Witiligo
Etiologia i przyczyny

Witiligo to przewlekła choroba autoimmunologiczna charakteryzująca się utratą melanocytów i powstawaniem odbarwionych plam na skórze. Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca czynniki genetyczne (odpowiedzialne za około 30% ryzyka, z udziałem genów takich jak NLRP1 i PTPN22), autoimmunologiczne (przeciwciała przeciw melanocytom, aktywacja limfocytów T CD8+) oraz środowiskowe (stres emocjonalny, urazy skóry, ekspozycja na chemikalia i promieniowanie UV). Witiligo dzieli się na typ niesegmentalny (NSV), związany z autoimmunizacją i symetrycznym rozmieszczeniem zmian, oraz segmentalny (SV), o jednostronnym charakterze i możliwym podłożu neurogennym. Współistnienie innych chorób autoimmunologicznych obserwuje się u 15-25% pacjentów, najczęściej chorób tarczycy, cukrzycy typu 1, łuszczycy czy reumatoidalnego zapalenia stawów.

Witiligo – Etiologia i przyczyny

Witiligo (bielactwo nabyte) to przewlekła choroba autoimmunologiczna charakteryzująca się występowaniem odbarwionych plam na skórze, spowodowanych utratą melanocytów – komórek produkujących melaninę, pigment nadający skórze kolor12. Dokładna etiologia witiligo pozostaje nie w pełni poznana, mimo intensywnych badań naukowych, jednak uważa się, że choroba ta ma złożone podłoże, obejmujące czynniki genetyczne, autoimmunologiczne i środowiskowe34.

Mechanizm autoimmunologiczny

Witiligo jest obecnie szeroko uznawane za chorobę autoimmunologiczną, w której układ odpornościowy organizmu nieprawidłowo rozpoznaje i atakuje własne melanocyty56. W tym procesie dochodzi do tworzenia przeciwciał przeciwko melanocytom oraz aktywacji komórek T cytotoksycznych, które bezpośrednio niszczą komórki barwnikowe skóry7. Badania wykazały obecność krążących przeciwciał przeciwko białkom melanocytów u pacjentów z witiligo, co stanowi najbardziej przekonujący dowód na autoimmunologiczne podłoże choroby8.

U około 15-25% pacjentów z witiligo występuje co najmniej jedno inne schorzenie autoimmunologiczne, co dodatkowo potwierdza autoimmunologiczną naturę tej choroby9. Najczęściej współwystępujące choroby autoimmunologiczne to:

Czynniki genetyczne

Badania pokazują, że czynniki genetyczne mogą odpowiadać za około 30% przypadków witiligo19. Zidentyfikowano warianty w ponad 30 genach, które występując w różnych kombinacjach, mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju witiligo20. Do najważniejszych genów związanych z witiligo należą NLRP1 i PTPN22, których warianty mogą wpływać na aktywność odpowiednich białek, utrudniając organizmowi kontrolowanie stanu zapalnego i zapobieganie atakom układu odpornościowego na własne tkanki21.

Około 20% pacjentów z witiligo ma krewnego pierwszego stopnia z tą chorobą, co wskazuje na silny komponent genetyczny22. Badania bliźniąt jednojajowych wykazały jednak, że jeśli jedno z bliźniąt ma witiligo, drugie ma około 25% szans na rozwój tej choroby, co sugeruje, że same geny nie wyjaśniają w pełni mechanizmu powstawania witiligo i istotną rolę odgrywają również czynniki środowiskowe23.

Czynniki środowiskowe i wyzwalające

Choć dokładne okoliczności, które wyzwalają atak układu odpornościowego na melanocyty, pozostają niejasne, badania sugerują, że układ odpornościowy dotkniętych osób może reagować nieprawidłowo na melanocyty, które są poddane działaniu różnych czynników stresowych24. Do najczęściej wskazywanych czynników wyzwalających witiligo należą:

  • Stres emocjonalny: Zdarzenia stresujące lub przewlekły stres emocjonalny mogą wyzwalać zarówno rozwój, jak i progresję witiligo, prawdopodobnie z powodu zmian hormonalnych występujących podczas stresu2526.
  • Urazy skóry: Uszkodzenia mechaniczne skóry, poważne oparzenia słoneczne lub inne urazy mogą wyzwalać witiligo w predysponowanych genetycznie osobach (zjawisko znane jako objaw Koebnera)2728.
  • Ekspozycja na chemikalia: Kontakt z pewnymi substancjami chemicznymi lub stosowanie produktów zawierających szkodliwe substancje, takie jak barwniki do włosów czy kremy rozjaśniające skórę, może prowadzić do śmierci komórek pigmentowych29.
  • Promieniowanie ultrafioletowe: Nadmierna ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV może wpływać na funkcjonowanie melanocytów i przyczyniać się do rozwoju witiligo30.
  • Zmiany hormonalne: Zmiany hormonalne w organizmie, jak np. w okresie dojrzewania, mogą wpływać na ilość pigmentu produkowanego przez melanocyty31.

Teorie patogenetyczne

Oprócz głównej teorii autoimmunologicznej, istnieje kilka innych hipotez dotyczących patogenezy witiligo3233:

  • Teoria stresu oksydacyjnego: Według tej teorii, wewnątrzkomórkowe gromadzenie się reaktywnych form tlenu (RFT), w tym nadtlenku wodoru, może prowadzić do uszkodzenia i zniszczenia melanocytów34. Badania wykazały, że witiligo jest związane z polimorfizmami w genach zaangażowanych w odpowiedź na stres oksydacyjny, takich jak CAT, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3 i inne35.
  • Teoria neurogenna: Ta teoria sugeruje, że zniszczenie melanocytów może być spowodowane przez neuropeptydy lub neuromediatory uwalniane przez zakończenia nerwowe w skórze36. Jest to szczególnie istotne w przypadku segmentalnego witiligo, które uważa się za związane z zaburzeniami układu nerwowego37.
  • Teoria wewnętrznych defektów melanocytów: Według tej teorii, melanocyty u osób z witiligo mogą mieć wewnętrzne defekty, które prowadzą do ich samoniszczenia38.
  • Teoria konwergencji (zintegrowana): Obecnie szeroko akceptowana teoria łączy mechanizmy immunologiczne, biochemiczne, oksydacyjne i środowiskowe, które działają wspólnie u osób z predyspozycją genetyczną39.

Typy witiligo a etiologia

Witiligo można klasyfikować na różne sposoby, ale najczęściej dzieli się je na dwa główne typy: niesegmentalne (NSV) i segmentalne (SV), które różnią się nie tylko obrazem klinicznym, ale także przypuszczalną etiologią40.

Niesegmentalne witiligo (NSV)

Jest to najczęstszy typ witiligo, charakteryzujący się symetrycznym rozmieszczeniem odbarwionych plam po obu stronach ciała41. NSV uważane jest za chorobę autoimmunologiczną, w której układ odpornościowy atakuje i niszczy melanocyty42. Ten typ witiligo jest silniej związany z innymi chorobami autoimmunologicznymi i częściej występuje rodzinnie43. NSV ma tendencję do stopniowego postępowania w ciągu życia pacjenta, z okresami zaostrzeń i czasem spontanicznych popraw44.

Segmentalne witiligo (SV)

Jest to rzadszy typ witiligo, który charakteryzuje się jednostronnym rozmieszczeniem odbarwionych plam, często ograniczonych do jednego obszaru ciała, odpowiadającego określonemu dermatomowi (obszar unerwiony przez pojedynczy nerw rdzeniowy)45. Przyczyna SV jest mniej jasna, ale uważa się, że może być związana z dysfunkcją układu nerwowego46. Według tej teorii, chemikalia uwalniane z zakończeń nerwowych w skórze mogą być toksyczne dla komórek melanocytowych47. SV zazwyczaj stabilizuje się w ciągu roku od wystąpienia objawów i rzadziej jest związane z chorobami autoimmunologicznymi48.

W rzadkich przypadkach może rozwinąć się mieszany typ witiligo, w którym występują zarówno cechy witiligo segmentalnego, jak i niesegmentalnego49.

Indukowane witiligo

Witiligo polekowe

W niektórych przypadkach witiligo może być wywołane lub zaostrzane przez leki. Witiligo polekowe jest podobne do niewywołanej przez leki formy witiligo i prawdopodobnie wynika z podobnego procesu autoimmunologicznego50. Najczęstszymi przyczynami witiligo wywołanego przez leki są leki immunomodulujące, biologiczne lub celowane51.

Immunoterapia stosowana w leczeniu czerniaka może również wywoływać witiligo jako działanie niepożądane52. Co ciekawe, rozwój witiligo podczas leczenia czerniaka immunoterapią jest uważany za dobry znak prognostyczny, a badania wskazują, że pacjenci, u których rozwija się witiligo podczas tej terapii, mają wyższe wskaźniki przeżycia53.

Witiligo chemiczne

Ekspozycja na pewne chemikalia może prowadzić do witiligo indukowanego chemicznie. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza substancji, takich jak fenole, które mogą być obecne w produktach do pielęgnacji skóry, barwnikach do włosów czy środkach ochrony roślin54. Substancje te mogą przyspieszać szlaki stresu, które są już obecne w melanocytach, prowadząc do stanu zapalnego o podłożu autoimmunologicznym55.

Aktualne rozumienie etiologii witiligo

Współczesne badania sugerują, że witiligo jest chorobą o złożonej, wieloczynnikowej etiologii, w której zarówno predyspozycje genetyczne, jak i czynniki środowiskowe odgrywają kluczową rolę5657. Badania genetyczne wskazują, że czynniki genetyczne mogą odpowiadać za około 30% ryzyka rozwoju witiligo, podczas gdy czynniki środowiskowe stanowią pozostałe 70%58.

Aktualny model patogenezy witiligo zakłada, że u osób genetycznie predysponowanych, pewne czynniki środowiskowe mogą wyzwalać nieprawidłową odpowiedź immunologiczną, prowadzącą do destrukcji melanocytów59. W tym procesie kluczową rolę odgrywają limfocyty T CD8+, które są specyficznie skierowane przeciwko antygenom melanocytów60.

Zrozumienie molekularnej patogenezy witiligo jest niezwykle istotne dla opracowania bardziej ukierunkowanych terapii61. Obecne badania koncentrują się na identyfikacji konkretnych czynników środowiskowych odpowiedzialnych za wyzwalanie witiligo oraz poszukiwaniu metod, które mogłyby selektywnie kontrolować nieprawidłową odpowiedź immunologiczną bez wpływu na całościową funkcję układu odpornościowego62.

Mimo intensywnych badań, dokładne przyczyny witiligo pozostają nie w pełni poznane, a obecne teorie prawdopodobnie stanowią jedynie fragmenty większej, złożonej układanki patogenetycznej63. Konieczne są dalsze badania, aby lepiej zrozumieć interakcje między czynnikami genetycznymi, immunologicznymi i środowiskowymi w rozwoju witiligo, co może prowadzić do opracowania skuteczniejszych metod leczenia i potencjalnie do prewencji tej choroby64.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Vitiligo Symptoms, Treatment & Causes | NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/vitiligo
    Vitiligo is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. This happens when melanocytes skin cells that make pigment are attacked and destroyed, causing the skin to turn a milky-white color. […] Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. Normally, the immune system works throughout your body to fight off and defend your body from viruses, bacteria, and infection. In people with autoimmune diseases, the immune cells attack the bodys own healthy tissues by mistake. […] Scientists believe that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system attacks and destroys the melanocytes. In addition, researchers continue to study how family history and genes may play a role in causing vitiligo. Sometimes an event such as a sunburn, emotional distress, or exposure to a chemical can trigger vitiligo or make it worse.
  • #2 Vitiligo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559149/
    Vitiligo is a common acquired skin disorder that results from the loss of melanocytes from the epidermis and clinically manifests as well-demarcated white patches on the body. […] There are different theories about the pathogenesis of vitiligo, but the exact etiology is still unknown. It is a form of autoimmune disorder. […] The exact etiology of vitiligo is unknown. It is frequently associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. There are various theories about its pathogenesis and the etiology is multifactorial. […] However, various theories have been proposed about its pathogenesis, but the exact etiology is still unknown. […] Theories about melanocyte destruction include cytotoxic mechanisms, autoimmune mechanisms, intrinsic melanocyte defects, neural mechanisms, and oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms. […] This theory supports the hypothesis that nonsegmental vitiligo is more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders than the segmental type of vitiligo.
  • #3 Vitiligo – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo
    Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it may be related to immune system changes, genetic factors, stress, or sun exposure. […] Although multiple hypotheses have been suggested as potential triggers that cause vitiligo, studies strongly imply that changes in the immune system are responsible for the condition. Vitiligo has been proposed to be a multifactorial disease with genetic susceptibility and environmental factors both thought to play a role. […] The National Institutes of Health states that sometimes an event, like a sunburn, emotional distress, or exposure to a chemical, can trigger or exacerbate the condition. Skin depigmentation in particular areas in vitiligo can also be triggered by mechanical trauma: this is an example of the Koebner phenomenon.
  • #4 Vitiligo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-overview
    Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin that is characterized by circumscribed, depigmented macules and patches. The condition is frequently associated with disorders of autoimmune origin, with thyroid abnormalities being the most common. […] Vitiligo is a multifactorial polygenic disorder with a complex pathogenesis. It is related to both genetic and nongenetic factors. Although several theories have been proposed about the pathogenesis of vitiligo, the precise cause remains unknown. Generally agreed upon principles are an absence of functional melanocytes in vitiligo skin and a loss of histochemically recognized melanocytes, owing to their destruction. However, the destruction is most likely a slow process resulting in a progressive decrease of melanocytes. Theories regarding destruction of melanocytes include autoimmune mechanisms, cytotoxic mechanisms, intrinsic melanocyte defects, oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms, and neural mechanisms, as follows:
  • #5 Vitiligo: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12419-vitiligo
    Vitiligo causes your skin to lose its color or pigment. […] The condition occurs when your body’s immune system destroys melanocytes. Melanocytes are skin cells that produce melanin, the chemical that gives skin its color, or pigmentation. […] A lack of pigment in your skin (melanin) causes vitiligo. The reason why this happens is unknown. Research suggests vitiligo could be the result of: […] An autoimmune condition: Your immune system mistakes healthy cells (melanocytes) as foreign invaders like bacteria that can cause harm to your body. This makes your immune system overreact and develop antibodies to destroy your melanocytes. […] Genetic changes: A genetic mutation or a change to your body’s DNA can affect how your melanocytes function. There are over 30 genes that can increase your risk of developing vitiligo.
  • #6
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is caused by the lack of a pigment called melanin in the skin. Melanin is produced by skin cells called melanocytes, and it gives your skin its colour. […] In vitiligo, there are not enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin in your skin. This causes white patches to develop on your skin or hair. […] Non-segmental vitiligo (the most common type) is thought to be an autoimmune condition. […] If you have non-segmental vitiligo, your immune system destroys the melanocyte skin cells that make melanin. […] Segmental vitiligo (the less common type) is thought to be caused by chemicals released from the nerve endings in your skin. These chemicals are poisonous to the melanocyte skin cells. […] It’s possible that vitiligo may be triggered by particular events, such as stressful events, such as childbirth, skin damage, such as severe sunburn or cuts (this is known as the Koebner response), hormonal changes to the body, such as puberty, problems with the liver or kidneys, exposure to certain chemicals. […] Vitiligo is not caused by an infection and you cannot catch it from someone else who has it.
  • #7 Vitiligo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-overview
    The autoimmune theory proposes alteration in humoral and cellular immunity in the destruction of melanocytes of vitiligo. […] The most convincing evidence of an autoimmune pathogenesis is the presence of circulating antibodies against melanocyte proteins in patients with vitiligo. […] Destruction of melanocytes may be directly mediated by autoreactive CD8+ T cells.
  • #8 Autoimmune Etiology Of Generalized Vitiligo – VIPOC
    https://www.vipoc.org/autoimmune-etiology-of-generalized-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is characterized by progressive skin depigmentation resulting from an autoimmune response targeting epidermal melanocytes. […] Several factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune vitiligo, including genetic predisposition, toxic metabolites interfering with melanin metabolism, neurochemical factors and specific autoimmunity against melanocytes. […] Such an involvement of autoimmune reactivity in melanocyte destruction leading to vitiligo is further supported by an association between vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases, most notably Hashimotos thyroiditis. […] Autoimmune reactivity in vitiligo was initially demonstrated by an increased prevalence of circulating autoantibodies to melanocytes in association with progressive disease. […] A contribution of cytotoxic T cells in melanocyte destruction was long overlooked.
  • #9 Vitiligo: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. In people with vitiligo the immune system appears to attack the pigment cells (melanocytes) in the skin. About 15 to 25 percent of people with vitiligo are also affected by at least one other autoimmune disorder, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, pernicious anemia, Addison disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis. […] Variations in over 30 genes, occurring in different combinations, have been associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo. Two of these genes are NLRP1 and PTPN22. […] The variations in the NLRP1 and PTPN22 genes that are associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo likely affect the activity of the NLRP1 and PTPN22 proteins, making it more difficult for the body to control inflammation and prevent the immune system from attacking its own tissues.
  • #10
  • #11 Vitiligo: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000831.htm
    Vitiligo occurs when immune cells destroy the cells that make brown pigment (melanocytes). This destruction is thought to be due to an autoimmune problem. An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body’s immune system, which normally protects the body from infection, attacks and destroys healthy body tissue instead. The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown. […] Vitiligo may appear at any age. There is an increased rate of the condition in some families. […] Vitiligo is associated with other autoimmune diseases: Addison disease (disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones), Thyroid disease, Pernicious anemia (decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12), Type 1 diabetes.
  • #12 What is Vitiligo? | Causes, Signs, Symptoms, & More | Vitiligo Society
    https://vitiligosociety.org/about-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is caused by the lack of pigment in the skin, meaning there aren’t enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin. However, why vitiligo occurs is not currently known. […] Vitiligo is thought to be linked to autoimmune diseases, which result in the immune system attacking its own healthy tissues in error, instead of foreign cells such as viruses or bacteria. The first signs may be in an area of the skin that has received extensive sun damage. […] Yes, it’s generally thought that around 15-25% of people with vitiligo may also be affected by one other autoimmune disease such as: Hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, Psoriasis, Pernicious anemia, Addison disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Celiac disease, Crohn disease, Ulcerative colitis.
  • #13 What Is Vitiligo? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/vitiligo/guide/
    Vitiligo seems to be the result of both a preexisting genetic makeup and something in the environment setting off an autoimmune response that destroys melanocytes. Potential triggers include sunburn, exposure to certain chemicals, and trauma or injury to the skin. These triggers can also prompt vitiligo to spread in people who already have the condition. […] People with conditions such as Addisons disease, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, or type 1 diabetes are at an increased risk of developing vitiligo. Fifteen to 25 percent of people with vitiligo have another autoimmune disease.
  • #14 Vitiligo: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. In people with vitiligo the immune system appears to attack the pigment cells (melanocytes) in the skin. About 15 to 25 percent of people with vitiligo are also affected by at least one other autoimmune disorder, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, pernicious anemia, Addison disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis. […] Variations in over 30 genes, occurring in different combinations, have been associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo. Two of these genes are NLRP1 and PTPN22. […] The variations in the NLRP1 and PTPN22 genes that are associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo likely affect the activity of the NLRP1 and PTPN22 proteins, making it more difficult for the body to control inflammation and prevent the immune system from attacking its own tissues.
  • #15 Vitiligo – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/pigment-disorders/vitiligo
    The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it is a disorder of skin pigmentation that may involve an attack by the immune system on the cells that produce the skin pigment melanin (melanocytes). […] Vitiligo may occur with certain other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders (when the body attacks its own tissues) and particularly thyroid disease. It is most strongly associated with an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism, particularly when caused by Graves disease) and an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism, particularly when caused by Hashimoto thyroiditis). People with diabetes, Addison disease, and pernicious anemia also are somewhat more likely to develop vitiligo. However, the relationship between these disorders and vitiligo is unclear. […] Occasionally, vitiligo occurs after physical injury to the skin, for example, as a response to a chemical burn or sunburn. People may also notice vitiligo is triggered by an episode of emotional stress. […] Immunotherapy can also trigger vitiligo as a side effect (for example, when immunotherapy is used for treatment of melanoma).
  • #16 What Does Vitiligo Look Like? Pictures, Treatment, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-disorders/vitiligo-pictures
    Vitiligo is a skin condition that occurs when the cells responsible for your skin color called melanocytes are destroyed. When melanocytes no longer produce skin pigment or melanin, areas of your skin lose color or turn white. […] Its unknown exactly what causes vitiligo. […] Most researchers believe that vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder because your body is attacking your own cells. […] A 2016 manual chart review was conducted for 1,873 patients diagnosed with vitiligo and receiving treatment at a Detroit, Michigan, hospital over a 10-year period. Research results showed that about 20% of the patients also had at least one other autoimmune disorder. […] Many autoimmune diseases may be associated with vitiligo, including: thyroiditis, lupus, psoriasis, alopecia areata, type 1 diabetes, pernicious anemia, Addisons disease, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma.
  • #17 Vitiligo: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. In people with vitiligo the immune system appears to attack the pigment cells (melanocytes) in the skin. About 15 to 25 percent of people with vitiligo are also affected by at least one other autoimmune disorder, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, pernicious anemia, Addison disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis. […] Variations in over 30 genes, occurring in different combinations, have been associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo. Two of these genes are NLRP1 and PTPN22. […] The variations in the NLRP1 and PTPN22 genes that are associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo likely affect the activity of the NLRP1 and PTPN22 proteins, making it more difficult for the body to control inflammation and prevent the immune system from attacking its own tissues.
  • #18 What is Vitiligo? | Causes, Signs, Symptoms, & More | Vitiligo Society
    https://vitiligosociety.org/about-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is caused by the lack of pigment in the skin, meaning there aren’t enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin. However, why vitiligo occurs is not currently known. […] Vitiligo is thought to be linked to autoimmune diseases, which result in the immune system attacking its own healthy tissues in error, instead of foreign cells such as viruses or bacteria. The first signs may be in an area of the skin that has received extensive sun damage. […] Yes, it’s generally thought that around 15-25% of people with vitiligo may also be affected by one other autoimmune disease such as: Hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, Psoriasis, Pernicious anemia, Addison disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Celiac disease, Crohn disease, Ulcerative colitis.
  • #19 Vitiligo: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments
    https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/vitiligo-common-cause-loss-skin-pigment
    Vitiligo causes a loss of color in patches on the skin. It happens when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the skin cells that make color or pigment (melanocytes), turning the affected skin milky white. […] When the body’s immune system attacks and destroys its melanocytes, which make melanin. The loss of melanin causes the skin to lose its characteristic color. […] It is unclear what triggers the immune system to attack melanocytes in the skin. Research suggests sunburn, emotional distress, exposure to a chemical pollutant, or other stressful events can trigger or worsen vitiligo. […] More research is needed to understand what causes vitiligo, but studies show that 30% of cases are genetic. […] Vitiligo is related to gene changes involved in immune system function or melanocytes. Researchers have identified over 30 genes having variations that make you more likely to have vitiligo. NLRP1 and PTPN22 are two of these genes. […] Vitiligo may be due to both genetics and environmental factors. However, many of these factors are unknown.
  • #20 Vitiligo: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. In people with vitiligo the immune system appears to attack the pigment cells (melanocytes) in the skin. About 15 to 25 percent of people with vitiligo are also affected by at least one other autoimmune disorder, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, pernicious anemia, Addison disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis. […] Variations in over 30 genes, occurring in different combinations, have been associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo. Two of these genes are NLRP1 and PTPN22. […] The variations in the NLRP1 and PTPN22 genes that are associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo likely affect the activity of the NLRP1 and PTPN22 proteins, making it more difficult for the body to control inflammation and prevent the immune system from attacking its own tissues.
  • #21 Vitiligo: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. In people with vitiligo the immune system appears to attack the pigment cells (melanocytes) in the skin. About 15 to 25 percent of people with vitiligo are also affected by at least one other autoimmune disorder, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, pernicious anemia, Addison disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis. […] Variations in over 30 genes, occurring in different combinations, have been associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo. Two of these genes are NLRP1 and PTPN22. […] The variations in the NLRP1 and PTPN22 genes that are associated with an increased risk of developing vitiligo likely affect the activity of the NLRP1 and PTPN22 proteins, making it more difficult for the body to control inflammation and prevent the immune system from attacking its own tissues.
  • #22 Vitiligo: What is it, symptoms, treatment, causes, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245081
    Vitiligo causes patches of skin to lose their color. […] Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. […] What causes vitiligo is unknown, but there are a few theories. […] Some possible causes include: Genetics: An estimated 20% of people with vitiligo have a first degree relative with the condition. […] Autoimmune response: The body’s immune system attacks and kills melanocytes. […] Oxidative stress: When people have an imbalance of oxygen molecules and antioxidants, it may lead to vitiligo. […] Environmental factors: Emotional distress, sunburn, or chemical exposure may lead to vitiligo. […] A person has a greater chance of getting vitiligo if they have a family history of the condition. However, certain autoimmune diseases are linked to an increased risk. About 15-25% of people with vitiligo have another autoimmune condition.
  • #23 Vitiligo Etiology and Patient Communication
    https://www.hcplive.com/view/vitiligo-etiology-and-patient-communication
    In terms of what causes vitiligo, we know that there are 40 or 50 genes associated with vitiligo. Ninety percent of them are immune-associated genes having to do with T cells and dendritic cells, and 10% are melanocyte-specific genes. When you see these gene abnormalities because the body is attacking, the T cells are against the melanocytic antigens. We think that the actual genetic cause is about 30% of the overall cause. […] We say that because lets say you have a twin brother whos genetically identical to you. If that brother develops vitiligo, you have about a 25% chance of getting vitiligo. That tells us that genes arent everything, and that 70% or 75% is environmental, and we havent discovered that environmental cause. Is it a virus? Is it a food? Is it an allergen that we havent discovered that causes the vitiligo? Perhaps its an insect bite, which then epitope spreading then leads to vitiligo. We havent figured that out in terms of environmental cause. Both are needed.
  • #24 Vitiligo: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/vitiligo/
    It is unclear what specific circumstances trigger the immune system to attack melanocytes in the skin. Research suggests that the immune system of affected individuals may react abnormally to melanocytes that are stressed by factors such as chemicals or ultraviolet radiation. In addition, the melanocytes of people with vitiligo may be more susceptible to stress than those of the general population and therefore may be more likely to be attacked by the immune system. […] The condition probably results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, many of which have not been identified. Studies suggest that psychological stress, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, or contact with certain chemicals or skin-whitening products may trigger vitiligo in predisposed individuals.
  • #25 What Causes Vitiligo? | MyVitiligoTeam
    https://www.myvitiligoteam.com/resources/what-causes-vitiligo
    One theory about the cause of vitiligo is that a trigger event causes stress to melanocytes in a person who is genetically predisposed to develop vitiligo. Researchers have identified an array of environmental factors linked to the development of vitiligo. These environmental factors may trigger vitiligo to develop in some people; in most people with vitiligo, the trigger is not known. […] Emotionally stressful events may trigger the development of vitiligo, potentially due to hormonal changes that occur when a person experiences stress. As in other autoimmune diseases, emotional stress can worsen vitiligo and cause it to become more severe.
  • #26 Vitiligo: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12419-vitiligo
    Stress: The amount of pigment your melanocyte cells produce may change if you experience frequent emotional stress or physical stress on your body, especially after an injury. […] Environmental triggers: Factors like ultraviolet radiation and toxic chemical exposure can affect how your melanocyte cells function. […] While research is ongoing to learn more about the causes of vitiligo, studies indicate that about 30% of vitiligo cases are genetic. This means that the condition is hereditary and you could potentially inherit vitiligo from your biological family. Several possible genetic mutations affect how melanocyte cells function. If a genetic mutation targets the cells that give your skin pigment, you’ll experience symptoms of vitiligo.
  • #27 Vitiligo – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo
    Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it may be related to immune system changes, genetic factors, stress, or sun exposure. […] Although multiple hypotheses have been suggested as potential triggers that cause vitiligo, studies strongly imply that changes in the immune system are responsible for the condition. Vitiligo has been proposed to be a multifactorial disease with genetic susceptibility and environmental factors both thought to play a role. […] The National Institutes of Health states that sometimes an event, like a sunburn, emotional distress, or exposure to a chemical, can trigger or exacerbate the condition. Skin depigmentation in particular areas in vitiligo can also be triggered by mechanical trauma: this is an example of the Koebner phenomenon.
  • #28
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is caused by the lack of a pigment called melanin in the skin. Melanin is produced by skin cells called melanocytes, and it gives your skin its colour. […] In vitiligo, there are not enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin in your skin. This causes white patches to develop on your skin or hair. […] Non-segmental vitiligo (the most common type) is thought to be an autoimmune condition. […] If you have non-segmental vitiligo, your immune system destroys the melanocyte skin cells that make melanin. […] Segmental vitiligo (the less common type) is thought to be caused by chemicals released from the nerve endings in your skin. These chemicals are poisonous to the melanocyte skin cells. […] It’s possible that vitiligo may be triggered by particular events, such as stressful events, such as childbirth, skin damage, such as severe sunburn or cuts (this is known as the Koebner response), hormonal changes to the body, such as puberty, problems with the liver or kidneys, exposure to certain chemicals. […] Vitiligo is not caused by an infection and you cannot catch it from someone else who has it.
  • #29 Causes and Risk Factors of Vitiligo
    https://www.health.com/vitiligo-causes-and-risk-factors-6836054
    Vitiligo is a skin condition that causes loss of pigmentation in areas around the body. Researchers do not know the exact cause of vitiligo, but stress and exposure to chemicals might make it worse. […] The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown, but researchers have proposed different theories. […] Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder, which happens when the body recognizes healthy cells as harmful and attacks itself. The body attacks melanocytes, or the cells that produce melanin, in vitiligo. […] Research has shown that chemical exposure may cause vitiligo or chemical-induced vitiligo. This occurs when you use products containing harmful chemicals, such as hair dyes or skin-lightening creams. These products may lead to pigment cell death when they come into contact with your skin. […] Vitiligo can sometimes run in families. This can happen if you inherit the NLRP1 and PTPN22 genes and the genes experience variations.
  • #30 Vitiligo: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12419-vitiligo
    Stress: The amount of pigment your melanocyte cells produce may change if you experience frequent emotional stress or physical stress on your body, especially after an injury. […] Environmental triggers: Factors like ultraviolet radiation and toxic chemical exposure can affect how your melanocyte cells function. […] While research is ongoing to learn more about the causes of vitiligo, studies indicate that about 30% of vitiligo cases are genetic. This means that the condition is hereditary and you could potentially inherit vitiligo from your biological family. Several possible genetic mutations affect how melanocyte cells function. If a genetic mutation targets the cells that give your skin pigment, you’ll experience symptoms of vitiligo.
  • #31 Vitiligo: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Recovery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12419-vitiligo
    Stress: The amount of pigment your melanocyte cells produce may change if you experience frequent emotional stress or physical stress on your body, especially after an injury. […] Environmental triggers: Factors like ultraviolet radiation and toxic chemical exposure can affect how your melanocyte cells function. […] While research is ongoing to learn more about the causes of vitiligo, studies indicate that about 30% of vitiligo cases are genetic. This means that the condition is hereditary and you could potentially inherit vitiligo from your biological family. Several possible genetic mutations affect how melanocyte cells function. If a genetic mutation targets the cells that give your skin pigment, you’ll experience symptoms of vitiligo.
  • #32 Vitiligo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559149/
    Vitiligo is a common acquired skin disorder that results from the loss of melanocytes from the epidermis and clinically manifests as well-demarcated white patches on the body. […] There are different theories about the pathogenesis of vitiligo, but the exact etiology is still unknown. It is a form of autoimmune disorder. […] The exact etiology of vitiligo is unknown. It is frequently associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. There are various theories about its pathogenesis and the etiology is multifactorial. […] However, various theories have been proposed about its pathogenesis, but the exact etiology is still unknown. […] Theories about melanocyte destruction include cytotoxic mechanisms, autoimmune mechanisms, intrinsic melanocyte defects, neural mechanisms, and oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms. […] This theory supports the hypothesis that nonsegmental vitiligo is more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders than the segmental type of vitiligo.
  • #33 Vitiligo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068962-overview
    Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin that is characterized by circumscribed, depigmented macules and patches. The condition is frequently associated with disorders of autoimmune origin, with thyroid abnormalities being the most common. […] Vitiligo is a multifactorial polygenic disorder with a complex pathogenesis. It is related to both genetic and nongenetic factors. Although several theories have been proposed about the pathogenesis of vitiligo, the precise cause remains unknown. Generally agreed upon principles are an absence of functional melanocytes in vitiligo skin and a loss of histochemically recognized melanocytes, owing to their destruction. However, the destruction is most likely a slow process resulting in a progressive decrease of melanocytes. Theories regarding destruction of melanocytes include autoimmune mechanisms, cytotoxic mechanisms, intrinsic melanocyte defects, oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms, and neural mechanisms, as follows:
  • #34 Vitiligo: A Review of Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Psychosocial Impact
    https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/10/3/84
    Familial clustering is observed in vitiligo. According to numerous studies, the prevalence of vitiligo among first-degree relatives ranges from 0.14% to 20%. […] According to the oxidative stress theory, the intra-epidermal buildup of reactive oxygen species, the most well-known of which is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), whose concentration can reach up to one millimole, is the primary factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. […] The biochemical theory suggests that the accumulation of toxic intermediate metabolites of melanin synthesis and inadequate free radical defence lead to excessive amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a cause of melanocyte destruction.
  • #35 Vitiligo – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo
    Variations in genes that are part of the immune system or part of melanocytes have both been associated with vitiligo. It is also thought to be caused by the immune system attacking and destroying the melanocytes of the skin. […] Vitiligo is sometimes associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus, and celiac disease. […] Numerous whole-exome sequencing studies have demonstrated that vitiligo is associated with polymorphisms in genes involved in the response to oxidative stress such as CAT, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, NFE2L2, HMOX1, GST-M1 or GST-T1 supporting the association of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in melanocytes with the induction of an auto-immune response.
  • #36 Vitiligo: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/vitiligo-pro
    Vitiligo is usually considered as an autoimmune disease and is associated with other such diseases. […] The appearance of vitiligo is due to the loss of functioning melanocytes from the epidermis. The cause remains unclear. Theories about aetiology include: […] Autoimmune: destruction of melanocytes by an autoimmune mechanism. T cells have been found to have a significant role. […] Neurochemical: destruction of the melanocytes by neurochemical mediators. […] Autocytotoxic: destruction of the melanocytes by a metabolic product of melanin. […] Biochemical: reactive oxygen species causing melanocyte damage following complex biochemical pathways. […] Genetic predisposition. […] None of these theories is entirely satisfactory and the truth is likely to be a mixture of all.
  • #37 Vitiligo causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment – TeleMed2U
    https://www.telemed2u.com/dermatology/vitiligo
    Vitiligo is caused when the body’s pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) either die or stop producing skin color (melanin). These cells give color to skin, hair and eyes. The exact cause of vitiligo is not known, but probable causes include: […] Autoimmune disorder that’s caused when the immune system mistakes a part of the body as foreign, and attacks and kills it. […] Hereditary – you’re more likely to develop it if family members are affected, especially if they have prematurely graying hair. […] Triggers such as stress, severe sunburn, skin injury, or contact with a chemical. […] Nervous system dysfunction is believed to be the cause of segmental vitiligo. […] The chances of getting vitiligo increase if you have another autoimmune disease: thyroid disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, or type 1 diabetes.
  • #38
    https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/vitiligo/
    Environmental Triggers: Exposure to certain chemicals, stressors, or traumatic events may trigger or worsen vitiligo. […] Hormonal Changes: Changes in hormone levels may contribute to the onset or progression of vitiligo. […] Viral or Bacterial Infections: Some infections have been linked to the onset of vitiligo, possibly due to triggering autoimmune responses. […] Oxidative Stress: Build-up of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skin can damage melanocytes. […] Neurochemicals: Neurotransmitters or neuropeptides released by nerve endings in the skin may contribute to the destruction of melanocytes. […] Pigment Cell Self-Destruction: Possible self-destruction of melanocytes due to intrinsic defects or abnormalities. […] Medical Conditions: Certain other medical conditions (like thyroid disorders) may increase the risk of vitiligo.
  • #39 Vitiligo: Causes, Types, and Treatment — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vitiligo
    Vitiligo is currently widely accepted to be the result of autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. […] Vitiligo is due to the loss or destruction of melanocytes (melanin-producing cells). […] Genetic factors appear to contribute to 80% of vitiligo risk, whilst environmental factors account for 20%. Many genetic loci have been identified, all related to the immune system, except for TYR which encodes tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanin production and a major autoantigen in vitiligo. […] The convergence or integrated theory combines immunological, biochemical, oxidative, and environmental mechanisms that work jointly in those with a genetic susceptibility is widely accepted. […] Autoimmune disease development has been associated with generalized vitiligo, the most common type of vitiligo, especially if there is a family history of vitiligo and other autoimmune disorders. […] The strongest association is with thyroid disease, which can affect up to 15% of adults and 5-10% of children with vitiligo. […] Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of vitiligo serves as a promising source for the development of more targeted therapies.
  • #40 Vitiligo Explained: From Causes to Comprehensive Treatment Options
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/understanding-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the melanocyte cells that create skin pigmentation. This autoimmune disease may be spontaneous, or hereditary. Statistically, people who have one or more family members with vitiligo are more likely to develop this condition. Vitiligo occurs when there are changes to a specific group of genes. Inheriting the genes related to vitiligo makes individuals more likely to experience a ‘trigger’ that will then turn on the gene and cause depigmentation to occur. Some common triggers of vitiligo include: […] Vitiligo is designated as non-segmental or segmental. Non-segmental vitiligo means that depigmentation develops on both sides of the body in a random fashion, although many times the depigmentation happens symmetrically. In distinction, people with segmental vitiligo see depigmentation develop only on one side of the body and often only in one area. Non-segmental vitiligo may continue to spread (and sometimes spontaneously improve) throughout a person’s life. Segmental vitiligo usually stabilizes within a year of symptom onset, and most people don’t develop any additional depigmented patches after the skin stabilizes. In rare cases, people may develop what’s called mixed-type vitiligo, which means they have both segmental and non-segmental vitiligo.
  • #41 Vitiligo Explained: From Causes to Comprehensive Treatment Options
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/understanding-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the melanocyte cells that create skin pigmentation. This autoimmune disease may be spontaneous, or hereditary. Statistically, people who have one or more family members with vitiligo are more likely to develop this condition. Vitiligo occurs when there are changes to a specific group of genes. Inheriting the genes related to vitiligo makes individuals more likely to experience a ‘trigger’ that will then turn on the gene and cause depigmentation to occur. Some common triggers of vitiligo include: […] Vitiligo is designated as non-segmental or segmental. Non-segmental vitiligo means that depigmentation develops on both sides of the body in a random fashion, although many times the depigmentation happens symmetrically. In distinction, people with segmental vitiligo see depigmentation develop only on one side of the body and often only in one area. Non-segmental vitiligo may continue to spread (and sometimes spontaneously improve) throughout a person’s life. Segmental vitiligo usually stabilizes within a year of symptom onset, and most people don’t develop any additional depigmented patches after the skin stabilizes. In rare cases, people may develop what’s called mixed-type vitiligo, which means they have both segmental and non-segmental vitiligo.
  • #42
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is caused by the lack of a pigment called melanin in the skin. Melanin is produced by skin cells called melanocytes, and it gives your skin its colour. […] In vitiligo, there are not enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin in your skin. This causes white patches to develop on your skin or hair. […] Non-segmental vitiligo (the most common type) is thought to be an autoimmune condition. […] If you have non-segmental vitiligo, your immune system destroys the melanocyte skin cells that make melanin. […] Segmental vitiligo (the less common type) is thought to be caused by chemicals released from the nerve endings in your skin. These chemicals are poisonous to the melanocyte skin cells. […] It’s possible that vitiligo may be triggered by particular events, such as stressful events, such as childbirth, skin damage, such as severe sunburn or cuts (this is known as the Koebner response), hormonal changes to the body, such as puberty, problems with the liver or kidneys, exposure to certain chemicals. […] Vitiligo is not caused by an infection and you cannot catch it from someone else who has it.
  • #43 Vitiligo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559149/
    Vitiligo is a common acquired skin disorder that results from the loss of melanocytes from the epidermis and clinically manifests as well-demarcated white patches on the body. […] There are different theories about the pathogenesis of vitiligo, but the exact etiology is still unknown. It is a form of autoimmune disorder. […] The exact etiology of vitiligo is unknown. It is frequently associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. There are various theories about its pathogenesis and the etiology is multifactorial. […] However, various theories have been proposed about its pathogenesis, but the exact etiology is still unknown. […] Theories about melanocyte destruction include cytotoxic mechanisms, autoimmune mechanisms, intrinsic melanocyte defects, neural mechanisms, and oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms. […] This theory supports the hypothesis that nonsegmental vitiligo is more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders than the segmental type of vitiligo.
  • #44 Vitiligo Explained: From Causes to Comprehensive Treatment Options
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/understanding-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the melanocyte cells that create skin pigmentation. This autoimmune disease may be spontaneous, or hereditary. Statistically, people who have one or more family members with vitiligo are more likely to develop this condition. Vitiligo occurs when there are changes to a specific group of genes. Inheriting the genes related to vitiligo makes individuals more likely to experience a ‘trigger’ that will then turn on the gene and cause depigmentation to occur. Some common triggers of vitiligo include: […] Vitiligo is designated as non-segmental or segmental. Non-segmental vitiligo means that depigmentation develops on both sides of the body in a random fashion, although many times the depigmentation happens symmetrically. In distinction, people with segmental vitiligo see depigmentation develop only on one side of the body and often only in one area. Non-segmental vitiligo may continue to spread (and sometimes spontaneously improve) throughout a person’s life. Segmental vitiligo usually stabilizes within a year of symptom onset, and most people don’t develop any additional depigmented patches after the skin stabilizes. In rare cases, people may develop what’s called mixed-type vitiligo, which means they have both segmental and non-segmental vitiligo.
  • #45 Vitiligo Explained: From Causes to Comprehensive Treatment Options
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/understanding-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the melanocyte cells that create skin pigmentation. This autoimmune disease may be spontaneous, or hereditary. Statistically, people who have one or more family members with vitiligo are more likely to develop this condition. Vitiligo occurs when there are changes to a specific group of genes. Inheriting the genes related to vitiligo makes individuals more likely to experience a ‘trigger’ that will then turn on the gene and cause depigmentation to occur. Some common triggers of vitiligo include: […] Vitiligo is designated as non-segmental or segmental. Non-segmental vitiligo means that depigmentation develops on both sides of the body in a random fashion, although many times the depigmentation happens symmetrically. In distinction, people with segmental vitiligo see depigmentation develop only on one side of the body and often only in one area. Non-segmental vitiligo may continue to spread (and sometimes spontaneously improve) throughout a person’s life. Segmental vitiligo usually stabilizes within a year of symptom onset, and most people don’t develop any additional depigmented patches after the skin stabilizes. In rare cases, people may develop what’s called mixed-type vitiligo, which means they have both segmental and non-segmental vitiligo.
  • #46
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is caused by the lack of a pigment called melanin in the skin. Melanin is produced by skin cells called melanocytes, and it gives your skin its colour. […] In vitiligo, there are not enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin in your skin. This causes white patches to develop on your skin or hair. […] Non-segmental vitiligo (the most common type) is thought to be an autoimmune condition. […] If you have non-segmental vitiligo, your immune system destroys the melanocyte skin cells that make melanin. […] Segmental vitiligo (the less common type) is thought to be caused by chemicals released from the nerve endings in your skin. These chemicals are poisonous to the melanocyte skin cells. […] It’s possible that vitiligo may be triggered by particular events, such as stressful events, such as childbirth, skin damage, such as severe sunburn or cuts (this is known as the Koebner response), hormonal changes to the body, such as puberty, problems with the liver or kidneys, exposure to certain chemicals. […] Vitiligo is not caused by an infection and you cannot catch it from someone else who has it.
  • #47 What Causes Vitiligo (White Spots on Skin)? Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_is_the_main_cause_of_vitiligo/article_em.htm
    The main cause of non-segmental vitiligo (the most common type of vitiligo) is believed to be an autoimmune response. […] The main cause of segmental vitiligo is believed to be due to chemicals released from the nerve endings in the skin that are poisonous to melanocyte skin cells. […] In non-segmental vitiligo, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the melanocyte skin cells that make melanin. […] Risk factors for developing non-segmental vitiligo include: Family history of the condition, Family history of other autoimmune conditions, Another co-existing autoimmune condition, Melanoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • #48 Vitiligo Explained: From Causes to Comprehensive Treatment Options
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/understanding-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the melanocyte cells that create skin pigmentation. This autoimmune disease may be spontaneous, or hereditary. Statistically, people who have one or more family members with vitiligo are more likely to develop this condition. Vitiligo occurs when there are changes to a specific group of genes. Inheriting the genes related to vitiligo makes individuals more likely to experience a ‘trigger’ that will then turn on the gene and cause depigmentation to occur. Some common triggers of vitiligo include: […] Vitiligo is designated as non-segmental or segmental. Non-segmental vitiligo means that depigmentation develops on both sides of the body in a random fashion, although many times the depigmentation happens symmetrically. In distinction, people with segmental vitiligo see depigmentation develop only on one side of the body and often only in one area. Non-segmental vitiligo may continue to spread (and sometimes spontaneously improve) throughout a person’s life. Segmental vitiligo usually stabilizes within a year of symptom onset, and most people don’t develop any additional depigmented patches after the skin stabilizes. In rare cases, people may develop what’s called mixed-type vitiligo, which means they have both segmental and non-segmental vitiligo.
  • #49 Vitiligo Explained: From Causes to Comprehensive Treatment Options
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/understanding-vitiligo/
    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the melanocyte cells that create skin pigmentation. This autoimmune disease may be spontaneous, or hereditary. Statistically, people who have one or more family members with vitiligo are more likely to develop this condition. Vitiligo occurs when there are changes to a specific group of genes. Inheriting the genes related to vitiligo makes individuals more likely to experience a ‘trigger’ that will then turn on the gene and cause depigmentation to occur. Some common triggers of vitiligo include: […] Vitiligo is designated as non-segmental or segmental. Non-segmental vitiligo means that depigmentation develops on both sides of the body in a random fashion, although many times the depigmentation happens symmetrically. In distinction, people with segmental vitiligo see depigmentation develop only on one side of the body and often only in one area. Non-segmental vitiligo may continue to spread (and sometimes spontaneously improve) throughout a person’s life. Segmental vitiligo usually stabilizes within a year of symptom onset, and most people don’t develop any additional depigmented patches after the skin stabilizes. In rare cases, people may develop what’s called mixed-type vitiligo, which means they have both segmental and non-segmental vitiligo.
  • #50 Drug-induced vitiligo
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/drug-induced-vitiligo
    Vitiligo is a common pigmentation disorder in which the pigment cells (melanocytes) are destroyed by an autoimmune process. […] Drug-induced vitiligo is similar to the non-drug-induced form of vitiligo and is likely due to a similar autoimmune process. […] The most common causes of drug-induced vitiligo are immune-modulating, biologic or targeted medicines. […] The mechanism of drug-induced vitiligo is uncertain and there are currently autoimmune, neural and cytotoxic theories in relation to this. […] Drug-induced vitiligo usually resolves when the offending drug is discontinued, but the time it takes to happen can vary greatly.
  • #51 Drug-induced vitiligo
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/drug-induced-vitiligo
    Vitiligo is a common pigmentation disorder in which the pigment cells (melanocytes) are destroyed by an autoimmune process. […] Drug-induced vitiligo is similar to the non-drug-induced form of vitiligo and is likely due to a similar autoimmune process. […] The most common causes of drug-induced vitiligo are immune-modulating, biologic or targeted medicines. […] The mechanism of drug-induced vitiligo is uncertain and there are currently autoimmune, neural and cytotoxic theories in relation to this. […] Drug-induced vitiligo usually resolves when the offending drug is discontinued, but the time it takes to happen can vary greatly.
  • #52 Vitiligo – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/pigment-disorders/vitiligo
    The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it is a disorder of skin pigmentation that may involve an attack by the immune system on the cells that produce the skin pigment melanin (melanocytes). […] Vitiligo may occur with certain other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders (when the body attacks its own tissues) and particularly thyroid disease. It is most strongly associated with an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism, particularly when caused by Graves disease) and an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism, particularly when caused by Hashimoto thyroiditis). People with diabetes, Addison disease, and pernicious anemia also are somewhat more likely to develop vitiligo. However, the relationship between these disorders and vitiligo is unclear. […] Occasionally, vitiligo occurs after physical injury to the skin, for example, as a response to a chemical burn or sunburn. People may also notice vitiligo is triggered by an episode of emotional stress. […] Immunotherapy can also trigger vitiligo as a side effect (for example, when immunotherapy is used for treatment of melanoma).
  • #53 Vitiligo: Causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/vitiligo-causes
    Developing vitiligo while treating melanoma with immunotherapy is considered a good sign. Studies indicate that patients who develop vitiligo while undergoing this treatment have higher survival rates. […] Vitiligo also appears more often in people who have moles on their skin called halo nevi. This type of mole has a white ring around it.
  • #54 Vitiligo: Causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/vitiligo-causes
    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. This type of disease develops when your immune system attacks part of your own body. […] If you have vitiligo, your immune system attacks cells in your body called melanocytes. These are cells that make pigment. […] Vitiligo develops when changes occur in these genes, and the changes happen in the right combination. […] Known vitiligo triggers include: A severe sunburn, Injured skin (cut, scrape, burn), Getting a strong chemical like phenol on your skin. […] Some people have an increased risk of developing a type of vitiligo called non-segmental vitiligo. This is the most common type of vitiligo. […] Your risk increases if: Blood relatives have vitiligo. Blood relatives have certain other autoimmune diseases (develops when your immune system attacks part of your own body), especially one that affects the thyroid (gland in your throat) or alopecia areata (type of hair loss).
  • #55 Vitiligo: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/vitiligo-causes-and-risk-factors-5192401
    Stressful events or chronic emotional and physical stress may trigger both the development and progression of vitiligo, particularly in patients who are predisposed because of their genes. […] Contact with or exposure to certain chemicals might be another environmental risk factor for developing vitiligo. […] Some experts have hypothesized that the chemicals accelerate stress pathways that are already present in melanocytes, leading to autoimmune inflammation.
  • #56 Vitiligo: Causes, Types, and Treatment — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vitiligo
    Vitiligo is currently widely accepted to be the result of autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. […] Vitiligo is due to the loss or destruction of melanocytes (melanin-producing cells). […] Genetic factors appear to contribute to 80% of vitiligo risk, whilst environmental factors account for 20%. Many genetic loci have been identified, all related to the immune system, except for TYR which encodes tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanin production and a major autoantigen in vitiligo. […] The convergence or integrated theory combines immunological, biochemical, oxidative, and environmental mechanisms that work jointly in those with a genetic susceptibility is widely accepted. […] Autoimmune disease development has been associated with generalized vitiligo, the most common type of vitiligo, especially if there is a family history of vitiligo and other autoimmune disorders. […] The strongest association is with thyroid disease, which can affect up to 15% of adults and 5-10% of children with vitiligo. […] Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of vitiligo serves as a promising source for the development of more targeted therapies.
  • #57 New Studies Highlight Causes of Vitiligo
    https://news.cuanschutz.edu/medicine/causes-of-vitiligo
    A pair of new journal articles by researchers at the University of Colorado School of Medicine indicate that both genetic and environmental factors play significant roles in the onset of vitiligo, an autoimmune disease that results in the loss of color in blotches of skin. […] The findings also show that while the tools for scientific understanding of the genetic basis of a complex disease like vitiligo have advanced, there are still many other as-yet unidentified factors that contribute to vitiligo’s onset. […] We found that the vitiligo genetic risk score is higher in the multiplex families than in the simplex cases, and the more affected relatives in the family the higher the risk score. […] That means that vitiligo in multiplex families and simplex cases is basically the same, but that the families with multiple affected relatives have higher genetic risk.
  • #58 Vitiligo Etiology and Patient Communication
    https://www.hcplive.com/view/vitiligo-etiology-and-patient-communication
    In terms of what causes vitiligo, we know that there are 40 or 50 genes associated with vitiligo. Ninety percent of them are immune-associated genes having to do with T cells and dendritic cells, and 10% are melanocyte-specific genes. When you see these gene abnormalities because the body is attacking, the T cells are against the melanocytic antigens. We think that the actual genetic cause is about 30% of the overall cause. […] We say that because lets say you have a twin brother whos genetically identical to you. If that brother develops vitiligo, you have about a 25% chance of getting vitiligo. That tells us that genes arent everything, and that 70% or 75% is environmental, and we havent discovered that environmental cause. Is it a virus? Is it a food? Is it an allergen that we havent discovered that causes the vitiligo? Perhaps its an insect bite, which then epitope spreading then leads to vitiligo. We havent figured that out in terms of environmental cause. Both are needed.
  • #59 Vitiligo Etiology and Patient Communication
    https://www.hcplive.com/view/vitiligo-etiology-and-patient-communication
    In terms of what causes vitiligo, we know that there are 40 or 50 genes associated with vitiligo. Ninety percent of them are immune-associated genes having to do with T cells and dendritic cells, and 10% are melanocyte-specific genes. When you see these gene abnormalities because the body is attacking, the T cells are against the melanocytic antigens. We think that the actual genetic cause is about 30% of the overall cause. […] We say that because lets say you have a twin brother whos genetically identical to you. If that brother develops vitiligo, you have about a 25% chance of getting vitiligo. That tells us that genes arent everything, and that 70% or 75% is environmental, and we havent discovered that environmental cause. Is it a virus? Is it a food? Is it an allergen that we havent discovered that causes the vitiligo? Perhaps its an insect bite, which then epitope spreading then leads to vitiligo. We havent figured that out in terms of environmental cause. Both are needed.
  • #60 Vitiligo Etiology and Patient Communication
    https://www.hcplive.com/view/vitiligo-etiology-and-patient-communication
    What I tell them is that vitiligo is an immune-mediated disease in which the immune system is attacking the skin. The immune system is present in your lymph nodes, your spleen, your bone marrow. At some point in your life, around the time your vitiligo started, your immune system started creating millions of T cells that we call CD8+ T cells, whose goal in life is only 1 thing: to destroy your melanocytes. Those T cells are circulating in your bloodstream, and we havent discovered a way to remove them permanently from your bone marrow, from your blood, without knocking out your entire immune system, which wouldnt be healthy for you. Unfortunately, you now have these T cells, which is why theyre coming out of the skin. These T cells are attacking the melanocytes. Our goal is to remove them from the skin. But I dont have a way of removing them from your bloodstream, so youll have that risk of developing new lesions if youre not treating the skin.
  • #61 Vitiligo: Causes, Types, and Treatment — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vitiligo
    Vitiligo is currently widely accepted to be the result of autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. […] Vitiligo is due to the loss or destruction of melanocytes (melanin-producing cells). […] Genetic factors appear to contribute to 80% of vitiligo risk, whilst environmental factors account for 20%. Many genetic loci have been identified, all related to the immune system, except for TYR which encodes tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanin production and a major autoantigen in vitiligo. […] The convergence or integrated theory combines immunological, biochemical, oxidative, and environmental mechanisms that work jointly in those with a genetic susceptibility is widely accepted. […] Autoimmune disease development has been associated with generalized vitiligo, the most common type of vitiligo, especially if there is a family history of vitiligo and other autoimmune disorders. […] The strongest association is with thyroid disease, which can affect up to 15% of adults and 5-10% of children with vitiligo. […] Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of vitiligo serves as a promising source for the development of more targeted therapies.
  • #62 New Studies Highlight Causes of Vitiligo
    https://news.cuanschutz.edu/medicine/causes-of-vitiligo
    That finding complicates the ability of scientists and physicians who want to predict who might be affected by vitiligo. […] The authors write that one or more environmental changes seem to have altered triggering of vitiligo and delayed disease onset, with a similar pattern both in North America and in Europe. […] While this apparently beneficial change provides an extraordinary inroad to discover vitiligo environmental triggers, the number of potential candidates is enormous. […] Among just a few of the possibilities in the United States: The Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1970, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, the Water Quality Act of 1969, the establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 1970. […] Even eating habits may contribute.
  • #63 Vitiligo: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/vitiligo-pro
    Vitiligo is usually considered as an autoimmune disease and is associated with other such diseases. […] The appearance of vitiligo is due to the loss of functioning melanocytes from the epidermis. The cause remains unclear. Theories about aetiology include: […] Autoimmune: destruction of melanocytes by an autoimmune mechanism. T cells have been found to have a significant role. […] Neurochemical: destruction of the melanocytes by neurochemical mediators. […] Autocytotoxic: destruction of the melanocytes by a metabolic product of melanin. […] Biochemical: reactive oxygen species causing melanocyte damage following complex biochemical pathways. […] Genetic predisposition. […] None of these theories is entirely satisfactory and the truth is likely to be a mixture of all.
  • #64 New Studies Highlight Causes of Vitiligo
    https://news.cuanschutz.edu/medicine/causes-of-vitiligo
    That finding complicates the ability of scientists and physicians who want to predict who might be affected by vitiligo. […] The authors write that one or more environmental changes seem to have altered triggering of vitiligo and delayed disease onset, with a similar pattern both in North America and in Europe. […] While this apparently beneficial change provides an extraordinary inroad to discover vitiligo environmental triggers, the number of potential candidates is enormous. […] Among just a few of the possibilities in the United States: The Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1970, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, the Water Quality Act of 1969, the establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 1970. […] Even eating habits may contribute.