Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breast Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK459122/

  Breast abscesses are a common problem, especially in lactating women. Most breast abscesses are benign. However, when a non-lactating patient presents with a breast abscess, a more nefarious etiology such as an inflammatory carcinoma should be considered. […] Lactational breast abscesses are most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal species. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is becoming increasingly common. Typically, non-lactational breast abscesses are a result of a mixed flora with S. aureus, Streptococcus, and anaerobic bacteria. […] There is a strong association between diabetes and smoking with non-lactational breast abscesses. […] Other causes of breast abscesses include infected sebaceous cysts and hidradenitis suppurative, which have specific evaluation and treatment.

• #1 Breast Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459122/

  Lactational breast abscesses are most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal species. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is becoming increasingly common. Typically, non-lactational breast abscesses are a result of a mixed flora with S. aureus, Streptococcus, and anaerobic bacteria. […] There is a strong association between diabetes and smoking with non-lactational breast abscesses. Obese patients and African Americans have a greater incidence of breast abscess. Nipple piercings have also been associated with subareolar breast abscesses in the nonlactating population. […] Other causes of breast abscesses include infected sebaceous cysts and hidradenitis suppurative, which have specific evaluation and treatment.

• #1 Breast abscess causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Breast_abscess_causes

  Breast abscess is a bacterial infectious disease that is caused by many bacterial pathogens and it may also be caused by fungi mostly common candida through the infant mouth. The most common bacterial pathogen causing breast abscess is the staphylococcus aureus. It is almost caused by the same pathogens causing mastitis. […] Bacterial pathogens causing breast abscess: Staphylococcus Aureus (Most common cause of the lactational abscess), MRSA (Became a common pathogen causing the abscess), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus Aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Veillonella spp., Bacteroides spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacteria.

• #1 Breast Abscess: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment – Ezra

  https://ezra.com/blog/what-is-a-breast-abscess

  Breast abscesses are most common among lactating women. […] However, breast abscesses are not unique to women; anyone can get them. Abscesses not caused by lactation typically develop in people who are obese or are smokers. […] Lactational breast abscesses typically occur because of an infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal bacteria. […] When lactation is not the case, a breast abscess results from a composition of S. aureus, streptococcal, and anaerobic bacteria. […] Symptoms of mastitis include: Tender, swollen breasts, Breast pain, Red, warm skin, Fever, Flu-like symptoms. […] If your nipples become dry and cracked, bacteria can enter your breast during feeding or at any other time, leading to an abscess. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common type of bacteria that causes breast abscesses.

• #1 Microbiology of breast abscesses | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-microbiology-breast-abscesses-S2529993X22001290

  Treatment of breast abscesses is based on drainage and antibiotic therapy directed at the bacteria causing the infection. The aim of this study was to know the etiological agents of breast abscesses. […] Anaerobes were the most frequent agents, followed by S. aureus. The etiology of breast abscesses varied with the risk factors studied. […] Breast abscesses lead to considerable morbidity. They have a tendency to recur and can cause permanent sequelae, such as deformities of the breast or loss of ability to produce milk. Breast-feeding women, smokers and diabetic patients are at increased risk for breast abscess. […] Studies on the microbiology of breast abscesses published to date indicate that there are a variety of bacterial species that can cause these infections, and demonstrate mixed results in terms of the relative contribution of different species or groups of bacteria.

• #1 Staphylococcus aureus in breast abscess-major culprit besides others – Indian Journal of Medical Sciences

  https://ijmsweb.com/staphylococcus-aureus-in-breast-abscess-major-culprit-besides-others/

  Breast abscess is a significant cause of morbidity especially in young women of childbearing age. […] Lactation was a risk factor in almost two-third of all cases. Others were diabetes mellitus, extremes of age, immunocompromised conditions, and tuberculosis. […] The breast may become infected by hematogenous, lymphatic, spread from contiguous structures, direct inoculation, and ductal infection through lymphatic route is the most common. […] In our study, we found diabetes mellitus, extremes of age, breastfeeding, immunocompromised conditions, and tuberculosis as risk factors for breast abscess. […] Different types of microorganisms have been reported in pus cultures from breast abscesses. S. aureus is the predominant pathogen in breast abscesses, accounting for 32-100% cases. […] The proportion of MSSA: MRSA was 51% and 49% which indicates that methicillin resistance is widespread in the community.

• #1 Salmonella Breast Abscess and Salmonella Mastitis: A Review and Update of the Literature | Auctores

  https://auctoresonline.org/article/salmonella-breast-abscess-and-salmonella-mastitis-a-review-and-update-of-the-literature

  Salmonella breast abscess / mastitis is a rare infection which can affect children and adults. It can affect females more commonly who are non-lactating and it does affect males as well as individuals who have predisposed conditions including: the immunocompromised, diabetics, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancies and other diseases. […] Breast abscess that is caused by Salmonella is said to be rare and it tends to occur as a late complication of enteric fever. […] It has been documented that breast abscesses had been reported to ensue Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and para-typhi infections. […] Furthermore, the development of breast abscesses that had been related to non-typhoidal Salmonella are very rare. […] The ensuing summations have been made regarding the aetiology of Salmonellosis: Salmonella are known to be gram negative bacilli.

• #1 Breast Abscess | Dr. Farid Meybodi, Breast & Endocrine Surgeon, Bella Vista NSW

  https://www.drfaridmeybodi.com.au/breast-abscess.html

  A breast abscess is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria enter through a crack or rupture in the nipple or skin of the breast resulting in a breast infection known as mastitis. This is an inflammation of the breast tissue, milk glands or ducts in breastfeeding women. An abscess is an empty space in the breast that fills with pus as a result of the infected milk ducts. […] The most common type of bacterium that causes a breast abscess is Staphylococcus aureus which is a common bacterium that lives on the skin.

• #1 Breast abscess: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-abscess

  An infection in the breast can occur when bacteria enters through cracks in the nipple, a milk duct is clogged, or foreign material enters the area, as with a nipple piercing or breast implant. […] Mastitis tends to affect women who are breastfeeding, but anyone can develop this type of infection and a resulting abscess. […] People who smoke or who have obesity may have a higher risk.

• #1 Mastitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374829

  Milk that is trapped in the breast is the main cause of mastitis. Other causes include: […] A blocked milk duct. If a breast doesn’t empty all the way during feedings, one of the milk ducts can get clogged. Then milk backs up, leading to breast infection. […] Germs going into the breast. Germs from the skin’s surface and baby’s mouth can enter the milk ducts. This can happen through a crack in the skin of the nipple or through a milk duct opening. Germs can grow in milk that stays in a breast that isn’t emptied.

• #1 Breast abscess pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Breast_abscess_pathophysiology

  Following untreated mastitis, breast abscess could occur. Breast abscess is usually caused by staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection to an injured breast skin. Staphylococcus aureus could form abscess by secretion of several killing agents like enzymes and toxins which causes breast tissue necrosis. […] Breast abscess is the result of underlying inflammation (mastitis) in the breast skin. Injury may happen either during the lactation process from the infant or in the non-lactaion state of the patient as a cracking in the breast skin. This injury accelerates the entry of the causative bacteria which by its role form the abscess. […] Injured breast skin allows the entrance of the bacteria to the mammillary ducts. This bacteria can be from the infant or the mother herself. Overproduction of the breast milk with no flow to the infant forms an opportunistic field for the bacteria to cause infection. […] Cracking in the skin will overtly help the bacteria to enter and form the abscess.

• #1 Breast abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-abscess/

  A breast abscess can form if you have a breast infection (called mastitis) and it’s not treated quickly. […] You’re more likely to get mastitis if you are breastfeeding. You can get it if you’re not breastfeeding, but this is less common. […] Getting treatment for mastitis as soon as possible can help reduce the risk of getting an abscess.

• #1 Mastitis and Breast Abscesses – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/mastitis-and-breast-abscesses/

  Mastitis in general refers to inflammation of the breast parenchymal tissue and can be broken down into what is known as a puerperal mastitis (mastitis in the setting of lactation) and non-puerperal mastitis (mastitis not related to lactation). […] Breast abscess is defined as a collection of pus in the breast tissue. Breast abscesses often occur as a complication of mastitis. There appears to be a spectrum from breast engorgement, non-infective mastitis, infective mastitis, and ultimately breast abscess. […] Puerperal mastitis leading to breast abscess is often due to infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species. The bacteria usually spread from an infant’s nares or pharynx through a break in the nipple areolar skin. […] Mastitis occurs in 1-24% of lactating women, and breast abscesses occur in 5-11% of lactating women who develop infectious mastitis. It most commonly occurs within the first 6 weeks of breastfeeding; however, it can occur at any time during breastfeeding.

• #1 Breast Infection (Mastitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/women/breast-infection

  Mastitis is a common condition in women who breastfeed. As many as 1 in 10 breastfeeding women in the United States get it. The most common cause is when one or more of your milk ducts becomes clogged and the milk inside backs up. This usually happens when you produce more milk than your baby can take in at a time. When milk backs up, it clogs the milk duct and irritates the tissues around it. The clogged milk duct may make your breast swell up or become engorged. […] Mastitis can also occur when bacteria from your baby’s mouth or from your skin get into a milk duct through a crack in the nipple. The bacteria can breed in milk that’s left in the breast, causing swelling. This is called bacterial mastitis. […] In the case of periductal mastitis, bacteria can get into your milk ducts through a cut or crack in the nipple and cause an infection. Periductal mastitis is more common in women who smoke, have diabetes, are obese, or have nipple piercings. […] The cause of granulomatous mastitis isn’t clear. It has been associated with autoimmune diseases, a reaction to childbirth, or with the use of oral contraceptives. However, there are cases of people developing this condition who don’t meet these criteria.

• #1 Subareolar Breast Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/subareolar-abscess

  Breast infections typically occur in people who are breastfeeding, but a rare type called a subareolar breast abscess can occur in people who aren’t. […] A subareolar breast abscess is caused by a blocked duct or gland inside the breast. This blockage can lead to an infection under the skin. […] Subareolar breast abscesses usually occur in women who are between ages 18 and 50 years old and aren’t currently breastfeeding. […] Some risk factors for subareolar breast abscesses in nonlactating women include: having a nipple piercing, smoking, having diabetes, having obesity. […] Breast infection is the most common cause, but mastitis can be noninfectious too. It can occur when a milk duct becomes plugged. If left untreated, mastitis can lead to breast abscesses. […] Any infection in someone who isn’t breastfeeding has the potential to be a rare form of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), inflammatory breast cancer can sometimes be mistaken for an infection.

• #1 Abscess/infections/periareolar mastitis – Pesce – Annals of Breast Surgery

  https://abs.amegroups.org/article/view/6764/html

  Breast infections can be considered lactational or nonlactational, and the guiding principle in treating breast infection is to give antibiotics as early as possible to stop abscess formation. Lactational abscesses are usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA, often due to trauma during breastfeeding. […] The underlying cause of recurrent infections is obstructed lactiferous ducts by keratin plugs, and therefore a subareolar abscess will continue to recur unless these ducts are excised by total duct excision. […] Periareolar infections are most common among young women who smoke cigarettes. The underlying pathologic process is periductal mastitis. […] The underlying cause of recurrent infections is obstructed lactiferous ducts by keratin plugs, and therefore a subareolar abscess will continue to recur unless these ducts are excised. […] The most causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus however mixed flora can also be seen.

• #1 Breast Abscess | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116088/all/Breast_Abscess?q=Syphilis

  Breast abscess: localized accumulation of infected fluid within the breast parenchyma. […] Associated with hyperlactation and dysbiosis (disrupted milk microbiome); these can lead to ductal narrowing and inflammation and subsequently to reduced milk flow, obstruction, plugged lactiferous duct causing stasis, microbial growth, and infection. […] Likely that bacteria (often from infants oral flora) gain entry through cracks/fissures in the nipple. […] Insufficient treatment of mastitis. […] Unattended postpartum engorgement and other situations leading to breast milk stasis. […] Associated with squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous duct epithelium, keratin plugs, ductal ectasia, and fistula formation. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of lactational abscesses. […] Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a significant cause. […] Other common causes include coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus spp. […] Maternal genetics may play a role as protective and predisposing factors for mammary dysbiosis, which is associated with the pathophysiology.

• #1 Primary breast abscess – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-breast-abscess

  Primary breast abscesses develop as a complication of mastitis. A review of over 1300 patients with mastitis and breast abscesses showed 42 percent had lactational abscesses, and 47 percent had periductal (nonlactating) abscesses. The incidence of breast abscesses ranges from 0.4 to 11 percent of lactating parents. Breast abscesses in nonlactating women occurred more commonly in African Americans, those with obesity, and smokers. […] Risk factors for development of breast abscess as a complication of lactational mastitis include maternal age >30 years, first pregnancy, gestational age ≥41 weeks, and tobacco use. Risk factors for a staphylococcal abscess in lactating parents in one study identified problems with breastfeeding (odds ratio 5.0) and being a lactating parent employed outside their home (odds ratio 2.74) as risk factors.

• #1 Breast Abscess | Anaheim Surgical Associates

  https://www.anaheimsurgical.com/breast-abscess.php

  A breast abscess is a a painful mass on the breast. It presents as a pink to reddish swelling, warm or hot to the touch. Like other abscesses, it is filled with fluid and pus. Pus is a combination of bacteria, white blood cells the body sends to eradicate the bacteria, and dead tissue. The accumulation of these materials causes inflammation and pain. […] There are many causes for breast abscesses, all involving the entrance of bacteria, usually Staphylococcus aureus, into the breast tissue. Most, but not all, breast abscesses develop in lactating women. […] Breast abscesses are most common during breast feeding, particularly during the first three months post partum. During this period, the breast is more open to bacterial invasion and to plugged milk ducts which allow bacteria to proliferate.

• #1 Breast Abscess Symptoms, and Treatment in Delhi | Dr Rohan Khandelwal

  https://www.breasthealth.in/services/breast-abscess.html

  A collection of pus within the breast tissue as a result of an infection is called a breast abscess. […] Most cases of breast abscesses are caused by bacterial infections. Through nipple cracks or infection, which are frequently brought on by nursing or skin irritation, these germs can get into the breast tissue and can be the major Breast Abscess Causes. […] The following risk factors increase the possibility of getting a breast abscess in a woman: Breastfeeding: Incomplete emptying of breasts while breastfeeding can lead to mastitis, a common breastfeeding problem, which if left untreated can result in the formation of an abscess. […] Piercings on the breasts: Piercings can provide a pathway for microorganisms to enter the body. […] Smoking raises the risk of illnesses and can weaken immunity. […] Diabetes: Diabetics are more prone to infections. […] Immunocompromised Conditions: Individuals who have compromised/ weak immune systems are more vulnerable to such infections.

• #1 Primary breast abscess – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-breast-abscess

  In a retrospective study of 68 patients all with breast abscess, smoking was a significant risk factor for the development of an abscess (odds ratio 8.0, 95% CI 3.4-19.4). Of the 68 cases, over half (54 percent) needed multiple surgical treatments and 22 of these were heavy smokers. Five patients developed fistulas and all were heavy smokers. In another retrospective study of 89 patients with any type of breast abscess, 39 patients (43 percent) were heavy smokers. The majority of patients who developed recurrent abscesses were smokers (77 percent). Smoking was the only factor significantly associated with abscess recurrence.

• #1 Breast Abscesses and Masses Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781116-clinical

  The following may be seen in those with a breast abscess: […] Puerperal breast abscesses most often contain S aureus and streptococcal species. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) has become increasingly common. […] Nonpuerperal abscesses typically contain mixed flora (S aureus, streptococcal species) and anaerobes. […] Diabetes is strongly associated with incidence and clinical outcomes of breast abscesses in nonlactating women. One study demonstrated a 72% prevalence of diabetes in women with nonpuerperal abscesses. […] Cigarette smoking is a debated risk factor but has been shown to have a strong association with development of nonpuerperal mastitis. […] Primary breast abscess has also been reported to be more common in African Americans and those with obesity, and a possible association with inadequate vitamin A supplementation has also been described. […] Nipple piercing has been associated with increased risk of developing subareolar breast abscess.

• #1 Breast Abscess | Anaheim Surgical Associates

  https://www.anaheimsurgical.com/breast-abscess.php

  In addition to the possibility of bacteria entering the milk ducts through the nipple during breast feeding, there are other reasons breast abscesses may occur. Breast injury, nipple piercing, or sore or cracked nipples of any origin may make a breast abscess more likely. […] Women who smoke, have diabetes, take steroids, have HIV, or are receiving certain anti-cancer treatments are more likely to develop breast abscesses than the general population. Breast abscesses in men, though rare, may also occur.

• #1 Breast Abscesses and Masses: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781116-overview

  Breast infections are divided into lactational and non-lactational infections and puerperal versus nonpuerperal, depending on their association with pregnancy. […] When the lactiferous duct lining undergoes epidermalization, keratin production may cause plugging of the duct, resulting in abscess formation. […] Postpartum mastitis is a localized cellulitis caused by bacterial invasion through an irritated or fissured nipple. […] Nonlactating infections may be divided into central (periareolar) and peripheral breast lesions. […] Peripheral nonlactating breast abscesses are less common than periareolar abscesses and are often associated with an underlying condition such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, steroid treatment, granulomatous lobular mastitis, trauma, and smoking. […] Primary skin infections of the breast (cellulitis or abscess) most commonly affect the skin of the lower half of the breast and often recur in women who are overweight, have large breasts, or have poor personal hygiene.

• #1 Understanding Breast Abscess: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/battling-breast-abscess-understanding-treatment-and-recovery

  In addition to bacterial infections, other factors that can contribute to the development of breast abscesses include trauma to the breast tissue, such as from a piercing or injury, as well as certain medical procedures, such as breast surgery or biopsies. […] Smoking has also been identified as a risk factor for developing breast abscesses. A weakened immune system, either due to a medical condition or medication use, can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infections and increase the risk of developing an abscess. […] Breast abscesses are not caused by breast cancer, but it is possible for breast cancer to present with symptoms that are similar to those of a breast abscess.

• #1 Breast abscess.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/breast-abscess-pptx/270230549

  Conditions or treatments that weaken the immune system, such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive medications, can impair the body’s ability to fight off bacterial infections, increasing the risk of developing a breast abscess. […] Trauma to the breast tissue, such as blunt force trauma or injury during physical activities, can predispose individuals to the development of a breast abscess. […] Individuals who have previously experienced a breast abscess are at an increased risk of developing recurrent abscesses. […] Surgical procedures or biopsies performed on the breast can disrupt the normal tissue architecture and increase the risk of infection, leading to the formation of an abscess. […] Obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast abscess, possibly due to factors such as impaired lymphatic drainage, increased friction and moisture in skin folds, and altered immune function.

• #1 Abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess

  An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body, usually caused by bacterial infection. […] They are usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection. […] In many areas of the world, the most common bacteria present is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. […] Abscesses are caused by bacterial infection, parasites, or foreign substances. Bacterial infection is the most common cause, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. The more invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may also be a source of infection, though is much rarer. […] Rarely parasites can cause abscesses and this is more common in the developing world. […] Specific parasites known to do this include dracunculiasis and myiasis.

• #1 Breast Abscesses and Masses: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781116-overview

  Mastitis is usually seen in lactating women, but the presence in a nonlactating woman should spur evaluation for an inflammatory carcinoma, newly onset diabetes, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and other idiopathic causes. […] Recurrent or chronic infections, pain, and scarring are causes of morbidity. […] Development of mastitis has been correlated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] The recurrence rate of breast abscess is high (39%-50%) when treated with standard incision and drainage, and studies have shown even higher recurrence rates in women undergoing fine-needle aspiration. […] Nonpuerperal abscesses recur more frequently, especially when associated with non-staphylococcal species (50% recurrence rate).

• #1 Primary breast abscess – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-breast-abscess/print

  In a retrospective study of 68 patients all with breast abscess, smoking was a significant risk factor for the development of an abscess (odds ratio 8.0, 95% CI 3.4-19.4). Of the 68 cases, over half (54 percent) needed multiple surgical treatments and 22 of these were heavy smokers. Five patients developed fistulas and all were heavy smokers. In another retrospective study of 89 patients with any type of breast abscess, 39 patients (43 percent) were heavy smokers. The majority of patients who developed recurrent abscesses were smokers (77 percent). Smoking was the only factor significantly associated with abscess recurrence.

• #1 Breast infection – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/breast-infection

  Breast infections are usually caused by common bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) found on normal skin. The bacteria enter through a break or crack in the skin, usually on the nipple. […] Breast infections inflammation that are not related to breastfeeding might be due to a rare form of breast cancer. […] In severe infections, an abscess may develop. Abscesses need to be drained, either as an office procedure or with surgery. […] Timely treatment of a breast infection before it progresses to a breast abscess.

• #1 Primary breast abscess – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-breast-abscess/print

  A breast abscess is a localized collection of inflammatory exudate (ie, pus) in the breast tissue. Breast abscesses develop most commonly when mastitis or cellulitis does not respond to antibiotic treatment, but an abscess can also be the first presentation of breast infection. […] Primary breast abscesses develop as a complication of mastitis. A review of over 1300 patients with mastitis and breast abscesses showed 42 percent had lactational abscesses, and 47 percent had periductal (nonlactating) abscesses. The incidence of breast abscesses ranges from 0.4 to 11 percent of lactating parents. Breast abscesses in nonlactating women occurred more commonly in African Americans, those with obesity, and smokers. […] Risk factors for development of breast abscess as a complication of lactational mastitis include maternal age >30 years, first pregnancy, gestational age ≥41 weeks, and tobacco use. Risk factors for a staphylococcal abscess in lactating parents in one study identified problems with breastfeeding (odds ratio 5.0) and being a lactating parent employed outside their home (odds ratio 2.74) as risk factors.

• #2 Breast Abscess – Breast360.org

  https://breast360.org/topic/2017/01/01/breast-abscess/

  A breast abscess is an infection in the breast. […] Non-lactational breast abscesses can be divided into two broad groups: […] Most peripheral breast abscesses are similar to infections elsewhere in the body and are managed similarly. These peripheral breast abscesses may be associated with underlying medical issues such as diabetes, or skin conditions like hidradenitis (clogged sweat glands), acne or trauma. […] Areolar breast abscesses most commonly affect women 18-50 years. […] Patients who are diabetic or who smoke are also more likely to develop recurrent abscesses. […] Subareolar abscesses may be caused by changes in the terminal ducts underneath the nipple. […] The most frequent organisms seen are aerobic organisms, bacteria that live with oxygen, like Staph aureus, streptococcus and pseudomonas.

• #2 Managing a Breast Abscess – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/breast-abscess

  Bacteria most often cause breast abscesses. The most common types of bacteria are named Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus. Sometimes anaerobic bacteria (which grow without oxygen) can cause breast abscesses. […] Blockage of nipple ducts because of scarring can also cause breast abscesses.

• #2 Breast Abscess: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment – Ezra

  https://ezra.com/blog/what-is-a-breast-abscess

  Breast abscesses are most common among lactating women. […] However, breast abscesses are not unique to women; anyone can get them. Abscesses not caused by lactation typically develop in people who are obese or are smokers. […] Lactational breast abscesses typically occur because of an infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal bacteria. […] When lactation is not the case, a breast abscess results from a composition of S. aureus, streptococcal, and anaerobic bacteria. […] Symptoms of mastitis include: Tender, swollen breasts, Breast pain, Red, warm skin, Fever, Flu-like symptoms. […] If your nipples become dry and cracked, bacteria can enter your breast during feeding or at any other time, leading to an abscess. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common type of bacteria that causes breast abscesses.

• #2 Breast Abscess | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116088/all/Breast_Abscess?q=Syphilis

  Breast abscess: localized accumulation of infected fluid within the breast parenchyma. […] Associated with hyperlactation and dysbiosis (disrupted milk microbiome); these can lead to ductal narrowing and inflammation and subsequently to reduced milk flow, obstruction, plugged lactiferous duct causing stasis, microbial growth, and infection. […] Likely that bacteria (often from infants oral flora) gain entry through cracks/fissures in the nipple. […] Insufficient treatment of mastitis. […] Unattended postpartum engorgement and other situations leading to breast milk stasis. […] Associated with squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous duct epithelium, keratin plugs, ductal ectasia, and fistula formation. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of lactational abscesses. […] Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a significant cause. […] Other common causes include coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus spp. […] Maternal genetics may play a role as protective and predisposing factors for mammary dysbiosis, which is associated with the pathophysiology.

• #2 Breast Abscess: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Approaches

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/breast-abscess

  A mix of bacteria more often causes non-lactational breast abscesses. These bacteria can include: streptococcal, staphylococcal, anaerobic. […] Breast abscesses may be more common in people who nurse or lactate. However, other risk factors for developing breast abscesses include: being assigned female at birth, having diabetes, being obese, smoking, having a nipple piercing. […] A breast abscess can cause a painful or swollen lump in the breast tissue. […] A breast abscess is a buildup of pus in the breast as a result of infection. Infection may occur from skin wounds, clogged milk ducts, or foreign bodies such as piercings, among other causes. Breast abscesses are particularly common in people who are lactating, but can occur in anyone of any sex.

• #2 Breast abscess: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-abscess

  A breast abscess is a pus-filled lump that grows under the skin as a result of an infection. […] Breast abscesses can be a complication of mastitis, which is an infection of the breast. […] According to a 2018 review, abscesses unrelated to lactation typically form in people with obesity and people who smoke. […] If a person does not receive treatment for mastitis, the infection can destroy tissue, allowing a sac to form beneath the skin and fill with pus. […] Lactational breast abscesses typically occur due to an infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal bacteria. […] When lactation is not involved, a breast abscess commonly results from a mix of S. aureus, Streptococcal, and anaerobic bacteria bacteria that do not grow where oxygen is present, in places such as the gut.

• #2 Microbiology of breast abscesses | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-microbiology-breast-abscesses-S2529993X22001290

  Our study has demonstrated the importance of anaerobic bacteria in abscesses not associated with breast-feeding, particularly in smokers, who represented a significant proportion of patients in our series. […] In conclusion, the aetiology of breast abscesses varied with the patient’s risk factors. S. aureus predominated in breast-feeding mothers, anaerobes in smokers, and aerobic Gram-positive cocci in diabetics. These risk factors should be considered in future studies on the aetiology and antibiotic therapy of breast abscesses.

• #2 Breast abscess | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/breast-abscess?lang=us

  A breast abscess is defined as an inflammatory mass that drains purulent material either spontaneously or on incision. The predominant infectious organism is Staphylococcus aureus, often the penicillinase-producing and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Other causative organisms include Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus mirabilis. […] Breast abscesses are thought to develop in 5-11% of lactating women with infectious mastitis. In this context they are also referred to as lactational abscesses. […] Peripheral breast abscesses have generally been associated with mastitis during breastfeeding, but previous reports indicate that abscesses are common among non-lactating women. […] Increased incidence in those with diabetes.

• #2 Staphylococcus aureus in breast abscess-major culprit besides others – Indian Journal of Medical Sciences

  https://ijmsweb.com/staphylococcus-aureus-in-breast-abscess-major-culprit-besides-others/

  Breast tuberculosis is a rare entity as breast is relatively resistant to tuberculosis. Infection usually occurs as an extension of infection through contiguous structures such as chest wall, tubercular pleurisy, or through skin abrasions. […] Cases of breast abscess due to atypical mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium holsaticum, Mycobacterium agricund, and Mycobacterium brurnae have been reported. […] Specific antimicrobial treatment together with surgical management helps in alleviating the pain in these patients.

• #2 Salmonella Breast Abscess and Salmonella Mastitis: A Review and Update of the Literature | Auctores

  https://auctoresonline.org/article/salmonella-breast-abscess-and-salmonella-mastitis-a-review-and-update-of-the-literature

  Salmonella typhi tends to be found in human beings. […] Non-typhoidal species tend to be found in human beings, domestic animals as well as wild animals. […] It has been iterated that generally, Salmonella infection does occur via ingestion of Salmonella contaminated food or water or via the faecal-oral route. […] It has also been stated that Non-typhoidal Salmonella tend to be commonly encountered in food as well as companion animals with the inclusion of poultry, cattle, swine, parrots, cats, dogs, as well as turtles. […] It has also been documented that eggs, milk, meat, poultry, as well as contaminated vegetables have commonly been implicated in Salmonellosis. […] The incidence of mastitis / breast abscess in patients who have typhoid has been stated to be 0.3% in 1930 by Close and Sebeng and 0.5% in 1937 by Peziski in a study of 1,196 cases of typhoid fever over a period of 2 years.

• #2 Breast infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001490.htm

  Breast infections are usually caused by common bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) found on normal skin. The bacteria enter through a break or crack in the skin, usually on the nipple. […] Breast infections usually occur in women who are breastfeeding. Breast infections or inflammation that are not related to breastfeeding might be due to a rare form of breast cancer. […] In severe infections, an abscess may develop. Abscesses need to be drained, either as an office procedure or with surgery. A wound dressing would be needed to help with healing after the procedure. Women with an abscess may be told to temporarily stop breastfeeding. […] Timely treatment of a breast infection before it progresses to a breast abscess.

• #2 Breast Abscess Drainage | B. C. Shah

  https://bcshah.com/breast-abscess-drainage-2/

  Most breast abscesses occur as a complication of mastitis, which is a bacterial infection that causes the breast to become red and inflamed. […] Most abscesses are caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria usually enter the breast through small cracks or breaks in the skin of the nipple, which can sometimes develop during breastfeeding. […] Infections can also be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that usually exist quite harmlessly within the milk ducts (the tiny tubes inside the breast that carry milk). An overgrowth of bacteria can occur if stagnant milk collects in a blocked milk duct. […] When bacteria enter your body, your immune system (the bodys natural defence) tries to fight them off by sending white blood cells to the affected area. As the white blood cells attack the bacteria, some of the tissue at the site of the infection dies, creating a small, hollow pocket. […] The pocket starts to fill with pus to form an abscess. The pus contains a mixture of dead tissue, white blood cells and bacteria. As the infection progresses, the abscess may get bigger and more painful as more pus is produced.

• #2 Breast abscess | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/breast-abscess

  Breast abscesses are often linked to mastitis. […] Infections can occur during breastfeeding if bacteria enter your breast tissue, or if the milk ducts (tiny tubes) become blocked. This can cause mastitis. If mastitis is not treated, it can lead to an abscess forming. […] Women who aren’t breastfeeding can also develop mastitis if bacteria enter the milk ducts through a sore or cracked nipple, or a nipple piercing (although there can be other causes).

• #2 Mastitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastitis

  Mastitis typically develops when the milk is not properly removed from the breast. […] Mastitis can also develop due to contamination of a breast implant or any other foreign body, for example after nipple piercing. […] Some women (approximately 15%) will require antibiotic treatment for infection which is usually caused by bacteria from the skin or the baby’s mouth entering the milk ducts through skin lesions of the nipple or through the opening of the nipple. […] Infectious pathogens commonly associated with mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Gram-negative bacilli such as Escherichia coli. […] Recent research suggests that infectious pathogens play a much smaller role in the pathogenesis than was commonly assumed only a few years ago. […] Mastitis can also develop due to contamination of a breast implant or any other foreign body, for example after nipple piercing. […] There is a high statistical correlation of nonpuerperal breast abscess with diabetes mellitus (DM).

• #2 Etiology, clinical features and surgical management of breast abscess at a Tertiary hospital | European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

  https://www.healthcare-bulletin.co.uk/article/volume-14-issue-3-pages54-59-ra/

  S. aureus was the causative organism in 10 cases of ID, 11 cases of PCNA and 6 cases of PCND. […] A sample of pus was sent for culture and sensitivity in each patient. The result was reported as Staphylococcus aureus for 27 patients, Pseudomonas in 7 patients, Proteus species in 4 patients and no growth was seen in 2 patients. […] In this study, S. aureus was the causative organism in 10 cases of ID, 11 cases of PCNA and 6 cases of PCND. Pseudomonas was the organism in 2 cases of ID, 3 cases of PCNA and 2 cases of PCND. Proteus was the organism in 2 cases of ID, 1 case of PCNA and 1 case of PCND. There was no growth in 3 cases. […] The incidence of mastitis in lactating women is 2% to 3%. […] Majority of the breast abscesses are lactational. […] Lactational infections of the breast arise from entry of bacteria through the nipple into the duct system. […] The intermediary is usually the infant as 50% of infants harbour S. aureus in the nasopharynx.

• #2 Subareolar Abscess: Painful Lumps, Inflammation, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/women/what-is-subareolar-abscess

  A subareolar abscess is commonly referred to as a breast abscess. It is an uncommon problem in breastfeeding or lactating women. A subareolar abscess begins as mastitis and then worsens. Mastitis happens when a lactation duct gets clogged with milk. […] A subareolar abscess occurs when a gland or duct under your areola skin becomes blocked or clogged. When the duct is clogged and untreated, an infection can occur. […] Subareolar abscesses often develop after mastitis goes untreated. An abscess can be prevented by early treatment of infection. […] Other less common causes of a subareolar abscess include diabetes, nipple piercings, and smoking. These factors put your breasts at increased risk of getting infected.

• #2 Breast Abscess Treatment | Tucson, Arizona | Oro Valley

  https://tucsonbreasthealth.com/education-information/benign-breast-concerns/breast-abscess/

  A breast abscess is a pocket of infection in the breast. They can be a complication of mastitis. […] Breast abscesses may be caused by changes in the ducts located beneath the nipple. Cells may undergo a process called “squamous metaplasia” in which they clog the ducts, resulting in a buildup of debris that becomes infected. […] Areolar Abscesses: These abscesses most commonly affect women who smoke, are obese, or those with nipple piercings. […] Common symptoms of a breast abscess include: Pain, Tenderness, Swelling, Redness, Drainage of pus. […] Breast abscesses can recur after proper treatment. This recurrence includes patients who continue to smoke, diabetics, and patients who have an abnormal connection between the skin and the breast tissue for example, with a nipple piercing.

• #2 Subareolar abscess Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/subareolar-abscess

  Subareolar abscess is caused by a blockage of the small glands or ducts below the skin of the areola. This blockage leads to infection of the glands. […] Risk factors include: Diabetes, Nipple piercing, Smoking. […] Subareolar abscess may return until the affected gland is surgically removed. Any infection in a female who is not nursing has the potential to be due to a rare form of breast cancer.

• #2 Primary breast abscess – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-breast-abscess/print

  A breast abscess is a localized collection of inflammatory exudate (ie, pus) in the breast tissue. Breast abscesses develop most commonly when mastitis or cellulitis does not respond to antibiotic treatment, but an abscess can also be the first presentation of breast infection. […] Primary breast abscesses develop as a complication of mastitis. A review of over 1300 patients with mastitis and breast abscesses showed 42 percent had lactational abscesses, and 47 percent had periductal (nonlactating) abscesses. The incidence of breast abscesses ranges from 0.4 to 11 percent of lactating parents. Breast abscesses in nonlactating women occurred more commonly in African Americans, those with obesity, and smokers. […] Risk factors for development of breast abscess as a complication of lactational mastitis include maternal age >30 years, first pregnancy, gestational age ≥41 weeks, and tobacco use. Risk factors for a staphylococcal abscess in lactating parents in one study identified problems with breastfeeding (odds ratio 5.0) and being a lactating parent employed outside their home (odds ratio 2.74) as risk factors.

• #2 Primary breast abscess – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-breast-abscess/print

  In a retrospective study of 68 patients all with breast abscess, smoking was a significant risk factor for the development of an abscess (odds ratio 8.0, 95% CI 3.4-19.4). Of the 68 cases, over half (54 percent) needed multiple surgical treatments and 22 of these were heavy smokers. Five patients developed fistulas and all were heavy smokers. In another retrospective study of 89 patients with any type of breast abscess, 39 patients (43 percent) were heavy smokers. The majority of patients who developed recurrent abscesses were smokers (77 percent). Smoking was the only factor significantly associated with abscess recurrence.

• #2 Breast Abscesses and Masses Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781116-clinical

  The following may be seen in those with a breast abscess: […] Puerperal breast abscesses most often contain S aureus and streptococcal species. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) has become increasingly common. […] Nonpuerperal abscesses typically contain mixed flora (S aureus, streptococcal species) and anaerobes. […] Diabetes is strongly associated with incidence and clinical outcomes of breast abscesses in nonlactating women. One study demonstrated a 72% prevalence of diabetes in women with nonpuerperal abscesses. […] Cigarette smoking is a debated risk factor but has been shown to have a strong association with development of nonpuerperal mastitis. […] Primary breast abscess has also been reported to be more common in African Americans and those with obesity, and a possible association with inadequate vitamin A supplementation has also been described. […] Nipple piercing has been associated with increased risk of developing subareolar breast abscess.

• #2 Primary breast abscess – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-breast-abscess

  Primary breast abscesses develop as a complication of mastitis. A review of over 1300 patients with mastitis and breast abscesses showed 42 percent had lactational abscesses, and 47 percent had periductal (nonlactating) abscesses. The incidence of breast abscesses ranges from 0.4 to 11 percent of lactating parents. Breast abscesses in nonlactating women occurred more commonly in African Americans, those with obesity, and smokers. […] Risk factors for development of breast abscess as a complication of lactational mastitis include maternal age >30 years, first pregnancy, gestational age ≥41 weeks, and tobacco use. Risk factors for a staphylococcal abscess in lactating parents in one study identified problems with breastfeeding (odds ratio 5.0) and being a lactating parent employed outside their home (odds ratio 2.74) as risk factors.

• #2 Breast Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459122/

  Lactational breast abscesses are most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal species. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is becoming increasingly common. Typically, non-lactational breast abscesses are a result of a mixed flora with S. aureus, Streptococcus, and anaerobic bacteria. […] There is a strong association between diabetes and smoking with non-lactational breast abscesses. Obese patients and African Americans have a greater incidence of breast abscess. Nipple piercings have also been associated with subareolar breast abscesses in the nonlactating population. […] Other causes of breast abscesses include infected sebaceous cysts and hidradenitis suppurative, which have specific evaluation and treatment.

• #2 Breast Abscess Symptoms, and Treatment in Delhi | Dr Rohan Khandelwal

  https://www.breasthealth.in/services/breast-abscess.html

  A collection of pus within the breast tissue as a result of an infection is called a breast abscess. […] Most cases of breast abscesses are caused by bacterial infections. Through nipple cracks or infection, which are frequently brought on by nursing or skin irritation, these germs can get into the breast tissue and can be the major Breast Abscess Causes. […] The following risk factors increase the possibility of getting a breast abscess in a woman: Breastfeeding: Incomplete emptying of breasts while breastfeeding can lead to mastitis, a common breastfeeding problem, which if left untreated can result in the formation of an abscess. […] Piercings on the breasts: Piercings can provide a pathway for microorganisms to enter the body. […] Smoking raises the risk of illnesses and can weaken immunity. […] Diabetes: Diabetics are more prone to infections. […] Immunocompromised Conditions: Individuals who have compromised/ weak immune systems are more vulnerable to such infections.

• #2 Breast abscess.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/breast-abscess-pptx/270230549

  Conditions or treatments that weaken the immune system, such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive medications, can impair the body’s ability to fight off bacterial infections, increasing the risk of developing a breast abscess. […] Trauma to the breast tissue, such as blunt force trauma or injury during physical activities, can predispose individuals to the development of a breast abscess. […] Individuals who have previously experienced a breast abscess are at an increased risk of developing recurrent abscesses. […] Surgical procedures or biopsies performed on the breast can disrupt the normal tissue architecture and increase the risk of infection, leading to the formation of an abscess. […] Obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast abscess, possibly due to factors such as impaired lymphatic drainage, increased friction and moisture in skin folds, and altered immune function.

• #2 Abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess

  An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body, usually caused by bacterial infection. […] They are usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection. […] In many areas of the world, the most common bacteria present is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. […] Abscesses are caused by bacterial infection, parasites, or foreign substances. Bacterial infection is the most common cause, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. The more invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may also be a source of infection, though is much rarer. […] Rarely parasites can cause abscesses and this is more common in the developing world. […] Specific parasites known to do this include dracunculiasis and myiasis.

• #2 Inflammatory Breast Disease – Mastitis – Cysts – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/breast/benign-disease/inflammatory-breast-disease/

  Mastitis describes inflammation of the breast tissue, both acute or chronic. By far the most common cause is from infection, typically through S. Aureus, but can occasionally be granulomatous. […] A breast abscess is a collection of pus within the breast lined with granulation tissue. They most commonly develop secondary to acute mastitis. […] An important complication of drainage of a non-lactational abscess is the formation of a mammary duct fistula (a communication between the skin and a subareolar breast duct), which, whilst they can be managed surgically with a fistulectomy and antibiotics, can often recur.

• #2 Subareolar Breast Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/subareolar-abscess

  Breast infections typically occur in people who are breastfeeding, but a rare type called a subareolar breast abscess can occur in people who aren’t. […] A subareolar breast abscess is caused by a blocked duct or gland inside the breast. This blockage can lead to an infection under the skin. […] Subareolar breast abscesses usually occur in women who are between ages 18 and 50 years old and aren’t currently breastfeeding. […] Some risk factors for subareolar breast abscesses in nonlactating women include: having a nipple piercing, smoking, having diabetes, having obesity. […] Breast infection is the most common cause, but mastitis can be noninfectious too. It can occur when a milk duct becomes plugged. If left untreated, mastitis can lead to breast abscesses. […] Any infection in someone who isn’t breastfeeding has the potential to be a rare form of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), inflammatory breast cancer can sometimes be mistaken for an infection.

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