Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hemifacial spasm | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hemifacial-spasm?content_id=CON-20373287

  Hemifacial spasm is a nervous system condition in which the muscles on one side of the face twitch. The cause of hemifacial spasm is most often a blood vessel touching or pulsing against a facial nerve. A facial nerve injury or a tumor also can cause it. Sometimes there is no known cause. […] A blood vessel touching a facial nerve is the most common cause of hemifacial spasm. A facial nerve injury or a tumor also can cause it. Sometimes the cause isn’t known. […] Hemifacial spasm sometimes starts as a result of: Moving the muscles in the face. Anxiety. Stress. Being tired.

• #2 Hemifacial Spasm (Face Twitching): Treatment, Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15798-involuntary-facial-movements-hemifacial-spasm

  Hemifacial spasm occurs because of compressed facial nerves. […] Most often, twitches occur because a blood vessel (tube that carries blood around the body) presses a facial nerve. Benign (not cancer) head and neck tumors may also press on nerves. […] Sometimes, the facial twitches have no obvious cause. When there is no known cause, healthcare providers call the condition idiopathic hemifacial spasm.

• #3 Hemifacial Spasm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526108/

  The most common etiology of HFS is compression of the facial nerve that exits the brainstem by an ectatic or aberrant artery. […] HFS can occur secondary to the following etiologies: Trauma, Late sequelae to Bell palsy, Structural lesions along the course of the facial nerve, especially a benign tumor pressing on the intracranial portion of the nerve, Arteriovenous anomalies, intracranial arterial aneurysm, arterio-venous fistula, angiomas, Mastoid and ear infections (otitis media, cholesteatoma), Parotid gland tumors, Chiari malformation and other structural anomalies of the posterior cranial fossa, Brainstem lesions such as demyelinating plaques of multiple sclerosis. […] Chronic irritation of the facial nerve fascicle and proximal nerve segment at the root-exit zone is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism of HFS.

• #4 Hemifacial Spasm (Facial Twitching): A Definitive Guide

  https://kamranaghayev.com/hemifacial-spasm/

  Hemifacial spasm is the disease of the facial nerve. Specifically, the condition develops at the point of nerves exit from the brainstem. This area is called root-entry-exit-zone or simply REEZ. The dominant theory regarding origin of hemifacial spasm assumes that there is cross-spread of neural impulses in the REEZ. In other words, normal impulses passing via nerve fibers spread to other, idle fibers and cause their excitation. However, if myelin is deficient there might be cross-excitation between the fibers. These abnormal impulses propagate distally, reach unrelated muscles and cause involuntary contractions. […] In order to develop hemifacial spasm there must be an additional damaging factor in the REEZ area. This damaging factor should result in loss in myelin (demyelination). Depending of the causes, HFS can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary or idiopathic hemifacial spasm develops independently of other diseases and is the most common form. Secondary HFS is a consequence or by-product of other conditions.

• #5 Hemifacial Spasm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526108/

  Compression of the facial nerve root at the junction of the central (point of exit from brainstem) and peripheral segment (root exit/entry zone) by aberrant/ectatic blood vessels is the most common cause of HFS, as reported in the literature. […] The ephaptic transmission of impulses, or the lateral spread of excitation to adjacent nerve fibers, leads to abnormally excessive firing of the facial nerve; this firing is due to the facial nerve’s demyelination at the compression site. […] Irritation of peripheral afferent facial nerve fibers leads to aberrant signaling to the central facial nerve nucleus, inducing abnormal firing of the nucleus. […] Bell palsy has a clinically similar appearance to other HFS, yet the pathophysiology is different. […] Following a more severe Bell palsy, some patients may start to have involuntary twitching of the side of the face affected by the prior Bell palsy.

• #6 Hemifacial Spasm – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Hemifacial_Spasm

  Hemifacial spasm is a movement disorder that is characterized by involuntary tonic – clonic contractions of the mimetic muscles on one side of the face. […] There are a number of known causes of hemifacial spasm which may be classified as primary or secondary. Primary hemifacial spasm is defined as compression of the facial nerve at its exit from the brainstem as first described by Campbell and Keedy in 1947. […] Although not always identified, the most common mechanism is thought to be compression secondary to a dolichoectatic artery as described by Jannetta in 1975. […] The most commonly implicated artery is the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). […] Secondary hemifacial spasm is not uncommon and causes include atherosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms, tumors of the parotid gland and cerebellopontine angle, peripheral facial nerve trauma, brainstem lesions including stroke and demyelinating conditions such as multiple sclerosis, and Bells Palsy. […] There is also a rare, genetically linked hemifacial spasm.

• #7 Facial twitch, Hemifacial spasm (HFS), tic convulsif, facial tic | Mayfield Brain & Spine

  https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-hfs.htm

  Hemifacial spasm can be caused by injury to the facial nerve, a tumor or blood vessel compressing the nerve, or Bells palsy. […] The most common cause is compression of your facial nerve by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery where the nerve begins at your brainstem. […] The compression causes the nerve to misfire making your facial muscles contract. […] This condition is related to trigeminal neuralgiaan irritation of the fifth cranial nerve that causes severe facial pain. […] Both hemifacial spasm and trigeminal neuralgia are caused by nerve compression from a blood vessel, yet differ in whether the sensory nerve or motor nerve is compressed. […] In 90% of surgical cases there appears to be a blood vessel compressing the nerve.

• #8 Hemifacial spasm | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hemifacial-spasm?lang=us

  Hemifacial spasm is characterized by episodic facial spasms due to irritation of the facial nerve (CN VII). […] Irritation of the nerve at the root exit zone by an aberrant vascular structure is usually a cause. In one study, up to 100% of cases had a vessel contacting the nerve in symptomatic patients, whereas up to 30% of asymptomatic patients had a similar finding. This is a similar mechanism to what is seen in trigeminal neuralgia, nervus intermedius neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and vagoglossopharyngeal neuralgia. […] Most commonly, an elongated and ectatic vertebrobasilar system is commonly seen incidentally. The vessels most commonly implicated, in decreasing order of frequency, are the AICA, PICA and vertebral artery. […] Other causes of hemifacial spasm have been reported including: vascular compression as discussed above: most common, cholesteatoma, schwannoma, meningioma, intracranial lipoma, arteriovenous malformation, multiple sclerosis: very rarely implicated.

• #9 Hemifacial Spasm (Facial Twitching): A Definitive Guide

  https://kamranaghayev.com/hemifacial-spasm/

  This form is the most frequent one and is also known as primary or idiopathic. Compression of the facial nerve by a blood vessel is the main pathophysiological mechanism. Typically a loop of offending vessel pushes and distorts the facial nerve at the brainstem. Neuro-vascular conflict is progressive i.e. arterial loops exert more and more pressure on the nerve with aging. […] Most cases of hemifacial spasm are idiopathic and caused by neuro-vascular conflict. However, there have been reports in the literature describing hereditary HFS cases. The exact genetic mechanism underlying familial HFS is unknown but it looks like that there is autosomal dominant with low penetrance inheritance pattern. […] Facial palsy in some sense is opposite of hemifacial spasm. Bells palsy is the inflammation of the facial nerve with resultant impairment of impulse propagation. Hemifacial spasm is caused by focal demyelination of the facial nerve at the brainstem level.

• #10 What Causes Hemifacial Spasm? (Facial Twitching) – Sahyadri Hospital

  https://sahyadrihospital.com/videos/causes-hemifacial-spasm/

  Hemifacial Spasm occurs due to Neurovascular conflict. Each side of the face is controlled by one facial nerve. In the case of Hemifacial Spasm, the blood vessel is placed very close to the nerve from birth. As the age increases the length of the blood vessels goes on increasing which is called ectasia. This happens in all of us. […] But in this disease, as the blood vessels elongate with age it gets buried in the nerves and with each pulsation, it hits the nerve and this is called as neurovascular conflict. With each pulsation, the nerve gets damaged and as it gets damaged the spasms start. As the spasm elongates more and burrows deeper, the spasms get worst.

• #11 Hemifacial Spasm | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22719

  Chronic irritation of the facial nerve fascicle and proximal nerve segment at the root-exit zone is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism of HFS. […] Compression of the facial nerve root at the junction of the central (point of exit from brainstem) and peripheral segment (root exit/entry zone) by aberrant/ectatic blood vessels is the most common cause of HFS, as reported in the literature. […] Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathophysiological mechanism by which facial nerve compression leads to HFS. […] Bell palsy has a clinically similar appearance to other HFS, yet the pathophysiology is different. […] Following a more severe Bell palsy, some patients may start to have involuntary twitching of the side of the face affected by the prior Bell palsy. […] Results from studies indicate that 40% of individuals with HFS also have concurrent hypertension.

• #12 Hemifacial Spasm: Symptoms, Treatments, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hemifacial-spasm

  Hemifacial spasms happen when the muscles on either the left or right side of your face twitch without warning. This is caused by damage or irritation to the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. […] Hemifacial spasms are often caused by irritation or damage to your facial nerve. Theyre commonly caused by a blood vessel pushing on the facial nerve near where the nerve connects to your brain stem. When this happens, the facial nerve may act on its own, sending out nerve signals that cause your muscles to twitch. This is known as an ephaptic transmission, and its one of the main causes of these spasms. […] An injury to your head or face can also cause hemifacial spasms because of damage or compression of the facial nerve. More uncommon causes of hemifacial spasms can include: one or more tumors pushing on your facial nerve; side effects from an episode of Bells palsy, a condition that can cause part of your face to be temporarily paralyzed.

• #13 Hemifacial Spasm | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/hemifacial-spasm

  Most cases of HFS do not have an obvious cause and are referred to as idiopathic. However, HFS is often attributable to an irritation or a compression of the facial nerve by a blood vessel as it exits from the brainstem and is the most common peripherally induced movement disorder. This nerve supplies muscle power to the facial and superficial neck muscles. In most cases, the compression is from a hardened and/or displaced blood vessel near the base of the brain. When the facial nerve fires, the signal is directed to the ipsilateral facial muscles causing muscle contractions in different areas of the face on the same side. A competing hypothesis states that HFS is due to abnormality of the facial motor nucleus in the brainstem. […] Injuries to the facial nerve can also result in secondary HFS. For example, patients who have had Bell’s palsy can develop HFS after they recover from the weakness. The post-Bells palsy HFS may look similar to the idiopathic variety, but voluntary contraction of the facial muscles often results in an involuntary contraction of adjacent muscles due to misdirection of the recovering facial nerve and its branches (synkinesis). The patients can develop HFS weeks or months after Bells palsy. Other uncommon causes of HFS include aneurysms, brain tumors, trauma and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

• #14 Hemifacial spasm | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/hemifacial-spasm

  Vascular compression or irritation of the facial nerve is the most common pathogenic mechanism of hemifacial spasm. […] Support for the theory that compression of the nerve at the root exit zone incites the development of hemifacial spasm comes from several sources. […] An alternative theory of „ectopic” or „ephaptic” transmission was proposed by Gardner and has been championed by Nielsen. […] These studies suggest that the abnormal activity is generated central to the exit zone, probably at the facial nucleus.

• #15 Hemifacial Spasm (Facial Twitching): A Definitive Guide

  https://kamranaghayev.com/hemifacial-spasm/

  Sometimes tumors in close proximity of the facial nerve may trigger HFS. However, tumors do not pulsate (not as much as arteries), grow slowly and allow adaptation. […] MS is a debilitating neurological disease characterized by loss of myelin coating of the nerve fibers in the brain. Typically the patients develop multiple sclerosis plaques in various brain areas. If there is demyelination in the facial nerve there is a chance of developing hemifacial spasm. Unlike other causes, this type of HFS cannot be treated surgically. […] Epidermoid cysts are benign tumors frequently seen in around facial nerve. They do not have blood vessels, grow slowly and are simply epidermal inclusions in the brain. […] Cross-excitation is not the sole factor contributing to hemifacial spasm. With time an abnormal ectopic excitation zone may develop in the facial nerve. This focus does not need normal impulses to maintain activity and may self generate abnormal impulses on its own. […] Hemifacial spasm is very similar to trigeminal neuralgia (TN). These diseases have much in common, the only difference is the affected nerve.

• #16 When a Facial Twitch Shouldn’t Be Ignored

  https://www.orlandohealth.com/content-hub/when-a-facial-twitch-shouldnt-be-ignored/

  Hemifacial spasms are a disorder of the facial nerve. The disorder is usually a primary condition meaning there is no known underlying cause. Secondary hemifacial spasms are those that result from something else an injury to the facial nerve or a tumor, for example. […] Other secondary causes include: A blood vessel pressing on the facial nerve where it exits the brain stem. Bells palsy, a condition that causes weakness on one side of the face. As the facial nerve regenerates, it may throw off some aberrant signals, causing twitches. Brainstem lesions such as those that form when a nerves myelin coating is attacked by the immune system as in multiple sclerosis. Malformations and abnormalities in blood vessels in the brain, including: tangles of blood vessels (arteriovenous anomalies) A weak or thin spot on an artery in the brain (intracranial aneurysm) that balloons or bulges Abnormal connections between arteries and veins (arterio-venous fistula). Infections of the ear or the mastoid bone, located just behind the ear. Tumors in the salivary glands that sit just behind the ears.

• #17 Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm – Cedars Sinai Medical Towers Los Angeles, CA: NeuroEyeOrbit Institute

  https://www.neuroeyeorbit.com/contents/patient-education/surgery-information/blepharospasm-and-hemifacial-spasm

  Hemifacial spasm is sometimes caused by irritation of the facial nerve at the base of the skull. This irritation may be the result of an abnormal blood vessel pulsating against the facial nerve. When the facial nerve is irritated, it causes the facial muscles to contract and spasm. […] Less than 1% of cases are caused by a tumor. Therefore, your physician may recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Surgery for hemifacial spasm may be contemplated if an aberrant blood vessel is found to be the cause. The surgery involves microvascular decompression of the vessel near the brainstem to relieve pressure on the facial nerve.

• #18 Hemifacial Spasm: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/related/hemifacial-spasms-face-twitching/

  A viral infection can cause inflammation of the facial nerve and result in weakness on one side of the face, causing Bells palsy. While most patients recover from the weakness, hemifacial spasm can occur months later in some cases, even years later. […] Some uncommon causes can also lead to a hemifacial spasm. These include: Aneurysms, Brain tumors, Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases.

• #19 Five Common Causes of Hemifacial Spasm in Adults – New York Facial Paralysis

  https://www.newyorkfacialparalysis.com/blog/five-common-causes-of-hemifacial-spasm-in-adults/

  Benign tumor or lesion compression: A tumor or lesion on the nerve sheath can compress the facial nerve. Sometimes, lesions can also arise. Both can press against the nerve, forcing it to malfunction and emit erroneous impulses, causing spasms. […] Vascular malformation: Sometimes arteries or veins do not develop properly, causing them to travel in odd directions throughout the body. In hemifacial spasms, this malformation may compress or constrict the facial nerve. […] Nerve injury: Nerve injuries can cause hemifacial spasms. Most facial nerve injuries are caused by head or neck trauma that pinches or stretches the nerve. Accidents and falls are the most common causes of back, neck and head nerve damage.

• #20 Hemifacial Spasm | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22719

  The most common etiology of HFS is compression of the facial nerve that exits the brainstem by an ectatic or aberrant artery. The typical aberrant arterial anomalies leading to facial nerve root compression are the branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and vestibular artery, among others. […] HFS can occur secondary to the following etiologies: Trauma, Late sequelae to Bell palsy, Structural lesions along the course of the facial nerve, especially a benign tumor pressing on the intracranial portion of the nerve, Arteriovenous anomalies, intracranial arterial aneurysm, arterio-venous fistula, angiomas, Mastoid and ear infections (otitis media, cholesteatoma), Parotid gland tumors, Chiari malformation and other structural anomalies of the posterior cranial fossa, Brainstem lesions such as demyelinating plaques of multiple sclerosis.

• #21 Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hemifacial-spasm-6835547

  Damage to the facial nerve from an inflammatory demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) is another potential cause, but it’s rare. That said, in some cases, hemifacial spasm is the first symptom experienced by someone with MS. […] When the cause of someone’s facial twitching can’t be pinpointed or diagnosed, the involuntary muscle contractions are classified as idiopathic hemifacial spasm, meaning the cause is unknown.

• #22 Do Hemifacial Spasms Go Away? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/do_hemifacial_spasms_go_away/article.htm

  Hemifacial spasm is caused by the facial nerve becoming compressed, which leads to malfunctioning of the muscles responsible for facial expression. Compression causes the nerve to misfire, making the facial muscles contract involuntarily. Increased activity of the facial nerve is thought to be caused by irritation from a blood vessel adjacent to the nerve deep within the brain. […] Risk factors and common causes may include: Age (more common in people over 40), Gender (more common in women), Ethnicity (more common in people of Asian ethnicities), Enlarged blood vessels, Facial movements (smiling, talking, eating, blinking, etc.), Injury to the head or face, Stress or anxiety, Fatigue or lack of sleep, Caffeine intake. […] In rare cases, HFS may be caused by: Infections, Lesions, Stroke, Tumors, Smoking.

• #23 Hemifacial spasm: Types, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319591

  However, this is extremely rare, with scientific studies showing only 1 to 6 occasions out of several hundred cases in which MS was identified as the cause of a hemifacial spasm. […] Although it is rare, doctors still need to check for MS as a possible cause when people under age 40 have a hemifacial spasm.

• #24 Hemifacial Spasm: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1170722-overview

  Hemifacial spasm generally begins with brief clonic movements of the orbicularis oculi and spreads over years to other facial muscles (corrugator, frontalis, orbicularis oris, platysma, zygomaticus). […] Chronic irritation of the facial nerve or nucleus, the near-universal cause of hemifacial spasm, may arise from numerous underlying conditions. […] The causes of hemifacial spasm include vascular compression, facial nerve compression by a mass, brainstem lesions such as stroke or multiple sclerosis plaques, and secondary causes such as trauma or Bell’s palsy. […] Most instances of hemifacial spasm previously thought to be idiopathic were probably caused by aberrant blood vessels (eg, distal branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or vertebral artery) compressing the facial nerve within the cerebellopontine angle.

• #25 Hemifacial spasm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemifacial_spasm

  Several families with hemifacial spasm have been reported, suggesting a genetic etiology or predisposition in some cases. […] The results of the experiment strengthened the theory that vascular compression of the facial nerve was the primary cause of hemifacial spasm, and proposed a specific region of the facial nerve where the effects of longstanding compression results in nerve dysfunction.

• #26 What Is Hemifacial Spasm? | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/hemifacial-spasm/types/what-is-hemifacial-spasm

  Hemifacial spasm is most common in middle-aged and elderly women. In most cases, it is caused by compression of the facial nerve from a nearby blood vessel. […] Hemifacial spasm is typically caused by the facial nerve being compressed by a nearby structure, which results in the nerve sending abnormal signals to the facial muscles without input from the brain, causing an uncontrollable twitch. The most common cause of hemifacial spasm is pressure on the facial nerve from a neighboring blood vessel as it leaves its origin in the brainstem. […] Hemifacial spasm can also be caused by damage to the facial nerve, such as from an injury or inflammation. In some cases, a specific cause for the spasm cannot be found. […] A brain tumor can occasionally cause hemifacial spasm, but such tumors are almost always benign. Symptoms can arise because the tumor takes up precious space within the skull and compresses surrounding structures such as the facial nerve, causing it to send accidental signals to the facial muscles and lead to spasms.

• #27 Hemifacial spasm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemifacial_spasm

  Hemifacial spasm is much more common in some Asian populations. […] It may be caused by a facial nerve injury, compression by a blood vessel, a tumor, or it may have no apparent cause. […] Experts have linked hemifacial spasm to facial nerve injury, Bell’s palsy and tumors. Although the most frequent cause is a blood vessel pressing on the facial nerve at the spot where it leaves the patient’s brain stem, sometimes there is no known cause. […] It is generally accepted as compression of the facial nerve by vessels of the posterior circulation. […] In detail compression of the seventh cranial nerve by a dolichoectatic (a distorted, dilated, and elongated) anterior inferior cerebellar artery, or posterior inferior cerebellar artery is accepted to be the general cause of hemifacial spasm.

• #28 Hemifacial Spasm: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment – Wilderman Medical Clinic

  https://drwilderman.com/hemifacial-spasm/

  Hemifacial spasm is a condition where the muscles on one side of your face twitch or contract involuntarily. […] This happens because of a problem with a nerve in your face. […] If you have high blood pressure or certain problems with your blood vessels, it might increase the chances of having hemifacial spasm. Researchers have reported that 40% of patients with HFS have coexisting hypertension. […] In hemifacial spasms, there’s a mix-up with a nerve called the facial nerve. This nerve is in charge of making your facial muscles move. […] The main reason for hemifacial spasm is when a blood vessel, usually an artery, puts pressure on the facial nerve. This happens where the facial nerve comes out of the brainstem. The constant pulsing and pressure can bother the nerve and make it act up.

• #29 Hemifacial spasm | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hemifacial-spasm?content_id=CON-20373287

  Hemifacial spasm is a nervous system condition in which the muscles on one side of the face twitch. The cause of hemifacial spasm is most often a blood vessel touching or pulsing against a facial nerve. A facial nerve injury or a tumor also can cause it. Sometimes there is no known cause. […] A blood vessel touching a facial nerve is the most common cause of hemifacial spasm. A facial nerve injury or a tumor also can cause it. Sometimes the cause isn’t known. […] Hemifacial spasm sometimes starts as a result of: Moving the muscles in the face. Anxiety. Stress. Being tired.

• #30 Causes Of Hemifacial Spasm​ – Treatment For Hemifacial Spasm

  https://facialparalysisinstitute.com/blog/hemifacial-spasms-explained/

  Hemifacial spasm causes vary. A hemifacial spasm can occur due to a blood vessel that comes into contact with a facial nerve. In addition, it can happen as a result of a facial nerve injury or tumor. […] There have been instances reported in which hemifacial spasms are related to stress, fatigue, anxiety, and moving muscles in the face. Rarely, there are instances in which there is no identifiable cause of a hemifacial spasm.

• #31 Hemifacial spasm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemifacial-spasm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373299

  Diagnosing hemifacial spasm might involve a physical exam. Imaging tests might find the cause of the condition. […] MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the head. This can help find the cause of hemifacial spasm. A contrast dye put into a blood vessel can show whether a blood vessel is touching the facial nerve. This is called magnetic resonance angiogram. […] Diagnosing hemifacial spasm doesn’t always need an MRI scan or other imaging test. Imaging tests might be for people whose symptoms aren’t typical or who are having surgery. […] There are several types of surgery that can help relieve hemifacial spasm. One type of surgery, called decompression, involves making an opening in the skull and opening the covering of the brain, called the dura. This exposes the facial nerve where it leaves the brainstem.

• #32 Facial Spasms – Saratoga Ophthalmology

  https://saratoga-ophthalmology.com/facial-spasms/

  Hemifacial spasm can be caused by injury to the facial nerve, a tumor or blood vessel compressing the nerve, or Bells palsy. […] The most common cause is compression of the facial nerve by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery where the nerve exits your brainstem. […] The compression causes the nerve to misfire, making your facial muscles to contract. […] This condition is similar in etiology to trigeminal neuralgia, an irritation of the fifth cranial nerve that causes severe facial pain. […] Both hemifacial spasm and trigeminal neuralgia are caused by nerve compression from a blood vessel. […] In hemifacial spasm, the compression is on the facial (motor) nerve whereas, in trigemial neuralgia, it affects the trigeminal (sensory) nerve. […] Due to possible compression on the facial nerve causing hemifacial spasm, unlike bilateral essential blepharospasm, which has no known etiology and does not require an imaging study, MRI/MRA or CT/CTA is commonly obtained for people with hemifacial spasm.

• #33 Hemifacial spasm | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/hemifacial-spasm

  Hemifacial spasm is thought to result from compression of the facial nerve at its junction with the brainstem. […] In most cases, the compression is by blood vessels adjacent to the zone of exit of the facial nerve. […] In a series of 1642 hemifacial spasm cases, only nine resulted from a cause other than neurovascular compression. […] Causative tumors include epidermoid neuroma, meningioma or astrocytoma of the cerebellopontine angle, petrous ridge meningioma, and parotid tumor. […] Hemifacial spasm may be a sequela of facial nerve damage or reflect a structural lesion of the nerve or its surroundings. […] Approximately 5% of cases have a prior history of Bell palsy and a similar number have comorbid trigeminal neuralgia. […] Hypertension may play an important role in the genesis of hemifacial spasm.

• #34 Facial Twitching: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments – New York Facial Paralysis

  https://www.newyorkfacialparalysis.com/blog/facial-twitching-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Hemifacial Spasm: Hemifacial spasm is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary twitching on one side of the face. […] Surgery: In rare cases, surgery – like microvascular decompression – may be required to relieve facial twitching caused by nerve damage or hemifacial spasm.

• #35 Hemifacial spasm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemifacial-spasm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373299

  A surgeon then finds the blood vessel pressing on the facial nerve. Putting a spongelike material between the nerve and blood vessel eases pressure on the nerve. This surgery often works to relieve hemifacial spasm. […] Other procedures include destroying parts of the facial nerve with surgery and heat and radio waves, called radiofrequency thermocoagulation.

• #36 Hemifacial Spasm – Nashville Neurosurgery Associates

  https://www.nashvilleneurosurgery.com/conditions/hemifacial-spasm/

  Hemifacial spasm is a nervous system disorder that causes uncontrollable spasms of the facial muscles. It results from uncontrolled contractions of the muscles of the face and is caused by compression of the facial nerve at the brainstem, usually by a displaced artery or vein. […] Microvascular decompression is a surgical procedure that can be used to ease the pressure on the facial nerve. During MVD, a neurosurgeon uses a microscope to identify the artery compressing the facial nerve. Then, a pad is placed between the artery and the facial nerve. Microvascular decompression surgery is highly effective and can provide permanent treatment for hemifacial spasm patients.

• #37 Managing facial pain and spasms caused by vascular compression | NYP

  https://www.nyp.org/patients-and-visitors/advances-consumers/issues/managing-facial-pain-and-spasms-caused-by-vascular-compression

  Many conditions can cause nerve disorders; trauma, skull base fractures, injuries to the face, nervous system diseases (such as stroke), infections of the ear or face, tumors and various toxins. […] When there is excess pressure on the nerves either as a result of tumors or blood vessels pushing up against them it causes abnormal stimulation to the area. The result is spasms or tics. […] Hemifacial spasm may ultimately affect all the muscles on one side of the face, in an almost continuous state of contraction. […] The first line of treatment usually consists of a series of Botox injections to help stop the spasms. In severe cases, a surgical procedure called microvascular decompression may be used, which involves repositioning the artery that irritates the nerve as it comes out of the brainstem. […] It’s important to keep in mind, however, that these symptoms don’t necessarily imply a vascular compression. Each patient’s physician needs to make a careful investigation in order to make the right diagnosis.

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