiligo in China: A Community-based Study in Six Cities | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-1397

  Vitiligo is a common skin disease, the prevalence of which varies between races and countries. In China, no population-based study has been reported, although there have been some epidemiological studies on single cities or regions. The objective of this study was to obtain the prevalence and clinical profile of vitiligo in China. […] The overall prevalence of vitiligo was 0.56%. Men were affected more than women (0.71% vs. 0.45%, p 0.01). The prevalence of vitiligo increased with age. […] In China, several studies had been performed over the past years and the prevalence of vitiligo ranged from 0.09% to 0.31%. These studies were all conducted in a single region or single city. So far, there has been no multi-centre population-based study. We performed a population-based study involving 6 cities in different regions of China. The results show that the prevalence of vitiligo in China is 0.56% and men are affected more often than women.

• #14 Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Vitiligo in China: A Community-based Study in Six Cities | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-1397

  The prevalence of vitiligo varied from city to city. The highest prevalence was found in Taiyuan (0.93%, 95% CI 0.621.35%), followed by Jiaozuo (0.81%, 95% CI 0.521.20%), Zibo (0.70%, 95% CI 0.451.05%), Hailar (0.62%, 95% CI 0.370.98%) and Langfang (0.61%, 95% CI 0.390.91%). The lowest prevalence was found in Xichang (0.58%, 95% CI 0.350.92%). […] Our study also found that the prevalence of vitiligo varied among regions in China. The highest prevalence was found in Taiyuan (0.9%) and the lowest in Xichang (0.6%). Two previous studies had demonstrated that prevalence of vitiligo was 0.1% in Taian city and 0.2% in Suzhou city, suggesting a variation between regions in China.

• #15 Vitiligo epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Vitiligo_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Autoimmune diseases and a family history of vitiligo are considered risk factors for developing this condition. A patient that has a relative with vitiligo has an 18 fold increased risk of developing the disease and having an earlier onset of the disease. […] The prevalence of vitiligo is 1,000/100,000 (1%) of the population. […] The prevalence varies from 100/100,000 (0.1%) up to more than 2,000/100,000 (2%) depending upon the country and age group. […] A higher prevalence has been observed in India, Romania, Uzbekistan and China. […] 50% of patients with vitiligo are diagnosed before the age of 20. […] While the majority of studies state that both sexes are equally affected, some studies report a higher incidence of vitiligo in young women. […] Females are diagnosed at a younger age than men. […] There is no difference in the prevalence among races. […] The disease is more often noticed in dark skin patients, and may have a greater psychological impact in dark skin patients.

• #16

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12325-024-02875-0

  From 2005 to 2021, we identified 12,709 incident patients with vitiligo. Overall incidence of vitiligo increased from 26.3 in 2005 to 36.8 per 100,000 patients in 2021. […] Reported prevalence of vitiligo in the MHS population increased from 2005 to 2021 from 26.2 to 445.3 per 100,000. […] Patients with vitiligo versus GP had increased odds of developing 1 immune-mediated comorbidity (aOR [95% CI] 1.85 [1.73, 1.97]; P0.001). […] Patients with vitiligo versus GP had increased odds of developing 1 psychological comorbidity (aOR [95% CI] 1.23 [1.14, 1.32]; P0.001). […] This real-world analysis of patients in Israel showed that the prevalence of vitiligo was approximately 0.5% in 2021. The results highlight the systemic burden of disease, showing that patients with vitiligo were significantly more likely to have a range of immune-mediated and psychological comorbidities.

• #17 Epidemiology of vitiligo in patients attending dermatology clinics in Saudi Arabia: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis | International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries

  https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=233239

  This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of vitiligo among patients attending dermatology clinics in Saudi Arabia. Seven observational studies conducted across different regions of Saudi Arabia were included, reporting prevalence rates ranging from 1.5% to 7.0%. The pooled prevalence estimate was 3.6% (95% CI: 2.0%-5.8%), with significant heterogeneity (I = 98.2%) observed among studies. Subgroup analyses revealed slightly higher prevalence rates among females (3.3%; 95% CI: 1.3%-5.9%) compared to males (3.1%; 95% CI: 1.7%-4.9%), aligning with global trends. Most studies were of high methodological quality but limited by their hospital-based nature, which might overestimate prevalence. These findings highlighted the need for community-based studies to provide more representative estimates of vitiligo prevalence. Public health initiatives, including genetic counseling and awareness campaigns, are essential to mitigate the burden of vitiligo. Future research should focus on standardizing methodologies, exploring genetic-environmental interactions, and developing targeted interventions to improve management outcomes.

• #18 Vitiligo – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/vitiligo/

  Prevalence: 0.42% of the general population worldwide [1] […] Peak incidence: 10-30 years; can occur in any age group [2] […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified.

• #19 Vitiligo: Compendium of clinico-epidemiological features – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/vitiligo-compendium-of-clinico-epidemiological-features/

  Adults and children of both sexes are equally affected although the greater number of reports among females is probably due to the greater social consequences to women and girls affected by this condition. However, majority of the vitiligo cases reported begin during the period of active growth. Almost half the patients present before the age of 20 years and nearly 70-80% before the age of 30 years.

• #20 Disease Burden and Management of Vitiligo

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/disease-burden-and-management-of-vitiligo

  The average age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with early onset at a mean of 7.3 years and late onset at a mean of 40.5 years; the overall mean (SD) age of onset is 31.8 (20.2) years. […] There is strong evidence for the importance of genetic factors in the development of vitiligo; however, these influences are complex and the genetic risk is not absolute. The disease tends to aggregate in families, as approximately 20% of patients have at least 1 first-degree relative with vitiligo, and the relative risk of vitiligo for first-degree relatives is increased. […] […] The fact that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease was emphasized by Rosmarin and King. A further clinical clue about the autoimmune nature of vitiligo is the fact that it is sometimes associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. […] The greatest unmet need for patients was the lack of an FDA-approved treatment for vitiligo. Vitiligo is a difficult disease to treat.

• #21

  https://www.jci.org/articles/view/185785

  In a recent systematic review and modeling study, the worldwide lifetime prevalence of vitiligo diagnosed by a physician was estimated to be 0.36%, whereas undiagnosed but self-reported disease revealed an additional prevalence of 0.55%, thus affecting up to 0.91% (73 million people) worldwide. […] Vitiligo occurs in two primary age-of-onset categories: one-third of cases with early onset (mean 10.3 years) and two-thirds with later onset (mean 34.0 years). […] A pediatric to adult shift in vitiligo onset was noted over a period of 62 years; the mean age of onset shifted from 14.7 9.3 years in 1951 to 31.8 20.2 years in 2013, a phenomenon that was consistent in both North America and Europe. […] This remarkable change might be explained by new environmental exposures of adults to vitiligo-inducing chemicals, the use of sunscreens reducing UV exposure that controls disease, an altered gut microbiome from a variety of factors, or other causes.

• #22 Global clinicoepidemiological pattern of childhood vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/7/1/e001839

  The meta-analysis of 17 studies with 4365 subjects yielded 2475 women (estimated=56.8%, 95% CI 54.45 to 59.22). The female-to-male ratio was determined to be 1.3:1. […] The review indicated that childhood vitiligo is more prevalent in women. Non-segmental forms of childhood vitiligo were the most common, including vulgaris, focal and acrofacial. The clinicoepidemiological pattern of childhood vitiligo is variable in different geographic areas. […] Vitiligo was most prevalent in Africa and more common in girls. The most frequent non-segmental vitiligo types were vulgaris (42.49%), focal (27.21%) and acrofacial (17.8%). […] Awareness of the typical pattern of childhood vitiligo in different geographic areas and its associated factors worldwide improves clinical disease identification and management.

• #23

  https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actadv/article/view/7581

  Vitiligo is a mucocutaneous pigmentary disorder with worldwide distribution. […] we reviewed 692 vitiligo out-patients from seven government hospitals in North-eastern China via a questionnaire in a multi-centre study conducted between June 2007 and June 2008, and hence characterized the epidemiology of vitiligo in North-eastern China. […] The mean +/- standard deviation age of onset was 23.69 +/- 13.83 years (range 1-77 years). […] No gender preponderance was seen. […] Vitiligo vulgaris was the predominant form (53.5%). […] Mucosal lesions were associated with lesions on the feet (odds ratio (OR) = 3.177, p 0.001), hands (OR = 2.228, p 0.01), face (OR = 2.028, p 0.05) and neck (OR = 0.454, p 0.05); but were not associated with chest, abdomen, waist, arms, legs or scalp lesions. […] Mucosal vitiligo is probably a special form of acrofacial vitiligo.

• #24 Disease Burden and Management of Vitiligo

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/disease-burden-and-management-of-vitiligo

  Vitiligo is a chronic, acquired disease of the skin and mucous membranes that is characterized by sharply demarcated, milky white, depigmented macules and patches, with neat borders and variable dimensions and distribution. There are 2 forms of the disease: segmental and nonsegmental. Segmental vitiligo is characterized by unilateral, localized distribution of lesions. It is more common in younger children, and often has rapid onset and stabilization with early hair follicle involvement. Nonsegmental vitiligo is characterized by bilateral distribution of lesions on the body, with progressive onset and multiple flare-ups, later hair follicle involvement, and an unpredictable course. […] […] Although vitiligo can occur in individuals of all genetic backgrounds, the prevalence varies widely across geographic areas, ranging from a low of 0.06% to a high of 2.28%. In the United States, the prevalence of vitiligo varies between 0.76% based on clinician adjudication and 1.38% based on self-report. The incidence and prevalence of segmental vitiligo is not well established; however, it is less common than nonsegmental vitiligo and affects between 5% and 16% of patients. […]

• #25 Vitiligo Market Size, Share, Trends Report 2034

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/vitiligo-market

  Vitiligo affects 0.1-2% of the global population of all races. […] The most prevalent form of the disease is generalized vitiligo, which accounts for 72-95% of all cases. […] Segmental vitiligo affects a small number of people and is estimated to be more common in children, accounting for up to 30% of cases. […] The prevalence was much higher in older persons, men, and people with fair skin (types I and II on the Fitzpatrick scale). […] IMARC Group’s new report provides an exhaustive analysis of the vitiligo market in the United States, EU4 (Germany, Spain, Italy, and France), United Kingdom, and Japan. This includes treatment practices, in-market, and pipeline drugs, share of individual therapies, market performance across the seven major markets, market performance of key companies and their drugs, etc.

• #26 A descriptive study to characterize segmental vitiligo – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/a-descriptive-study-to-characterize-segmental-vitiligo/

  Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin presenting as depigmented or hypopigmented macules. It affects 0.1-2% population worldwide, and its prevalence in India is about 0.5-2.5%. […] Segmental vitiligo responds poorly to medical treatment, and surgical methods are the treatment of choice. […] Segmental vitiligo constitutes 5-27.9% of all cases of vitiligo. In a study on 450 patients of vitiligo at AIIMS, New Delhi, segmental vitiligo was seen in 6.7% cases. An additional 1.7% had lesions of segmental vitiligo along with other types of vitiligo (mixed vitiligo). […] The lower incidence of family history of vitiligo and coexisting autoimmune disorders in segmental vitiligo as compared to non-segmental vitiligo has been reported previously and was observed in this study also (13.2% and 1%, respectively).

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/ijdv/fulltext/2019/09000/clinical_and_epidemiological_characteristics_of.7.aspx

  This study was performed to elucidate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of vitiligo patients of different ages in Northwest China. […] The prevalence of segmental vitiligo in children and adolescents 19 years old (24/175[13.7%]) was higher than that in adults aged from 20-59 years (23/370[6.2%]) and advanced patients aged 60 years (1/26[3.8%]) (P = 0.020). […] Children and adolescents 19 years with vitiligo had a higher rate of a family history of vitiligo (20/175[11.4%]) than adults (20/370[5.4%]) and advanced age (1/26[3.8%]) (P = 0.031). […] This study provides clinical evidence that vitiligo at different ages has different characteristics, mainly regarding an increased incidence of segmental vitiligo, a higher prevalence of atopic dermatitis and halo nevus, and a more common positive family history among children and adolescent patients.

• #28

  https://journals.lww.com/ijdv/fulltext/2019/09000/clinical_and_epidemiological_characteristics_of.7.aspx

  The proportion of segmental vitiligo in the children and adolescents groups (24/175[13.7%]) was higher than that in the adults (23/370[6.2%]) and the advanced age group (1/26[3.8%]) (P = 0.020). […] Significant differences were also found in the diseases associated with vitiligo among different age groups. Children and adolescents with vitiligo had a higher positive rate of a family history of vitiligo (20/175[11.4%]) than did adults (20/370[5.4%]) and patients of advanced age (1/26[3.8%]) (P = 0.031). […] In conclusion, this study has shown that the clinical and epidemiological profiles differ among vitiligo patients of various ages. Compared to the adults and advanced age groups, the children and adolescents have an increased incidence of segmental vitiligo, associated with a higher prevalence of atopic dermatitis and halo nevus, and a family history.

• #29 The Genetic Basis of Vitiligo – VIPOC

  https://www.vipoc.org/the-genetic-basis-of-vitiligo/

  Vitiligo has an estimated prevalence of about 0.22% in different populations, approximately 0.4% in the EUR population. […] Although about 91% of cases are sporadic, the frequency of vitiligo is considerably elevated in probands close relatives, about 7% in first-degree relatives. […] Overall, about 8% of patients report at least one affected relative, with a non-Mendelian pattern of recurrence characteristic of complex, polygenic inheritance. […] The fraction of disease risk attributable to genetic variation is termed heritability (h2), with the remainder attributable to the environment. […] Estimates of vitiligo h2FAM from small studies range from about 0.50 to 0.80 in different populations and from a large-scale study in the EUR population was recently estimated as 0.750.83, depending on the specific types of relatives studied.

• #30 The Genetic Basis of Vitiligo – VIPOC

  https://www.vipoc.org/the-genetic-basis-of-vitiligo/

  In parallel, vitiligo h2SNP was recently estimated as 0.78 in the EUR population, virtually identical to the estimates of h2FAM in this population. […] Thus, for vitiligo, essentially all heritability estimated by classical family-based methods can be captured by array-based genotyping and deep imputation of common and rare genomic variation; there is no missing heritability. […] Together, these findings show that vitiligo heritability is quite high; about 80% of vitiligo risk is genetically based, with the remaining 20% attributable to environmental factors. […] Furthermore, of the genetic risk component, about 70% comes from common genetic variants and about 30% comes from rare variants, with no remaining missing heritability. […] As noted above, about 8% of vitiligo cases report at least one affected relative, with a pattern suggestive of non-Mendelian, complex inheritance. […] At least in the EUR population, about 70% of vitiligo genetic risk derives from common genetic variants. The remaining 30% of vitiligo genetic risk derives from a large diversity of rare genetic variants.

• #31

  https://www.jci.org/articles/view/185785

  Genetics of vitiligo. Genome-wide associations studies (GWAS) in vitiligo identified close to 60 risk alleles that contribute to induction of disease. […] Over 90% of the presumed genes affected by these SNPs are central to immune responses, supporting a clear role of autoimmunity as a driver of pathogenesis. […] The most notable are HLA genes, which encode the MHC molecules responsible for antigen presentation to T cells, including HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-DQB1*02:02. […] Interestingly, many of these vitiligo-associated risk alleles have been identified in other autoimmune diseases, which might explain another important feature seen in many individuals with vitiligo and their family members: polyautoimmunity, characterized by the presence of multiple autoimmune diseases occurring in a single patient.

• #32 The genetics of generalized vitiligo: autoimmune pathways and an inverse relationship with malignant melanoma | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gm199

  Generalized vitiligo (GV) is the most common depigmentation disorder, in which acquired multifocal patches of white skin and overlying hair result from loss of melanocytes in the involved areas. The prevalence of GV is approximately 0.5% in various populations, with an average age of onset at about 24 years and occurring with approximately equal frequency in males and females. The concordance of GV in monozygotic twin-pairs is approximately 23%, and epidemiological evidence indicates that GV is a complex trait involving multiple genes and unknown environmental factors. […] Among European-derived white individuals with GV, about 15% to 25% have at least one additional concomitant autoimmune disease, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease), pernicious anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, Addison’s disease and systemic lupus erythematosus; these diseases also occur at increased frequencies in first-degree relatives of patients with GV, whether or not those relatives have GV themselves. Together, these findings indicate that patients with GV and their close relatives have inherited susceptibility to this specific diathesis of autoimmune diseases, mediated by shared susceptibility genes.

• #33 Chronic diseases among vitiligo patients | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/38/4/400

  Objectives: To identify the proportion and risk of chronic diseases in vitiligo patients in a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). […] There is an increased risk of chronic diseases among vitiligo patients including diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism, renal injuries, and obesity. […] The prevalence of vitiligo is estimated to be 0.06-2.28% worldwide. […] However, there is a lack of statistics regarding the association and the risk of developing chronic cardiovascular co-morbid illnesses, specifically hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity among vitiligo patients. […] The study describes the frequencies and proportions of co-morbid disorders among vitiligo patients and a control group. Cardiovascular co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity along with hypothyroidism, liver diseases, and renal injuries have been investigated in both groups.

• #34 Chronic diseases among vitiligo patients | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/38/4/400

  In conclusion, the study concluded that there is an increased risk of developing co-morbid chronic disorders among vitiligo patients including diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism, renal injuries and obesity. The findings mandate further research, and the importance of monitoring these disorders among vitiligo patients.

• #35

  https://www.ijord.com/index.php/ijord/article/view/60

  Childhood vitiligo is a special subtype and is seen in significant proportion of vitiligo patients. […] This study on eighty cases of childhood vitiligo will cover the epidemiology and clinical spectrum. […] To study the epidemiology, clinical spectrum and associations in childhood vitiligo. […] Childhood vitiligo is a serious issue and the knowledge of its various patterns and associations needs to be updated at regular intervals.

• #36 EPIDEMIOLOGY ATLAS | GLOVA Atlas

  https://www.globalvitiligoatlas.org/epidemiology-atlas

  Vitiligo affects approximately 12% of the global population. However, the actual prevalence may be significantly higher due to underreporting and misdiagnosis, particularly in regions where access to dermatological care and diagnostic resources is limited. This disparity underscores the urgent need for a unified approach to collecting, analysing and sharing global data on vitiligo. […] Research has shown that vitiligo occurs equally in both sexes and can develop at any age. However, nearly 50% of cases emerge before the age of 20, often during formative years when the social and psychological impacts of the condition may be particularly profound. […] While substantial data has been collected in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, South-eastern Asia and parts of Europe, critical gaps remain in our understanding of vitiligo prevalence. Africa, South America and rural areas of Asia, for example, are significantly underrepresented in global studies. Limited healthcare infrastructure, cultural stigmas and a lack of dermatological services contribute to the scarcity of reliable data.

• #37 EPIDEMIOLOGY ATLAS | GLOVA Atlas

  https://www.globalvitiligoatlas.org/epidemiology-atlas

  A lack of comprehensive global data hampers efforts to understand the true scope of vitiligo and its impact on individuals and communities. Without an accurate epidemiological picture, disparities in access to care and treatment options persist, leaving many individuals without adequate support or resources to manage their condition. […] The Global Vitiligo Atlas (GLOVA) seeks to bridge these knowledge gaps by creating the first comprehensive, standardised and accessible resource for vitiligo epidemiology. By gathering and analysing data from across the globe, GLOVA aims to illuminate the true prevalence of vitiligo, identify disparities in care, and provide researchers, clinicians, and policymakers with the tools they need to improve outcomes for individuals living with vitiligo worldwide.

• #38

  https://clarivate.com/life-sciences-healthcare/report/epidim0135-biopharma-vitiligo-epidemiology-europe/

  Clarivate Epidemiologys coverage of vitiligo comprises epidemiological estimates of key patient populations in 45 countries. We report diagnosed prevalence of vitiligo for each country, as well as annualized case counts projected to the national population. […] All patient populations are forecast over a period of 20 years. […] Clarivate Epidemiologys vitiligo forecast will answer the following questions: How will demographic trends, such as population aging and improving life expectancy, affect the epidemiology of vitiligo over the forecast period? […] All forecast data are available on the Clarivate Insights Platform in tabular format, with options to download to MS Excel. […] Clarivate Epidemiology provides at least 20 years of forecast data for the following vitiligo subpopulations: Diagnosed prevalent cases of vitiligo. […] Diagnosed prevalent cases of vitiligo by subtype. […] Diagnosed prevalent cases of vitiligo by total body surface area.

• #39 Epidemiology and Risk Characterisation of Vitiligo using a Large UK Population-Based Dataset | CPRD

  https://www.cprd.com/approved-studies/epidemiology-and-risk-characterisation-vitiligo-using-large-uk-population-based

  Vitiligo is a skin disorder affecting 0.5-2.0% of the global population. […] The number of people in the UK diagnosed with vitiligo and the long-term health impact of this disease have not been well studied. […] We will conduct a large-scale investigation of the epidemiology of vitiligo, including assessment of incidence rates of selected adverse events (AEs). […] The results of this study will offer valuable insights into the risk characterisation of vitiligo, including associated comorbidities and treatment-related AEs.

• #40 EPIDEMIOLOGY ATLAS | GLOVA Atlas

  https://www.globalvitiligoatlas.org/epidemiology-atlas

  With its mission to unify global vitiligo data, GLOVA offers a vital step toward understanding and addressing the global challenges posed by this condition. By creating a clearer picture of vitiligo impact, we can work together to advance treatment options, reduce stigma and improve the quality of life for millions of individuals affected by vitiligo across the world.

• #41 Clinical Characteristics and Management of Late-Onset Vitiligo

  https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/clinical-characteristics-and-management-of-late-onset-vitiligo

  The findings highlight the need for further longitudinal studies to refine treatment protocols and enhance understanding of LOV’s progression. […] According to the review, longitudinal studies and focused clinical trials are essential to better understand the natural history and optimal management of LOV.

• #42

  https://www.jci.org/articles/view/185785

  Despite clear association of some SNPs with immune genes, the majority are located in noncoding DNA, making it difficult to determine their role in pathogenesis, or even to define which gene is regulated by the SNP. […] In a recent systematic review and modeling study, the worldwide lifetime prevalence of vitiligo diagnosed by a physician was estimated to be 0.36%, whereas undiagnosed but self-reported disease revealed an additional prevalence of 0.55%, thus affecting up to 0.91% (73 million people) worldwide.

• #43 The Prevalence of Vitiligo: A Meta-Analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0163806

  Our results also demonstrated that the pooled prevalence of vitiligo was slightly higher in females than in males, both for the population- or community-based studies (0.5% compared with 0.2%) and the hospital-based studies (1.3% compared with 1.1%). […] Besides, this study revealed that the prevalence of vitiligo increased with age in population- or community-based studies, increasing gradually from 0.2% in the 0~19 years age-group to 0.7% in the 60 years age-group.

• #44 Prevalence of vitiligo and associated comorbidities in adults in Shanghai, China: a community-based, cross-sectional survey – Tang – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/75157/html

  The prevalence of vitiligo has been reported to range from 0.1% to 8% worldwide, and vitiligo has been linked to some autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of vitiligo and associated comorbidities in adults in Shanghai. […] The estimated prevalence of vitiligo was 0.91%, and the standardized (age-adjusted) prevalence was 0.67%. Prevalence increased with age from 0.20% in 18-30 years to 1.59% in the 71-80 years age group. […] The prevalence of vitiligo in Shanghai was comparable to that seen in previous studies and increased with age. Vitiligo was associated with increased risks of atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and coronary heart disease in adults. […] A notable finding of the present study was that the estimated prevalence of vitiligo in adult residents of Shanghai was 0.91%, and the standardized prevalence was 0.67%, and the prevalence of vitiligo increased with age. The present study revealed that vitiligo was associated with increased risks of atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and coronary heart disease but not diabetes mellitus, hypertension, psoriasis, alopecia areata, gout, and obesity. […] The most important and novel finding is the association of vitiligo with coronary heart disease, especially in elderly (aged 60) and overweight (BMI 24 kg/m2) participants.

• #45 The genetics of generalized vitiligo: autoimmune pathways and an inverse relationship with malignant melanoma | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gm199

  Furthermore, findings for both HLA-A and TYR suggest an inverse relationship between susceptibility to GV and susceptibility to malignant melanoma, with genetic interaction that reflects underlying biochemical and functional interaction between the corresponding proteins. The overall picture indicates that genetic variation at HLA-A*0201 and TYR interacts to modulate immune surveillance against malignant melanoma, with heightened surveillance predisposing to GV and protecting against melanoma, and reduced surveillance protecting against GV but predisposing to melanoma. This biological relationship may also explain the frequent occurrence of GV in patients treated for melanoma, in whom development of this autoimmune phenotype constitutes a relatively favorable prognostic sign.

• #46 Vitiligo | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201511

  Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting disorder that affects 0.5% to 2% of the world population. […] Several questions remain unsolved, including the connection between melanocyte depletion and stem cell exhaustion, the underlying degenerative mechanisms and the biological mediators of cell death. […] Overall, vitiligo is an excellent model for studying degenerative and autoimmune processes and for testing novel approaches in regenerative medicine. […] Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Caucasian probands and their families. […] This study is a genomic analysis of families with generalized vitiligo, and it revealed mechanisms of genetic susceptibility to autoimmunity. […] The prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo: a systematic review. […] Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: the European Dermatology Forum consensus. […] A complete analysis of the current therapeutic approaches. […] This is a comparative advantage-disadvantage analysis of the different instruments currently available to measure the impact of vitiligo on quality of life.

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