Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vitiligo: Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vitiligo-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Vitiligo is a relatively common acquired disorder of pigmentation characterized by the development of well-defined, depigmented macules on the skin. Biopsies of lesional skin reveal a loss of epidermal melanocytes. […] This topic will review the pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of vitiligo.

• #1 Diagnosing Vitiligo | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/vitiligo/diagnosis

  Vitiligo is a skin condition that causes white patches to appear on the skin. […] Dermatologists at NYU Langone understand that changes in the appearance of skin can affect social and professional interactions. Our specialists have the experience and resources to identify vitiligo and determine whether an underlying condition should be addressed. […] Our dermatologists often diagnose vitiligo based solely on a physical examination. If doctors need more information about how the condition affects your skin cells, they may suggest a skin biopsy or blood test. […] Your dermatologist performs a thorough physical examination to determine if vitiligo is affecting your skin and, if so, to identify the type. […] Your dermatologist may need more information about your skin cells to confirm a diagnosis of vitiligo. A skin biopsy can definitively tell the difference between missing melanocytes, which indicates vitiligo, and melanocytes that are malfunctioning for another reason. Vitiligo is diagnosed only if these pigment-producing cells are missing. […] Rarely, your dermatologist may recommend a blood test to get more information about a possible autoimmune response related to vitiligo.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Vitiligo-Symptoms-Diagnosis-and-Treatment.aspx

  Vitiligo is diagnosed by a careful medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests. […] The history is meant to elicit any factors which preceded or precipitated the depigmentation, such as sunburn, stress or other autoimmune disease. […] Tests such as a skin biopsy will confirm the diagnosis by showing a complete absence of melanin production in the affected skin. […] Blood tests for pernicious anemia and thyroid function may be required to rule out these autoimmune conditions.

• #1 Vitiligo (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vitiligo.html

  Vitiligo can appear anywhere on the body, but it’s more likely to happen in areas that are exposed to the sun, such as the face or hands […] A dermatologist usually can make a diagnosis of vitiligo just by looking for the telltale white patches on the skin. On kids with very fair skin, they might use a special tool called a Woods lamp. This lamp uses ultraviolet light in a dark room to illuminate areas of affected skin that would otherwise be hard to see with the naked eye. […] Very rarely, the doctor may do a biopsy (where a small piece of the affected skin is removed to be analyzed in the lab). A biopsy lets the doctor check for pigment cells in the skin. If the biopsy shows there are no pigment cells, this may confirm a case of vitiligo.

• #1 Vitiligo: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Steps to Take

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/vitiligo/diagnosis-treatment-and-steps-to-take

  To diagnose vitiligo, your doctor will ask about your family history and perform a thorough physical exam. The exam may include a close evaluation of your skin. Sometimes doctors use a Woods lamp, also known as a black light, which is an ultraviolet light that the doctor shines on your skin. If you have vitiligo, the light makes affected areas of your skin appear chalky and bright. […] Other tests can include: […] A skin biopsy, which means taking a small sample of your skin to be examined under a microscope. Doctors can examine the tissue for the missing melanocytes seen in the depigmented skin of a person with vitiligo.

• #1 Vitiligo: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/vitiligo/guide/treatments/

  If you notice white patches appearing on your skin, you may want to book an appointment with your doctor. You can visit your primary care doctor first, and he or she may recommend reaching out to a dermatologist whos familiar with vitiligo. ( 1) […] Scheduling an appointment with your dermatologist is the best way to diagnose vitiligo, Hal Weitzbuch, MD, a dermatologist in private practice in Calabasas, California. […] Most of the time, a dermatologist will be able to diagnose vitiligo after examining your skin. (2) They will look for symptoms associated with other skin conditions, such as psoriasis, in order to rule them out. (1) Your doctor will probably look at every area of your skin in order to determine which type of vitiligo you have based on where the patches appear. […] Its usually easy to see the patches on dark skin. But for lighter-skinned people where theres less distinction between the affected skin and unaffected skin, the doctor might use a tool called a Woods lamp, which shines ultraviolet light. Skin with vitiligo will look different under this type of light. (2) The tool can also be used to distinguish loss of pigment versus a reduction in color (which may be the sign of an inflammatory rash). (3)

• #1 Vitiligo Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-workup

  Microscopic examination of involved skin shows a complete absence of melanocytes in association with a total loss of epidermal pigmentation. Superficial perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrates may be observed at the margin of vitiliginous lesions, consistent with a cell-mediated process destroying melanocytes.

• #1 Vitiligo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-overview

  Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin that is characterized by circumscribed, depigmented macules and patches. […] Although the diagnosis of vitiligo generally is made on the basis of clinical findings, biopsy is occasionally needed for differentiating vitiligo from other hypopigmenting or depigmenting disorders. […] Microscopic examination of involved skin shows a complete absence of melanocytes in association with a total loss of epidermal pigmentation. […] Loss of pigment and melanocytes in the epidermis is highlighted by Fontana-Masson staining and immunohistochemistry testing.

• #1 Vitiligo Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-workup

  Although the diagnosis of vitiligo generally is made on the basis of clinical findings, biopsy is occasionally helpful for differentiating vitiligo from other hypopigmentary disorders. […] Because of the association with other autoimmune diseases and endocrinopathies, further testing may be necessary in patients with suggestive signs or symptoms to rule out an underlying condition. Vitiligo may be associated with thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, pernicious anemia, Addison disease, and alopecia areata. Appropriate tests should be performed only in the presence of signs or symptoms of associated disease. […] Laboratory work for vitiligo may include the following: Thyroid panel consisting of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (T3), and free thyroxine (T4) levels, Antinuclear antibody, Antithyroid peroxidase antibody, CBC count with differential.

• #1 Vitiligo: what general physicians need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4953443/

  Vitiligo is a common depigmenting skin disease that causes a great deal of distress. […] In this editorial, the diagnostic process and primary management of vitiligo will be discussed. […] The diagnosis of vitiligo is often straightforward (though not always so) but treatment is difficult. […] All adults with vitiligo should have their thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies checked as thyroid disease can be present in up to 30% of cases. […] Specialist referral to a dermatology unit is suggested for patients whose condition is difficult to diagnose, unresponsive to straightforward topical treatments, or causing psychological distress. […] It can be associated with internal diseases principally of the endocrine system and it is always worthwhile checking the thyroid function. […] Straightforward topical treatments are available for all physicians to use in selected cases with the appropriate precautions, but referral for a dermatologist’s opinion is appropriate when there is diagnostic difficulty, patient concern or progression of the disease.

• #1 Vitiligo: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12419-vitiligo

  There are other conditions that make your skin change or lose pigmentation, including: Chemical leukoderma, Tinea versicolor, Albinism, Pityriasis alba. […] About 10% to 20% of people who have vitiligo fully regain their skin color. This is most common among people who receive an early diagnosis before age 20.

• #1 Diagnosing Vitiligo – Global Vitiligo Foundation

  https://globalvitiligofoundation.org/diagnosing-vitiligo/

  Vitiligo isn’t the only possible cause of skin depigmentation. The process of ruling out similar conditions is referred to as differential diagnosis. […] Your doctor may be able to rule many of these conditions quickly based on a visual exam, your medical and family history, or simple blood tests.

• #1 Vitiligo – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo

  An ultraviolet light can be used in the early phase of this disease for identification and to determine the effectiveness of treatment. […] Using a Wood’s light, skin will change colour (fluoresce) when it is affected by certain bacteria, fungi, and changes to pigmentation of the skin. […] Classification attempts to quantify vitiligo have been analyzed as being somewhat inconsistent, while recent consensus has agreed to a system of segmental vitiligo (SV) and non-segmental vitiligo (NSV). NSV is the most common type of vitiligo. […] In non-segmental vitiligo (NSV), there is usually some form of symmetry in the location of the patches of depigmentation. […] Segmental vitiligo (SV) differs in appearance, cause, and frequency of associated illnesses. Its treatment is different from that of NSV.

• #1 Full-Body Vitiligo: Diagnosis and Treatment | MyVitiligoTeam

  https://www.myvitiligoteam.com/resources/full-body-vitiligo-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dermatologists often describe vitiligo by its location and how widespread it is. If multiple parts of the body are affected, vitiligo is considered generalized. Universal or complete vitiligo are the terms for full-body vitiligo that covers approximately 80 percent of the body or more. […] To be diagnosed with full-body vitiligo, your dermatologist may run a series of tests, such as a blood test or a skin biopsy on the affected areas. After discussing your medical history, reviewing your family history, and ruling out other potential causes of discoloration (such as albinism, eczema, psoriasis, or other skin conditions), your dermatologist will assess the extent of vitiligo on different parts of your body. […] Full-body vitiligo usually takes time to develop, so you may have a history of being misdiagnosed or trying other treatments in the past that weren’t effective. Once vitiligo has covered large areas of your body, certain therapies are typically more appropriate than others.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ders/fulltext/2023/41030/from_zero_to_one__recent_advances_in_the.2.aspx

  Woods lamp examination helps visualize vitiligo through the accentuation of lesions, especially in light-skin individuals. Experienced dermatologists utilize Woods light and dermoscopy to differentiate between stable and active disease. […] Determining the stage of development and activity of vitiligo is crucial because it corresponds to different treatment algorithms. […] Various scoring systems have been introduced to aid in the assessment of vitiligo stability, for instance, the recall-based patient-reported Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) score. […] Emerging biomarkers and advanced skin imaging techniques have been applied to study the features of vitiligo. […] Advanced skin imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) have also gained recognition in assessing vitiligo lesion, especially before surgical grafting and postoperative follow-up.

• #1 Optimizing vitiligo diagnosis with ResNet and Swin transformer deep learning models: a study on performance and interpretability | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59436-2

  Vitiligo is a hypopigmented skin disease characterized by the loss of melanin. The progressive nature and widespread incidence of vitiligo necessitate timely and accurate detection. Usually, a single diagnostic test often falls short of providing definitive confirmation of the condition, necessitating the assessment by dermatologists who specialize in vitiligo. […] To mitigate this issue and enhance diagnostic accuracy, it is essential to build deep learning models that can support and expedite the detection process. This study endeavors to establish a deep learning framework to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of vitiligo. […] The outcomes of this study underscore the significant potential of deep learning models to revolutionize medical diagnosis by improving diagnostic accuracy and operational efficiency.

• #1 Optimizing vitiligo diagnosis with ResNet and Swin transformer deep learning models: a study on performance and interpretability | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59436-2

  Consequently, prompt and accurate diagnosis is pivotal for facilitating effective treatment interventions. […] There is no single diagnostic test that conclusively confirms vitiligo, which requires the involvement of a dermatologist with expertise in vitiligo. […] Therefore, the development of accurate and efficient Artificial Intelligence (AI) -assisted diagnostic tools is crucial for analyzing vitiligo dermoscopy images. […] The AI-assisted diagnostic tools hold the potential to furnish dermatologists with precise classification results, thereby contributing to the accuracy of vitiligo diagnosis. […] The results reveal that the Swin Transformer, which is a series of image classification models based on Transformer architecture, attains the highest accuracy in vitiligo classification.

• #1 Optimizing vitiligo diagnosis with ResNet and Swin transformer deep learning models: a study on performance and interpretability | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59436-2

  The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of multiple deep learning models using vitiligo image samples and subsequently identify five models with optimal diagnostic performance, including ResNet34, ResNet50, ResNet101, Swin Transformer Base, and Swin Transformer Large. […] The outcomes produced by the CAM module effectively emphasize specific areas relevant to each class within diagnostic points, thereby assisting in decision-making during the diagnosis of skin conditions.

• #1 Vitiligo Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment | Uncover Vitiligo

  https://www.uncovervitiligo.com/ch/disease-management/

  Diagnosing vitiligo correctly is key to helping patients better understand their condition and for HCPs to manage the disease. 45% of all patients in Europe have had their condition misdiagnosed. […] Vitiligo diagnoses are based on: Physical examination (with or without Wood’s lamp), Clinical history, Laboratory tests (e.g. thyroid function, autoantibodies), Biopsy of lesional and non-lesional skin. […] Current treatments are known to have limited success in their outcomes and can result in: Low quality of repigmentation, Short duration of response, Uneven response in different body regions, Low treatment compliance.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitiligo/

  A GP will be able to diagnose vitiligo after examining the affected areas of skin. […] If available, the GP may use an ultraviolet (UV) lamp called a Wood’s lamp to look at your skin in more detail. The patches of vitiligo will be easier to see under UV light, which will help the GP distinguish vitiligo from other skin conditions, such as pityriasis versicolor (where there’s a loss of pigment due to a fungal infection). […] As non-segmental vitiligo is closely associated with other autoimmune conditions, you may be assessed to see whether you have any symptoms that could suggest an autoimmune condition, such as: being tired and lacking energy, which may be a sign of Addison’s disease; being thirsty and needing to urinate often, which may be a sign of diabetes. […] A blood test may also be needed to check how well your thyroid gland is working.

• #1 Vitiligo in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/vitiligo

  Vitiligo can usually be diagnosed based on a doctors skin exam alone, without the need for any blood tests or a skin biopsy. Shining a special light, called a Wood lamp, on the vitiligo spots can help diagnose the condition. […] Treatment options for vitiligo include: […] If treating vitiligo with creams and ointments alone is insufficient, we consider other options, including phototherapy and oral medications that affect the immune system.

• #1 Pigmentation Disorders: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1215/p797.html

  Vitiligo is an immune-mediated skin condition resulting in a loss of pigmentation. Its exact etiology is unknown. It affects all skin types and is generally considered a cosmetic condition, but it can cause significant psychological distress, particularly in black patients, prompting requests for treatment. Quality of life is often negatively affected. […] There are multiple treatment modalities for vitiligo. Combination therapy tends to be more effective at repigmentation than monotherapy, although recurrence is common (up to 40%), as is treatment failure. […] High-potency topical corticosteroids (betamethasone 0.1% or fluocinonide 0.05% ointment) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus [Protopic] and pimecrolimus [Elidel]) are mainstays for localized treatment of limited vitiligo. Systemic therapies such as psoralen and ultraviolet A, narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB), and systemic corticosteroids are useful for more widespread or treatment-resistant disease. These therapies generally require dermatologic referral.

• #1 Vitiligo – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/628

  Vitiligo is a common, acquired multifactorial skin disease. It is characterised by progressive depigmentation of the epidermis in circumscribed areas, typically without erythema or scaling. […] Age of onset is bimodal and involves a major genetic component. […] Multiple auto-immune disorders may be associated with vitiligo, most commonly auto-immune thyroiditis. […] Management with narrow-band UV-B light and topical immunosuppressants can provide significant improvement in most cases. […] Vitiligo may have a significant psychological impact and clinicians should screen for this. […] Vitiligo is an acquired loss of melanocytes in circumscribed areas of the epidermis, resulting in complete depigmentation of affected skin. The extent of the disease ranges from limited, focal disease to almost complete (universal) pigment loss.

• #1 Vitiligo on Darker Skin: Triggers and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vitiligo-on-dark-skin-5218635

  Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) or antinuclear antibody test (ANA test), to evaluate your overall health and check for any underlying autoimmune disease, and vitamin D testing (this vitamin is a steroid hormone that regulates the body’s immune function). […] Research shows that vitiligo patients—particularly those from Black and Brown communities—face barriers when seeking care and treatment. This includes receiving an accurate, timely diagnosis and access to recommended vitiligo treatments. […] It’s acceptable and encouraged to research a healthcare provider to gauge their knowledge and understanding of darker skin. […] Keep in mind that treatment plans for patients with darker skin may require different approaches or dosages than those used for patients with light skin.

• #1 Vitiligo Task Force Issues Consensus Recommendations on Diagnosis, Management

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/features/vitiligo-task-force-issues-consensus-recommendations-on-diagnosis-management/

  The international Vitiligo Task Force has issued up-to-date evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with vitiligo. […] The consensus recommendations were made by a consortium of 42 international experts and 4 patient representatives. […] The Vitiligo Task Force concluded, Although strategies that provide complete clearance will warrant further research, this should not discourage dermatologists and patients from treating vitiligo, as disease stabilization is within reach in most cases. […] They added, To date, the odds of repigmentation remain primarily dependent on the involved body areas and grade of disease activity; therefore, early treatment is recommended.

• #1 Vitiligo: a guide to diagnosis and management for GPs | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/july/feature-article/vitiligo-guide-diagnosis-and-management-gps

  Laboratory investigations may assist in identifying any possible underlying autoimmune comorbidity. […] Skin biopsies are not routinely required in patients with vitiligo because it is usually a clinical diagnosis. […] The strong association of vitiligo with autoimmune thyroid disorders warrants screening of thyroid function. […] The goal of treatment is to halt disease progression, assist with repigmentation and then maintain that repigmentation over time, while simultaneously providing psychological support. […] GPs play a crucial role in promptly diagnosing the condition, investigating the coexistence of other autoimmune conditions, addressing the psychosocial impact of the condition and promptly commencing first-line topical therapies.

• #1 Vitiligo Diagnosis Determining Treatment Pathways

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/vitiligo-diagnosis-determining-treatment-pathways

  Is diagnosing vitiligo pretty straightforward? Are there examples where it isnt clear-cut that a patient has vitiligo? […] Its a fairly straightforward diagnosis to make clinically the vast majority of the time. Uncommonly, well do a skin biopsy to help make the diagnosis, but the list of diagnoses that we consider when we see somebody with what appears to be depigmented skin or a white patch is relatively limited. […] If you take 100 patients from 100 providers and the provider has given all of those people a vitiligo diagnosis, my guess is that if you had vitiligo experts look at those 100 patients, 98 to 100 are going to have vitiligo. […] Once a patient has been diagnosed and treatment is deemed necessary or appropriate, how would you explain the goals of treatment for a patient with vitiligo?

• #1 Vitiligo: Overview

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/vitiligo-overview

  Vitiligo is a disease that causes areas of skin to lose color, resulting in spots and patches of lighter skin. […] Dermatologists offer treatment that may restore lost skin color. […] While vitiligo cannot be cured, treatment may restore lost skin color. […] Board-certified dermatologists offer treatment that can: Restore a persons natural skin tone, Reduce vitiligo from spreading to other areas. […] A dermatologist can tell you whether you have vitiligo or another medical condition. […] If you have vitiligo, the sooner vitiligo treatment starts, the more effective it tends to be. Left untreated for years, vitiligo may be difficult to treat.

• #2 Vitiligo – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/628

  Vitiligo is a common, acquired multifactorial skin disease. It is characterized by progressive depigmentation of the epidermis in circumscribed areas, typically without erythema or scaling. […] Age of onset is bimodal and involves a major genetic component. […] Multiple autoimmune disorders may be associated with vitiligo, most commonly autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Management with narrowband UV-B light and topical immunosuppressants can provide significant improvement in most cases. […] Vitiligo may have a significant psychological impact and clinicians should screen for this. […] Key diagnostic factors include acral and periorificial depigmentation, perianal and genital depigmentation, recent cutaneous trauma, localized sunburn pain, enhancement and fluorescence with UV-A exposure, halo nevus, and universal depigmentation. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include Wood lamp exam and skin biopsy.

• #2 Vitiligo: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/vitiligo-treatment

  If you have light spots and patches on your skin, getting an accurate diagnosis is important. […] A board-certified dermatologist can give you an accurate diagnosis. […] A board-certified dermatologist diagnoses vitiligo by reviewing your medical history and examining your skin. […] To get a good look at your skin, your dermatologist may use a Woods lamp. This specialized lamp allows a dermatologist to clearly see areas of vitiligo. […] If your dermatologist finds that you have vitiligo, blood tests may be recommended. Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. This means that your immune system is attacking healthy cells in your body that give your skin its color. […] After giving you the diagnosis, your dermatologist will also ask whether you want to treat the vitiligo. […] If you want to treat vitiligo, dermatologists have treatments that can restore lost skin color.

• #2 Facial Vitiligo: Diagnosis and Treatment | MyVitiligoTeam

  https://www.myvitiligoteam.com/resources/facial-vitiligo-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Vitiligo is a chronic condition that causes areas of skin to lose its natural pigment (coloring), resulting in white patches. Facial vitiligo is usually seen in patches around the mouth, eyes, nose, and ears. […] This article explains what to expect from diagnosis as well as what treatment options are available for facial vitiligo. […] If you suspect that you have facial vitiligo, visit your doctor or a dermatologist, who will conduct a comprehensive exam. This assessment may include asking questions about your medical and family history (including a family history of vitiligo), your exposure to environmental factors such as the sun and chemicals, and any recent stressful events. […] A physical assessment may include using a UV lamp, known as a Woods lamp, to examine the affected areas on your face that have white patches. Depigmented white spots will glow under UV light.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/ders/fulltext/2023/41030/from_zero_to_one__recent_advances_in_the.2.aspx

  Vitiligo is the most common acquired pigmentary disorder and can have profound negative psychosocial impacts on patients. The disease course of vitiligo is often unpredictable, and diagnosis and treatment of vitiligo remain a challenging dermatological task. […] Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for treating vitiligo onset or exacerbation at an early stage. Since clinical signs are sometimes subtle, it is essential to incorporate diagnostic tools such as woods light, cross-polarized lenses, and ultraviolet (UV) photography in evaluating the activity and extent of vitiligo, especially in lighter skin phototypes. […] Conventionally, the diagnosis of vitiligo relies on clinical observations of acquired, nonscaly chalk-white macules and patches. Common sites of occurrence are areas exposed to chronic friction, such as the face, neck, lips, armpits, groin, and tips of distal extremities. Vitiligo has a variable presentation and broad differential diagnosis, the diagnosis of vitiligo requires meticulous examination including clinical pattern, distribution, history, and the use of diagnostic tools such as woods lamp examination.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/ders/fulltext/2023/41030/from_zero_to_one__recent_advances_in_the.2.aspx

  Woods lamp examination helps visualize vitiligo through the accentuation of lesions, especially in light-skin individuals. Experienced dermatologists utilize Woods light and dermoscopy to differentiate between stable and active disease. […] Determining the stage of development and activity of vitiligo is crucial because it corresponds to different treatment algorithms. […] Various scoring systems have been introduced to aid in the assessment of vitiligo stability, for instance, the recall-based patient-reported Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) score. […] Emerging biomarkers and advanced skin imaging techniques have been applied to study the features of vitiligo. […] Advanced skin imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) have also gained recognition in assessing vitiligo lesion, especially before surgical grafting and postoperative follow-up.

• #2 Vitiligo: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Steps to Take

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/vitiligo/diagnosis-treatment-and-steps-to-take

  To diagnose vitiligo, your doctor will ask about your family history and perform a thorough physical exam. The exam may include a close evaluation of your skin. Sometimes doctors use a Woods lamp, also known as a black light, which is an ultraviolet light that the doctor shines on your skin. If you have vitiligo, the light makes affected areas of your skin appear chalky and bright. […] Other tests can include: […] A skin biopsy, which means taking a small sample of your skin to be examined under a microscope. Doctors can examine the tissue for the missing melanocytes seen in the depigmented skin of a person with vitiligo.

• #2 Vitiligo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-overview

  Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin that is characterized by circumscribed, depigmented macules and patches. […] Although the diagnosis of vitiligo generally is made on the basis of clinical findings, biopsy is occasionally needed for differentiating vitiligo from other hypopigmenting or depigmenting disorders. […] Microscopic examination of involved skin shows a complete absence of melanocytes in association with a total loss of epidermal pigmentation. […] Loss of pigment and melanocytes in the epidermis is highlighted by Fontana-Masson staining and immunohistochemistry testing.

• #2 Vitiligo: what general physicians need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4953443/

  Vitiligo is a common depigmenting skin disease that causes a great deal of distress. […] In this editorial, the diagnostic process and primary management of vitiligo will be discussed. […] The diagnosis of vitiligo is often straightforward (though not always so) but treatment is difficult. […] All adults with vitiligo should have their thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies checked as thyroid disease can be present in up to 30% of cases. […] Specialist referral to a dermatology unit is suggested for patients whose condition is difficult to diagnose, unresponsive to straightforward topical treatments, or causing psychological distress. […] It can be associated with internal diseases principally of the endocrine system and it is always worthwhile checking the thyroid function. […] Straightforward topical treatments are available for all physicians to use in selected cases with the appropriate precautions, but referral for a dermatologist’s opinion is appropriate when there is diagnostic difficulty, patient concern or progression of the disease.

• #2 Vitiligo – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitiligo/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355916

  Your health care provider will ask about your medical history and examine your skin, possibly with a special lamp. The evaluation might also include a skin biopsy and blood tests. […] Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test […] Complete blood count (CBC) […] Skin biopsy.

• #2 Diagnosing Vitiligo – Global Vitiligo Foundation

  https://globalvitiligofoundation.org/diagnosing-vitiligo/

  Vitiligo isn’t the only possible cause of skin depigmentation. The process of ruling out similar conditions is referred to as differential diagnosis. […] Your doctor may be able to rule many of these conditions quickly based on a visual exam, your medical and family history, or simple blood tests.

• #2 Vitiligo Diagnosis and Tests – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/vitiligo/tests-and-diagnosis

  Medical history: A detailed history is not only helpful in determining the most likely cause of Vitiligo but also helps in differentiating with other skin conditions. […] Skin examination: A qualified medical professional can usually diagnose Vitiligo when he/she sees it. An examination can also determine the type and extent of the condition. […] Skin biopsy: This test involves cutting out a tiny portion of the skin for microscopic examination. Skin that has been affected by Vitiligo shows complete absence of melanocytes with total loss of pigmentation. Also degenerative changes may be noticed in the cells of adjacent skin. […] Blood tests: A Complete Blood Count is done to by and large get an overview on the overall health of the person. An ANA (Anti-Nuclear Antibodies) levels test is usually advised, because this determines the intensity of autoimmune attack in the body. The higher the ANA levels, the more is the autoimmune impact on the body.

• #2 Vitiligo Diagnosis Determining Treatment Pathways

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/vitiligo-diagnosis-determining-treatment-pathways

  The goals vary depending on the patient. […] We also know that halting the progression of disease is easier than repigmenting patients. […] Right now, we consider it a chronic disease like high blood pressure or diabetes, where we can try to control things, but patients can develop new spots at any time and it can be unpredictable. We cant cure people of their vitiligo, but we can help treat it. […] Is it safe to say then that the therapies we have are treating the disease and not treating the underlying cause of the disease? Is that fair? […] Were treating the underlying problem of having an overactive immune system. We just cant permanently correct that. […] Although we think of this as a chronic disease, and with the state of medicine these days, as good as our treatments are for psoriasis, we arent curing anybody of psoriasis, but vitiligo is often a bit different in that we can sometimes treat somebody to a point where theyll achieve a remission without treatment.

• #2 Vitiligo Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-workup

  Although the diagnosis of vitiligo generally is made on the basis of clinical findings, biopsy is occasionally helpful for differentiating vitiligo from other hypopigmentary disorders. […] Because of the association with other autoimmune diseases and endocrinopathies, further testing may be necessary in patients with suggestive signs or symptoms to rule out an underlying condition. Vitiligo may be associated with thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, pernicious anemia, Addison disease, and alopecia areata. Appropriate tests should be performed only in the presence of signs or symptoms of associated disease. […] Laboratory work for vitiligo may include the following: Thyroid panel consisting of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (T3), and free thyroxine (T4) levels, Antinuclear antibody, Antithyroid peroxidase antibody, CBC count with differential.

• #2 Diagnosis and Pathophysiology of Vitiligo

  https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/diagnosis-and-pathophysiology-of-vitiligo

  The diagnosis of vitiligo, thankfully, is one of the more straightforward diseases. Usually, [it] does appear with white spots, but I always do a white Woods lamp, and that helps me to notice the accentuation or a bright glowing to the skin. One of the reasons is because sometimes you cant see the vitiligo, and I want to appreciate all the lesions of vitiligo to make sure I have a good assessment of how advanced the disease may or may not be. […] Yes, I definitely think Woods lamp is very helpful, especially in patients with lighter skin, where it may not be as obvious. […] We can all agree that its an autoimmune disease. The question is whether the immune system is attacking the melanocytes or [whether] it an intrinsic deficit within the melanocytes. […] I try to explain to my patients that this is an autoimmune condition. The simplest way to explain it is that the immune system is attacking the melanocytes, and thats such an easy way for patients to understand. […] It means that the immune system is [homing] in on those melanocytes. But again, is it [an] intrinsic deficit within the melanocytes? Thats what I would like to know.

• #3 Diagnosis and tests of Vitiligo| PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/vitiligo/diagnosis

  The diagnosis of vitiligo is mainly clinical; that is, by a physical examination and by analysing the symptoms, signs and medical history of the patient. […] Additional diagnostic tests are: Wood’s lamp. […] Its a source of an ultraviolet light that makes areas without melanocytes appear bright white. […] Patient with a skin biopsy examined under the microscope. […] Although not usually necessary, if performed, it reveals a lack of melanocytes in the deepest layer of the skin. […] Analytical tests. […] Although not necessary for diagnosis, they help to rule out other autoimmune diseases.

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