Tendinopatia
Epidemiologia

Tendinopatia, obejmująca zarówno urazy traumatyczne, jak i przewlekłe choroby ścięgien, stanowi ponad 30% wszystkich konsultacji mięśniowo-szkieletowych, z częstością występowania kończyn dolnych na poziomie 11,83/1000 osobolat i zapadalnością 10,52/1000 osobolat w krajach rozwiniętych. W 2020 roku liczba przypadków tendinopatii w siedmiu głównych rynkach wyniosła około 29,3 miliona, z najwyższą liczbą w USA (11,9 mln). Tendinopatia dotyka głównie osoby powyżej 35 roku życia, a jej występowanie jest silnie związane z aktywnością sportową, gdzie np. tendinopatia rzepki u sportowców wynosi 18,3%, a tendinopatia ścięgna Achillesa dotyka około 30% biegaczy z roczną zapadalnością 79%. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wiek, płeć, choroby metaboliczne (cukrzyca, otyłość), przeciążenia mechaniczne, a także ekspozycję zawodową na powtarzalne ruchy i nieprawidłową ergonomię. Diagnostyka opiera się głównie na USG i MRI, a leczenie preferuje ćwiczenia oparte na progresywnym obciążaniu oraz edukację pacjenta, które wykazują lepsze wyniki niż infiltracje kortykosteroidami.

Epidemiologia tendinopatii

Tendinopatia to schorzenie, które obejmuje zarówno urazy traumatyczne, jak i choroby przewlekłe ścięgien. Zaburzenia te należą do jednych z najczęstszych rozpoznań ortopedycznych, stanowiąc ponad 30% wszystkich konsultacji mięśniowo-szkieletowych. Na całym świecie rocznie przeprowadza się ponad 30 milionów procedur związanych ze ścięgnami, co wiąże się ze znaczącymi konsekwencjami społeczno-ekonomicznymi w postaci utraconych godzin pracy i wydatków ekonomicznych.1

Występowanie ogólne

Według analiz epidemiologicznych, w krajach rozwiniętych częstość występowania tendinopatii kończyn dolnych wynosi 11,83 na 1000 osobolat, a zapadalność 10,52 na 1000 osobolat.2 Tendinopatia stanowi około 7% wszystkich wizyt ambulatoryjnych związanych z problemami mięśniowo-szkieletowymi.3 W szerszej perspektywie, urazy ścięgien stanowią około 50% wszystkich urazów sportowych.4

Badania przeprowadzone w 2020 roku wykazały, że całkowita liczba przypadków tendinopatii w siedmiu głównych rynkach (USA, Niemcy, Francja, Włochy, Hiszpania, Wielka Brytania i Japonia) wynosiła około 29,3 miliona.56 Stany Zjednoczone odnotowały najwyższą liczbę przypadków, wynoszącą około 11,9 miliona w 2020 roku, z tendencją wzrostową prognozowaną na kolejne lata.5 Wśród krajów europejskich, Francja charakteryzowała się najwyższą liczbą przypadków tendinopatii (4,45 miliona), następnie Wielka Brytania i Włochy, podczas gdy Hiszpania miała najniższą liczbę przypadków (416 722).5 Japonia odnotowała około 4,97 miliona przypadków tendinopatii w 2020 roku.7

Rozkład demograficzny

Tendinopatia najczęściej dotyka osoby w średnim wieku, szczególnie w grupie wiekowej powyżej 35 lat.89 Wraz z wiekiem znacząco wzrasta ryzyko wystąpienia tendinopatii. Badania pokazują, że nastolatki wydają się być mniej dotknięte tendinopatią w porównaniu z dorosłymi.10 W przypadku tendinopatii rzepki, częstość występowania u sportowców w wieku powyżej 18 lat (21,3%) jest dwukrotnie wyższa niż u sportowców poniżej 18 roku życia (10,1%).11

Jeśli chodzi o różnice płciowe, ogólny trend w zakresie częstości występowania lub zapadalności nie jest jednoznaczny, choć konkretne tendinopatie mogą mieć płeć jako czynnik ryzyka.10 W USA w 2020 roku większa liczba mężczyzn (8,34 miliona) niż kobiet (3,58 miliona) cierpiała na tendinopatię.7 Wpływ płci na występowanie tendinopatii prawdopodobnie jest związany z czynnikami biomechanicznymi. Przykładowo, tendinopatia rzepki jest 5 razy częstsza u mężczyzn niż u kobiet uprawiających sporty wymagające skoków, podczas gdy tendinopatia stożka rotatorów i nadkłykcia bocznego występuje z taką samą częstością u obu płci.8

Tendinopatia w sporcie

Tendinopatia jest szczególnie powszechna wśród sportowców, gdzie aktywność fizyczna powoduje znaczne obciążenie i siłę na część ścięgnistą jednostki mięśniowo-ścięgnistej, zwiększając ryzyko urazu ścięgna.1 Około 50% urazów związanych ze sportem wynika z przeciążeń, a większość z nich dotyczy ścięgien.1

Metaanaliza wykazała, że ogólna częstość występowania tendinopatii rzepki w populacji sportowo aktywnej wynosi 18,3%, w porównaniu do 0,1% w populacji ogólnej.12 Wśród sportowców, częstość występowania tendinopatii rzepki wynosiła 11,2% u kobiet i 17% u mężczyzn.1211

Tendinopatia ścięgna Achillesa dotyka około 30% wszystkich biegaczy, z roczną zapadalnością na poziomie 79%.1 W badaniu przeprowadzonym wśród uniwersyteckich piłkarzy nożnych, częstość występowania tendinopatii ścięgna Achillesa wynosiła 21,9 na 100 osób.1314 Badanie młodych koszykarzy płci męskiej wykazało, że 63% uczestników miało tendinopatię ścięgna Achillesa, przy czym wiek był czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do jej rozwoju.15

Tendinopatia rzepki jest powszechna w siatkówce (14%), piłce ręcznej (13%), koszykówce (12%) i występuje często u zawodników piłki nożnej (2,5%).10 W elitarnej męskiej piłce nożnej, tendinopatia rzepki stanowi 1,5% wszystkich urazów, co odpowiada zapadalności 0,12 urazów/1000 godzin.16 Co sezon dotyczy ona 2,4% zawodników, przy czym większość urazów (61%) prowadzi do absencji trwającej tydzień lub krócej.16

Sport Częstość występowania tendinopatii rzepki
Siatkówka 24,8% (ogólnie)
45% (sportowcy elitarni)
Koszykówka 20,8% (ogólnie)
32% (sportowcy elitarni)
Piłka ręczna 13% (ogólnie)
15% (sportowcy elitarni)
Piłka nożna 6,1% (ogólnie)
2,5% (sportowcy rekreacyjni)
5-13% (sportowcy elitarni)
Rugby 13%

1117

Sporty takie jak tenis i baseball wykazują 4-krotnie większe ryzyko tendinopatii barku przed 45 rokiem życia w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną.10 Roczna zapadalność na tendinopatię stożka rotatorów waha się od 0,3% do 5,5%, a roczna częstość występowania od 0,5% do 7,4%.18

Czynniki ryzyka

Poza aktywnością sportową, w rozwoju tendinopatii biorą udział inne modyfikowalne i niemodyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka. Można je podzielić na czynniki wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne.19

Czynniki wewnętrzne obejmują:

  • Wiek – częstość występowania wzrasta z wiekiem, szczególnie po 35 roku życia8
  • Płeć – wpływa na występowanie konkretnych typów tendinopatii8
  • Zaburzenia medyczne i metaboliczne (cukrzyca, otyłość, hiperlipidemia, spondyloartropatie seronegatywne)19
  • Stany zapalne19
  • Historia rodzinna19
  • Ograniczona lub nadmierna ruchomość stawów19
  • Osłabienie mięśni lub deficyty w kontroli nerwowo-mięśniowej19
  • Zmieniona struktura ścięgna19
  • Polimorfizmy w genach: kolagen typu V, alfa 1 (COL5A1), tenascyna C (TNC), metaloproteinaza macierzy-3 (MMP3) i związany z estrogenem receptor alfa (ESRRA)19

Czynniki zewnętrzne obejmują:

Tendinopatia związana z ekspozycją zawodową

Ekspozycja zawodowa, szczególnie charakteryzująca się wysoce powtarzalnymi ruchami i niewłaściwą ergonomią miejsca pracy, może predysponować do ryzyka wystąpienia tendinopatii.10 Zaobserwowano częstość występowania na poziomie 3%, ale odnotowano również wskaźniki tak wysokie jak 18% i 41% odpowiednio u chirurgów kręgosłupa i górników.20

Środowiska zawodowe, które obejmują czynności wymagające użycia dużej siły i/lub powtarzalności, takie jak pracownicy przemysłu spożywczego, pracownicy budowlani i pakowacze na linii montażowej, zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju tendinopatii.21 Roczna zapadalność na zapalenie nadkłykcia bocznego (tzw. łokieć tenisisty) w praktyce ogólnej wynosi 47/1000 osób, a jego częstość występowania wynosi od 1 do 3% w populacji ogólnej i 7% u pracowników fizycznych.22

Tendinopatia a choroby współistniejące

Patologie ścięgien mogą stanowić pierwszą manifestację kliniczną różnych chorób metabolicznych.20 W przewlekłym zapaleniu stawów w przebiegu dny moczanowej i hipercholesterolemii, odkładanie się kryształów moczanu jednosodowego i cholesterolu w ścięgnach może prowadzić do zapalenia o niskim stopniu nasilenia, odpowiedzialnego za degenerację ścięgna.20

U pacjentów z cukrzycą produkty glikacji pogarszają funkcje biologiczne i mechaniczne ścięgien i więzadeł.20 Również otyłość może być czynnikiem ryzyka dla zaburzeń ścięgien ze względu na zwiększony ciężar na ścięgna przenoszące obciążenie oraz ogólnoustrojowe czynniki dysmetaboliczne.20 Niektóre badania wykazały związek między dysfunkcją tarczycy a zaburzeniami ścięgien, takimi jak uszkodzenia stożka rotatorów i spontaniczne zerwanie długiej głowy ścięgna dwugłowego.20

Tendinopatia wapieniowa

Tendinopatia wapieniowa jest bolesnym schorzeniem barku, charakteryzującym się odkładaniem kryształów hydroksyapatytu wapnia w części ścięgnistej stożka rotatorów. Częstość występowania sięga 7,8% w barkach bezobjawowych i do 42,5% w barkach z objawami.23 W ostatnich latach płukanie pod kontrolą USG wraz z iniekcją steroidów zyskało na popularności i stało się preferowaną metodą dla wielu chirurgów ortopedów, radiologów i lekarzy medycyny fizykalnej.23

Znaczenie kliniczne i ekonomiczne

Tendinopatia stanowi problem o dużym znaczeniu klinicznym i rosnącej częstości występowania.4 Leczenie tendinopatii może być wyzwaniem dla klinicystów i może wiązać się z poważnymi działaniami niepożądanymi.24 Około 5% pacjentów z tendinopatią ścięgna Achillesa przechodzi do zerwania ścięgna Achillesa.25

Tendinopatia została silnie skorelowana ze starzeniem się.4 Istnieją istotne dowody potwierdzające związek obciążenia mechanicznego z początkiem i utrzymywaniem się tendinopatii w wyniku zmian typowych wzorców obciążenia, niewłaściwej objętości obciążenia lub częstotliwości, prowadzących do przeciążenia lub niedociążenia tkanki.4

Monitorowanie i nadzór nad tendinopatią

Monitorowanie i nadzór nad tendinopatią są istotne ze względu na znaczącą częstość występowania tego schorzenia oraz jego wpływ na jakość życia pacjentów i koszty społeczno-ekonomiczne. Wysiłki badawcze powinny opierać się na wynikach wiarygodnych i aktualnych badań epidemiologicznych, aby lepiej zrozumieć wpływ tendinopatii i wesprzeć działania profilaktyczne.11

Metody diagnostyczne w nadzorze

Tendinopatia jest rozpoznaniem klinicznym charakteryzującym się zlokalizowanym bólem ścięgna i utratą funkcji. Najczęściej jest wynikiem powtarzających się obciążeń mechanicznych.26 Tendinopatia często ma podstępny początek i odnosi się do ścięgna z nieprawidłową tkanką, która jest strukturalnie nienaruszona.27

Najlepszym narzędziem diagnostycznym dla tendinopatii stożka rotatorów jest badanie USG, a następnie MRI.22 Badania ultrasonograficzne mogą być również przydatne w przewidywaniu przyszłych wystąpień tendinopatii ścięgna Achillesa.28

Strategie prewencyjne

Strategie zapobiegawcze nie zostały jeszcze dobrze zbadane, ale w określonych populacjach trening równowagi (piłkarze) i wkładki amortyzujące (rekruci wojskowi) mogą być skuteczne.28 Tendinopatia kończyn dolnych jako powszechny i uciążliwy stan zasługuje na wyższe miejsce w programie badań układu lokomotorycznego w celu opracowania skuteczniejszych interwencji zapobiegawczych.2

Ćwiczenia oparte na progresywnym obciążaniu i edukacji są lepsze niż minimalne interwencje pod względem krótko- i długoterminowej funkcji/nasilenia objawów u osób z tendinopatią pośladkową.29 Jeśli chodzi o natężenie bólu, interwencje oparte na ćwiczeniach i infiltracje kortykosteroidami miały podobne efekty w tej populacji, jednak ćwiczenia wykazały wyższy wskaźnik powodzenia leczenia w porównaniu z infiltracją kortykosteroidami zarówno w krótkim, jak i długim okresie u osób z tendinopatią pośladkową.29

Trendy epidemiologiczne

Zapadalność na tendinopatię wykazuje tendencję wzrostową. W badaniu opartym na populacji ogólnej, zapadalność na tendinopatię ścięgna Achillesa sześciokrotnie wzrosła w latach 1987-1994 w porównaniu z okresem 1979-1986.18

Według raportu epidemiologicznego, częstość występowania tendinopatii w siedmiu głównych rynkach (USA, UE5 i Japonia) jest prognozowana do wzrostu w okresie 2021-2030.30 Stany Zjednoczone utrzymują największą pulę pacjentów z tendinopatią i reprezentują największy rynek dla jej leczenia.31

Zapadalność na tendinopatię wśród konkretnych populacji sportowych została ustalona, jednak dane te w dużej mierze brakują dla populacji ogólnej praktyki lekarskiej.2

Wyzwania w nadzorze i monitorowaniu

Według Kaux i wsp., uogólnione badania epidemiologiczne nad tendinopatią są trudne ze względu na różne kultury sportowe i nawyki sportowe w różnych krajach.32 Istnieje niedobór danych dotyczących częstości występowania tendinopatii ścięgna Achillesa w sportach rekreacyjnych w wielu krajach.32

Wiele uwagi poświęca się sportowcom elitarnym w sporcie wyczynowym, podczas gdy w sporcie rekreacyjnym jest większa liczba uczestników, którzy zaczynają wcześniej lub kontynuują dłużej, a dla wielu z nich sprzęt nie zawsze jest dostosowany do uprawianego sportu, zwiększając ryzyko tendinopatii.32

Nie ma również powszechnie akceptowanego systemu klasyfikacji patologii ścięgien.33 Opublikowano liczne raporty opisujące urazy mechanizmu wyprostnego u sportowców, ale istnieje niedostatek badań koncentrujących się na tendinopatii ścięgna czworogłowego.33

Kierunki przyszłych badań

Nowe dane pochodzące z badań podstawowych i translacyjnych wraz z dobrze zaprojektowanymi badaniami klinicznymi zwiększą nasze zrozumienie pochodzenia i zidentyfikują ulepszone opcje leczenia tendinopatii.22 Potrzebne są dalsze badania z większą wielkością próby i badaniem roli zmiennych antropometrycznych w występowaniu tego zaburzenia.34

Wyniki cytowanego wcześniej badania dotyczącego tendinopatii wapniowej są sprzeczne z istniejącą literaturą i kwestionują stosowanie płukania pod kontrolą USG jako środka leczenia tendinopatii wapniowej.23 Ustalenia te kwestionują istniejące zalecenia dotyczące leczenia tendinopatii wapniowej i mogą wymagać krytycznego przemyślenia ustalonych koncepcji leczenia tych pacjentów.35

Ze względu na wysoką częstość występowania i charakter niepełnosprawności tendinopatii pośladkowej, skuteczność interwencji zachowawczych w leczeniu tego schorzenia została zbadana w kilku badaniach.36 Wśród interwencji zachowawczych, ćwiczenia okazały się skuteczną terapią w leczeniu tendinopatii ogólnie, będąc uważaną za preferowaną opcję dla zarządzania tymi schorzeniami, choć pewność dowodów w tym zakresie była niska do bardzo niskiej.29

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  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Tendinopathy: Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Options, and Role of Nutraceutics. A Narrative Literature Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6723894/
    Tendon disorders are a class of pathology that includes traumatic injuries as well as chronic diseases, such as tendinopathy. They represent some of the most frequent orthopedic diagnosis, accounting for over 30% of all musculoskeletal consultations. […] Over 30 million human tendon-related procedures take place annually worldwide with significant socio-economic repercussions in terms of lost working hours and economic expenditure. […] Tendon disorders are very common in sports. Physical activity determines much stress and force on the tendinous part of the muscle-tendon unit, increasing the risk of tendon injury. […] Around 50% of sport-related injuries are due to overuse conditions and the majority of these involves tendons. […] Achilles tendinopathy affects approximately 30% of all runners, with an annual incidence of 79%.
  • #2 Incidence and prevalence of lower extremity tendinopathy in a Dutch general practice population: a cross sectional study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
    https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-0885-2
    Lower extremity tendinopathy is a common sports injury, but it can also affect non-athletes. […] The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence and prevalence of lower extremity tendinopathy in a Dutch general practice population. […] The prevalence and incidence rates of lower extremity tendinopathy found in this study were 11.83 and 10.52 per 1000 person-years. […] In this cross-sectional study in a Dutch general practice, the prevalence and incidence rates of lower extremity tendinopathy were 11.83 and 10.52 per 1000 person-years. […] The incidence and prevalence of lower extremity tendinopathy among specific sports populations have been established. However, these numbers are largely lacking for the general practice population. […] Lower extremity tendinopathy has an incidence rate of 10.52 per 1000 person-years and a prevalence rate of 11.83 per 1000 person-years in a Dutch general practice population. […] Lower extremity tendinopathy as common and bothersome condition deserves a higher place on the agenda of locomotor system research in order to develop more effective preventive interventions.
  • #3 Tendinopathy | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816065/0.0/Tendinopathy
    Tendinopathy more common in athletes or active people, especially in age group 35 years old. […] Major risk factors for tendinopathy include age, load on tendon, and biomechanical abnormalities. […] Gender influences incidence of specific tendinopathies likely related to biomechanical factors. Example: patellar tendinopathy 5 times more common in males than female jumping athletes; rotator cuff and lateral epicondylitis tendinopathy equal for males and females. […] Prevalence: Common outpatient musculoskeletal complaint 7% of all visits.
  • #4 Current trends in tendinopathy: consensus of the ESSKA basic science committee. Part I: biology, biomechanics, anatomy and an exercise-based approach | Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics | Full Text
    https://jeo-esska.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40634-017-0092-6
    Chronic tendinopathies represent a major problem in the clinical practice of sports orthopaedic surgeons, sports doctors and other health professionals involved in the treatment of athletes and patients that perform repetitive actions. […] Tendinopathy is a clinical problem of great magnitude and is growing in terms of prevalence. […] Tendon injuries represent approximately 50% of all sports injuries. […] The most frequent tendinopathy in the upper limbs is lateral epicondylitis or enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis. […] Tendinopathy has been strongly correlated to aging. […] There is substantial evidence to support the relationship of mechanical loading to the onset and perpetuation of tendinopathy as a result of alterations to typical loading patterns, inappropriate loading volume or frequency resulting in tissue overloading or underloading.
  • #5 Tendinopathy Epidemiology Forecast Research Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com
    https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210728005505/en/Tendinopathy-Epidemiology-Forecast-Research-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com
    Tendinopathy – Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 drug pipelines has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. […] This 'Tendinopathy – Epidemiology Forecast-2030′ report delivers an in-depth understanding of Tendinopathy, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Tendinopathy trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. […] In 2020, the total incident cases of Tendinopathy were found out to be 29,282,773 in the 7MM. […] Tendinopathy incidence for the United States has shown an increasing trend. As per the estimates, the United States accounted for 11,920,169 incident cases in 2020 and is estimated to increase in 2030. […] Among the European 5 countries, France had the highest incident population of Tendinopathy with 4,450,554 cases, followed by the UK and Italy, in 2020. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 416,722 in 2020.
  • #6 Global Tendinopathy Market to 2030 – Insights, Epidemiology and Forecasts – ResearchAndMarkets.com
    https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211125005965/en/Global-Tendinopathy-Market-to-2030—Insights-Epidemiology-and-Forecasts—ResearchAndMarkets.com
    The „Tendinopathy – Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030” report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. […] This report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Tendinopathy, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Tendinopathy market trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) and Japan. […] In 2020, the total incident cases of Tendinopathy were found out to be 29,282,773 in the 7MM. […] Tendinopathy incidence for the United States has shown an increasing trend. As per the estimates, the United States accounted for 11,920,169 incident cases in 2020 and is estimated to increase in 2030. […] Among the European 5 countries, France had the highest incident population of Tendinopathy with 4,450,554 cases, followed by the UK and Italy, in 2020. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 416,722 in 2020.
  • #7 Tendinopathy Epidemiology Forecast Research Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com
    https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210728005505/en/Tendinopathy-Epidemiology-Forecast-Research-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com
    The Incident Cases of Tendinopathy are on the rise, and it is estimated that Japan accounted for 4,973,588 incident cases in 2020. […] In 2020, a higher number of males were affected by this disease, of the total incident population of the United States, which is equivalent to 8,344,118 cases in the male population of the country. In comparison to this, for females, the number of cases was observed to be 3,576,051 in 2020. […] The report provides insight into the 7MM historical and forecasted patient pool covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Tendinopathy. […] The report provides the segmentation of the disease epidemiology for 7MM by Total Incident Cases of Tendinopathy, Gender-specific Incident Cases of Tendinopathy, Type-specific Incident Cases of Tendinopathy, and Region-specific Incident Cases of Tendinopathy.
  • #8 Tendinopathy | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816065/1.2/Tendinopathy
    Tendinopathy more common in athletes or active people, especially in age group 35 years old. […] Major risk factors for tendinopathy include age, load on tendon, and biomechanical abnormalities. […] Gender influences incidence of specific tendinopathies likely related to biomechanical factors. Example: patellar tendinopathy 5 times more common in males than female jumping athletes; rotator cuff and lateral epicondylitis tendinopathy equal for males and females. […] Genetics may play a role in development of tendinopathy. […] Common outpatient musculoskeletal complaint 7% of all visits.
  • #9 Tendonitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/809692-overview
    Middle-aged adults are most susceptible to the development of tendinopathy. […] Tendinopathy may be a better term than tendonitis.
  • #10 Tendinopathy: Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Options, and Role of Nutraceutics. A Narrative Literature Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6723894/
    Patellar tendinopathy is common in volleyball (14%), team handball (13%), basketball (12%), and it is a common condition in football/soccer players (2.5%). […] Sports such as tennis and baseball show 4 times greater risk of shoulder tendinopathy before the age of 45 years compared with controls. […] Beyond sport activity, other modifiable and not modifiable risk factors are involved in developing tendinopathy, like age and gender. […] Adolescents seem to be less affected by tendinopathy compared to adults, since there is evidence that age influences tendinopathy. […] Although there is no clear trend in the prevalence or incidence between male and female athletes, specific tendinopathies have sex as a risk factor. […] Even occupational exposure, especially that characterized by highly repetitive movements and poor workplace ergonomics, can predispose one to the risk of tendinopathy.
  • #11
    https://typeset.io/papers/epidemiology-of-patellar-tendinopathy-in-athletes-and-the-8uv1bulc
    A systematic review of the literature was performed on January 17, 2022, and conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines as mentioned in this paper. […] Research efforts should start from the results of reliable and updated epidemiological research to help better understand the impact of PT and underpin preventative measures. […] The general and athletes populations reported an overall PT prevalence of 0.1% and 18.3%, respectively. […] In athletes, the prevalence of PT was 11.2% in women and 17% in men (P = .070). […] The prevalence of PT in athletes 18 years was 10.1%, while it was 21.3% in athletes 18 years (P = .004). […] The prevalence of PT was 6.1% in soccer players, 20.8% in basketball players, and 24.8% in volleyball players. […] This review demonstrated that PT is a common problem in the male and female sport-active populations. […] There are twice as many athletes aged 18 years than there are 18 years. […] Volleyball and basketball players are most affected by PT.
  • #12
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10280536/
    Patellar tendinopathy (PT) mainly affects athletes who use the tendon for repeated energy storage and release activities. It can have a striking impact on athletes careers, although data on its real prevalence and incidence are sparse. […] The general and athletes populations reported an overall PT prevalence of 0.1% and 18.3%, respectively. In athletes, the prevalence of PT was 11.2% in women and 17% in men. […] This review demonstrated that PT is a common problem in the male and female sport-active populations. There are twice as many athletes aged 18 years than there are 18 years. Volleyball and basketball players are most affected by PT. […] The PT prevalence was 0.1% and the incidence was 0.1% in the general population. The athletes had a higher PT prevalence and incidence. […] The most important finding of this review was the quantification of an overall PT prevalence of 18.3% in the sport-active population, with volleyball and basketball players being the most affected by PT. Also, PT epidemiology varied by age, with a prevalence of 10.1% in younger athletes and doubling to 21.3% in older athletes.
  • #13 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Achilles Tendinopathy among University Soccer Players
    http://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsem/international-journal-of-sports-and-exercise-medicine-ijsem-8-223.php?jid=ijsem
    Tendinopathies especially that of the Achilles account for a significant amount of overuse injuries in sports that could hinder optimal performance in sport, might lead to permanent physical damage or disability, and it’s epidemiology is not extensively documented in our clime. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Achilles Tendinopathy (AT) among university soccer players. […] The prevalence of AT was 21.9 per 100 persons. […] The prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in university soccer players was high. […] The results depict that the higher the BMI, the likelihood of having AT. […] The prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in university soccer players is 21.9 per 100 persons. […] Therefore, point prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in university soccer players is 21.9 per 100 persons.
  • #14 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Achilles Tendinopathy among University Soccer Players
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsem/international-journal-of-sports-and-exercise-medicine-ijsem-8-223.php?jid=ijsem
    Tendinopathies especially that of the Achilles account for a significant amount of overuse injuries in sports that could hinder optimal performance in sport, might lead to permanent physical damage or disability, and it’s epidemiology is not extensively documented in our clime. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Achilles Tendinopathy (AT) among university soccer players. […] The prevalence of AT was 21.9 per 100 persons. […] The prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in university soccer players was high. […] The results depict that the higher the BMI, the likelihood of having AT. […] The prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in university soccer players is 21.9 per 100 persons. […] Therefore, point prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in university soccer players is 21.9 per 100 persons.
  • #15
    https://www.jneonatalsurg.com/index.php/jns/article/view/2836?articlesBySameAuthorPage=3
    Achilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury affecting the Achilles tendon, the strong band of tissue that connects the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel bone (calcaneus). […] This study investigates prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy and its association with symptoms of population in young male basketball players. […] Our finding show that 63 % of the participants had Achilles tendinopathy. […] prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy is common among young male basketball players. Age being a contributing factor while other physical characteristics had no significant impact.
  • #16
    http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A441426
    Epidemiology of Patellar Tendinopathy in Elite Male Soccer Players […] The epidemiology in soccer is not well described. […] This study was undertaken to investigate and describe the epidemiology of patellar tendinopathy in elite male soccer players and evaluate potential risk factors. […] In total, 137 patellar tendinopathies were recorded, comprising 1.5% of all injuries and corresponding to an incidence of 0.12 injuries/1000 hours. […] Each season, 2.4% of players were affected, with most injuries (61%) resulting in absence up to 1 week or less. […] No significant difference in season prevalence (odds ratio [OR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.44; P = .74) or incidence (rate ratio [RR] 1.20; 95% CI, 0.82-1.75; P = .36) was observed between teams playing on artificial turf and natural grass, respectively. […] High total amount of exposure was identified as a risk factor for patellar tendinopathy.
  • #17 Epidemiology – patellartendinopathy
    https://patellartendinopathy.trekeducation.org/epidemiology/
    In the general population, the prevalence of patellar tendinopathy ranges from 1.1 to 1.6 per 1,000 person-year. The incidence ranges from 0.5 to 1.6 per 1,000 person-year. There is no important difference in the prevalence of patellar tendinopathy between men and women. […] Unlike the findings in the general population, patellar tendinopathy seems to affect men athletes at a larger extent than women athletes. Among recreational athletes, the prevalence in men and women is 10% and 6%, respectively. Similarly, in elite sport, the prevalence of patellar tendinopathy is 14% and 6% in men and women, respectively. […] The prevalence of patellar tendinopathy varies among different sports and different levels of training. The prevalence of this condition is greater in sports with high-impact loads on the knee extensor mechanism, such as volleyball, basketball and athletics. Sports with a low-impact load, such as cycling, have lower prevalence than high-impact sports. In recreational athletes, the sport with the highest prevalence of patellar tendinopathy is volleyball (14%), followed by handball (13%) and basketball (12%). In elite athletes, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of patellar tendinopathy to 45% in volleyball, 15% in handball and 32% in basketball athletes. In soccer, the prevalence also follows a similar trend increasing from 2.5% in recreational athletes to 5 to 13% in elite athletes. Patellar tendinopathy has also a high prevalence (13%) in rugby players.
  • #18 Tendinopathy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinopathy
    Tendon injury and resulting tendinopathy are responsible for up to 30% of consultations to sports doctors and other musculoskeletal health providers. Tendinopathy is most often seen in tendons of athletes either before or after an injury but is becoming more common in non-athletes and sedentary populations. […] For example, the majority of patients with Achilles tendinopathy in a general population-based study did not associate their condition with a sporting activity. […] In another study the population incidence of Achilles tendinopathy increased sixfold from 1979-1986 to 1987-1994. […] The incidence of rotator cuff tendinopathy ranges from 0.3% to 5.5% and annual prevalence from 0.5% to 7.4%.
  • #19 Tendinopathy | PM&R KnowledgeNow
    https://now.aapmr.org/tendinopathy/
    Most often occurring in 30- to 60-year-olds. […] Prevalence increases with age and is higher in women compared to men. […] Risk factors may be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic factors. […] Intrinsic risk factors: Medical and metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, seronegative spondyloarthropathies), inflammatory conditions, family history, age, limited or excessive joint mobility, muscle weakness or deficits in neuromuscular control, altered tendon structure, polymorphisms in genes: collagen, type V, alpha 1 (COL5A1), tenascin C (TNC), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), and estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA) show highest association with tendon injury (i.e., tendinopathy or rupture). […] Extrinsic risk factors: Overuse, sudden increase in activity frequency and/or intensity, new physical activities, lack of adequate recovery, repetitive movements, poor ergonomics, treatment plans using fluoroquinolone, excess corticosteroid use, and statins.
  • #20 Tendinopathy: Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Options, and Role of Nutraceutics. A Narrative Literature Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6723894/
    A prevalence of 3% have been observed, but rates as high as 18% and 41% have also been reported in spine surgeons and coal miners respectively. […] Also, different pharmacological molecules can play a negative role on tendon tissue biology and represent a risk factor for developing tendinopathy. […] Finally, tendon pathologies can represent the first clinical presentation of various metabolic diseases. […] In chronic gouty arthritis and hypercholesterolemia, monosodium urate crystal and cholesterol deposition in the tendons can determine low-grade inflammation, which is responsible for tendon degeneration. […] In patients affected by diabetes, glycation products deteriorate the biological and mechanical functions of tendons and ligaments. […] Even adiposity may be a risk factor for tendon disorders because of the increased weight on the load-bearing tendons and systemic dysmetabolic factors. […] Moreover, some studies have shown a relationship between dysthyroidism and tendon disorders such as rotator cuff tears and spontaneous rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon.
  • #21 Tendinopathy | PM&R KnowledgeNow
    https://now.aapmr.org/tendinopathy/
    Occupational settings that include forceful activities with high force and/or repetition, such as food industry workers, construction workers, and assembly line packers, increase the risk for developing tendinopathy. […] Addressing psychosocial conditions that may precipitate depression and anxiety may improve outcomes in patients with tendinopathy since these psychological conditions correlate with pain.
  • #22 Current trends in tendinopathy: consensus of the ESSKA basic science committee. Part I: biology, biomechanics, anatomy and an exercise-based approach | Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics | Full Text
    https://jeo-esska.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40634-017-0092-6
    Patellar tendinopathy is a frequent degenerative load-induced injury. […] Different prevalence rates for this injury in the athletic population have been reported. […] The prevalence of patellar tendinopathy in elite male soccer players is reported to be higher. […] The best diagnostic tool for RC tendinopathies is a US image followed by an MRI. […] The annual incidence of lateral epicondylitis in general practice is 47/1000 people. […] The prevalence stands at 1 to 3% in the general population and 7% in manual labourers. […] The question put forth by Purdam et al. (2004) is of significant relevance when treating chronic tendinopathy. […] New data originating from basic scientific and translational investigations together with well-designed clinical trials will enhance our understanding of the origin of and identify improved treatment options for tendinopathy.
  • #23 Ultrasound guided lavage with corticosteroid injection versus sham lavage with and without corticosteroid injection for calcific tendinopathy of shoulder: randomised double blinded multi-arm study | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2023-076447
    Calcific tendinopathy is a painful disorder of the shoulder, characterised by the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in the tendinous part of the rotator cuff. A prevalence of up to 7.8% in asymptomatic shoulders and up to 42.5% in symptomatic shoulders has been reported. […] Over the past few years ultrasound guided lavage together with a steroid injection has gained increasing popularity and has become the preferred method for many orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and physical medicine physicians. […] The principal finding of the study is that neither lavage plus steroid nor sham lavage plus steroid was superior to sham treatment in the treatment of calcific tendinopathy at four month and 24 month follow-ups. […] The results from this study are in contrast with the existing literature and question the use of ultrasound guided lavage as a treatment measure for calcific tendinopathy.
  • #24
    https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/9331
    The treatment of tendinopathy can be challenging for clinicians and might be associated with serious adverse events. […] Evidence also shows that the prevalence of the condition is high among athletes. However, these rates were variable across the different studies in the literature. […] In the present literature review, we have discussed the epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis of tendinopathy among athletes.
  • #25 Achilles tendinopathy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/achilles-tendinopathy?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%252527%25255B0%25255D%252527%25255B0%25255Dfavicon.ico&lang=gb
    Achilles tendinopathy can affect a range of people, from athletes to recreational exercisers and even inactive people. In around one-third of cases, it affects non-athletes. […] Approximately 5% of patients with Achilles tendinopathy will go on to suffer an Achilles tendon rupture.
  • #26 Tendinopathy: Overview of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and presentation – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tendinopathy-overview-of-pathophysiology-epidemiology-and-presentation
    Tendinopathy: Overview of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and presentation […] The general epidemiology, risk factors, common clinical findings, terminology, and clinically relevant aspects of the pathophysiology of tendinopathy are reviewed here. […] Tendinopathy is a clinical diagnosis characterized by localized tendon pain and loss of function. Most commonly, it is the result of repeated mechanical loading. […] Tendinopathy often has an insidious onset and refers to a tendon with abnormal tissue that is structurally intact.
  • #27 Tendinopathy: Overview of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and presentation – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tendinopathy-overview-of-pathophysiology-epidemiology-and-presentation/print
    Tendinopathy is a clinical diagnosis characterized by localized tendon pain and loss of function. The general epidemiology, risk factors, common clinical findings, terminology, and clinically relevant aspects of the pathophysiology of tendinopathy are reviewed here. […] Tendinopathy often has an insidious onset and refers to a tendon with abnormal tissue that is structurally intact.
  • #28
    https://www.orthobullets.com/evidence/32203618
    Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a clinical term describing a nonrupture injury of the Achilles tendon where the patient presents with pain, swelling, and reduced performance and symptoms exacerbated by physical activity. About 52% of runners experience AT in their lifetime and in the United States military the rate of clinically diagnosed AT cases was 5/1000 person-yr in 2015. […] Prospective studies indicate that risk factors include female sex, black race, higher body mass index, prior tendinopathy or fracture, higher alcohol consumption, lower plantar flexion strength, greater weekly volume of running, more years of running, use of spiked or shock absorbing shoes, training in cold weather, use of oral contraceptives and/ or hormone replacement therapy, reduced or excessive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, and consumption of antibiotics in the fluoroquinolone class. […] Prevention strategies have not been well researched, but in specific populations balance training (soccer players) and shock-absorbing insoles (military recruits) may be effective. Ultrasound scans might be useful in predicting future AT occurrences.
  • #29 Effects of exercise-based interventions on gluteal tendinopathy. Systematic review with meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53283-x
    The primary outcomes were: pain intensity; function; perception of change; and quality of life. Secondary outcomes were: participation in activities; strength; biomechanical variables; and pain catastrophizing. The average score of the studies in the methodological quality and risk of bias assessment was 6.8 points, ranging from 5 to 9 points. The analysis of the certainty of evidence in relation to the results of this review showed a range from low certainty of evidence to very low certainty of evidence. […] Exercise-based interventions, including progressive loading and education are superior to minimal interventions in terms of short- and long-term function/symptom severity in individuals with gluteal tendinopathy. Regarding pain intensity, exercise-based interventions and corticosteroid infiltrations had similar effects in this population, however, exercise showed a higher treatment success rate when compared to corticosteroid infiltration both in the short- and long-term in individuals with gluteal tendinopathy. The certainty of the evidence varied from low to very low, therefore, large high-quality, randomized controlled trials are recommended.
  • #30 Tendinopathy Epidemiology Forecast Research Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com
    https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210728005505/en/Tendinopathy-Epidemiology-Forecast-Research-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com
    What is the historical Tendinopathy patient pool in the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK), and Japan? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool of Tendinopathy at the 7MM level? […] What will be the growth opportunities across the 7MM with respect to the patient population pertaining to Tendinopathy? […] Out of the above-mentioned countries, which country would have the highest incident population of Tendinopathy during the forecast period (2021-2030)? […] At what CAGR the population is expected to grow across the 7MM during the forecast period (2021-2030)? […] Total Incident Cases of Tendinopathy in the 7MM.
  • #31 Tendinopathy Market Size, Trends and Forecast 2024-2034
    https://www.imarcgroup.com/tendinopathy-market
    The tendinopathy market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARC’s new report titled „Tendinopathy Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034”. Tendinopathy refers to a group of conditions characterized by damage, degeneration, or inflammation of tendons, which are thick, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones. […] According to the report, the United States has the largest patient pool for tendinopathy and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] Tendinopathy represents 45% of musculoskeletal illnesses. […] Tendinopathy is most common among middle-aged adults. […] Children are less likely to develop tendinopathy because their growth plates and tendon insertions are more vulnerable to injury than their tendons, which are more elastic and durable.
  • #32
    https://journals.lww.com/jocs/fulltext/2016/13040/prevalence_of_achilles_tendinopathy_and_its.4.aspx
    An incidence rate of 2.35/1000 subjects was reported for this injury in the general population (21-60 years) as well. […] Much attention has been paid to elite athletes in the competitive sport while in recreational sport, there are greater numbers of participants, who start younger or continue for longer and for many of them, the equipment are not always adapted to the sports, thereby increasing the risk of tendinopathy. […] According to Kaux etal. generalized epidemiologic studies on tendinopathy are difficult because of the varying sporting cultures and sports habits in different countries. […] There is dearth of data on the prevalence of AT in recreational sports in Nigeria hence the need for this study. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AT and its association with selected physical characteristics in recreational sports individuals in Lagos, Nigeria.
  • #33
    https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/24039
    Overuse injuries of the extensor mechanism of the knee are common in both athletes and non-athletes and usually occur during activities associated with repetitive loading, stress, and knee extension. […] In many published reports, the name patellar tendinopathy is used to describe this disorder of the quadriceps tendon at the patellar insertion, and the names are often used interchangeably. […] Numerous reports have been published describing extensor mechanism injuries in athletes, but there is a paucity of studies that focus on quadriceps tendinopathy. […] In addition, there is no universally accepted classification system for tendon pathology. […] In the first part we review: (I) epidemiology and (II) diagnosis of quadriceps tendinopathy in the athlete as well as the general population.
  • #34
    https://journals.lww.com/jocs/fulltext/2016/13040/prevalence_of_achilles_tendinopathy_and_its.4.aspx
    In this study, age had a significant impact on the development of AT (P = 0.001) which supports the finding of Holmes and Lin that age has been indicated as an important factor that appears to predispose athletes to AT, and the prevalence of Achilles’ tendinopathy is higher with age with the peak age being 30-40 years. […] Our findings also indicate that the physical characteristics of the participants such as weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) had no significant impact on the development of AT. […] A major strength of this study is that it has provided a preliminary data on the prevalence of AT in recreational sports persons in Lagos Nigeria. […] Further studies are however necessary with a much larger sample size and investigation of the role of anthropometric variables in the prevalence of this disorder.
  • #35 Ultrasound guided lavage with corticosteroid injection versus sham lavage with and without corticosteroid injection for calcific tendinopathy of shoulder: randomised double blinded multi-arm study | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2023-076447
    The findings of this study, in which treatment benefit did not differ between patients with radiographic deposit disappearance after four and 24 months compared with patients in whom the deposit was unchanged, suggest that an exaggerated focus on the radiographic finding of a calcific deposit and its removal may be present in current treatment algorithms. […] Our results challenge existing recommendations for the treatment of calcific tendinopathy and may necessitate a critical reconsideration of established treatment concepts for these patients.
  • #36 Effects of exercise-based interventions on gluteal tendinopathy. Systematic review with meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53283-x
    Gluteal tendinopathy is the most prevalent of all lower limb tendinopathies and it is considered the most common cause of lateral hip pain. It is a common condition in adults, both sedentary and athletes, with an annual incidence of 1.8 per 1000 individuals, and a global prevalence of 20.2%. Recently, it has been demonstrated that gluteal tendinopathy causes disability and reduced quality of life of an intensity equivalent to that observed in the late stages of hip osteoarthritis. Due to the high prevalence and disabling nature of gluteal tendinopathy, the effectiveness of conservative interventions for the treatment of this condition has been investigated in some studies. Among conservative interventions, exercise has been shown to be an effective therapy for the treatment of tendinopathies in general, being considered the preferred option for managing these conditions. Several studies have shown that exercise-based interventions have significant results in terms of reducing pain and improving function in individuals with lower limb tendinopathy. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effects of exercise-based interventions for the treatment of gluteal tendinopathy are not completely understood and need to be systematically reviewed and analyzed.