Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Color blindness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

  Color blindness or color vision deficiency (CVD) is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color. The most common form is caused by a genetic condition called congenital redgreen color blindness (including protan and deutan types), which affects up to 1 in 12 males (8%) and 1 in 200 females (0.5%). The condition is more prevalent in males, because the opsin genes responsible are located on the X chromosome. Rarer genetic conditions causing color blindness include congenital blueyellow color blindness (tritan type), blue cone monochromacy, and achromatopsia. Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye, the optic nerve, parts of the brain, or from medication toxicity. Color vision also naturally degrades in old age. […] Color blindness is typically an inherited genetic disorder. The most common forms of color blindness are associated with the Photopsin genes, but the mapping of the human genome has shown there are many causative mutations that do not directly affect the opsins. Mutations capable of causing color blindness originate from at least 19 different chromosomes and 56 different genes.

• #1 Causes of Color Vision Deficiency | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/color-blindness/causes-color-vision-deficiency

  Having color vision deficiency (also called color blindness) means you cant see certain colors the way most people do or you may not see color at all. […] The most common kinds of color vision deficiency are genetic, meaning theyre passed down from parents to their children. If your color vision deficiency is genetic, your color vision wont get any better or worse over time. […] You can also get color vision deficiency later in life if you have a disease or injury that affects your eyes or brain. […] Color vision deficiency can also happen if your eyes or the part of your brain that helps you see color gets damaged. Common causes of this are: […] Eye diseases like glaucoma or age-related macular degeneration (AMD) […] Brain and nervous system diseases like Alzheimers or multiple sclerosis (MS) […] Some medicines like Plaquenil (a rheumatoid arthritis medicine) […] Eye or brain injuries like retinal detachment and some kinds of tumors.

• #1 Prevalence and population genetic data of colour vision deficiency among students from selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State, Nigeria | Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics | Full Text

  https://jmhg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43042-022-00287-9

  Colour vision deficiency (CVD), also referred to as colour blindness, is the failure or decreased ability to distinguish between certain colours under normal lighting conditions. It is an X-linked genetic disorder with varying degrees of prevalence in different populations. […] Colour vision deficiency may be congenital (inherited) or acquired. While congenital colour vision deficiency (CCVD) arises from genetic disorder that affects the expression of the full complements of the cone genes, acquired colour deficiency results from environmental factors such as trauma, exposure to chemicals or reaction to certain medications. […] The higher incidence of this disorder among males is not unexpected since colour blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. This type of trait usually affects more males than females because males have one X chromosome; hence, there is no second X chromosome to counter the effect of the recessive allele.

• #1 Color blindness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/poor-color-vision/symptoms-causes/syc-20354988

  Color blindness is an eye condition in which someone can’t see the difference between certain colors. […] The medical term for color blindness is known as color vision deficiency. […] Color blindness is usually inherited, meaning it’s passed down through families. […] Certain eye diseases and some medicines also can cause color blindness. […] If your cones don’t work properly, you will be unable to distinguish the colors red, green or blue. […] Some conditions that can increase the risk of color deficiency include sickle cell anemia, diabetes, macular degeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Parkinson’s disease, chronic alcoholism and leukemia. […] Color blindness can be caused by trauma to the eye as a result of injury, surgery, radiation therapy or laser treatment.

• #1 Inherited Colour Vision Deficiency – Colour Blind Awareness

  https://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/causes-of-colour-blindness/inherited-colour-vision-deficiency/

  Colour blindness is one of the worlds most common genetic (inherited) conditions, which means it is usually passed down from your parents. […] Red/green colour blindness is passed from mother to son on the 23rd chromosome, which is known as the sex chromosome because it also determines your sex. […] If you are colour blind it means the instructions for the development of your cone cells are different to those for people who have normal colour vision. […] Blue/yellow inherited colour vision deficiency genes are not carried on the X-chromosome. […] The genetic code sequence you have will determine which type and severity of (red or green) colour blindness you have (or if you have normal colour vision). […] The gene which causes (inherited, red and green types of) colour blindness is found only on the X chromosome.

• #1 Congenital red–green color blindness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_red%E2%80%93green_color_blindness

  Congenital redgreen color blindness is an inherited condition that is the root cause of the majority of cases of color blindness. […] It is caused by variation in the functionality of the red and/or green opsin proteins, which are the photosensitive pigment in the cone cells of the retina, which mediate color vision. […] Males are more likely to inherit redgreen color blindness than females, because the genes for the relevant opsins are on the X chromosome. […] Since the affected opsin genes (OPN1LW and OPN1MW) are on the X chromosome, they are sex-linked, and therefore affect males and females disproportionately. […] Because the colorblind alleles are recessive, colorblindness follows X-linked recessive inheritance. […] This is why there is a disproportionate prevalence of colorblindness, with ~8% of males exhibiting colorblindness and ~0.5% of females.

• #1 Causes of Colour Blindness – Colour Blind Awareness

  https://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/causes-of-colour-blindness/

  Colour blindness is usually a genetic (hereditary) condition (you are born with it). Red/green and blue/yellow colour blindness types are usually passed down from your parents. The gene which is responsible for red/green colour blindness is carried on the X chromosome and this is the reason why many more men are affected than women. […] Inherited blue/yellow colour blindness is very rare because it is inherited differently to red/green types. […] The vast majority of people with a colour vision deficiency have inherited their condition from their mother, who is normally a carrier but not colour blind herself. Some people also acquire the condition as a result of long-standing illness such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, some liver diseases and many eye diseases. […] The exact physical causes of colour blindness are still being researched, but colour blindness is usually caused by changes to the genetic code sequencing which result in faulty electrical signals being sent to the brain.

• #1 Color vision deficiency: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/color-vision-deficiency/

  Mutations in the OPN1LW, OPN1MW, and OPN1SW genes cause the forms of color vision deficiency described above. […] Genetic changes involving the OPN1LW or OPN1MW gene cause red-green color vision defects. […] Blue-yellow color vision defects result from mutations in the OPN1SW gene. […] Blue cone monochromacy occurs when genetic changes affecting the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes prevent both L and M cones from functioning normally. […] Some problems with color vision are not caused by gene mutations. These nonhereditary conditions are described as acquired color vision deficiencies. […] Acquired color vision deficiencies can also be side effects of certain drugs, such as chloroquine (which is used to treat malaria), or result from exposure to particular chemicals, such as organic solvents.

• #1 Colour vision deficiency | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2009251

  Colour vision deficiency is one of the commonest disorders of vision and can be divided into congenital and acquired forms. Congenital colour vision deficiency affects as many as 8% of males and 0.5% of females […] the commonest forms of congenital colour vision deficiency are inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. Until recently, our understanding of the pathophysiological basis of colour vision deficiency largely rested on behavioural data; however, modern molecular genetic techniques have helped to elucidate its mechanisms. […] Congenital colour vision deficiency results from genetic mutations that affect the expression of the full complement of normal cone photoreceptors. They are generally classified by severity (anomalous trichromacy, dichromacy, and monochromacy) and may be further classified by the type(s) of cone(s) affected.

• #1 Congenital red–green color blindness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_red%E2%80%93green_color_blindness

  Gene duplications are one result of the unequal homologous recombination. […] When unequal recombination happens with breaks between the genes, a gene can be essentially deleted from one of the chromosomes. This gene deletion leads to protanopia or deuteranopia (congenital redgreen dichromacy). […] The genotype can be directly evaluated by sequencing the OPN1MW and OPN1LW genes.

• #1 Color blindness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

  Color blindness can be classified as inherited or acquired. Inherited color vision deficiencies are most commonly caused by mutations of the genes encoding opsin proteins. However, several other genes can also lead to less common and/or more severe forms of color blindness. Acquired color blindness may be caused by chronic illness, accidents, medication, chemical exposure or simply normal aging processes.

• #1 COLOR BLINDNESS: CAUSES, TYPES, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT AND MORE | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/color-blindness-causes-types-symptoms-treatment-and-more

  Color deficiency is more common in men than women, as men only carry one X chromosome. […] Acquired color blindness can be caused by medications or eye diseases. […] The exact mechanisms of acquired color deficiencies are not fully understood. It is thought that medications and eye diseases can affect how color-sensitive cones in the eyes work, causing color vision deficiency. […] Health conditions associated with acquired color blindness include optic nerve neuropathy, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, macular edema, uveitis, retinal detachment, optic neuritis, eye injuries, brain tumors, and neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. […] The risk of color vision loss increases with aging, a lack of physical activity, chronic stress, consuming a high-fat or high-sugar diet, and leading a less healthy lifestyle. […] Inherited color blindness has no known cure. […] There are some treatments available that can help people with color vision loss to see colors more accurately. […] Gene therapy is a cutting-edge treatment that aims to correct genetic mutations responsible for color vision deficiencies.

• #1 Types of color blindness: Causes, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-color-blindness

  Color vision deficiency or loss has multiple possible causes, including genetic factors and eye damage. […] Color vision deficiency is often present from birth but can also result from changes due to a health condition, older age, traumatic injury, or certain drugs. […] The following factors and conditions can also lead to a loss of color perception: glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis, the use of medications such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), eye injuries, such as retinal detachment, a brain tumor, radiation or laser treatment, damage to the optic nerve, the optic tract, and parts of the brain that enable vision.

• #1 Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/colour-vision-deficiency-colour-blindness

  Colour vision deficiency is usually passed on to a child by their parents (inherited) and is present from birth. […] In the majority of cases, colour vision deficiency is caused by a genetic fault passed on to a child by their parents. […] It occurs because some of the colour sensitive cells in the eyes, called cones, are either missing or don’t work properly. […] Occasionally, colour vision deficiency may develop later in life as the result of an underlying health condition, such as diabetes, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and multiple sclerosis. […] A side effect of a medication including digoxin, ethambutol, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, phenytoin and sildenafil. […] Exposure to harmful chemicals, such as carbon disulphide and styrene.

• #1 Causes of Colour Blindness – Colour Blind Awareness

  https://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/causes-of-colour-blindness/

  People with normal colour vision have all three types of cone cells/electrical pathways working correctly, but colour blindness occurs when one or more of the cone cell types have abnormal sequencing. For example, if the red cone is faulty you wont be able to see colours containing red accurately. Most people with colour blindness cant distinguish certain shades of red and green and colours which contain red and green. In people with severe forms of red, green or blue CVD one set of cone cell types does not exist at all.

• #1  Color Blindness: Causes, Symptoms, and Solutions

  https://www.sanmarcosvision.com/blog/color-blindness-causes-symptoms-and-solutions.html

  Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is an often misunderstood condition that affects an individual’s ability to perceive or distinguish certain colors. […] Rooted in our biology, it can be influenced by genetic factors or arise due to conditions like age-related macular degeneration or neurologic disorders. […] Color blindness arises due to an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. […] Genetic factors predominantly cause color blindness. […] When we speak about inherited color blindness, it’s usually due to mutations in the genes located on the X chromosome, particularly the ones that influence the functioning of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye—the retina’s cone cells. […] The most common forms of inherited color blindness include protanomaly and deuteranomaly, both types of red-green color blindness.

• #1 Common Types of Color Blindness | Types of Color Vision

  https://enchroma.com/pages/types-of-color-blindness

  Color blindness (also spelled colour blindness) or color vision deficiency (CVD) includes a wide range of causes and conditions and is actually quite complex. It’s a condition characterized by an inability or difficulty in perceiving and differentiating certain colors due to abnormalities in the three color-sensing pigments of the cones in the retina. Each cone is responsible for processing different wavelengths of light: […] Usually when people talk about color blindness, they are referring to the most common forms of red-green color blindness, which are genetic conditions caused by a recessive gene on the X-chromosome, but there are other types as well. […] Red-green color blindness can be broken down into two main types: Protan-type (pro-tan), which is a disorder of the first prot-type of retinal cones also called the L-cones (red), and Deutan-type (do-tan) which is a disorder of the second type of retinal cone also called the M-cones (green).

• #1 Common Types of Color Blindness | Types of Color Vision

  https://enchroma.com/pages/types-of-color-blindness

  Monochromacy and Achromatopsia describes a range of conditions that include rod-Monochromacy, S-cone Monochromacy and Achromatopsia. […] Similar to other forms of color blindness, achromatopsia can be graded as incomplete (partial) achromatopsia or complete achromatopsia (total color blindness). […] Most cases of color blindness are considered anomalous trichromacy which means they are effectively operating at somewhere between trichromat (normal color vision with 3 channels) and dichromat (2 channels).

• #1

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-color-blindness

  Color blindness is when you are unable to see colors in a normal way. It is also known as color deficiency. […] Most color blindness is congenital, which means you are born with it. It is usually passed from mother to son. […] These defects are due to partial or complete lack of cones in the retina. Cones help you to distinguish the colors red, green, and blue. […] Most color vision problems that happen later in life are a result of: disease, trauma, toxic effects from drugs, metabolic disease, or vascular disease. […] Color vision defects from disease are less understood than congenital color vision problems. Disease-specific color blindness often affects both eyes differently. Color vision defect caused by disease usually gets worse over time. Acquired color vision loss can be the result of damage to the retina or optic nerve.

• #1 Colour Blindness in Rugby | World Rugby

  https://www.world.rugby/organisation/accessibility/colour-blind/what-is-colour-blindness?lang=en

  The risk of being colour blind varies with ethnicity and red/green types of colour blindness are more common in people of North American and European descent. The reasons for this are not yet fully understood. […] Colour blind people can see clearly and in focus and can see some colours clearly, for example blue and yellow. Unless they have monochromacy (greyscale vision) colour blind people are not blind to all colours but they will never have experienced normal colour vision, so they often dont realise how much information they can miss. […] People with severe colour blindness are more likely to be aware they have a CVD but may never have been formally diagnosed and they often believe their condition is mild. […] Colour blindness can affect anyone involved in rugby, including spectators, players, match officials, coaches, pitch-side care providers, support staff and administrators, as well as people who work in supporting roles such as the emergency services, media, catering or sponsors. […] In a typical male squad of 32 players, statistically there will be two or three players with colour blindness. Many people reading this guidance will have a colour vision deficiency.

• #1 Color Blindness Can Be Inherited or Acquired | Color Vision Correction

  https://colormax.org/2020/01/color-blindness-can-be-inherited-or-acquired/

  According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, if you were not born with color blindness, you can develop issues distinguishing colors later in life due to: Aging, Disease, Trauma, Accidents, Drugs or medications, Use of Chemicals. […] Most people who acquire color vision deficiency retain some ability to perceive all colors. Unlike inherited color blindness, acquired color blindness can vary over time. Symptoms may be mild and remain stable, or they can be severe and progress to more severe forms of color blindness very quickly. […] Sudden changes in color vision can indicate severe disease. You should make an appointment to see your ophthalmologist if you notice a difference in the way you perceive colors. Diseases that could cause changes in color vision include: Diabetes, Glaucoma, Macular degeneration, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Sickle cell anemia.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=526

  In rare cases, color blindness can be caused by a health condition instead of being present from birth. These include: Optic neuritis, Macular degeneration, Glaucoma, Diabetic retinopathy, Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Other diseases that affect the optic nerve or retina, Diseases that affect the lens of the eye, Toxic effects from medicines, Stroke, especially in the occipital lobe, Chronic alcoholism, Leukemia, Sickle cell anemia. […] Currently there is no cure for color blindness that is present from birth. If you have this condition, you may benefit from special color glasses or tinted contact lenses. They may help you tell the difference between some shades. But they don’t give you normal color vision. […] If you have acquired color blindness, your healthcare provider will try to address your underlying problem. This can help make the color blindness less severe. Or it can improve the symptoms. In other cases, treatment may help stop the symptoms from getting worse. […] There is no way to prevent color blindness that is present at birth. But you may be able to reduce your chance of having color blindness later in life.

• #2 Color vision deficiency | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/color-vision-deficiency

  Color vision deficiency is the inability to distinguish certain shades of color. The term „color blindness” is also used to describe this visual condition, but very few people are completely color blind. […] Usually, color deficiency is an inherited condition caused by a common X-linked recessive gene, which is passed from a mother to her son. But disease or injury that damages the optic nerve or retina can also cause loss of color recognition. Some diseases that can cause color deficits are: Diabetes, Glaucoma, Macular Degeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic alcoholism, Leukemia, Sickle Cell Anemia. […] In many cases, genetics cause color deficiency. About 8% of white males are born with some degree of color deficiency. Women are typically just carriers of the color-deficient gene, though approximately 0.5% of women have color vision deficiency. The severity of inherited color vision deficiency generally remains constant throughout life and does not lead to additional vision loss or blindness.

• #2 Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/colour-vision-deficiency/

  Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness) is where you see colours differently to most people, and have difficulty telling colours apart. […] You can be born with colour vision deficiency, or it can start at any age. […] It’s not known exactly what causes colour vision deficiency, but it’s thought to be a problem with the signals from your eyes to your brain. […] It can be passed on in families and some people are born with it. […] Colour vision deficiency can also sometimes be caused by: eye conditions, such as glaucoma; other conditions such as diabetes, liver disease and multiple sclerosis; an eye or head injury; a stroke; taking certain medicines. […] There is currently no treatment for colour vision deficiency that runs in families.

• #2 Color Blindness: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Color Blindness

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/color-blindness/color-deficiency/

  Color blindness (or, more accurately, color vision deficiency) is an inherited condition that affects males more frequently than females. According to Prevent Blindness, an estimated 8 percent of males and less than 1 percent of females have color vision problems. […] Color blindness occurs when light-sensitive cells in the retina fail to respond appropriately to variations in wavelengths of light that enable people to see an array of colors. […] Inherited forms of color blindness often are related to deficiencies in certain types of cones or outright absence of these cones. […] Red-green color blindness is the most common inherited form of color vision deficiency. It is caused by a fairly common X-linked recessive gene. […] If you have red-green color blindness caused by an X-linked recessive gene, your mother will be a carrier of the gene or be color deficient herself. […] Fathers with this inherited form of red-green color blindness pass the X-linked gene to their daughters but not to their sons, because a son cannot receive X-linked genetic material from his father.

• #2 Inherited Colour Vision Deficiency – Colour Blind Awareness

  https://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/causes-of-colour-blindness/inherited-colour-vision-deficiency/

  For a female to be colour blind she must have colour blindness genes present on both of her X chromosomes. […] If a woman has only one colour blind gene she is known as a carrier but she wont be colour blind. […] A red/green colour blind daughter therefore must have a father who is colour blind and a mother who is a carrier (and who has also passed the colour blindness gene to her). […] This is why red/green colour blindness is far more common in men than women. […] Blue/yellow colour blindness affects both men and women equally, because it is carried on a non-sex chromosome. […] The colour blind gene is carried on one of the X chromosomes. […] A woman can have either:- (i) two normal X chromosomes, so that she will not be colour blind or be a carrier (XX), (ii) or, one normal X and one colour blind carrying X chromosome, in which case she will be a carrier (XX), or rarely (iii) she will inherit a colour blind X from her father and a colour blind X from her mother and be colour blind herself (XX). […] She will pass on colour blindness to all of her sons if this is the case.

• #2 Congenital red–green color blindness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_red%E2%80%93green_color_blindness

  Gene duplications are one result of the unequal homologous recombination. […] When unequal recombination happens with breaks between the genes, a gene can be essentially deleted from one of the chromosomes. This gene deletion leads to protanopia or deuteranopia (congenital redgreen dichromacy). […] The genotype can be directly evaluated by sequencing the OPN1MW and OPN1LW genes.

• #2 Blue-yellow colour blindness | physiology | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/blue-yellow-colour-blindness

  Blue-yellow colour blindness, by contrast, is an autosomal dominant disorder and therefore is not sex-linked and requires only one copy of the defective gene from either parent to be expressed. […] Achromatopsia is an autosomal recessive disorder, occurring only when two copies of the defective gene.

• #2 Colour vision deficiency | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2009251

  Red-green colour vision deficiency is a term used to encompass protanomaly, deuteranomaly, protanopia, and deuteranopia, all of which are X-linked recessive traits. These colour vision deficiencies are the most prevalent, affecting between 2 and 8% of males and about 0.5% of females […] and arise from mutations to the genes coding for the red or green cone photopigments, or their promoter regions. […] The genetic basis of congenital colour vision deficiency includes mutations in the blue-cone photopigment gene on chromosome 7 […] and lead to amino-acid substitutions in the blue cone opsin sequence. […] Blue cone monochromacy is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait and results from three categories of mutation. In the first, mutations occur in a locus control region, which lies upstream of the red and green cone pigment genes and which is crucial for their expression. […] There is evidence to suggest that a common point mutation associated with red-green colour vision deficiency causes retinal dystrophy.

• #2 Color Blindness Can Be Inherited or Acquired | Color Vision Correction

  https://colormax.org/2020/01/color-blindness-can-be-inherited-or-acquired/

  According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, if you were not born with color blindness, you can develop issues distinguishing colors later in life due to: Aging, Disease, Trauma, Accidents, Drugs or medications, Use of Chemicals. […] Most people who acquire color vision deficiency retain some ability to perceive all colors. Unlike inherited color blindness, acquired color blindness can vary over time. Symptoms may be mild and remain stable, or they can be severe and progress to more severe forms of color blindness very quickly. […] Sudden changes in color vision can indicate severe disease. You should make an appointment to see your ophthalmologist if you notice a difference in the way you perceive colors. Diseases that could cause changes in color vision include: Diabetes, Glaucoma, Macular degeneration, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Sickle cell anemia.

• #2 Color Blindness Can Be Inherited or Acquired | Color Vision Correction

  https://colormax.org/2020/01/color-blindness-can-be-inherited-or-acquired/

  Most common types of color blindness are genetic, meaning theyre passed down from parents. If your color blindness is hereditary, your color vision will not get any better or worse over time. You can acquire a color vision deficiency later in life due to age, a disease, injury, or coming in contact with some substance that affects your eyes or brain. Frequently, the cause of color blindness determines how severe the symptoms will be and whether color blindness can be treated or not. […] The genes that can determine if you red-green color blindness are passed down on the X-chromosome. Since its passed down on the X-chromosome, red-green color blindness is more common in men. This condition is because males have only 1 X-chromosome from the mother. If that X-chromosome has the gene for red-green color blindness instead of a normal X-chromosome, he will have red-green color blindness. Females have 2 X-chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. To have red-green color blindness, both X-chromosomes would need to have the gene that creates this type of color blind condition.

• #2 Color Vision – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Color_Vision

  The following entities may be associated with dyschromatopsia to varying degrees: Optic neuritis, Optic neuropathy (e.g. compressive, ischemic), Central Serous Retinopathy, Cataract, Glaucoma (late finding, subtle), Diabetes (diabetic dyschromatopsia, rare), Dominant optic atrophy with blue dyschromatopsia, Stargardts disease, Medication-induced. […] Medication side effects which cause changes in color vision include sildenafil, digoxin, and medications which are toxic to the optic nerve. […] There is no treatment for congenital color blindness. Typically, color blindness does not cause significant impairment; however, special contact lenses and glasses can be worn to minimize color differentiation deficits. For children, specialized learning aids can help overcome visual deficits. […] Protanomaly and deuteranomaly are common. It can be difficult to distinguish red from green, and purple colors may appear blue. There exist commercially available glasses with proprietary lenses that selectively filter certain wavelengths to decrease overlap between the M-cone and L-cone spectra. A person with anomalous trichromatism wearing these lenses may notice an improvement in color discrimination.

• #2 Color Blindness Can Be Inherited or Acquired | Color Vision Correction

  https://colormax.org/2020/01/color-blindness-can-be-inherited-or-acquired/

  A traumatic incident or an accident can impact the optic nerve, retina, or affect particular areas of the brain or eye, which can lead to color blindness. […] Certain medications have been found to have definite ocular side effects and may pose a risk to the eye or visual system. Medications such as antibiotics, barbiturates, anti-tuberculosis drugs, high blood pressure medications, and several medications to treat nervous disorders may cause color blindness. […] Some chemicals can damage the eyes. Industrial or environmental chemicals such as carbon monoxide, carbon disulphide, and some containing lead can cause color blindness. […] While there is currently no cure for inherited color blindness, those individuals with an acquired color vision deficiency may have their vision return to normal once the cause has been established and treated.

• #2 What Are the Different Types of Color Blindness? 3 Types, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_different_types_of_color_blindness/article.htm

  Diseases: Diabetes, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration, Alzheimers disease, sickle cell anemia, and leukemia. […] Medications: Due to side effects of certain drugs, such as chloroquine or drugs to treat high blood pressure, infections, nervous, and psychological disorders. […] Chemicals: Can result from exposure to chemicals, such as organic solvents, carbon disulfide, and lead. […] Alcohol consumption: Reduced color discrimination can be a symptom of alcoholism. […] Physical cause: Damage or trauma to the optic nerve or parts of the brain.

• #2 What Causes Color Blindness: Prevalence, Symptoms, Types & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/color-blindness

  Color blindness occurs when problems with the color-sensing pigments in the eye cause a difficulty or an inability to distinguish colors. […] The majority of color vision deficiency is inherited. It typically passes from mother to son. Inherited color blindness doesn’t cause blindness or other vision loss. […] You can also have color blindness as a result of disease or injury to your retina. […] The eye contains nerve cells called cones that enable the retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of your eye, to see colors. […] If one or more of these cones in your retina is damaged or isn’t present, you’ll have difficulty seeing colors properly. […] Diseases that damage the optic nerve or the retina of the eye can cause acquired color blindness. […] Certain medications can cause changes in color vision. […] Color blindness may also be due to other factors. One factor is aging. Vision loss and color deficiency can happen gradually with age. Additionally, toxic chemicals such as styrene, which is present in some plastics, are linked to the loss of ability to see color.

• #2 Red-green color deficiency, red-green color blindness and total color blindness

  https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/us/eye-health-and-care/understanding-vision/red-green-color-deficiency-color-blindness.html

  Life is filled with a vast array of colors but not everyone perceives colors to the same degree: color blindness and red-green color deficiency are widespread visual impairments. […] Not all forms of color blindness are the same. Based on the cause and symptoms, a distinction is made between color deficiencies, partial color blindness and total color blindness. A person can be born with color perception deficiencies or develop them over the course of their life. […] Certain medications taken over a long period of time or illnesses affecting the optic nerve can also result in problems seeing colors. This includes optic atrophy, i.e. the death of photoreceptor cells in the optic nerve. […] The retina of the human eye consists of two types of sensory cells: rods and cones. […] If a type of cone does not work properly or fails to work at all, then this limits the person’s ability to perceive colors, causing a color impairment or color blindness.

• #2 Common Types of Color Blindness | Types of Color Vision

  https://enchroma.com/pages/types-of-color-blindness

  Deutan Color Blindness (do-tan) is an anomaly of the M cone. […] In Deutan-type CVD, the spectral sensitivity of the M-cone is shifted toward longer wavelengths so that it effectively receives too much red light and not enough green light. […] Protan Color Blindness (pro-tan) is an anomaly of the L cones. […] In Protan-type CVD, the spectral sensitivity of the L-cone is shifted toward shorter wavelengths, so that it does not receive enough red light, and receives too much green light compared to a normal L-cone. […] Tritan Color Blindness (try-tan) includes tritanomaly and tritanopia. It is also sometimes called blue-yellow color blindness. […] Tritan color blindness most commonly acquired later in life due to aging of the eye or a medical condition such as glaucoma and is only very rarely inherited from birth.

• #2 Can a person develop color blindness later in life?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-you-develop-color-blindness

  Most individuals with color vision deficiency have had it since birth. However, people can develop it later in life. […] Color vision deficiency develops due to problems with the cone receptors at the back of the eye that detect the different frequencies of various colors. […] However, various health problems can damage either the cone receptors or the part of the brain that interprets color, meaning color vision deficiency may develop later on. Doctors refer to this as acquired color vision deficiency. […] Acquired color vision deficiency can occur as a result of damage to the eye or the area of the brain that interprets color. The following causes may contribute: eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, or glaucoma; nervous system and brain diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), some strokes, and Alzheimers disease; other chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, liver disease, chronic alcohol use disorder, and sickle cell anemia; injuries, such as those from trauma or tumors; aging, as being over 70 years of age can lead to declining color vision; exposure to industrial toxins, including carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, and lead; medication side effects, including some antibiotics, barbiturates, drugs to treat tuberculosis, medications for high blood pressure, and those to manage some nervous system disorders. […] Inherited color vision deficiency is more common than the acquired type that can develop later in life. However, people can acquire color vision deficiency later in life due to injury, illness, medication side effects, aging, or exposure to toxins in their environment.

• #2 What Is Color Blindness? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/color-blindness/guide/

  Also known as color deficiency, color blindness is when you cant see colors as most other people do. […] Color blindness tends to run in families and is inherited at birth. […] The most common types of color blindness are hereditary, passed from parent to child. Many people are born with it, which makes it a congenital condition. […] Color blindness is caused by a total or partial lack of cones in the retina. Cones are what detect the colors red, green, and blue. […] In some cases, color blindness may occur later in life due to these circumstances: Diseases such as eye disease, metabolic disease, or vascular disease, Damage to the eye or brain, Age-related cataracts, Certain medications. […] Men have a higher risk of color blindness than women. […] Having certain conditions can increase your risk of color blindness: Glaucoma, Macular degeneration, Diabetes, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, Alcoholism, Leukemia, Sickle cell anemia. […] Additionally, certain drugs can increase the risk of color blindness. For example, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis called hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) can increase your risk.

• #2 Color Vision – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Color_Vision

  Color vision deficiencies can be categorized based on many features. In general, congenital color deficiencies are typically bilateral and static (non-progressive). Acquired dyschromatopsia is more likely to be unilateral and progressive. The inherited color vision deficiencies can be organized as below: […] L-cones and M-cones share a common ancestry, likely having duplicated and diverged from a single gene on the X-chromosome. The M-cone and L-cone photopigments are both inherited through an X-linked recessive pattern, and are relatively common among males. […] Since green and red genetic color deficiency is X-linked recessive, thus it is more common in males. Affected fathers may only pass the gene to a daughter. Females with only one copy will not have color vision deficits. Men with red/green color blindness have inherited it from their mother. Women with red/green color blindness have inherited it from each of their parents.

• #2 Colour Vision Deficiency (Colour Blindness) | Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/colour-vision-deficiency-colour-blindness

  If you have colour vision deficiency (also called „colour blindness”), you are unable to see certain colours. The most common form of the condition is red-green colour vision deficiency. […] For most people with colour vision deficiency the cause is inherited (genetic) and the special code inside each cell in your body (the gene) is passed on from your parents. The most common type – red-green colour blindness – is caused by an abnormal gene on the X chromosome and is much more common in males. […] Much more rarely colour vision deficiency can develop later in life as a result of conditions such as thyroid eye disease, diabetes mellitus, cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, leukaemia, and sickle cell disease. […] There is no treatment that can correct or prevent inherited (genetic) colour vision deficiencies. […] Colour blindness may be caused by an underlying condition such as thyroid disease or diabetes. The colour vision deficiency may improve with treatment for the underlying condition.

• #3 Causes of Colour Blindness – Colour Blind Awareness

  https://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/causes-of-colour-blindness/

  Colour blindness is usually a genetic (hereditary) condition (you are born with it). Red/green and blue/yellow colour blindness types are usually passed down from your parents. The gene which is responsible for red/green colour blindness is carried on the X chromosome and this is the reason why many more men are affected than women. […] Inherited blue/yellow colour blindness is very rare because it is inherited differently to red/green types. […] The vast majority of people with a colour vision deficiency have inherited their condition from their mother, who is normally a carrier but not colour blind herself. Some people also acquire the condition as a result of long-standing illness such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, some liver diseases and many eye diseases. […] The exact physical causes of colour blindness are still being researched, but colour blindness is usually caused by changes to the genetic code sequencing which result in faulty electrical signals being sent to the brain.

• #3 Color vision deficiency: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/color-vision-deficiency/

  Mutations in the OPN1LW, OPN1MW, and OPN1SW genes cause the forms of color vision deficiency described above. […] Genetic changes involving the OPN1LW or OPN1MW gene cause red-green color vision defects. […] Blue-yellow color vision defects result from mutations in the OPN1SW gene. […] Blue cone monochromacy occurs when genetic changes affecting the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes prevent both L and M cones from functioning normally. […] Some problems with color vision are not caused by gene mutations. These nonhereditary conditions are described as acquired color vision deficiencies. […] Acquired color vision deficiencies can also be side effects of certain drugs, such as chloroquine (which is used to treat malaria), or result from exposure to particular chemicals, such as organic solvents.

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