Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Colour Blindness – Colour Blind Awareness

  https://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/

  Colour (color) blindness (colour vision deficiency, or CVD) affects approximately 1 in 12 men (8%) and 1 in 200 women. In the UK there are approximately 3 million colour blind people (about 4.5% of the entire population), most of whom are male. Worldwide, there are estimated to be about 300 million people with colour blindness, almost the same number of people as the entire population of the USA! […] Approximately 40% of colour blind pupils leave school unaware that they are colour blind, 60% of colour blind people are likely to experience problems everyday and yet often not realise the full impact. […] Statistically speaking most people with a moderate form of red/green colour blindness will only be able to identify accurately 5 or so coloured pencils from a standard box of 24 pencil crayons (although they may correctly guess more using their sub-conscious coping strategies).

• #2 Color Blindness | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/color-blindness

  If you have color blindness (color vision deficiency), it means you see colors differently than most people. […] Most people who have color vision deficiency are born with it. This is because the most common types of color vision deficiency are genetic, meaning they’re passed down from parents. […] About 1 in 12 men have color vision deficiency. […] Research studies suggest that gene therapies (treatments that change genes in a target location) are promising for a severe type of color vision deficiency.

• #2 Color Blindness: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11604-color-blindness

  Among people of Northern European ancestry, red-green color blindness affects about 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females. These numbers vary by ethnicity. Some research shows that Europeans have the highest prevalence of color blindness. […] Acquired color blindness is less common than inherited forms. […] Overall, around 300 million people around the world have some form of color blindness (mostly red-green).

• #3 Prevalence of Color Blindness: Global and Regional Statistics

  https://www.visioncenter.org/resources/color-blind-statistics/

  Color blindness, more accurately called color vision deficiency (CVD), affects millions of people worldwide. In many cases, individuals with CVD go through life unaware that they see colors differently until a vision exam or an everyday mishap brings it to light. […] Over the years, research organizations, healthcare providers, and advocacy groups have gathered extensive statistics on color blindness to better understand who is affected, how severely, and what social or economic burdens might arise. These findings offer insights into differences across population groups, shifts in screening policies, and potential paths toward genetic treatments. […] Around 8% of males and 0.5% of females worldwide are estimated to have some form of color vision deficiency. […] Current estimates place the global total of individuals with color blindness at roughly 300 million, spread across various ethnic and regional groups.

• #3 Prevalence of Color Blindness: Global and Regional Statistics

  https://www.visioncenter.org/resources/color-blind-statistics/

  Large-scale studies suggest that reliable color vision testing can be done in children as young as 4 years old, helping identify and support young students who might otherwise struggle with color-coded learning materials. […] Overall, these statistics underscore that genetics, particularly the inheritance of X-linked traits, largely determines whether someone will have CVD. […] Most evidence suggests that color blindness prevalence, in percentage terms, has remained largely stable over recent decades. […] The biggest changes in recent years are not in prevalence itself but in the level of awareness, screening efforts, and public accommodations for people with CVD. […] Collecting and reviewing prevalence data highlights how common color blindness really is, challenging the idea that its rare or negligible.

• #3 Prevalence of Color Blindness: Global and Regional Statistics

  https://www.visioncenter.org/resources/color-blind-statistics/

  Knowing these baseline statistics is also vital for evaluating potential interventions, from specialized lenses to emerging gene therapies. […] In all global populations, men consistently show a much higher risk than women because women must inherit two mutated X chromosomes to be colorblind, whereas men only need one. […] A notable portion of individuals who learn they are colorblind do so while applying for or already working in fields that mandate color vision checks. […] The data across decades and diverse populations make it clear that color vision deficiency is more widespread than many assume. Roughly 300 million people, especially men, struggle to distinguish certain colors, and the distribution patterns align strongly with genetic inheritance factors across different ethnic groups.

• #3 Prevalence of Color Blindness: Global and Regional Statistics

  https://www.visioncenter.org/resources/color-blind-statistics/

  Societies around the world still have room to improve. Extending reliable screening programs, supporting colorblind-friendly technology, and adapting professional standards to evaluate genuine job competencies rather than mere color discrimination will help ensure that the significant portion of the population with CVD can thrive without artificial limitations.

• #4 Home – Colour Blind Awareness

  https://www.colourblindawareness.org/

  What is colour blindness? Colour (color) blindness (colour vision deficiency, or CVD) affects approximately 1 in 12 men (8%) and 1 in 200 women in the world. In Britain this means that there are approximately 3 million colour blind people (about 4.5% of the entire population), most of whom are male. Worldwide, there are approximately 300 million people […] Colour blindness is a usually a genetic (hereditary) condition (you are born with it). Red/green and blue colour blindness is usually passed down from your parents. The gene which is responsible for the condition is carried on the X chromosome and this is the reason why many more men are affected than women. […] Our aim is to help individuals, clubs, businesses and federations alike make their sport more inclusive for people with colour blindness.

• #5 Debunking Myths: Understanding Color Vision Deficiency

  https://www.zennioptical.com/blog/myths-color-blindness/?srsltid=AfmBOoqgo-PxNWpGI_BY9zeYVcG8LTXOzCUx_WkSkSGonl7wloZCi_UE

  Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. […] It is estimated that approximately 8% of men and 0.5% of women worldwide are affected by some form of color blindness. […] Color blindness affects both men and women, though it is more common in men. […] Millions globally have color blindness; it’s more common than often believed. […] While there is currently no cure for color blindness, there are tools and technologies available to help individuals with this condition navigate the world more effectively.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Color-Blindness-Prevalence.aspx

  Color blindness or color vision deficiency affects about 2.7 million people in Britain. In many individuals, the condition is mild and a person is unaware there is a problem with their color perception until it is detected during a vision test. Other people, however, may notice that they see slightly different shades or hues of colors to those that other people see. […] One of the most common forms of inherited color vision deficiency is the red-green deficiency or deuteranopia. This type of color blindness is passed on via the X chromosome and is more common in men who have only the one X chromosome, than in women, who have two X chromosomes. In men, the prevalence of color blindness is around 5.0% to 8.0%, while in women the prevalence is only 0.5% to 1.0%. […] In Australia, around 8.0% of the male population is color blind compared to around 0.4% of the female population.

• #7 Prevalence and population genetic data of colour vision deficiency among students from selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State, Nigeria | Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics | Full Text

  https://jmhg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43042-022-00287-9

  Although statistics vary across different groups and geographical locations, the incidence CVD is less than 2% in native Americans and Australians, whereas it is 4% in Africans, 5% in Asian populations and about 8% in Caucasians. […] The prevalence of colour vision deficiency among the students in the study area was of 2.85%. The percentage of CVD was higher among males 4.29% as compared to females 1.58%.

• #7 Prevalence and population genetic data of colour vision deficiency among students from selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State, Nigeria | Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics | Full Text

  https://jmhg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43042-022-00287-9

  Colour vision deficiency (CVD), also referred to as colour blindness, is the failure or decreased ability to distinguish between certain colours under normal lighting conditions. It is an X-linked genetic disorder with varying degrees of prevalence in different populations. […] The overall occurrence of CVD among the study participants was 2.85%. There were 24 (4.29%) males and 10 (1.58%) females affected. […] The prevalence of CVD varies across ethnic groups of the studied subjects with the highest occurrences (3.57%) observed in the Yoruba ethnic subpopulation and the least (1.45%) among the Hausas. […] More males than females were found to be colour vision deficient, and there were more deutans than protans. […] The incidence of CCVD differs as per population, ethnicity and gender with a higher occurrence in males.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/jwas/fulltext/9900/colour_vision_defects__awareness,_prevalence_and.30.aspx

  Colour vision defect (CVD) is a public health issue with approximately one in ten males exhibiting some form of colour deficiency. […] Racial differences have been reported with higher values noted amongst people of European ancestry. […] This study aims to assess CVDs, their magnitude and impact on the daily activities of secondary school students in Imo State, Nigeria. […] There was a 3% prevalence of CVD. More males were significantly affected than females. […] There is a low level of awareness of congenital CVD. […] Advocacy to government and schools is needed to create awareness of CVDs and offer early counselling to those affected. […] CVD is an important public health issue. […] In European Caucasians, the prevalence of congenital colour vision defect (CCVD) is approximately 8% in men and 0.4% in women.

• #9 GSA Today – Groundwork – Color Vision Deficiency and the Geosciences

  https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/groundwork/G322GW/article.htm

  Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) is a common workplace disability. […] GSA Today has 25,000 subscribers, so statistically, that will include more than 1,300 individuals with CVD. […] Common forms of CVD are called red-green (RG) CVD. […] Some 8% of men of mainly European, North African, and Middle Eastern ancestry have RG-CVD. […] CVD can be acquired but is usually inherited. […] According to Maule and Featonby (2016), most instructors underestimate the number of their students with CVD and do little to accommodate them. […] Institutions provide accommodations to 88% of students with disabilities who self-disclose, but only 40% of such students do so. […] Research suggests that the willingness of instructors to provide accommodations is based solely on how disabled a student appears.

• #10

  https://journals.lww.com/jwas/fulltext/9900/colour_vision_defects__awareness,_prevalence_and.30.aspx

  Racial, tribal, and ethnic differences exist in the prevalence of CVDs, with higher values noted amongst people of European ancestry and in North Africa compared with subSaharan Africa. […] The overall prevalence in subSaharan Africa is 2.63%. […] Studies of CCVD in Nigeria have also shown regional and racial differences, with a prevalence of 2.8% in males and 0.7% in females among the South-South people of Ugep, 3.67% and 2.3% among the southwest people of Lagos and Ibadan, respectively. […] Colour vision defective students had statistically significant difficulty with colour-related school tasks compared with normal colour vision students (P 0.001). […] The prevalence (3%) of CVD in this study was similar to a prevalence of 2.6% reported in a study in Port Harcourt, South-South Nigeria, and 3.6% reported in South-West Nigeria.

• #11 Colorblind People Population! Statistics

  https://www.colorblindguide.com/post/colorblind-people-population-live-counter

  There is general agreement that 1 in 12 men (8%) and 1 in 200 women are colorblind (approximately 4.5% of the world population), as a result, there are more than 350 million colorblind people in the world. […] Approximately 12 children with color deficiency are born per minute. […] Countries with larger populations and Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool have more populations of people with color deficiency. India has the highest number of colorblind people population in the world with 70 million being colorblind. China is the second country with 53 million colorblind people population. […] According to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, about 3.7% or 12 million Americans are colorblind (7 percent of males, and 0.4 percent of females). […] Countries with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness, including the less usual types. Arabs have the highest percentage of color blindness among other nations.

• #12 WHO EMRO | Prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Egyptian university students | Volume 27 issue 4 | EMHJ volume 27 2021

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-27-2021/volume-27-issue-4/prevalence-and-predictors-of-colour-vision-defects-among-egyptian-university-students.html

  Prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Egyptian university students. […] The prevalence of colour vision defects among students was 6.9% (redgreen colour vision was 4.3% and total colour blindness was 2.6%). […] A non-negligible percentage of Egyptian university students had colour vision defects, which had a negative impact on performing daily activities, executing study/work tasks, and choice of study/work specialties. […] Colour blindness or colour vision deficiency is the inability or decreased ability to perceive colour differences under normal lighting conditions. […] Reported prevalence of CVDs varies from 1.6% to 13.99% among different countries. […] The main risk factors for CVDs include positive family history for CVDs, male sex, and consanguineous marriage. […] The higher prevalence observed among male students was mainly due to the X-linked recessive inheritance of CVDs.

• #12 WHO EMRO | Prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Egyptian university students | Volume 27 issue 4 | EMHJ volume 27 2021

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-27-2021/volume-27-issue-4/prevalence-and-predictors-of-colour-vision-defects-among-egyptian-university-students.html

  Difficulties have been reported among people with CVDs in performing everyday tasks such as hobbies, plant/flower identification, ripeness of fruits and vegetables, and taking the wrong medication. […] In the current study, male students and students with a positive family history of CVDs had significantly higher susceptibility for CVDs. […] It is recommended that those who have a positive family history of CVDs ask for genetic counselling, especially in consanguineous marriage. […]

• #13 Prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Egyptian university students

  https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/352535

  Background: Nowadays, widespread usage of colours increases the need for accurate estimation of colour vision defects and their effect on performing daily activities and study/work tasks. […] A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1426 students at Assiut University, Egypt. […] The prevalence of colour vision defects among students was 6.9% (red green colour vision was 4.3% and total colour blindness was 2.6%). […] A non-negligible percentage of Egyptian university students had colour vision defects, which had a negative impact on performing daily activities, executing study/work tasks, and choice of study/work specialties. […] Colour vision defects affected quality of life with regard to general health, role difficulties and colour vision. […] Male sex and family history of colour vision defects are nonmodifiable risk factors.

• #14 Prevalence of color vision deficiency among school children in Wolkite, Southern Ethiopia | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3943-z

  Colour vision deficiency is the commonest disorders of vision and undiagnosed colour vision defect could pose a handicap to the performance of an affected student. The prevalence of colour blindness varies in different geographical area and ethnicity. […] The overall prevalence of colour vision deficiency was 4.1%, comprised of 3.6% in boys and 0.6% in girls. […] Majority of the colour blind subjects were not aware of their colour vision status. Hence, the study concluded that the prevalence of colour vision deficiency in our study is significant and colour vision screening among school should be performed. […] Colour vision deficiency (CVD) or colour blindness, is the inability or decreased ability to distinguish different colours under normal lighting conditions. […] However, most of colour blind cases remain undetected due to absence of proper screening.

• #14 Prevalence of color vision deficiency among school children in Wolkite, Southern Ethiopia | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3943-z

  It is the commonest X-linked recessive disorder and affects as many as 8% of males and 0.5% of females. […] The prevalence of red-green colour deficiency in European Caucasians is about 8% in men and about 0.4% in women and between 4% and 6.5% in men of Chinese and Japanese ethnicity. […] Those who have CVD will be better able to adapt and make more informed career choices, if they know about their colour vision status. […] There is only limited report in Ethiopia and no such report in the southern Ethiopia about the prevalence of colour blindness among both sexes of school children. […] The prevalence of colour vision deficiency among school children in the study area was 4.1%. The percentage of colour vision deficiency was found higher among males as compared to females. […] This indicates the need for establishing continuous visual screening programs among school children.

• #15 (PDF) Prevalence of colour blindness in Northeastern Tanzania

  https://www.academia.edu/53877137/Prevalence_of_colour_blindness_in_Northeastern_Tanzania

  Colour blindness or colour vision deficiency (CVD) is the decreased ability to perceive differences between colours. This is a genetically or inherited, sex-linked characteristic. It is known that 5-8% of all males have this deficiency and 0.5% females […] Colour blindness or colour vision deficiency is a problem to which the affected persons may not be aware of. It is the inability to perceive differences in colour. Colour blindness is a sex-linked trait. The gene for colour blindness is found on the X-chromosome. 2862 ophthalmic patients were tested for colour blindness using Ishihara colour plates. Of 1520 male patients tested, 5.9% were found to be colour blind while 1432 female patients were tested and 0.6% found to be colour blind. These results agree with others obtained elsewhere.

• #16

  https://theprofesional.com/index.php/tpmj/article/view/7936

  Out of the 148 students who underwent screening, only 16 were diagnosed with color blindness, indicating a prevalence of 10.8% among primary school children in Karachi. […] The incidence of color blindness is higher in males than females with significant association with family history and night blindness. Colour blindness unawareness also significantly found in this study. It is recommended to have an eye checkup at the start of school and to have regular eye examination to avoid any hindrances and get the right help.

• #17 Colour vision deficiency | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2009251

  Colour vision deficiency is one of the commonest disorders of vision and can be divided into congenital and acquired forms. Congenital colour vision deficiency affects as many as 8% of males and 0.5% of females […] The current management of congenital colour vision deficiency lies chiefly in appropriate counselling (including career counselling). […] Congenital colour vision deficiency is one of the commonest inherited disorders of vision: its prevalence may be as high as 8% in males and 0.5% in females. […] There is no effective „treatment” of colour vision deficiency: whilst it has been suggested that tinted lenses could offer a means of enabling those with colour vision deficiency to make spectral discriminations that would normally elude them, clinical trials of such lenses have been largely disappointing.

• #17 Colour vision deficiency | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2009251

  Recent developments in molecular genetics have enabled us to not only understand more completely the genetic basis of colour vision deficiency, they have opened the possibility of gene therapy. […] Red-green colour vision deficiency is a term used to encompass protanomaly, deuteranomaly, protanopia, and deuteranopia, all of which are X-linked recessive traits. These colour vision deficiencies are the most prevalent, affecting between 2 and 8% of males and about 0.5% of females […] Colour vision deficiency places the sufferer at a distinct disadvantage when performing certain visual tasks in particular those tasks in which a coloured target is embedded in a variegated background of a different colour. […] Colour vision deficiency may also have vocational implications: those with colour vision deficiency may be barred from certain professions typically those in which the safety of the worker or others may be compromised, or when the quality of a product or service may be adversely affected because of the worker’s colour vision deficiency. […] In theory at least, congenital colour vision deficiency could be amenable to gene therapy.

• #18 Color Blindness: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11604-color-blindness

  Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is a fairly common condition in which you dont see colors in the traditional way. This happens when cones (a type of nerve cell in your eye retina) arent working correctly. Cones process light and images as they enter your eye and send signals to your brain that allow you to perceive color. […] For most people, color blindness is inherited. That means its passed down from your biological parents from the mother in the most common red-green forms of color blindness. But you can also acquire color vision deficiency later in life due to medical conditions or other reasons. […] Inherited color blindness mostly affects males. This is due to its genetic inheritance pattern (X-linked recessive). Conditions passed down in this manner are much more common among males.

• #18 Color Blindness: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11604-color-blindness

  Among people of Northern European ancestry, red-green color blindness affects about 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females. These numbers vary by ethnicity. Some research shows that Europeans have the highest prevalence of color blindness. […] Acquired color blindness is less common than inherited forms. […] Overall, around 300 million people around the world have some form of color blindness (mostly red-green).

• #19 Colour Vision and Defects (Colour Blindness) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/colour-vision-and-its-disorders

  Most cases of colour blindness are hereditary but are occasionally acquired as a result of eye disease. […] Prevalence of defects is estimated as between 2-8% of males. […] The most common hereditary colour vision defect is failure of red-green discrimination (prevalence is 8% in males and 0.5% in females). The gene for red-green colour blindness is X-linked recessive. […] Failure of blue-yellow is rare and is more commonly acquired. […] Monochromatic: relatively rare (incidence of about 1 in 30,000).

• #20 Color blindness: Is it more common in males?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-is-color-blindness-more-common-in-males

  Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, is more common in males. This is due to how parents pass down a chromosome associated with the male sex. […] Red-green color blindness is more common in males than females. Around 8% of males and 0.5% of females worldwide have this type. […] The much higher prevalence in males is due to genetics and how certain variant genes pass from parents to children within chromosomes. […] Red-green color deficiency is the most common form, occurring in about 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females with Northern European ancestry. […] The most common type of color blindness, red-green color vision deficiency, is X-linked recessive. […] Color blindness is more common in males due to the way inherited chromosomes and genes behave. […] Males inherit a single X chromosome from their mother, while females inherit an X chromosome from each parent.

• #21 Is Color Blindness More Common in Men?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/color-blindness-more-common-males

  Genetics plays a big role in color blindness. […] People with color blindness cant see some colors, or colors may not appear as vivid. […] This article will explore how color blindness traits are passed from parents to their children, and why people assigned male at birth are more likely to have color blindness. […] There are several causes of color blindness, but genetics is the most common. […] Since people who are assigned male at birth have one X and one Y chromosome, a red-green color deficiency gene passed on an X chromosome is likely to result in some level of color blindness. […] Since red-green color blindness is the most common, the rules of genetics mean that mothers who are assigned female at birth are most likely to pass this gene on to their children who are assigned male at birth. […] Red-green color blindness is commonly passed through families from mother to son on an affected X chromosome. […] When its inherited, or present at birth, its usually passed through the X chromosome, making this deficiency more common in people who are assigned male at birth.

• #22 Color blindness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

  Color blindness affects a large number of individuals, with protans and deutans being the most common types. In individuals with Northern European ancestry, as many as 8 percent of men and 0.4 percent of women experience congenital color deficiency. […] Rates of color blindness: Males 2.4%, Females 0.03% for dichromacy; 1.3% males and 0.02% females for protanopia; 1.2% males and 0.01% females for deuteranopia; 0.008% for both males and females for tritanopia. […] Color vision deficiencies can be classified as inherited or acquired. Inherited color vision deficiencies are most commonly caused by mutations of the genes encoding opsin proteins. However, several other genes can also lead to less common and/or more severe forms of color blindness.

• #23 Color vision deficiency | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/color-vision-deficiency

  Color vision deficiency is the inability to distinguish certain shades of color. The term „color blindness” is also used to describe this visual condition, but very few people are completely color blind. […] Most people with color vision deficiency can see colors. The most common form of color deficiency is red-green. […] Another form of color deficiency is blue-yellow. This is a rarer and more severe form of color vision loss than just red-green deficiency because people with blue-yellow deficiency frequently have red-green blindness, too. […] People who are totally color deficient, a condition called achromatopsia, can only see things as black and white or in shades of gray. Color vision deficiency can range from mild to severe, depending on the cause. […] In many cases, genetics cause color deficiency. About 8% of white males are born with some degree of color deficiency. Women are typically just carriers of the color-deficient gene, though approximately 0.5% of women have color vision deficiency. […] Color deficiency is an inherited condition caused by a common X-linked recessive gene, which is passed from a mother to her son. […] Color vision deficiency can be frustrating and may limit participation in some occupations, but in most cases, it is not a serious threat to vision.

• #24 Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/colour-blindness

  People who are colourblind usually have difficulty with the colours green, yellow, orange and red. […] Colour blindness is usually inherited and affects more boys than girls. […] Colour vision deficiency is often inherited, and affects more males than females. […] Colour vision deficiency is most commonly a genetic condition. […] Redgreen colour vision deficiency is the most common inherited type. […] Blue-yellow colour vision deficiency is very rare, affecting only about one in 10,000 individuals of either sex. […] Colour vision deficiency is not always inherited. […] Colour vision deficiency is quite common and has minimal impact on a child’s long-term health. […] There is generally no treatment to cure colour vision deficiency. […] Genetic counsellors are health professionals qualified in both counselling and genetics.

• #25 Colour Vision Deficiency: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.oscarwylee.com.au/glasses/eye/colour-vision-deficiency?srsltid=AfmBOorjkyiiyyW7PcVQEgv9iM0xIfaJGuq5zmB6C-3rEzCW6GBQaz97

  Colour vision deficiency, also known as colour blindness, refers to an eye condition in which the eyes have trouble seeing colour properly. […] Colour vision deficiency is often caused by a defect in the cones and rods of the eyes, passed on from parent to child. […] Colour vision deficiency can also be caused by certain medical conditions, the use of certain medications, a stroke, or certain head and eye injuries. […] Colour vision deficiency that is not inherited and develops later is called acquired colour vision deficiency. […] Colour vision deficiency is diagnosed by an optometrist or other eye care professional using tests such as a colour hue test or an Ishihara test. […] The most common and well-understood cause of colour vision deficiency, or colour blindness is genetics.

• #26 Colour Blindness and Colour Vision Deficiencies | Causes and Treatment

  https://plano.co/eye-conditions/other-eye-conditions/colour-blindness/

  Colour vision deficiency, often referred to as colour blindness, refers to the collection of disorders that cause the inability to discriminate between different colours. […] Congenital colour vision deficiency (present from birth) affects approximately 8% of males and 0.4% of females worldwide, although this prevalence varies amongst different ethnicities. […] Acquired defects are present in 10-20% of the population, increasing in prominence with age. […] Colour vision deficiencies are caused by damaged, missing or altered photoreceptors in the eye, or by changes to the visual pathway, or brain areas responsible for processing colour vision. […] Acquired colour vision deficiencies can be caused by anything that disrupts the cones, the visual pathway (the colour channels) along which colour information is carried, or the brain regions responsible for processing colour after birth.

• #26 Colour Blindness and Colour Vision Deficiencies | Causes and Treatment

  https://plano.co/eye-conditions/other-eye-conditions/colour-blindness/

  Acquired colour vision deficiencies are treated by managing the underlying cause. There are no current treatments or cures for congenital colour vision deficiency, although investigations into gene therapy for congenital achromatopsia are underway. […] The impact of colour vision deficiency depends on the severity. […] A range of occupations have colour vision standards either as a requirement of the job or for safety reasons including aviation, railway, maritime, police, fire, fine art and photography. […] Colour vision deficiencies can impact clothing choices, and food choices, for example determining if meat is cooked. […] Driving is a topic that should be discussed with patients who have a protan type defect as altered or missing long wavelength cones results in reduced sensitivity to red lights, such as stop or tail-lights. […] Acquired colour vision deficiency is often managed differently to congenital colour vision deficiency.

• #27 25 Facts About Colour Blindness

  https://eu.enchroma.com/blogs/beyond-colour/25-facts-about-colour-blindness

  1. Its estimated that there are 300 million colour blind people in the world! […] Colour blindness is more common than you might think! 1 in 12 men is colour blind while only 1 in 200 women have the condition. This means that 95% of the colour blind community are men. 98% of those with colour blindness have red-green colour blindness. […] On the atoll of Pingelap in the Pacific Ocean, 4.9% of the population has achromatopsia or complete colour blindness. In the US, only .0003% of the population has the same condition. […] In Romania, people who are colour blind are not allowed to obtain a drivers license. […] In some countries, there are barriers to entry in certain professionals for people who are colour blind. In England, colour blindness may prevent you from becoming a doctor; in the US one cannot get a pilots license; and in many parts of the world, its difficult to become an electrician. […] Colour blindness can cause some unique problems in a color blind persons life that occur in everyday situations that non-colour blind people might take for granted.

• #28 Color Blindness Statistics and Facts (2025)

  https://media.market.us/color-blindness-statistics/

  The majority of color blindness cases are red-green, comprising 98% of instances. […] The percentage of subjects reporting difficulties with color-related everyday tasks varies significantly between dichromats and anomalous trichromats. […] Studies on the prevalence of color vision deficiencies (CVDs) reveal significant variations across different regions and populations. […] These varied findings underscore the complex interplay of genetic, demographic, and environmental factors influencing the prevalence of color vision deficiencies globally. […] Approximately 75% of color-blind individuals report needing to ask coworkers to verify colors for them on a weekly or daily basis, with 31.28% doing so almost daily and 43.47% a few times a week. […] This necessity stems from tasks involving distinguishing colors on wires, medicine labels, chemicals, graphs, drawings, or other items. […] These efforts illustrate a growing commitment to finding both short-term aids and long-term cures for color blindness worldwide.

• #28 Color Blindness Statistics and Facts (2025)

  https://media.market.us/color-blindness-statistics/

  Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, is a visual impairment that affects the perception of colors due to the improper functioning of cone cells in the retina. […] Affecting approximately 8% of males and 0.5% of females, color blindness is typically diagnosed through tests like the Ishihara test. […] The prevalence of color blindness differs notably across various nations, impacting males and females at different rates. In the Arab population, 10% of males and 0.5% of females are color blind, leading to an overall prevalence of 5.2%. […] Similarly, in India, 8.7% of males and 1.6% of females experience color blindness, resulting in the same total prevalence of 5.2%. […] These statistics underline the varying genetic predisposition to color blindness in different global populations.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/jwas/fulltext/9900/colour_vision_defects__awareness,_prevalence_and.30.aspx

  The majority (690; 83.3%) of students, including the colour-blind ones, had not heard of colour blindness. […] This low level of awareness, which may be attributed to the absence of national preschool and school eye screening services in Nigeria and most African countries, is comparable with studies in Ethiopia, Iran, and India where all the colour-blind students in these studies were not aware of their condition. […] The higher occurrence of the condition in males suggests that CVDs are gender specific. […] The majority of the 26-colour vision defective students had deuteranopia. […] Colour vision defective students experience more difficulties with a wide range of colour-related school tasks and daily activities compared with normal colour vision students. […] Compared to normal colour vision students, colour vision defective students showed statistically significant higher odds of having more difficulty with daily living activities in the index study.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/jwas/fulltext/9900/colour_vision_defects__awareness,_prevalence_and.30.aspx

  There is a low level of awareness of congenital CVD even among those affected by the disorder. […] The prevalence of CCVD in this study differed from that reported in some regions of the country implying that there may be ethnic and regional variations in the prevalence of the defect. […] More males than females were found to have CCVD and deutaranopia was the most common type of CCVD noted. […] CCVD results in various degrees of difficulty with colour-related school and daily living tasks.

• #30 Tritanopia: Blue-Yellow Color Blindness

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/color-blindness/tritanopia/

  Tritanopia is a rare form of blueyellow color blindness. […] The most common form of color blindness is redgreen color blindness, followed by blueyellow color blindness. About 1% of people have blueyellow color blindness, and both men and women are equally affected. […] Blueyellow color deficiency affects men and women at equal rates. However, tritanopia and tritanomaly are quite rare, found in only 1 out of 10,000 individuals. Color vision deficiency is most common among Caucasian males and is least common among African-Americans. […] Tritanopia is generally a genetic condition and present from birth. […] Specially tinted eyeglasses designed for the color blind are available. […] Though there is no cure for any kind of color blindness, there may be a more permanent treatment one day.

• #31 What Is Color Blindness? Condition and Types Explained

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-does-it-mean-to-be-color-blind-3422068

  Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, refers to the inability of a person to correctly distinguish certain colors. About 8% of men and 0.4% of women are color vision deficient. Color blindness is usually hereditary, meaning that the condition is typically passed down from parents. Occasionally, certain diseases can affect the eyes or the brain and cause color blindness, referred to as „acquired color blindness.” Achromatopsia in general is rare and is estimated to affect one in 30,000 people worldwide, with complete achromatopsia being more common than incomplete achromatopsia. […] The main symptom of color blindness is difficulty distinguishing between red and green or blue and yellow. The most common test for diagnosing color blindness is the Ishihara test. Color blindness is caused by cells in the retina that incorrectly process colors.

• #32 British Journal of Nursing – Colour vision deficiency: the ‘unseen’ disability

  https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/clinical/colour-vision-deficiency-the-unseen-disability/

  Although often described as colour blindness, this is the wrong term for the condition. The broader definition is colour vision deficiency (CVD), of which there are several variants. […] CVD is normally inherited by children from their parents through a genetic fault, which manifests as cells missing from the cones in the eyes, or the cones functioning incorrectly. […] It is likely to be significantly underdiagnosed and is a condition that many people do not understand, or realise what it is and how it affects those who have it, and there also is little awareness of its prevalence.

• #33 Preparing medical students with congenital colour vision deficiency for safe practice – The National Medical Journal of India

  https://nmji.in/preparing-medical-students-with-congenital-colour-vision-deficiency-for-safe-practice/

  Colour vision of candidates is tested in many medical colleges in India at the time of admission to undergraduate courses; however, there are no guidelines, and therefore no counselling, on how students with congenital colour vision deficiency (CCVD) should negotiate the medical course, and how best they can practise safely after graduation. […] Currently, though new entrants to the medical courses in India are screened for colour vision deficiency, no further action is taken to guide those who have the deficiency. […] There are no data on problems during practice in India, nor are there safe practice guidelines for doctors with CCVD. […] The reported prevalence of CCVD is 6%8% among men owing to their X-linked recessive inheritance, and only 0.4% among women. […] Most students with CCVD (24/30; 80%) reported that they were first diagnosed to be colour vision deficient after admission to the medical course.

• #33 Preparing medical students with congenital colour vision deficiency for safe practice – The National Medical Journal of India

  https://nmji.in/preparing-medical-students-with-congenital-colour-vision-deficiency-for-safe-practice/

  The prevalence of CCVD among our students, at 3.42%, was lower than that reported from the general population (6%8%). […] Based on our findings, augmented by evidence from the literature, we suggest ways in which a medical practitioner with CCVD could practise safely. […] We recommend that students who are admitted to a medical course should be screened at the time of admission, not to discourage them from taking the course, but to make them aware of the type and severity of the colour vision deficiency. […] They should, thereafter, undergo counselling to know their limitations, if any.

• #34 Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/colour-vision-deficiency/

  Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness) is where you see colours differently to most people, and have difficulty telling colours apart. […] There are 2 main tests for colour vision deficiency: the Ishihara test, where you’ll be asked to read images made up of coloured dots, and colour arrangement tests, where you’ll be asked to put coloured objects in order of what shade they are. […] Colour vision testing is not part of the routine NHS eye test, but you can ask your opticians for it if you think you or your child needs it. […] People usually adapt well to life with colour vision deficiency. […] It may affect your child’s performance at school. […] Having colour vision deficiency may mean you’re unable to do certain careers for safety reasons, such as being a pilot or train driver.

• #35

  https://www.aao.org/newsroom/news-releases/detail/caucasian-boys-show-highest-prevalence-of-color-bl

  Caucasian male children have the highest prevalence among four major ethnicities, with 1 in 20 testing color blind. […] Researchers also found that color blindness, or color vision deficiency, in boys is lowest in African-Americans, and confirmed that girls have a much lower prevalence of color blindness than boys. […] The prevalence of color blindness in girls measured 0 percent to 0.5 percent for all ethnicities, confirming findings in prior studies. […] While the researchers found that children at the youngest ages could not accurately complete testing, they say the findings suggest that successful color vision screening can begin at age 4. […] Many times children with color blindness will perform poorly on tests or assignments that employ color coded materials, leading color blind children to be inappropriately classified by ability at school. […] According to Dr. Varma, children with color blindness can benefit from different kinds of lesson plans or homework to demonstrate their understanding of concepts despite their inability to see colors correctly.

• #36 Colour Vision & Blindness | Eye Conditions | Eyecare Plus

  https://www.eyecareplus.com.au/eyeconditions/colour-vision-and-blindness/

  There are approximately 350 million people in the world who do not have normal colour vision and are considered colour blind. […] The condition mainly affects males. The condition is found in 8% of men and 0.5% of all women. About 549,000 Australians (2.2% of the population) are colour blind or have a colour vision deficiency. […] Colour blindness is usually inherited. If you are born with it, it wont get any better, or worse. Some people become colour blind as a result of diseases such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis, or they develop the condition over time as they age. […] Currently, there is no cure for colour blindness. However, there is help available in special lenses that can enhance colour vision and minimise colour vision deficiency. […] At Eyecare Plus Optometrists colour vision testing is a routine part of the eye examinations of every new patient and child.

• #37 Colour vision deficiency | Opticalm Visual Stress Solutions | EnChroma

  https://www.opticalm.ca/colour-vision-deficiency

  Colour vision deficiency (CVD) affects millions of people worldwide. Men are most commonly affected with 1 in 12 having some form of CVD while the prevalence in women is 1 in 200. It is usually genetically inherited, but eye injury accidents and certain diseases also can result in a loss of colour recognition. Most people who suffer from CVD are not blind to colour, but have a reduced ability to see them. […] Since colour vision deficiency ranges from mild to extreme, its not uncommon for an individual to never know they live with the condition. Normally it is detected at a regular eye exam. The eye doctor holds up a testing plate and asks the patient to identify the correct numbers in a circle filled with colourful dots. The individuals may not see any numbers at all, or they may name the incorrect number. The Canadian Association of Optometrists recommends that every child receive a complete optometric examination, including a test for colour vision. Because many elementary-aged learning materials are based on colour identification, this is particularly important before they begin full-time schooling so adjustments can be made for affected children. […] There are many different types of colour vision deficiencies, however, EnChromas design addresses red-green deficiency specifically. Statistics indicate that roughly 4 of every 5 cases of colour blindness will respond to EnChroma technology.

• #38 Color vision restrictions for medical school admission: a discussion on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to countries across the world | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-023-00441-4

  Color-deficient individuals should not be denied medical school admission or a practicing medical license as adaptive compensatory strategies can be employed to overcome the difficulties faced. […] Overall, the current evidence does not support excluding color-deficient individuals from practicing medicine.

• #38 Color vision restrictions for medical school admission: a discussion on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to countries across the world | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-023-00441-4

  Color vision deficiency impairs ones ability to perceive and discriminate colors. Color-deficient individuals may face discrimination in various occupations, particularly in medical school admissions. […] Color vision deficiency can be congenital or acquired. Males (about 8%) are more commonly affected for the former as compared to their female counterparts (0.4%). […] Color vision deficiency is a spectrum of disease, hence the severity and impact on function vary between individuals. […] It has been demonstrated that color-deficient individuals face more difficulties in color-dependent tasks such as identifying traffic signal controls and color-coded equipment. […] Color vision deficiency is not a criterion for rejection to study or practice medicine in most countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.

• #38 Color vision restrictions for medical school admission: a discussion on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to countries across the world | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-023-00441-4

  Among the ten ASEAN countries discussed, most countries (seven out of ten) did not have color vision requirements for medical school admissions. Only Indonesia and Malaysia excluded medical school applicants with any color vision impairment. […] Difficulties in medical practice that have been identified amongst color-deficient doctors mainly involved the diagnostic process. […] Checking for correct placement of nasogastric tubes involves interpreting pH indicator colored test strips of aspirates, where color-deficient doctors may potentially make errors. […] However, clinical medicine encompasses interpretation of all factors in the diagnostic process, that need not rely solely on color discrimination. […] Hence, color vision testing at the point of admission to medical school may allow potential doctors with color vision deficiency to make informed decisions on whether to pursue a future in the medical profession.

• #39 How to Design for Color Blindness

  https://www.audioeye.com/post/8-ways-to-design-a-color-blind-friendly-website/

  For the 300 million people globally who have some form of color deficiency, the scenario above is a daily occurrence. […] Regardless of the type of color blindness an individual has, color blindness affects how easily someone is able to navigate the web. […] Ultimately, these issues result in a poor user experience for colorblind people, which makes it more difficult to complete day-to-day tasks. […] Color blindness affects a large percentage of individuals around the world, which means website owners have a responsibility both legally and ethically to create a colorblind-friendly website. […] From a legal standpoint, a colorblind-friendly website adheres to the guidelines included in the ADA as well as the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) in Canada. […] For users, a colorblind-friendly website enhances the overall experience for users. […] However, to create a truly accessible design, its critical to involve users with color vision deficiencies in both the design and testing process. […] Together, the tools enhance the user experience for individuals with disabilities, including those with color vision deficiencies.

• #40 Psychosocial aspects of colour vision deficiency: Implications for a career in medicine – The National Medical Journal of India

  https://nmji.in/psychosocial-aspects-of-colour-vision-deficiency-implications-for-a-career-in-medicine/

  It has been proposed that CVD could pose special difficulties in certain specialties and cause less problems with others. […] The consensus view is that the presence of CVD should not be used to debar those who seek to become a part of the medical profession. […] Consequently, almost all professions that restrict employment of those with CVD are gradually relaxing their requirements for colour vision standards. […] For doctors with CVD, the principle of equal opportunity translates as striking a balance between patient welfare with the necessity of equal and inclusive handling of those with CVD. […] Thus, despite the scarcity of the evidence, it is possible to formulate a few broad and tentative recommendations.

• #40 Psychosocial aspects of colour vision deficiency: Implications for a career in medicine – The National Medical Journal of India

  https://nmji.in/psychosocial-aspects-of-colour-vision-deficiency-implications-for-a-career-in-medicine/

  CVD, often wrongly referred to as colour blindness, is a common problem among people including medical professionals. […] Individuals with CVD experience difficulties in everyday tasks, education and in their careers. […] The impact of CVD on medical practice is also equally unsettled. […] The prevalence of CVD among medical workers suggests that those in the medical profession are not immune to problems arising from CVD. […] The rates of CVD among medical professionals have differed across studies possibly due to methodological discrepancies. […] Although rates either lower or higher than that among the general population have been reported, CVD is as common among medical professionals as in other people. […] Despite the limited number of studies on the issue, certain conclusions about the difficulties faced by students, doctors and other medical workers with CVD can be drawn.

• #40 Psychosocial aspects of colour vision deficiency: Implications for a career in medicine – The National Medical Journal of India

  https://nmji.in/psychosocial-aspects-of-colour-vision-deficiency-implications-for-a-career-in-medicine/

  A consistent finding is that the severity of CVD is associated with the level of performance across most of the studies that have examined severity. […] Accordingly, subjects with mild-to-moderate CVD often do not report facing any difficulties at all. […] In contrast, those with severe CVD not only experience considerable difficulties in their work but are also at greater risk of committing diagnostic and treatment errors, some of which may have potentially serious consequences. […] However, even the evidence for these observations is often variable and inconsistent. […] The relative lack of naturalistic studies in actual clinical conditions creates further problems in interpreting the results of these studies. […] Although doctors with CVD might commit errors in recognizing colour-dependent signs or findings, the extent and seriousness of these errors are not clearly evident from the existing studies.

• #41 Is Color Blindness Genetic and How it’s Inherited? | BCM Families Foundation

  https://www.blueconemonochromacy.org/know-more/colorblindess/

  Anomalous trichromacy is the most common form of color vision deficiency where individuals have three types of cone cells, but one or more of these cone types exhibit abnormal sensitivity to certain wavelengths of light. […] There is no known cure for color vision deficiency at the present moment. However, a groundbreaking study led by vision scientists Jay Neitz and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington made a significant stride in color vision deficiency research.

• #42 Navigating Colourful Challenges at Work: Insights from a Study on Colo

  https://eu.enchroma.com/blogs/beyond-colour/navigating-colourful-challenges-at-work-insights-from-a-study-on-colour-blindness

  One in 12 men and 1 in 200 women globally are affected by various types of colourblindness approximately 350 million people worldwide. […] The survey highlights a critical demand for workplace adjustments, with 75% of participants seeking help from coworkers to identify colours almost daily or several times a week. […] Recognizing the prevalence and impact of colour blindness, EnChroma calls for employers to take proactive steps to create a more inclusive and accommodating work environment. […] EnChroma’s study not only brings to light the struggles of colour blind individuals in the workplace but also underscores the company’s commitment to fostering colour accessibility.

• #43 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Color-Blindness-and-Occupations.aspx

  Color blindness or color vision deficiency impacts on a persons life in various different ways. […] In addition, color vision deficiency can have a profound influence on a persons choice of occupation. […] Certain occupations are not suitable for people with color vision deficiency and people with the condition may even be prohibited from working in some environments. […] Several countries including Romania, Singapore and Turkey do not assign driving licences to color blind individuals due to reservations about their ability to interpret traffic lights and warning signals correctly. […] For similar reasons, people with colour blindness cannot enter a career in aviation.

• #44 Colour Vision Deficiency or Colour Blindness – Eyescreen™

  https://eyescreen.cordlifetech.com/sg/colour-vision-deficiency-or-colour-blindness

  Colour vision deficiency is the inability to distinguish certain shades of colour under normal lighting conditions. The term „colour blindness” is more commonly used to describe this visual condition, but very few people are completely colour blind. […] In general, the prevalence is 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females of the population has colour deficiency. […] Colour vision deficiency can range from mild to severe, depending on the cause. It affects both eyes if it is inherited and usually just one eye if it is caused by injury or illness. […] In a local study, 33 out of 1,250 teenagers were discovered to have colour vision deficiency. This is a relatively high number of teenagers diagnosed, most whom are only diagnosed after primary school. […] Early detection is the key to overcome limitations created by colour vision deficiency. Colour vision deficiency may not be life-threatening but it does affect the quality of life. Some patients may suffer from its long-term consequences, as they may be mistaken as slow-learners in school or being uncooperative during play. All these could lead to poor self-esteem and symptoms of social withdrawal in children.

• #45 Could colour blindness be affecting the results of your study? – Cambridge Cognition

  https://cambridgecognition.com/could-colour-blindness-be-affecting-the-results-of-your-study/

  With colour vision deficiency affecting an estimated 300 million people worldwide, we consider how colour blindness might affect participants performance on cognitive tests, and what measures can be taken to minimise the impact on study results. […] Colour vision deficiency is particularly important to consider in populations that are likely to have: a diagnosis of diabetes, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimers disease, or Parkinsons disease. […] Generally, colour blindness is inherited, although it can also be acquired by physical or chemical damage to the eye, optic nerve or vision-processing brain areas. […] This could result in masking or inflation of true group differences. […] Tasks where performance is dependent on participants ability to distinguish particular pairs of colours from one another, and therefore are not advised for those with a colour vision deficiency that affects the colours important to each task, include CGT, SSP, RTI, OTS, and SOC. […] People with colour vision deficiency should be able to complete these tasks, but their performance may be affected.

• #46 Appropriate terminology in the nomenclature of the color vision deficiency

  https://www.oatext.com/appropriate-terminology-in-the-nomenclature-of-the-color-vision-deficiency.php

  Secondary color vision deficiency is related to damages of the optic nerve or retina because of various diseases and injuries. […] Acquired blue-yellow CVDs may be related to the changes of ocular media such as cataract or changes associated aging in crystalline lens and diseases affecting choroid and the outer retinal layers. […] Acquired red-green CVDs may be resulted of the diseases of optic nerve and inner visual pathway. […] The causes of acquired CVD secondary to ocular and extraocular diseases except for aging include diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, macular degeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic alcoholism, leukemia, and sickle cell anemia.

• #47 Prevalence of color blindness among school children in three primary schools of Gish –Abay town district, Amhara regional state, north-west Ethiopia | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prevalence-of-color-blindness-among-school-children-in-three-pri/16295628

  Although there are limited studies, recent data are lacking to accurately determine the magnitude of color blindness in Ethiopia and there is no evidence of such a study in Gish Abay town district. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of color blindness among school children in Gish Abaya town district, Ethiopia. […] Among a total of 854 subjects, 850 participants with age range of 8-18 years were screened for color vision test giving a response rate of 99.53%. […] There were 36 (4.24%) cases of impaired color vision. […] The prevalence of childhood color blindness in Gish Abay town district was relatively similar with other studies in Ethiopia. […] Color blindness is the inability to clearly differentiate color differences under normal lighting conditions. […] The two broad categories of color blindness are red/protan and green/deutan defects.

• #48 Colour Deficiency | Canadian Association of Optometrists

  https://opto.ca/eye-health-library/colour-deficiency

  Colour deficiency occurs when an individual has a decreased ability or inability to distinguish colours. […] Colour deficiency is more common in males than females, affecting 1 in 12 males. […] Colour deficiency is usually an inherited condition, passed from father to son. […] Colour deficiency may affect the career path of an individual, as the ability to distinguish colours is an important aspect of some jobs, such as pilots, electricians, military personnel, police officers and others. […] There is no cure for colour deficiency.

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/sjio/fulltext/2017/09010/congenital_and_acquired_colour_vision_deficiency.5.aspx

  Congenital colour vision deficiency (CVD) is an x-linked chromosome disorders which, predominantly occurring in males. This disorder results from abnormalities in one or all three-cone type’s photoreceptors. […] The findings revealed that 61 (5.5%) had CVD, 49 (9.0%) were males and 12 (2.2%) were females. The prevalence of congenital (red-green) CVD was 39 (3.5%) which was high in males 37 (6.8%) than females 2 (0.4%). The prevalence of congenital CVD was found associated with males (P 0.001), but was not significantly correlated with females (P = 0.165). […] The prevalence of acquired CVD was 22 (2.0%) which was slightly higher among males 12 (2.2%) compared to 10 (1.8%) in females. […] The main leading cause of acquired CVD was cataract change 8 (13.1%) followed by myopic degeneration 6 (9.8%).

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