Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brachial Plexus Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/brachial-plexus-injury

  The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that carries signals from the upper parts of the spinal cord to your shoulder, arm, and hand. […] Brachial plexus injuries (also known as Erb’s palsy and Dejerine-Klumpke palsy) are caused by damage to those nerves, typically from trauma, tumors, inflammation, pressure, athletic injuries, or being stretched too far. […] Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen when a baby’s shoulders become impacted during delivery and the brachial plexus nerves stretch or tear. […] Some brachial plexus injuries may heal without treatment. […] In some cases (such as avulsion and rupture injuries), surgery is needed.

• #2 Brachial Plexus Injury: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22822-brachial-plexus-injury

  A brachial plexus injury involves sudden damage to the network of nerves that branch off from your spinal cord in your neck and extend down into your shoulder, arm and hand. […] Injury to your brachial plexus often happens when your arm is forcibly pulled or stretched or your head and neck are forcibly pulled away from your shoulder. […] The brachial plexus begins at your neck and crosses your upper chest to your armpit. Injury to this network of nerves often happens when your arm is forcibly pulled or stretched or your head and neck are forcibly pulled away from your shoulder. […] Babies can experience brachial plexus injuries while in the uterus or during delivery. This injury is called neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). […] Brachial plexus injuries can occur as a result of: Forceful trauma, Tumors, Inflammation, Injuries at birth.

• #3 Brachial Plexus Injury: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22822-brachial-plexus-injury

  Damage to the upper part of your brachial plexus often occurs when your shoulder is forced down while your neck is forced up and away from your shoulder. […] Damage to the lower part of your brachial nerves is more likely to happen when your arm is suddenly forced above your head. […] Infants can experience brachial plexus injuries due to compression inside their birth mothers uterus or during a difficult delivery. This injury is called neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). Injury may be caused by the following situations: Your infants head and neck pull toward one side as their shoulders pass through the birth canal, Stretching of your infants shoulders during a head-first delivery, Pressure on your babys raised arms during a breech (feet-first) delivery.

• #4 Brachial Plexus Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/brachial-plexus-injuries/

  Brachial plexus injuries vary greatly in severity, depending upon the type of injury and the amount of force placed on the plexus. The same patient can injure several different nerves of the brachial plexus in varying severity. […] Most traumatic brachial plexus injuries occur when the arm is forcefully pulled or stretched. Many events can cause the injury, including falls, motor vehicle collisions, knife and gunshot wounds, and most commonly, motorcycle collisions. […] It is not known exactly how many brachial plexus injuries occur each year, but the number seems to be growing worldwide. Increased participation in high-energy sports and higher rates of survival from high-speed motor vehicle collisions may be factors in the growing number of these injuries. […] Many brachial plexus injuries occur when the arm is pulled downward and the head is pushed to the opposite side.

• #5 Brachial plexus injury | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/brachial-plexus-injury?content_id=CON-20127291

  Brachial plexus injuries in the upper nerves happen when the shoulder is forced down on one side of the body and the head is pushed to the other side in the opposite direction. […] These injuries can happen in many ways, including: […] Many injuries including those from motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, falls or bullet wounds can damage the brachial plexus. […] Playing contact sports, especially football and wrestling, or being in high-speed motor vehicle accidents increases the risk of brachial plexus injury.

• #6 Brachial Plexus Injuries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482305/

  Obstetric injury; severe trauma caused by falls, direct, blunt blows, or high-speed motor vehicle collisions; penetrating injury; forceful traction injury; and compression injury can all result in damage to the brachial plexus. […] Upper trunk traction injuries occur when the head and neck are violently pulled caudally from the shoulder and torso. Similarly, lower trunk traction injuries occur when the arm is violently abducted above the head. […] In the polytrauma patient, injuries to the brachial plexus are rare, but concomitant blunt trauma to the head, torso, extremities, and major blood vessels often takes precedence for treatment and further obscures the clinical picture.

• #7 Brachial Plexus Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/brachial-plexus-injuries/

  Lower brachial plexus injuries occur when the arm and shoulder are forced upward, increasing the angle between the arm and the chest. […] Brachial plexus injuries caused by a gunshot wound do not typically damage the nerve severely. […] A brachial plexus injury caused by a penetrating wound, such as a knife wound (laceration), may damage or cut the nerve. This type of injury to the nerve will not typically recover on its own, prompting more immediate treatment. […] Because brachial plexus injuries are typically caused by high-energy, forceful events, many patients have additional injuries.

• #8 Brachial Plexus Injury: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22822-brachial-plexus-injury

  Damage to the upper part of your brachial plexus often occurs when your shoulder is forced down while your neck is forced up and away from your shoulder. […] Damage to the lower part of your brachial nerves is more likely to happen when your arm is suddenly forced above your head. […] Infants can experience brachial plexus injuries due to compression inside their birth mothers uterus or during a difficult delivery. This injury is called neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). Injury may be caused by the following situations: Your infants head and neck pull toward one side as their shoulders pass through the birth canal, Stretching of your infants shoulders during a head-first delivery, Pressure on your babys raised arms during a breech (feet-first) delivery.

• #9 Erb’s Palsy: What Is it, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21986-erbs-palsy

  Erbs palsy is muscle weakness in the arm or shoulder that can occur as a result of an injury sustained during birth or later in life. Its most common in infants who injured their shoulders during delivery. […] The brachial plexus is a group of five nerves that connect the spine to the arm and hand. These nerves allow your shoulder, arms and hands to feel and move. If these brachial plexus nerves dont work well due to stretching or tearing, the condition is called a brachial plexus palsy. […] There are four types of brachial plexus injuries: Avulsion is when the nerve rips away from the spine and is the most serious type of Erb’s palsy. Rupture is when the nerve is torn, but not from the spine. Neuroma is when the nerve has torn and healed but has left scar tissue. The scarred tissue puts pressure on the injured nerve and prevents it from conducting signals to the muscles. Neurapraxia is when the nerve is stretched but not torn. Neurapraxia is the most common type of brachial plexus injury.

• #10 Erb’s Palsy: What Is it, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21986-erbs-palsy

  Erbs palsy is muscle weakness in the arm or shoulder that can occur as a result of an injury sustained during birth or later in life. Its most common in infants who injured their shoulders during delivery. […] The brachial plexus is a group of five nerves that connect the spine to the arm and hand. These nerves allow your shoulder, arms and hands to feel and move. If these brachial plexus nerves dont work well due to stretching or tearing, the condition is called a brachial plexus palsy. […] There are four types of brachial plexus injuries: Avulsion is when the nerve rips away from the spine and is the most serious type of Erb’s palsy. Rupture is when the nerve is torn, but not from the spine. Neuroma is when the nerve has torn and healed but has left scar tissue. The scarred tissue puts pressure on the injured nerve and prevents it from conducting signals to the muscles. Neurapraxia is when the nerve is stretched but not torn. Neurapraxia is the most common type of brachial plexus injury.

• #11 Brachial Plexus Injury | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/b/brachial-plexus

  A brachial plexus birth injury is thought to be caused by an injury involving the child’s brachial plexus during the delivery process. This injury may result in incomplete sensory and / or motor function of the involved arm. […] Traumatic brachial plexus injuries may occur due to motor vehicle accidents, bike accidents, ATV accidents, sports, etc. Nerve injuries vary in severity from a mild stretch to the nerve root tearing away from the spinal cord. […] A brachial plexus injury was found to occur in 1.5 of every 1,000 live births. […] Over half of brachial plexus injuries have no known risk factors.

• #12 Brachial Plexus Injury Newborn | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/brachial-plexus-injury-newborns/

  The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that allows us to move our hands, arms, and wrists. […] Brachial plexus injury occurs in about one to three out of every 1,000 births. Tearing, stretching, or compressing their tiny nerve system during difficult deliveries can create communication problems between the spinal cord and their arms, hands, and wrists. […] Many factors can increase the chances of a brachial plexus injury at birth. A baby’s brachial plexus is vulnerable during birth, especially the nerves in the shoulder. […] The existence of these conditions or delivery characteristics can cause injury at birth: Baby’s large shoulders gets caught when passing through the birth canal, Mother has diabetes, Infant’s shoulders stretched in a head-first birth, Difficulty getting shoulders to emerge after the head is already out, Pressure on infant’s raised arms during a feet-first (breech) delivery, Prolonged, difficult labor, Pulling of the head and neck sideways as shoulders move through the birth canal, Twins or multiple pregnancies, Prior infant delivery with a brachial plexus injury, Vacuum or forceps improperly utilized can cause excessive pulling that injures the nerves, Premature birth where underdeveloped nerves and muscles are vulnerable to overstretching.

• #13 Causes of Brachial Plexus Injury at Birth | Get Answers Now

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/brachial-plexus-injury/causes/

  The primary risk factor for a brachial plexus birth injury is shoulder dystocia. This medical emergency is a delivery complication that happens when a baby’s shoulder gets stuck behind the mother’s pelvic bone. […] Maternal risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy include having gestational diabetes, maternal obesity, or a history of delivering large babies. […] Yes, many of the causes of brachial plexus injury at birth could have been prevented with proper medical care.

• #14 Brachial Plexus & Traumatic Nerve Injury: Conditions | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/brachialplexuscenter-conditions.asp

  In brachial plexus injuries, the term avulsion is used to describe a condition where the roots of the nerves are torn away from the spinal cord. […] Multiple root avulsion is the most common diagnosis in high-energy, traumatic brachial plexus injuries, such as occur in a motorcycle or off-road vehicle accident. […] Injury to the axillary nerve and resulting paralysis of the deltoid muscle usually results from shoulder trauma such as dislocation and/or fracture. […] Motor vehicle accidents, a fall from a height, or a sports injury from skiing, snowboarding, football or rugby are among the common causes. […] The term birth palsy (or paralysis) refers to injuries to the brachial plexus incurred as the baby emerges from the birth canal. […] In such instances, the baby’s shoulder is stuck against the mother’s pubic bone during delivery (a condition also referred to as shoulder dystocia), as the head emerges in the other direction, resulting in a traction injury.

• #15 Newborn Brachial Plexus Injuries (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/brachial-plexus.html

  Brachial plexus injuries affect the nerve network that provides feeling and muscle control in the shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, and fingers. […] In newborns, these injuries can happen if: the birth is complicated by a breech (bottom-first) delivery, the mother has a very long labor, the baby weighs 8 pounds or more, the baby’s shoulders are too wide to fit through the birth canal. […] During childbirth, a brachial plexus injury can happen if the baby’s neck is stretched to one side. […] When a strong force increases the angle between the neck and shoulders, the brachial plexus nerves might stretch or tear. The injury may also pull the nerve roots of the brachial plexus from the spinal cord.

• #16 Brachial Plexus Birth Injury | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/brachial-plexus-birth-injury

  Brachial plexus birth injury, also known as brachial plexus injury, is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs in about one to three out of every 1,000 births. […] The nerves of the brachial plexus may be stretched, compressed, or torn in a difficult delivery. […] The causes of brachial plexus injury may include: large gestational size, breech birth, prolonged or difficult labor, vacuum- or forceps-assisted delivery, twin or multiple pregnancy, history of a prior delivery resulting in brachial plexus birth injury.

• #17 Causes of Brachial Plexus Injury at Birth | Get Answers Now

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/brachial-plexus-injury/causes/

  Brachial plexus birth injuries affect the nerves controlling a baby’s upper arm, shoulder, and hand during delivery. These injuries can cause weakness, limited motion, or paralysis, leading to conditions like Erb’s palsy. Learn common causes of brachial plexus birth injuries. If medical mistakes are to blame for your child’s condition, you may be able to access money for care. […] There are several causes of brachial plexus injury at birth, including stretching, pressure, or tearing of a baby’s delicate nerves during delivery. […] Often, the causes of brachial plexus injury happen when a baby’s neck is strongly pulled to one side, putting too much pressure on the nerves that lie along the neck and shoulder. These nerves control the upper arm and hand. […] These are common risk factors and causes of brachial plexus injury at birth: Breech delivery, with the baby being born feet- or buttocks-first; History of a previous delivery resulting in a brachial plexus injury; Larger-than-average baby size, increasing delivery complications; Prolonged or difficult labor, placing stress on the baby’s nerves; Shoulder dystocia (infant’s shoulders get stuck behind the pelvis); Twin or multiple pregnancies, which add complexity to delivery; Use of delivery tools, like forceps or vacuum extractors.

• #18 Brachial plexus injury in newborns: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001395.htm

  The nerves of the brachial plexus can be affected by compression inside the mother’s womb or during a difficult delivery. Injury may be caused by: […] The following factors increase the risk of NBPP: Breech delivery, Maternal obesity, Larger-than-average newborn (such as an infant of a diabetic mother), Difficulty delivering the baby’s shoulder after the head has already come out (called shoulder dystocia). […] Although a C-section reduces the risk of injury, it does not prevent it.

• #19 Brachial Plexus Birth Injury | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/brachial-plexus-birth-injury

  Brachial plexus birth injury, also known as brachial plexus injury, is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs in about one to three out of every 1,000 births. […] The nerves of the brachial plexus may be stretched, compressed, or torn in a difficult delivery. […] The causes of brachial plexus injury may include: large gestational size, breech birth, prolonged or difficult labor, vacuum- or forceps-assisted delivery, twin or multiple pregnancy, history of a prior delivery resulting in brachial plexus birth injury.

• #20 Brachial Plexus Injury

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/brachial-plexus/brachial-plexus-injury

  The main cause is the birth of a large baby through a small birth passage. […] A brachial plexus injury may happen if the neck and shoulder of the baby are stretched during delivery. […] Trauma, like car crashes, sports injuries, or falls, can cause brachial plexus injuries in older children.

• #21 Medical Malpractice Related Causes of Brachial Plexus Injuries

  https://stoppingmedicalmistakes.com/medical-malpractice-related-causes-of-brachial-plexus-injuries/

  Brachial plexus injuries can occur for a variety of reasons, but most often are due to inappropriate manipulation of the baby’s head, neck, or arms during delivery. […] Often times, they could have been entirely prevented. Examples of preventable causes of brachial plexus injuries include the following: […] Excessive use of force when pulling the baby out during delivery […] Pulling on the baby during a contraction […] Failure to assess for cephalopelvic disproportion prior to delivery […] Failure to move forward with a c-section instead of a vaginal delivery when it is indicated, leading to more aggressive maneuvers needing to be performed, leading to a brachial plexus injury […] Failing to safely hold the baby as it is delivered, leading to the baby being dropped on their shoulders, head, or neck […] Failure to appropriately use extraction tools such as the vacuum extractor or forceps.

• #22 Causes of Brachial Plexus Injury at Birth | Get Answers Now

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/brachial-plexus-injury/causes/

  Brachial plexus birth injuries affect the nerves controlling a baby’s upper arm, shoulder, and hand during delivery. These injuries can cause weakness, limited motion, or paralysis, leading to conditions like Erb’s palsy. Learn common causes of brachial plexus birth injuries. If medical mistakes are to blame for your child’s condition, you may be able to access money for care. […] There are several causes of brachial plexus injury at birth, including stretching, pressure, or tearing of a baby’s delicate nerves during delivery. […] Often, the causes of brachial plexus injury happen when a baby’s neck is strongly pulled to one side, putting too much pressure on the nerves that lie along the neck and shoulder. These nerves control the upper arm and hand. […] These are common risk factors and causes of brachial plexus injury at birth: Breech delivery, with the baby being born feet- or buttocks-first; History of a previous delivery resulting in a brachial plexus injury; Larger-than-average baby size, increasing delivery complications; Prolonged or difficult labor, placing stress on the baby’s nerves; Shoulder dystocia (infant’s shoulders get stuck behind the pelvis); Twin or multiple pregnancies, which add complexity to delivery; Use of delivery tools, like forceps or vacuum extractors.

• #23 Causes of Brachial Plexus Injuries | Beam LegalAccessibility ToolsGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetSitemap

  https://www.beamlegalteam.com/blog/causes-of-brachial-plexus-injuries/

  An injury to the brachial plexus can be a devastating, life-changing injury to a child that occurs during birth. […] To identify these types of injuries, it’s first important to examine what the cause of the birth injury is. […] Excessive pressures during labor caused by excessive use of Pitocin, a fetal-pelvic misfit or cephalopelvic disproportion, or excessive traction forces during delivery with forceps or vacuum can cause the nerves of the brachial plexus to stretch or tear. […] These types of injuries are usually caused by a long labor in which the baby, due to his or her size or the size or shape of the mother’s pelvis, has difficulty navigating the birth canal and being delivered. […] Maternal factors that are related to shoulder dystocia include: Diabetes, Excessive weight gain in pregnancy (more than 30 pounds above normal weight gain), Small stature. […] Patients with these risk factors should be assessed prior to birth, and alternatives to natural birth should be discussed.

• #24 Causes of Brachial Plexus Injury at Birth | Get Answers Now

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/brachial-plexus-injury/causes/

  The primary risk factor for a brachial plexus birth injury is shoulder dystocia. This medical emergency is a delivery complication that happens when a baby’s shoulder gets stuck behind the mother’s pelvic bone. […] Maternal risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy include having gestational diabetes, maternal obesity, or a history of delivering large babies. […] Yes, many of the causes of brachial plexus injury at birth could have been prevented with proper medical care.

• #25 Brachial plexus injury in newborns: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001395.htm

  The nerves of the brachial plexus can be affected by compression inside the mother’s womb or during a difficult delivery. Injury may be caused by: […] The following factors increase the risk of NBPP: Breech delivery, Maternal obesity, Larger-than-average newborn (such as an infant of a diabetic mother), Difficulty delivering the baby’s shoulder after the head has already come out (called shoulder dystocia). […] Although a C-section reduces the risk of injury, it does not prevent it.

• #26 Causes of Brachial Plexus Injury at Birth | Get Answers Now

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/brachial-plexus-injury/causes/

  The primary risk factor for a brachial plexus birth injury is shoulder dystocia. This medical emergency is a delivery complication that happens when a baby’s shoulder gets stuck behind the mother’s pelvic bone. […] Maternal risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy include having gestational diabetes, maternal obesity, or a history of delivering large babies. […] Yes, many of the causes of brachial plexus injury at birth could have been prevented with proper medical care.

• #27 Causes of Brachial Plexus Injury at Birth | Get Answers Now

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/brachial-plexus-injury/causes/

  Brachial plexus birth injuries affect the nerves controlling a baby’s upper arm, shoulder, and hand during delivery. These injuries can cause weakness, limited motion, or paralysis, leading to conditions like Erb’s palsy. Learn common causes of brachial plexus birth injuries. If medical mistakes are to blame for your child’s condition, you may be able to access money for care. […] There are several causes of brachial plexus injury at birth, including stretching, pressure, or tearing of a baby’s delicate nerves during delivery. […] Often, the causes of brachial plexus injury happen when a baby’s neck is strongly pulled to one side, putting too much pressure on the nerves that lie along the neck and shoulder. These nerves control the upper arm and hand. […] These are common risk factors and causes of brachial plexus injury at birth: Breech delivery, with the baby being born feet- or buttocks-first; History of a previous delivery resulting in a brachial plexus injury; Larger-than-average baby size, increasing delivery complications; Prolonged or difficult labor, placing stress on the baby’s nerves; Shoulder dystocia (infant’s shoulders get stuck behind the pelvis); Twin or multiple pregnancies, which add complexity to delivery; Use of delivery tools, like forceps or vacuum extractors.

• #28 Brachial Plexus Birth Injury | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/brachial-plexus-birth-injury

  Brachial plexus birth injury, also known as brachial plexus injury, is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs in about one to three out of every 1,000 births. […] The nerves of the brachial plexus may be stretched, compressed, or torn in a difficult delivery. […] The causes of brachial plexus injury may include: large gestational size, breech birth, prolonged or difficult labor, vacuum- or forceps-assisted delivery, twin or multiple pregnancy, history of a prior delivery resulting in brachial plexus birth injury.

• #29 Brachial plexus injury in newborns: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001395.htm

  The nerves of the brachial plexus can be affected by compression inside the mother’s womb or during a difficult delivery. Injury may be caused by: […] The following factors increase the risk of NBPP: Breech delivery, Maternal obesity, Larger-than-average newborn (such as an infant of a diabetic mother), Difficulty delivering the baby’s shoulder after the head has already come out (called shoulder dystocia). […] Although a C-section reduces the risk of injury, it does not prevent it.

• #30 Brachial plexus injury in newborns Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/brachial-plexus-injury-in-newborns

  The nerves of the brachial plexus can be affected by compression inside the mother’s womb or during a difficult delivery. Injury may be caused by: […] The following factors increase the risk of NBPP: […] NBPP is less common than in the past. Cesarean delivery is used more often when there are concerns about a difficult delivery. Although a C-section reduces the risk of injury, it does not prevent it. A C-section also carries other risks.

• #31 Brachial Plexus Injury | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/b/brachial-plexus

  A brachial plexus birth injury is thought to be caused by an injury involving the child’s brachial plexus during the delivery process. This injury may result in incomplete sensory and / or motor function of the involved arm. […] Traumatic brachial plexus injuries may occur due to motor vehicle accidents, bike accidents, ATV accidents, sports, etc. Nerve injuries vary in severity from a mild stretch to the nerve root tearing away from the spinal cord. […] A brachial plexus injury was found to occur in 1.5 of every 1,000 live births. […] Over half of brachial plexus injuries have no known risk factors.

• #32 About Brachial Plexus and Traumatic Nerve Injury

  https://www.hss.edu/brachialplexuscenter-about.asp

  What Causes a Brachial Plexus Injury? These injuries are caused by high-impact traumas such as: vehicle collisions (car or motorcycle accidents) […] A traumatic injury of the brachial plexus can have devastating consequences, including loss of function and chronic pain for an otherwise healthy, active patient. […] Injuries to the brachial plexus (nerves that conduct signals to the shoulder, arm, and hand) can have devastating consequences, including loss of function and chronic pain.

• #33 Brachial Plexus Injury: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/brachial-plexus-injuries

  When nerves in the brachial plexus are stretched or compressed, doctors define it as an injury to the brachial plexus. […] Contact sports are the most common cause of minor brachial plexus injuries. Newborn babies can also sustain brachial plexus injuries during childbirth. […] Other medical conditions, including tumors and inflammation, can also affect the brachial plexus. […] Major trauma or impact such as a motorcycle or car crash can cause more severe or traumatic brachial plexus injuries.

• #34

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1008/brachial-plexus-injuries

  Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) can involve any degree of injury at any level of the plexus and range from obstetric injuries to traumatic avulsions. […] High speed vehicle accidents (mostly motorcycle) account for 83% of traumatic BPIs. […] Caudally forced shoulder predominantly affects the upper brachial plexus, but with high enough energy, all roots can be affected. […] Forced arm abduction, as in grabbing onto something while falling, predominantly affects lower roots.

• #35 Brachial Plexus Injury in Adults

  https://www.thenerve.net/journal/view.php?number=90

  Brachial plexus injury (BPI) is a severe peripheral nerve injury affecting upper extremities, causing functional damage and physical disability. The most common cause of adult BPI is a traffic accident, such as motorcycle accidents. Most patients are young men between 15 and 25 years of age. Other traumatic causes include sports injuries, incised wounds, gunshot wounds, carrying a heavy backpack, and inappropriate operative positioning. Non-traumatic causes consist of tumors, irradiation, and congenital abnormalities such as cervical ribs. In recent literature, the prevalence rate is about 1.2% after multiple traumatic injuries, and the annual incidence is about 1.64 cases out of 100,000 people. […] Closed trauma is the most common cause of adult traumatic BPI. Most common mechanism of closed trauma causing BPI is compression or traction. BPIs caused by compression may be accompanied by fractures or dislocations of the clavicle or the head and neck of humerus. Gradual compression results from the postoperative edema or fibrosis is also one of the hypotheses to explain BPI occurrence, although there is controversy. In BPIs caused by traction, the nerve may be injured, avulsed from the root, or significantly stretched. Traction-related injuries can be resulted from violent widening of the scapulo-humeral angle accompanied by the shoulder dislocations and fractures of the humerus, which cause pressure on the infraclavicular neurovascular bundle above the humeral head, and injury of the infraclavicular plexus. One of the examples is when someone falls on a laterally hyperabducted and internally rotated arm and the movement of the scapula is blocked by the ground, and infraclavicular plexus is stretched over the humeral head.

• #36 Brachial plexus injury: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brachial-plexus

  Injury to the brachial plexus typically occurs after forceful stretching or pulling of the arm. […] Possible causes of BPI include: Blunt trauma: Trauma is one of the most common causes of BPI. Possible causes of blunt trauma include falls, motor vehicle or motorcycle collisions, and gunshot or stab wounds. […] Contact sports: Sports that involve physical contact and a risk of collisions with other players such as football, wrestling, and martial arts may lead to BPI. The nerves may stretch beyond their standard limit, resulting in burners and stingers. […] Complicated delivery: Birth complications, such as prolonged labor or breech presentation, may damage the upper nerves of the brachial plexus and cause a condition called Erbs palsy. […] Cancer: Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy nerve tissues of the brachial plexus and surrounding areas, leading to BPI. Examples of cancers that may invade these tissues include breast cancer, lung cancer, and carcinomas of the head and neck. […] Radiation therapy: While radiation therapy can eliminate cancer cells, it can also affect healthy noncancerous cells, including nerves. […] Surgical complication: Surgery to the neck can cause damage to the brachial plexus.

• #37 Brachial Plexus Injury | Kennedy Krieger Institute

  https://www.kennedykrieger.org/brachial-plexus-injury

  Contact sports. Many football players experience burners or stingers, which can occur when the nerves in the brachial plexus get stretched beyond their limit during collisions with other players. […] Trauma. Several types of trauma including motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, falls or bullet wounds can result in brachial plexus injuries. […] Tumors and cancer treatments. Tumors can grow in or along the brachial plexus, or put pressure on the brachial plexus or spread to the nerves. Radiation treatments to the chest may cause damage to the brachial plexus.

• #38 Brachial Plexus Injury Lawyers

  https://www.drslawfirm.com/common-causes-of-brachial-plexus-injuries/

  Falls, especially from heights, can cause brachial plexus injuries when a person reaches out to break their fall, putting sudden traction on the nerves. […] Other causes include penetrating injuries (e.g., knife wounds, gunshot wounds), compression from tumors or swelling in the shoulder region, and inflammation of surrounding tissues.

• #39 Brachial plexus injury

  https://www.visualdx.com/visualdx/diagnosis/brachial+plexus+injury?diagnosisId=57024&moduleId=101

  Brachial plexus injuries result from damage to any component of the plexus, from the root to the terminal nerve branches. […] Most brachial plexus injuries are caused by forceful longitudinal pulling or stretching of the nerves. […] Other traumatic events that can result in brachial plexus injuries include shoulder dislocations, motor vehicle collisions, gunshot wounds, grasping injuries during falls, and motorcycle accidents. […] Additionally, neonates can experience brachial plexus injuries during childbirth. […] Specifically for injury resulting from childbirth: shoulder dystocia (large shoulders), large gestational size, prolonged labor, and breech presentation at birth. […] Longitudinal traction upon the brachial plexus: Childbirth, Forces required to reduce shoulder dislocations, Fall from height causing forced arm abduction as patient tries to grab onto object to prevent fall, Posterior shoulder dislocations.

• #40 Brachial plexus injury – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/581

  Brachial plexus injuries most commonly result from motor vehicle accidents, gunshot or stab wounds, contact sports accidents, or workplace accidents during heavy physical labor. […] Brachial plexus injuries are usually caused by trauma to the roots of the plexus as they exit the cervical spine. This most commonly occurs in road traffic accidents and falls from height. Inflammatory, neoplastic, and compressive causes are also possible.

• #41 Brachial Plexus Injury: Signs & Treatment | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/brachial-plexus-injury

  There are many ways the brachial plexus can be injured. An injury can occur from the nerves being stretched, having pressure applied to the nerve, or a sharp injury causing a direct cut to the nerve. […] Stretching can occur when the head and neck are forced away from the shoulder, such as during a motorcycle or car accident. […] Pressure can be caused by an injury to the anatomy around the brachial plexus, such as a fracture of the first rib or a shoulder dislocation. […] The brachial plexus can also be directly cut with a traumatic injury from a sharp object or a forceful object like a bullet.

• #42 Brachial plexus injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury

  Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth: the baby’s shoulders may become impacted during the birth process causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear. […] Injuries to the brachial plexus result from excessive stretching or tearing of the C5-T1 nerve fibers. […] Traumatic brachial plexus injuries may arise from several causes, including sports, high-velocity motor vehicle accidents, especially in motorcyclists, but also all-terrain-vehicle (ATV) and other accidents. […] The severity of nerve injuries may vary from a mild stretch to the nerve root tearing away from the spinal cord (avulsion). […] Backpack palsy is caused by much use of a heavy backpack whose pack-straps chronically press on the brachial plexus.

• #43 Brachial plexus injury

  https://www.visualdx.com/visualdx/diagnosis/brachial+plexus+injury?diagnosisId=57024&moduleId=101

  Brachial plexus injuries result from damage to any component of the plexus, from the root to the terminal nerve branches. […] Most brachial plexus injuries are caused by forceful longitudinal pulling or stretching of the nerves. […] Other traumatic events that can result in brachial plexus injuries include shoulder dislocations, motor vehicle collisions, gunshot wounds, grasping injuries during falls, and motorcycle accidents. […] Additionally, neonates can experience brachial plexus injuries during childbirth. […] Specifically for injury resulting from childbirth: shoulder dystocia (large shoulders), large gestational size, prolonged labor, and breech presentation at birth. […] Longitudinal traction upon the brachial plexus: Childbirth, Forces required to reduce shoulder dislocations, Fall from height causing forced arm abduction as patient tries to grab onto object to prevent fall, Posterior shoulder dislocations.

• #44 Brachial Plexus & Traumatic Nerve Injury: Conditions | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/brachialplexuscenter-conditions.asp

  In brachial plexus injuries, the term avulsion is used to describe a condition where the roots of the nerves are torn away from the spinal cord. […] Multiple root avulsion is the most common diagnosis in high-energy, traumatic brachial plexus injuries, such as occur in a motorcycle or off-road vehicle accident. […] Injury to the axillary nerve and resulting paralysis of the deltoid muscle usually results from shoulder trauma such as dislocation and/or fracture. […] Motor vehicle accidents, a fall from a height, or a sports injury from skiing, snowboarding, football or rugby are among the common causes. […] The term birth palsy (or paralysis) refers to injuries to the brachial plexus incurred as the baby emerges from the birth canal. […] In such instances, the baby’s shoulder is stuck against the mother’s pubic bone during delivery (a condition also referred to as shoulder dystocia), as the head emerges in the other direction, resulting in a traction injury.

• #45 Brachial Plexus Injuries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482305/

  Obstetric injury; severe trauma caused by falls, direct, blunt blows, or high-speed motor vehicle collisions; penetrating injury; forceful traction injury; and compression injury can all result in damage to the brachial plexus. […] Upper trunk traction injuries occur when the head and neck are violently pulled caudally from the shoulder and torso. Similarly, lower trunk traction injuries occur when the arm is violently abducted above the head. […] In the polytrauma patient, injuries to the brachial plexus are rare, but concomitant blunt trauma to the head, torso, extremities, and major blood vessels often takes precedence for treatment and further obscures the clinical picture.

• #46 Brachial Plexus Injury – Arm Weakness or Paralysis | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/brachial-plexus-injury-arm-weakness-or-paralysis

  The brachial plexus can be injured in many different ways from pressure, stress, or being stretched too far. The nerves may also be damaged by cancer or radiation treatment. Brachial plexus injuries can happen to babies during childbirth. In some cases, an overactive immune system can damage the plexus. […] The most common cause of this injury is when the neck is tilted while pulling (traction) happens on the other side of the neck. But the causes of injury are varied, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, athletic injuries (especially contact sports), and childbirth. […] Cancer and radiation therapy can both cause brachial plexus injury. The tumor itself can invade the brachial plexus. Radiation of lymph nodes in the area can also damage the nerves. […] Autoimmune disorders can sometimes cause the immune system to attack the plexus.

• #47 Brachial Plexus Injuries – Symptoms & Causes – UC Health

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/brachial-plexus-injuries

  The brachial plexus can be injured in many different ways from pressure, stress, or being stretched too far. The nerves may also be damaged by cancer or radiation treatment. Sometimes, brachial plexus injuries happen to babies during childbirth. In some cases, an overactive immune system can damage the plexus. […] The most common type of injury happens when the neck is tilted while traction happens on the other side of the neck. But injuries are varied, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, athletic injuries (especially contact sports), and childbirth. […] Cancer and radiation therapy can both cause brachial plexus injury. The tumor itself can invade the brachial plexus. Radiation of lymph nodes in the area can also damage the nerves.

• #48 Brachial plexus injury: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brachial-plexus

  Injury to the brachial plexus typically occurs after forceful stretching or pulling of the arm. […] Possible causes of BPI include: Blunt trauma: Trauma is one of the most common causes of BPI. Possible causes of blunt trauma include falls, motor vehicle or motorcycle collisions, and gunshot or stab wounds. […] Contact sports: Sports that involve physical contact and a risk of collisions with other players such as football, wrestling, and martial arts may lead to BPI. The nerves may stretch beyond their standard limit, resulting in burners and stingers. […] Complicated delivery: Birth complications, such as prolonged labor or breech presentation, may damage the upper nerves of the brachial plexus and cause a condition called Erbs palsy. […] Cancer: Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy nerve tissues of the brachial plexus and surrounding areas, leading to BPI. Examples of cancers that may invade these tissues include breast cancer, lung cancer, and carcinomas of the head and neck. […] Radiation therapy: While radiation therapy can eliminate cancer cells, it can also affect healthy noncancerous cells, including nerves. […] Surgical complication: Surgery to the neck can cause damage to the brachial plexus.

• #49 Brachial Plexus Injury – Arm Weakness or Paralysis | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/brachial-plexus-injury-arm-weakness-or-paralysis

  The brachial plexus can be injured in many different ways from pressure, stress, or being stretched too far. The nerves may also be damaged by cancer or radiation treatment. Brachial plexus injuries can happen to babies during childbirth. In some cases, an overactive immune system can damage the plexus. […] The most common cause of this injury is when the neck is tilted while pulling (traction) happens on the other side of the neck. But the causes of injury are varied, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, athletic injuries (especially contact sports), and childbirth. […] Cancer and radiation therapy can both cause brachial plexus injury. The tumor itself can invade the brachial plexus. Radiation of lymph nodes in the area can also damage the nerves. […] Autoimmune disorders can sometimes cause the immune system to attack the plexus.

• #50 Brachial plexus injury: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brachial-plexus

  Injury to the brachial plexus typically occurs after forceful stretching or pulling of the arm. […] Possible causes of BPI include: Blunt trauma: Trauma is one of the most common causes of BPI. Possible causes of blunt trauma include falls, motor vehicle or motorcycle collisions, and gunshot or stab wounds. […] Contact sports: Sports that involve physical contact and a risk of collisions with other players such as football, wrestling, and martial arts may lead to BPI. The nerves may stretch beyond their standard limit, resulting in burners and stingers. […] Complicated delivery: Birth complications, such as prolonged labor or breech presentation, may damage the upper nerves of the brachial plexus and cause a condition called Erbs palsy. […] Cancer: Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy nerve tissues of the brachial plexus and surrounding areas, leading to BPI. Examples of cancers that may invade these tissues include breast cancer, lung cancer, and carcinomas of the head and neck. […] Radiation therapy: While radiation therapy can eliminate cancer cells, it can also affect healthy noncancerous cells, including nerves. […] Surgical complication: Surgery to the neck can cause damage to the brachial plexus.

• #51 Brachial Plexus Injury | Symptoms Treatment & Causes | IFAR

  https://www.advancedreconstruction.com/distinguished-centers/brachial-plexus

  Surgical trauma – Nerve fibers can be accidentally clipped or severed during an operation, which will result in lessened or lost ability to use part or all of the arm. […] Cancer and/or tumors – Tumors can swell in inconvenient locations of the body, resulting in the invasion of brachial nerve pathways, potentially disturbing the use of the arm. […] Radiation therapy – Enough radiation can damage nerve tissue, eventually leading to a loss of sensation or mobility of the shoulder, upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, or hand.

• #52 Brachial plexus injury: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brachial-plexus

  Injury to the brachial plexus typically occurs after forceful stretching or pulling of the arm. […] Possible causes of BPI include: Blunt trauma: Trauma is one of the most common causes of BPI. Possible causes of blunt trauma include falls, motor vehicle or motorcycle collisions, and gunshot or stab wounds. […] Contact sports: Sports that involve physical contact and a risk of collisions with other players such as football, wrestling, and martial arts may lead to BPI. The nerves may stretch beyond their standard limit, resulting in burners and stingers. […] Complicated delivery: Birth complications, such as prolonged labor or breech presentation, may damage the upper nerves of the brachial plexus and cause a condition called Erbs palsy. […] Cancer: Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy nerve tissues of the brachial plexus and surrounding areas, leading to BPI. Examples of cancers that may invade these tissues include breast cancer, lung cancer, and carcinomas of the head and neck. […] Radiation therapy: While radiation therapy can eliminate cancer cells, it can also affect healthy noncancerous cells, including nerves. […] Surgical complication: Surgery to the neck can cause damage to the brachial plexus.

• #53 Brachial Plexus Injury | Symptoms Treatment & Causes | IFAR

  https://www.advancedreconstruction.com/distinguished-centers/brachial-plexus

  Surgical trauma – Nerve fibers can be accidentally clipped or severed during an operation, which will result in lessened or lost ability to use part or all of the arm. […] Cancer and/or tumors – Tumors can swell in inconvenient locations of the body, resulting in the invasion of brachial nerve pathways, potentially disturbing the use of the arm. […] Radiation therapy – Enough radiation can damage nerve tissue, eventually leading to a loss of sensation or mobility of the shoulder, upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, or hand.

• #54 Brachial Plexus Injury – Arm Weakness or Paralysis | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/brachial-plexus-injury-arm-weakness-or-paralysis

  The brachial plexus can be injured in many different ways from pressure, stress, or being stretched too far. The nerves may also be damaged by cancer or radiation treatment. Brachial plexus injuries can happen to babies during childbirth. In some cases, an overactive immune system can damage the plexus. […] The most common cause of this injury is when the neck is tilted while pulling (traction) happens on the other side of the neck. But the causes of injury are varied, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, athletic injuries (especially contact sports), and childbirth. […] Cancer and radiation therapy can both cause brachial plexus injury. The tumor itself can invade the brachial plexus. Radiation of lymph nodes in the area can also damage the nerves. […] Autoimmune disorders can sometimes cause the immune system to attack the plexus.

• #55 Brachial Plexus & Traumatic Nerve Injury: Conditions | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/brachialplexuscenter-conditions.asp

  Those affected may experience sharp, burning pain that may radiate into the shoulder and down the arm to the hand. […] Cervical nerve root and spinal cord injuries are among the most common cervical spine neurologic (nerve) injuries. […] Compression or stretching of a nerve root or the brachial plexus can cause a sharp, burning pain that may radiate into the shoulder and down the arm to the hand. […] Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (PTS), also referred to as idiopathic brachial plexopathy or neuralgic amyotrophy, is a rare disorder consisting of a complex constellation of symptoms with abrupt onset of pain in the shoulder, which is followed by progressive neurologic increasing of motor weakness, a reduced sense of touch, and numbness. […] Although the cause of the condition is unclear, it has been reported in various clinical situations, including following surgery, following treatment for infections, after an accident or trauma, or after receiving a vaccination.

• #56 Brachial Plexus | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/brachial-plexus

  The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that run from the lower neck through the shoulder and upper arm area. These nerves control movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand. […] Brachial plexus injury occurs when the nerves around the neck and shoulder area are harmed. This damage can make it impossible to move or feel the shoulder, arm, forearm or hand. […] Causes or risk factors include: Shoulder dystocia. If the baby’s shoulder becomes lodged against the mother’s pelvis during childbirth, labor can be prolonged and marked by too much stretch and trauma of the brachial plexus. […] Inflammation. […] Trauma. […] Tumor. […] A rare condition known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome (brachial plexitis) can occur because of a viral illness and lead to inflammation of the brachial plexus. […] Trauma from accidents on bicycles or ATVs or from sports injuries. […] Tumors of the nerves themselves or the surrounding structures can damage nearby tissue or place too much pressure on the brachial plexus.

• #57 Acute Brachial Plexus Neuritis: An Uncommon Cause of Shoulder Pain | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2067.html

  Acute brachial plexus neuritis is an uncommon disorder of unknown etiology that is easily confused with other neck and upper extremity abnormalities, such as cervical spondylosis and cervical radiculopathy. […] A viral etiology has been proposed, while other studies have emphasized that various infections precede the onset of acute brachial plexus neuritis in as many as 25 percent of cases. […] Up to 15 percent of cases have been reported to occur following vaccinations, including hepatitis B vaccination. […] Some evidence suggests that acute brachial plexus neuritis may be an immunologic disease. […] Most cases of acute brachial plexus neuritis occur between 20 and 60 years of age; however, cases have been reported in all age groups. […] A male predominance is reported, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from 2:1 to 11.5:1. […] The annual incidence has been estimated as 1.64 cases per 100,000 persons, but this figure is probably low because many cases may be misdiagnosed, or the symptoms are mild and clinically unrecognized.

• #58 Acute Brachial Plexus Neuritis: An Uncommon Cause of Shoulder Pain | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2067.html

  Acute brachial plexus neuritis is an uncommon disorder of unknown etiology that is easily confused with other neck and upper extremity abnormalities, such as cervical spondylosis and cervical radiculopathy. […] A viral etiology has been proposed, while other studies have emphasized that various infections precede the onset of acute brachial plexus neuritis in as many as 25 percent of cases. […] Up to 15 percent of cases have been reported to occur following vaccinations, including hepatitis B vaccination. […] Some evidence suggests that acute brachial plexus neuritis may be an immunologic disease. […] Most cases of acute brachial plexus neuritis occur between 20 and 60 years of age; however, cases have been reported in all age groups. […] A male predominance is reported, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from 2:1 to 11.5:1. […] The annual incidence has been estimated as 1.64 cases per 100,000 persons, but this figure is probably low because many cases may be misdiagnosed, or the symptoms are mild and clinically unrecognized.

• #59 Brachial Plexus & Traumatic Nerve Injury: Conditions | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/brachialplexuscenter-conditions.asp

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a syndrome that can cause any combination of pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, a cold sensation or, sometimes, a more general type of discomfort in one or both upper limbs. […] This can be the result of compression of the vascular structures (arteries and/or veins), neurological structures (nerves between the shoulder and neck, known as the brachial plexus), or involvement of both the vascular and neurological structures.

• #60 Brachial Plexus & Peripheral Nerve Injuries | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/brachial-plexus-peripheral-nerve-injuries

  Brachial plexus and peripheral nerve injuries prevent the nerves from carrying signals between the brain and muscles. Over time, the muscles can become weak and lose function. […] These nerves can be damaged when they are stretched, pinched or cut. The most common conditions are: Brachial plexus injuries at birth. If a baby’s shoulders get stuck in the birth canal during a vaginal birth, the brachial plexus nerves can be stretched and injured. This can make it difficult to move the arm or flex the arm muscles. This injury happens in 1.5 of every 1,000 births. […] Brachial plexus trauma injuries. These nerves also can be damaged in a fall from a bicycle or ATV, in a motor vehicle accident or from a sports injury. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome. This condition is more common in adolescents. It occurs when an abnormal growth from a rib or the spinal column puts pressure on the brachial plexus nerves, causing lack or movement and pain in the arm. […] Brachial plexus injuries at birth occur in 1.5 of every 1,000 births. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome is when abnormal ribs or spinal column growths injure brachial plexus. […] Between 20 percent and 30 percent of these nerve injuries require surgery.

• #61 Brachial plexus injury | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/brachial-plexus-injury?content_id=CON-20127291

  Brachial plexus injuries in the upper nerves happen when the shoulder is forced down on one side of the body and the head is pushed to the other side in the opposite direction. […] These injuries can happen in many ways, including: […] Many injuries including those from motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, falls or bullet wounds can damage the brachial plexus. […] Playing contact sports, especially football and wrestling, or being in high-speed motor vehicle accidents increases the risk of brachial plexus injury.

• #62 Erb’s Palsy: What Is it, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21986-erbs-palsy

  This type of Erbs palsy is also called a brachial plexus birth palsy, obstetric brachial plexus palsy or brachial plexus birth injury. […] A newborn may develop Erbs palsy during delivery. Sometimes, your healthcare provider has to shift your babys head to one side during birth to get their shoulders out. The brachial plexus nerves from the neck to the shoulder may stretch or even tear. […] Traffic accidents, most often those involving motorcycles, are the most common cause of brachial plexus injuries in teenagers and adults. Other causes of these injuries include gunshot or knife wounds, industrial accidents, accidents related to contact sports like football, surgical complications or tumors. […] You can possibly reduce your risk for developing a brachial plexus injury by wearing protective equipment if you participate in contact sports or riding motorcycles.

• #63 Brachial plexus injury | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/brachial-plexus-injury?content_id=CON-20127291

  Brachial plexus injuries in the upper nerves happen when the shoulder is forced down on one side of the body and the head is pushed to the other side in the opposite direction. […] These injuries can happen in many ways, including: […] Many injuries including those from motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, falls or bullet wounds can damage the brachial plexus. […] Playing contact sports, especially football and wrestling, or being in high-speed motor vehicle accidents increases the risk of brachial plexus injury.

• #64 Brachial plexus injury | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/brachial-plexus-injury?content_id=CON-20127291

  Brachial plexus injuries in the upper nerves happen when the shoulder is forced down on one side of the body and the head is pushed to the other side in the opposite direction. […] These injuries can happen in many ways, including: […] Many injuries including those from motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, falls or bullet wounds can damage the brachial plexus. […] Playing contact sports, especially football and wrestling, or being in high-speed motor vehicle accidents increases the risk of brachial plexus injury.

• #65 Brachial Plexopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/brachial-plexopathy-differential-diagnosis-and-treatment-2/

  Brachial plexopathy is an injury of the brachial plexus, that is commonly caused by trauma. […] The etiology is variable. […] Acquired: Trauma, Compression, Iatrogenic, Radiation, Neoplasm, Paraneoplastic, Infection, Autoimmune reaction. […] Congenital: Congenital malformation, Genetic predisposition: hereditary neuropathy to pressure palsy: PMP22 genetic mutation, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (NA): a point mutation in the SEPT9 gene on 17q25. […] In adults, the most common cause of brachial plexus injury is trauma, either by compression or traction. […] Traumatic injuries are more common in males aged between 15 and 25 years. […] The presence of atrophy and weakness on clinical exam and axon loss on nerve conduction studies suggest severe injury and consequently a worse prognosis.

• #66 Brachial Plexus Birth Injury | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/brachial-plexus-birth-injury

  Brachial plexus birth injury, also known as brachial plexus injury, is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs in about one to three out of every 1,000 births. […] The nerves of the brachial plexus may be stretched, compressed, or torn in a difficult delivery. […] The causes of brachial plexus injury may include: large gestational size, breech birth, prolonged or difficult labor, vacuum- or forceps-assisted delivery, twin or multiple pregnancy, history of a prior delivery resulting in brachial plexus birth injury.

• #67 Brachial plexus injury in newborns: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001395.htm

  The nerves of the brachial plexus can be affected by compression inside the mother’s womb or during a difficult delivery. Injury may be caused by: […] The following factors increase the risk of NBPP: Breech delivery, Maternal obesity, Larger-than-average newborn (such as an infant of a diabetic mother), Difficulty delivering the baby’s shoulder after the head has already come out (called shoulder dystocia). […] Although a C-section reduces the risk of injury, it does not prevent it.

• #68 Brachial Plexus Injury | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/b/brachial-plexus

  A brachial plexus birth injury is thought to be caused by an injury involving the child’s brachial plexus during the delivery process. This injury may result in incomplete sensory and / or motor function of the involved arm. […] Traumatic brachial plexus injuries may occur due to motor vehicle accidents, bike accidents, ATV accidents, sports, etc. Nerve injuries vary in severity from a mild stretch to the nerve root tearing away from the spinal cord. […] A brachial plexus injury was found to occur in 1.5 of every 1,000 live births. […] Over half of brachial plexus injuries have no known risk factors.

• #69 Acute Brachial Plexus Neuritis: An Uncommon Cause of Shoulder Pain | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2067.html

  Acute brachial plexus neuritis is an uncommon disorder of unknown etiology that is easily confused with other neck and upper extremity abnormalities, such as cervical spondylosis and cervical radiculopathy. […] A viral etiology has been proposed, while other studies have emphasized that various infections precede the onset of acute brachial plexus neuritis in as many as 25 percent of cases. […] Up to 15 percent of cases have been reported to occur following vaccinations, including hepatitis B vaccination. […] Some evidence suggests that acute brachial plexus neuritis may be an immunologic disease. […] Most cases of acute brachial plexus neuritis occur between 20 and 60 years of age; however, cases have been reported in all age groups. […] A male predominance is reported, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from 2:1 to 11.5:1. […] The annual incidence has been estimated as 1.64 cases per 100,000 persons, but this figure is probably low because many cases may be misdiagnosed, or the symptoms are mild and clinically unrecognized.

• #70 Brachial Plexus Injury | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/b/brachial-plexus

  A brachial plexus birth injury is thought to be caused by an injury involving the child’s brachial plexus during the delivery process. This injury may result in incomplete sensory and / or motor function of the involved arm. […] Traumatic brachial plexus injuries may occur due to motor vehicle accidents, bike accidents, ATV accidents, sports, etc. Nerve injuries vary in severity from a mild stretch to the nerve root tearing away from the spinal cord. […] A brachial plexus injury was found to occur in 1.5 of every 1,000 live births. […] Over half of brachial plexus injuries have no known risk factors.

• #71 Brachial Plexus Injury Newborn | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/brachial-plexus-injury-newborns/

  The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that allows us to move our hands, arms, and wrists. […] Brachial plexus injury occurs in about one to three out of every 1,000 births. Tearing, stretching, or compressing their tiny nerve system during difficult deliveries can create communication problems between the spinal cord and their arms, hands, and wrists. […] Many factors can increase the chances of a brachial plexus injury at birth. A baby’s brachial plexus is vulnerable during birth, especially the nerves in the shoulder. […] The existence of these conditions or delivery characteristics can cause injury at birth: Baby’s large shoulders gets caught when passing through the birth canal, Mother has diabetes, Infant’s shoulders stretched in a head-first birth, Difficulty getting shoulders to emerge after the head is already out, Pressure on infant’s raised arms during a feet-first (breech) delivery, Prolonged, difficult labor, Pulling of the head and neck sideways as shoulders move through the birth canal, Twins or multiple pregnancies, Prior infant delivery with a brachial plexus injury, Vacuum or forceps improperly utilized can cause excessive pulling that injures the nerves, Premature birth where underdeveloped nerves and muscles are vulnerable to overstretching.

• #72 Acute Brachial Plexus Neuritis: An Uncommon Cause of Shoulder Pain | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2067.html

  Acute brachial plexus neuritis is an uncommon disorder of unknown etiology that is easily confused with other neck and upper extremity abnormalities, such as cervical spondylosis and cervical radiculopathy. […] A viral etiology has been proposed, while other studies have emphasized that various infections precede the onset of acute brachial plexus neuritis in as many as 25 percent of cases. […] Up to 15 percent of cases have been reported to occur following vaccinations, including hepatitis B vaccination. […] Some evidence suggests that acute brachial plexus neuritis may be an immunologic disease. […] Most cases of acute brachial plexus neuritis occur between 20 and 60 years of age; however, cases have been reported in all age groups. […] A male predominance is reported, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from 2:1 to 11.5:1. […] The annual incidence has been estimated as 1.64 cases per 100,000 persons, but this figure is probably low because many cases may be misdiagnosed, or the symptoms are mild and clinically unrecognized.

• #73 Brachial Plexus Injury in Adults

  https://www.thenerve.net/journal/view.php?number=90

  Brachial plexus injury (BPI) is a severe peripheral nerve injury affecting upper extremities, causing functional damage and physical disability. The most common cause of adult BPI is a traffic accident, such as motorcycle accidents. Most patients are young men between 15 and 25 years of age. Other traumatic causes include sports injuries, incised wounds, gunshot wounds, carrying a heavy backpack, and inappropriate operative positioning. Non-traumatic causes consist of tumors, irradiation, and congenital abnormalities such as cervical ribs. In recent literature, the prevalence rate is about 1.2% after multiple traumatic injuries, and the annual incidence is about 1.64 cases out of 100,000 people. […] Closed trauma is the most common cause of adult traumatic BPI. Most common mechanism of closed trauma causing BPI is compression or traction. BPIs caused by compression may be accompanied by fractures or dislocations of the clavicle or the head and neck of humerus. Gradual compression results from the postoperative edema or fibrosis is also one of the hypotheses to explain BPI occurrence, although there is controversy. In BPIs caused by traction, the nerve may be injured, avulsed from the root, or significantly stretched. Traction-related injuries can be resulted from violent widening of the scapulo-humeral angle accompanied by the shoulder dislocations and fractures of the humerus, which cause pressure on the infraclavicular neurovascular bundle above the humeral head, and injury of the infraclavicular plexus. One of the examples is when someone falls on a laterally hyperabducted and internally rotated arm and the movement of the scapula is blocked by the ground, and infraclavicular plexus is stretched over the humeral head.

• #74 Brachial Plexus Injury in Adults

  https://www.thenerve.net/journal/view.php?number=90

  Brachial plexus injury (BPI) is a severe peripheral nerve injury affecting upper extremities, causing functional damage and physical disability. The most common cause of adult BPI is a traffic accident, such as motorcycle accidents. Most patients are young men between 15 and 25 years of age. Other traumatic causes include sports injuries, incised wounds, gunshot wounds, carrying a heavy backpack, and inappropriate operative positioning. Non-traumatic causes consist of tumors, irradiation, and congenital abnormalities such as cervical ribs. In recent literature, the prevalence rate is about 1.2% after multiple traumatic injuries, and the annual incidence is about 1.64 cases out of 100,000 people. […] Closed trauma is the most common cause of adult traumatic BPI. Most common mechanism of closed trauma causing BPI is compression or traction. BPIs caused by compression may be accompanied by fractures or dislocations of the clavicle or the head and neck of humerus. Gradual compression results from the postoperative edema or fibrosis is also one of the hypotheses to explain BPI occurrence, although there is controversy. In BPIs caused by traction, the nerve may be injured, avulsed from the root, or significantly stretched. Traction-related injuries can be resulted from violent widening of the scapulo-humeral angle accompanied by the shoulder dislocations and fractures of the humerus, which cause pressure on the infraclavicular neurovascular bundle above the humeral head, and injury of the infraclavicular plexus. One of the examples is when someone falls on a laterally hyperabducted and internally rotated arm and the movement of the scapula is blocked by the ground, and infraclavicular plexus is stretched over the humeral head.

• #75 Brachial Plexus Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/brachial-plexus-injuries/

  Brachial plexus injuries vary greatly in severity, depending upon the type of injury and the amount of force placed on the plexus. The same patient can injure several different nerves of the brachial plexus in varying severity. […] Most traumatic brachial plexus injuries occur when the arm is forcefully pulled or stretched. Many events can cause the injury, including falls, motor vehicle collisions, knife and gunshot wounds, and most commonly, motorcycle collisions. […] It is not known exactly how many brachial plexus injuries occur each year, but the number seems to be growing worldwide. Increased participation in high-energy sports and higher rates of survival from high-speed motor vehicle collisions may be factors in the growing number of these injuries. […] Many brachial plexus injuries occur when the arm is pulled downward and the head is pushed to the opposite side.

• #76 Brachial Plexus Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/brachial-plexus-injury

  The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that carries signals from the upper parts of the spinal cord to your shoulder, arm, and hand. […] Brachial plexus injuries (also known as Erb’s palsy and Dejerine-Klumpke palsy) are caused by damage to those nerves, typically from trauma, tumors, inflammation, pressure, athletic injuries, or being stretched too far. […] Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen when a baby’s shoulders become impacted during delivery and the brachial plexus nerves stretch or tear. […] Some brachial plexus injuries may heal without treatment. […] In some cases (such as avulsion and rupture injuries), surgery is needed.

• #77 Brachial Plexopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/brachial-plexopathy-differential-diagnosis-and-treatment-2/

  Brachial plexopathy is an injury of the brachial plexus, that is commonly caused by trauma. […] The etiology is variable. […] Acquired: Trauma, Compression, Iatrogenic, Radiation, Neoplasm, Paraneoplastic, Infection, Autoimmune reaction. […] Congenital: Congenital malformation, Genetic predisposition: hereditary neuropathy to pressure palsy: PMP22 genetic mutation, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (NA): a point mutation in the SEPT9 gene on 17q25. […] In adults, the most common cause of brachial plexus injury is trauma, either by compression or traction. […] Traumatic injuries are more common in males aged between 15 and 25 years. […] The presence of atrophy and weakness on clinical exam and axon loss on nerve conduction studies suggest severe injury and consequently a worse prognosis.

• #78 Brachial Plexus Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/brachial-plexus-injury

  The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that carries signals from the upper parts of the spinal cord to your shoulder, arm, and hand. […] Brachial plexus injuries (also known as Erb’s palsy and Dejerine-Klumpke palsy) are caused by damage to those nerves, typically from trauma, tumors, inflammation, pressure, athletic injuries, or being stretched too far. […] Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen when a baby’s shoulders become impacted during delivery and the brachial plexus nerves stretch or tear. […] Some brachial plexus injuries may heal without treatment. […] In some cases (such as avulsion and rupture injuries), surgery is needed.

• #79 Brachial Plexopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/brachial-plexopathy-differential-diagnosis-and-treatment-2/

  Spontaneous recovery is rare with complete axonal discontinuity, manifested by complete absence of CMAPs, absence of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) despite good effort, and abnormal spontaneous activity. […] Identification and avoidance of repetitive activities, extreme range of motions and excessive load carriage via shoulder straps that induce pain or weakness is critical.

• #80 Brachial Plexopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/brachial-plexopathy-differential-diagnosis-and-treatment-2/

  Brachial plexopathy is an injury of the brachial plexus, that is commonly caused by trauma. […] The etiology is variable. […] Acquired: Trauma, Compression, Iatrogenic, Radiation, Neoplasm, Paraneoplastic, Infection, Autoimmune reaction. […] Congenital: Congenital malformation, Genetic predisposition: hereditary neuropathy to pressure palsy: PMP22 genetic mutation, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (NA): a point mutation in the SEPT9 gene on 17q25. […] In adults, the most common cause of brachial plexus injury is trauma, either by compression or traction. […] Traumatic injuries are more common in males aged between 15 and 25 years. […] The presence of atrophy and weakness on clinical exam and axon loss on nerve conduction studies suggest severe injury and consequently a worse prognosis.

• #81 About Brachial Plexus and Traumatic Nerve Injury

  https://www.hss.edu/brachialplexuscenter-about.asp

  What Causes a Brachial Plexus Injury? These injuries are caused by high-impact traumas such as: vehicle collisions (car or motorcycle accidents) […] A traumatic injury of the brachial plexus can have devastating consequences, including loss of function and chronic pain for an otherwise healthy, active patient. […] Injuries to the brachial plexus (nerves that conduct signals to the shoulder, arm, and hand) can have devastating consequences, including loss of function and chronic pain.

• #82 Brachial Plexus & Peripheral Nerve Injuries | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/brachial-plexus-peripheral-nerve-injuries

  Brachial plexus and peripheral nerve injuries prevent the nerves from carrying signals between the brain and muscles. Over time, the muscles can become weak and lose function. […] These nerves can be damaged when they are stretched, pinched or cut. The most common conditions are: Brachial plexus injuries at birth. If a baby’s shoulders get stuck in the birth canal during a vaginal birth, the brachial plexus nerves can be stretched and injured. This can make it difficult to move the arm or flex the arm muscles. This injury happens in 1.5 of every 1,000 births. […] Brachial plexus trauma injuries. These nerves also can be damaged in a fall from a bicycle or ATV, in a motor vehicle accident or from a sports injury. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome. This condition is more common in adolescents. It occurs when an abnormal growth from a rib or the spinal column puts pressure on the brachial plexus nerves, causing lack or movement and pain in the arm. […] Brachial plexus injuries at birth occur in 1.5 of every 1,000 births. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome is when abnormal ribs or spinal column growths injure brachial plexus. […] Between 20 percent and 30 percent of these nerve injuries require surgery.

• #83 Brachial Plexus Injury in Adults

  https://www.thenerve.net/journal/view.php?number=90

  The mechanism of injury determines the appropriate timing of surgical intervention. Most injuries result from vascular causes require emergency surgery. If there is complete C5 and T1 avulsion injuries, early exploration within 1 to 2 weeks is recommended. When root avulsion is highly suspicious, early exploration and reconstruction between 3 and 6 weeks is indicated. If there has been no functional recovery or no change in the physical examination or EMG, delayed exploration at 12 weeks after injury is recommended.

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