Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vesicoureteral reflux | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux?content_id=CON-20378803

  Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux means that some urine flows in the wrong direction once it reaches the bladder. It flows back up tubes called ureters that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Typically, urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters down to the bladder. It’s not supposed to flow back up. […] Most often, vesicoureteral reflux is found in infants and children. Some are born with vesicoureteral reflux due to an issue with the structure of one of the two ureters. Others develop the condition later for reasons such as the bladder not being able to empty fully. […] There are two main types of vesicoureteral reflux, and they have different causes. […] Primary vesicoureteral reflux. Children are born with this more common type of reflux. It’s caused by a problem with the valve that usually keeps urine from flowing backward from the bladder. The valve doesn’t close well. This lets urine flow back up tubes called ureters that carry urine from the kidneys down to the bladder.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563262/

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is characterized by the abnormal backward flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the upper urinary tract during voiding. This condition of retrograde urine flow is often caused by a short intramural ureter and is associated with recurrent urinary tract infections, renal cortical scarring, and renal failure in severe cases, including end-stage kidney disease. […] A genetic predisposition for the disorder exists, as up to two-thirds of children born to women with primary VUR will also exhibit the condition. […] VUR may also be associated with other congenital conditions such as posterior urethral valves, neurogenic bladder, spina bifida, urinary outlet obstruction, bladder overactivity, imperforate anus, ureterocele, and bladder exstrophy. […] Primary VUR arises from intrinsic UVJ dysfunction, characterized by abnormally short or incompetent segments of the intravesical ureter.

• #3 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5995-vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition where pee (urine) flows in the wrong direction. Instead of flowing from your kidneys, down into your ureters and bladder where it stays until you pee, your pee flows backward from your bladder. […] In VUR, pee flows back or refluxes from your bladder into one or both of your ureters and, in some cases, to one or both kidneys. It happens most often due to an issue that prevents the one-way valve from functioning as it should. […] The most common cause of primary VUR in children is an irregularity with the flap valve between your child’s ureter and bladder. It doesn’t close efficiently, so pee backs up toward their kidney instead of flowing downward. […] The most common cause of secondary VUR is a blockage by tissue or narrowing in the bladder neck or urethra. These problems cause pee to back up into the urinary tract instead of exiting down through the urethra. […] Risk factors for VUR include genetics, birth disorders, bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD), and race and sex. […] The two types of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), primary and secondary, have different causes.

• #4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and course of primary vesicoureteral reflux – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-course-of-primary-vesicoureteral-reflux

  The clinical significance of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been based on the premise that VUR predisposes patients to acute pyelonephritis by transporting bacteria from the bladder to the kidney, which may lead to kidney scarring, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. However, aspects of this long-held belief about VUR have been increasingly questioned. […] Primary vesicoureteral reflux — Primary VUR, the most common form of reflux, is due to incompetent or inadequate closure of the ureterovesical junction, which contains a segment of the ureter within the bladder wall (intravesical ureter). Normally, reflux is prevented during bladder contraction by fully compressing the intravesical ureter and sealing it off with the surrounding bladder muscles. […] In primary VUR, failure of this antireflux mechanism is due to a congenitally short intravesical ureter. The intravesical ureter length may be genetically determined, which may explain the increased incidence in family members of patients with VUR.

• #5 Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Background, Relevant Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439403-overview

  Primary causes of VUR include the following: Short or absent intravesical ureter, Absence of adequate detrusor backing, Lateral displacement of the ureteral orifice, Paraureteral (Hutch) diverticulum. […] Secondary causes of VUR include the following: Cystitis or UTI, Bladder outlet obstruction, Neurogenic bladder, Detrusor instability. […] The existence of a strong genetic component is indicated by the high rate of reflux in relatives of patients with reflux, but the mechanism of transmission is not clear. Some investigators have proposed a polygenic mode of inheritance, whereas others have suggested autosomal or sex-linked transmission.

• #6 Vesicoureteral Reflux | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/vesicoureteral-reflux/

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) refers to the retrograde passage of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureter and often to the calyces. […] The most common cause of VUR is a developmental anomaly of the ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) in which the ureteral orifice may be lateralized or too large (golf hole ostium) or the submucosal ureter is too short and/or deficient in longitudinal muscle fibers. […] Additionally, some sort of immaturity of the UVJ may play a role in fetal and neonatal VUR, because a large percentage of congenital VUR decreases spontaneously within the first years of life. […] This type of VUR, often referred to as primary or congenital VUR, is seen more frequently in girls than in boys. […] High-grade congenital VUR in male infants, often with severe congenital renal dysplasia (congenital reflux nephropathy), constitutes a different entity with a far more serious prognosis.

• #7 Vesicoureteral Reflux | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-1089-1_3

  In the normal state, the submucosal ureter is compressed against a firm detrusor muscle backing as the bladder fills with urine. This flap valve mechanism prevents retrograde flow of urine while permitting intermittent antegrade urine passage during ureteral peristalsis. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract and is thought, in its primary form, to be the result of deficient submucosal tunnel length with deficient detrusor muscle backing. […] One of several causes within the broad spectrum of anatomic or functional bladder outlet obstruction or abnormalities in ureteral insertion may be responsible for secondary reflux.

• #8 Vesicoureteral reflux – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicoureteral_reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into one or both ureters and then to the renal calyx or kidneys. […] In people with VUR, failure of this mechanism occurs, with resultant backward (retrograde) flow of urine. […] Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism. This is precipitated by a congenital defect or lack of longitudinal muscle of the portion of the ureter within the bladder resulting in an ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) abnormality. […] In this category the ureters’ valvular mechanism is initially intact and healthy but becomes overwhelmed by increased bladder pressures associated with obstruction, which distorts the ureterovesicular junction. […] Bladder infections may cause reflux due to the elevated pressures associated with inflammation.

• #9 Vesicoureteral reflux | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux?content_id=CON-20378803

  Secondary vesicoureteral reflux. This type of reflux most often happens because the bladder doesn’t empty properly. There can be many reasons for this. For example, a fold of tissue may block urine from fully leaving the bladder. Or muscles that connect the bladder to another tube called the urethra may become too narrow. Or the nerves that control the bladder’s ability to empty may become damaged.

• #10 Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): symptoms, diagnosis and treatments

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/vesico-uretal-reflux/

  Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine travels back up the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder (known as the ureters) towards the kidney. This most commonly happens while the bladder is emptying but can happen at other times. The condition can also be called vesicoureteral reflux. […] VUR is usually congenital (i.e. people are born with it) and tends to improve with time. […] VUR can also occur when the pressure in the bladder gets too high, most commonly when there is a blockage. In babies this is often caused by extra flaps of tissue in the tube that carries urine out of the body (a condition known as posterior urethral valves or PUV). In adults urine outflow can be blocked due to enlargement of the prostate gland. […] However, before birth, VUR (especially when severe) can be associated with abnormal development of the kidney, which is called renal dysplasia. This may become more obvious as some parts of the kidney grow normally but the affected parts don’t.

• #11 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vesicoureteral-reflux.html

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when defects in one or both ureters let pee flow the wrong way. […] Babies born with primary VUR have a ureter that didn’t grow long enough before birth. This can affect where the ureter enters the bladder, letting pee flow back up the ureters to reach the kidney. Primary VUR is often a genetic condition. […] Secondary VUR is when a blockage in the urinary tract obstructs the flow of pee and sends it back into the kidneys. Kids with this type often have reflux in both ureters. This can happen because the bladder doesn’t empty properly, either from a blockage, an abnormal bladder muscle, or injury to the nerves that control peeing.

• #12 Vesicoureteral Reflux | Rady Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rchsd.org/programs-services/urology/conditions-treated/vesicoureteral-reflux/

  The most common cause for primary reflux in children is an abnormality in the section of the ureter that enters the bladder (called the intravesical ureter). The intravesical ureter may not be long enough to enable the ureter to close sufficiently to prevent urine reflux, or the ureter may be inserted abnormally into the bladder. This condition often resolves as the child grows and the ureter lengthens. Other causes of primary reflux include abnormalities in detrusor muscle tissue of the bladder, abnormalities in the location of the urethral opening (e.g., hypospadias), and abnormalities in the shape of the urethral opening. […] Secondary reflux is often caused by a UTI (e.g., cystitis) that results in inflammation and swelling of the ureter. UTI may cause vesicoureteral reflux or vesicoureteral reflux may promote the growth of bacteria in the urinary tract, causing UTI. Secondary reflux may also be caused by urinary tract abnormalities (e.g., narrowing, or stricture, of the ureter; duplicated ureters; ureterocele) and obstructions (e.g., UPJ obstruction, stones, tumor).

• #12 Vesicoureteral Reflux | Rady Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rchsd.org/programs-services/urology/conditions-treated/vesicoureteral-reflux/

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backup of urine from the bladder (organ that stores urine) into the ureter (tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) during urination. VUR may result in urine reflux into the renal pelvis, causing distention (hydronephrosis) and kidney damage. […] In children, this condition is usually caused by congenital (present at birth) abnormalities and is often diagnosed during prenatal ultrasound. […] There are two types of VUR: primary and secondary. Primary reflux is caused by a congenital (present at birth) abnormality, and secondary reflux is caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI) or an obstruction in the urinary tract. […] Undetermined genetic risk factors may affect the development of VUR. About 34% of patients who have the condition have siblings who are also affected. Siblings of patients with VUR are routinely tested for the condition, even when symptoms are not present.

• #13 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/urology/conditions-we-treat/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition where urine in the bladder flows in the wrong direction. It goes up into the tubes (ureters) that lead to the kidneys. It often flows all the way back up to the kidneys. […] There are many reasons why a child may develop VUR. Some of the more common causes include: Being born with a neural tube defect like spina bifida, Having other urinary tract problems, such as posterior urethral valves, ureterocele, or ureter duplication. […] Some of the more common causes of VUR include a neural tube defect or other urinary tract problems.

• #14 Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016439-overview

  Rates of reflux are likely increased in the setting of congenital bladder outlet obstruction and neurogenic bladder. More than 50% of boys with PUVs have VUR. Similar results were seen in a series of children undergoing urodynamic studies for neurogenic bladder. […] Dysfunctional voiding, with its inherent increase in intravesical pressure, likely also results in reflux, even in otherwise healthy children. Uninhibited bladder contractions, often associated with contraction of the voluntarily controlled external urinary sphincter to prevent wetting, increase intravesical pressure. The combination of high-pressure voiding and VUR increases the risk of pyelonephritis beyond that of the child with low-pressure reflux. […] Confounding all of these data is the fact that urodynamic studies on children are difficult to perform and evaluate; this is true especially with infants, in whom normal reference data are sparse. Whether VUR observed in association with voiding dysfunction and obstruction is a direct result of that dysfunction or simply a component of a grossly abnormal urinary tract is not known.

• #14 Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016439-overview

  The cause of the defect in primary reflux is unknown. […] The existence of a strong genetic component is indicated by the high rate of reflux in relatives of patients with reflux, but the mechanism of transmission is not clear. Some investigators have favored a polygenic mode of inheritance, whereas others have suggested autosomal or sex-linked transmission with variable penetrance. […] The possibility that UTI may cause reflux has also been investigated. Indeed, a subset of patients has been identified in whom reflux was detectable only during an episode of cystitis. However, most authorities have believed that UTI and reflux are independent variables and that rates of VUR are higher in children with UTI because these children are actively screened for reflux. The cause-and-effect picture is even less clear in children with secondary reflux.

• #15 Vesicoureteral Reflux: Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/vesicoureteral-reflux.html

  A multifactorial congenital defect leads to premature ureter budding and fusion of the Wolffian duct with the urogenital sinus, overrotation of the ureter bud with lateralized ostia, and impaired trigonal musculature development. […] Ureteral duplication predisposes the ureter of the lower renal pole to vesicoureteral reflux since the intravesical section is disturbed by an often-existing ureterocele of the upper pole ureter. […] LUTS with high micturition pressures (dysfunctional micturition, urethral valves, neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction such as spina bifida) are a strong risk factor for high-grade vesicoureteral reflux with renal scarring. […] A borderline functioning ureterovesical junction can decompensate and cause reflux with ascending infection: e.g., UTI with bladder wall edema or during pregnancy.

• #16 Vesicoureteral Reflux | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/vesicoureteral-reflux/

  Secondary VUR is seen in patients with bladder outlet obstruction (e.g., posterior urethral valves) or with neurogenic bladder disease (e.g., myelomeningocele). […] It is caused in part by thinning and weakening of the UVJ musculature precipitated by chronically increased intravesical pressure. […] However, the fact that VUR in these disorders may be absent and frequently is unilateral suggests the possibility of an associated congenital weakness of the UVJ or a protective measure of a potentially thickened bladder wall that otherwise may lead to ureteral obstruction.

• #17 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the result of abnormal formation of the normal valve between the kidney and bladder. This valve ensures that urine travels one way from the kidney to the bladder. If your child has VUR, the urine does move backward into the ureters and kidney. Some children only have mild VUR, while others have large amounts of urine moving backward into their kidneys. […] The cause of VUR is unknown, however there is a strong genetic component. Although no specific genes have been identified, VUR is common among children and siblings of parents with VUR. During infancy, VUR is more frequently in boys. In older children, VUR is more frequently diagnosed in girls. […] VUR may also occur as a result of these less common issues: Abnormal bladder function, due to nerve or spinal cord problems, such as spina bifida; Urinary-tract abnormalities, such as posterior urethral valves, bladder exstrophy, ureterocele, or ureter duplication; Dysfunctional voiding (bladder and bowel problems, including accidents, frequent urination, or constipation). […] Yes, VUR is more common in family members of people with VUR. For this reason, you should discuss with your doctor whether siblings or other family members should be tested for VUR.

• #18 Vesicoureteral Reflux | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux

  In vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the ureter doesn’t grow long enough during prenatal development and it enters the bladder abnormally. As a result, urine can back up, or reflux, from the bladder into one or both ureters and, in severe cases, up into the kidneys. […] VUR can also be caused by reasons not related to anatomy, such as voiding problems or problems with nerve tissue in the bladder. […] About 40 percent of siblings of kids with VUR also have reflux, with younger siblings being more likely to have it than older ones.

• #19 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) – Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Where To Get Help

  https://www.webmd.com/children/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Genes. You’re more likely to get VUR if your parents or siblings have had the condition. But no specific genes have been found responsible for VUR. […] Abnormal bladder function. Children who have nerve or spinal cord problems such as spina bifida (a birth defect of the spine) have a higher chance of VUR. […] Urinary abnormalities. Children with problems in their urinary system are more likely to get this condition. Some of those problems include: Bladder exstrophy (birth defect affecting urinary tracts), Uterocele (defect in the ureters), Ureter duplication (an extra ureter exists for one kidney). […] Bladder and bowel problems. Children with bathroom accidents, frequent urination or constipation are more likely to have VUR.

• #20 What Causes VUR?

  https://www.deflux.com/vur-vesicoureteral-treatment/causes-vur-vesicoureteral-reflux/

  A child can be born with vesicoureteral reflux, or VUR, or it can develop over time. There are two forms of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), primary and secondary. Primary and secondary forms of vesicoureteral reflux vary dependent on the cause of VUR in your child. When a child has primary VUR, it means that one or both of the childs ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, didnt develop properly. The ureter is too short, so the valve between the bladder and ureter that normally closes to prevent urine from flowing backward doesnt shut the way it should. Primary VUR is the most common kind of VUR and tends to run in families. VUR is present in about 30% of siblings with VUR, and in up to 50% of children whose mothers had VUR. A child may outgrow it when the ureters lengthen and straighten during the growth process.

• #21 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | UCSF Department of Urology

  https://urology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/children/additional/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux is the abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and up to the kidney. The majority of the time this is a condition with which a child is born. It is caused by an abnormal entry of the ureter into the bladder. […] Vesicoureteral reflux may also occur in children with abnormal bladder function due to nerve or spinal cord problems such as spina bifida. Children with bladder and bowel dysfunction may be more likely to have vesicoureteral reflux. Vesicoureteral reflux can occur in children with other urinary tract abnormalities such as posterior urethral valves, ureterocele, ureteral duplication, or bladder exstrophy.

• #22 Vesicoureteral Reflux – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563262/

  While a short intramural ureter is a primary cause of VUR, other factors may contribute. These include ureteral duplication, ectopic ureteral orifices, bladder outlet obstruction, increased intravesical pressure, abnormal trigonal anatomy (diverticulum and ureterocele), and abnormal bladder function.

• #23 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-renal-and-genitourinary-anomalies/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is most often due to congenital anomalous development of the ureterovesical junction. […] Incomplete development of the intramural ureteral tunnel causes failure of the normal flap valve mechanism at the ureterovesical junction, thus permitting reflux of bladder urine into the ureter and renal pelvis. […] Reflux can occur even when the tunnel is ordinarily sufficient if bladder pressure increases due to bladder outlet obstruction or dysfunctional voiding. […] Dysfunctional voiding includes infrequent voiding, constipation, or both, which may prolong resolution of VUR. […] Reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureter may cause bacterial infection of the upper urinary tract; about 30 to 40% of infants and toddlers with urinary tract infection have VUR.

• #24 Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016439-overview

  A unique and complex group of children presents with dysfunctional elimination, which consists of a symptom complex heralded by infection, severe constipation, and daytime wetting. Despite the primary urinary tract presentation, the primary focus should be in the management of constipation and bowel habits. A subset of these children have infrequent voiding and incomplete bladder emptying, which further increases the likelihood of UTI.

• #25 Vesicoureteral reflux: Types, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189144

  Vesicoureteral reflux is a condition in which urine flows in the wrong direction, from the bladder back into the ureter. […] It can happen if the valve between the ureter and the bladder does not work properly, as the result of a congenital defect or a urinary tract infection (UTI). […] In vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urine flows in the wrong direction, from the bladder back into the ureters. One in 10 children are thought to have VUR. In most cases, it is due to a faulty valve that was present at birth. […] Primary VUR is when an infant is born with a faulty valve between one or both ureters and the bladder. If the ureter is too short, the valve does not close properly, allowing urine to back up, or reflux, from the bladder to the ureter. […] Secondary VUR happens when pressure causes urine to flow backward, usually because of a blockage somewhere in the urinary system.

• #26 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine from the bladder is able to flow back up into the ureter and kidney. It is caused by a problem with the valve mechanism. […] When the ureter enters the bladder at an unusual angle reflux can occur. This can also happen when the length of the ureter that tunnels through the bladder wall is too short. […] VUR becomes a problem when the urine in the bladder gets infected. The infected urine travels backward to the kidney. This can cause a kidney infection. Kidney infections lead to kidney damage.

• #27 Vesicoureteral reflux: Types, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189144

  Left untreated, VUR can lead to kidney damage and infection, because bacteria can grow in the trapped urine. […] According to the American Urological Association, VUR is often diagnosed after a UTI, as VUR can predispose a person to developing a UTI. […] The most serious complication is renal, or kidney, damage. […] Kidney scarring can result in permanent kidney damage, if a UTI is left untreated. Renal scarring is also known as reflux nephropathy.

• #28 Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): symptoms, diagnosis and treatments

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/vesico-uretal-reflux/

  Whether kidney scars are caused by dysplasia or by infections in infancy, they represent a form of kidney damage (often called reflux nephropathy) that can cause early onset of high blood pressure and, in some cases, progressive kidney failure. […] Reflux and reflux nephropathy also tends to run in families; babies of people with reflux have about a 20-25% chance of being born with VUR.

• #29 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) occurs when urine in the bladder flows back into one or both ureters and often back into the kidneys. […] VUR does not cause a urinary tract infection. VUR allows bacteria that may be in the bladder to travel with the refluxing urine to the kidney. This can then cause a kidney infection. […] In some children, once they have a kidney infection, scarring to the kidney can occur. Kidney scarring may cause high blood pressure. If both kidneys are scarred, kidney function may decrease. Pregnant women who have had significant kidney damage have an increased risk of complications.

• #30 VUR causes | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur-and-reflux-nephropathy/vur-causes/

  VUR is not caused by anything that the mother does during her pregnancy. It sometimes runs in families. If one of your children has VUR, your doctor may recommend that his or her brothers and sisters are also tested, especially if they have any complications such as frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] VUR may happen on its own, though it is not always known why this happens. This is called primary VUR. […] VUR may be caused by, or happen with, another problem in the urinary system that makes it difficult to pass urine. This is called secondary VUR. Most of these problems are present at birth. […] VUR may also happen with other kidney problems that develop while the baby is growing in the womb. These include renal dysplasia or renal hypoplasia, when one or both kidneys do not fully develop and are often smaller than usual. […] Reflux nephropathy is kidney scarring (damage) that is seen with VUR. This develops rarely in children with VUR who get kidney infections (pyelonephritis), which may cause scars on the kidneys.

• #31 What Causes VUR?

  https://www.deflux.com/vur-vesicoureteral-treatment/causes-vur-vesicoureteral-reflux/

  Secondary VUR is often the result of a urinary blockage of some kind. Sometimes this happens after your child has had numerous urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can cause the ureter to swell and prevent the normal elimination of urine. This is why its important to alert your doctor immediately if you suspect your child has a UTI.

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Vesicoureteral-Reflux-(Primary-and-Secondary).aspx

  In contrast to the primary form, secondary VUR arises due to a malfunction within the urinary system. […] Most commonly, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are implicated as the etiological agents of secondary VUR. […] Several studies suggest that UTIs may cause the ureters to swell leading to the occurrence of obstruction within the urinary system. […] Many investigators, however, believe that reflux may develop independently from UTIs and the correlation noted with recurrent UTIs is simply because these children are routinely screened for reflux. […] Nonetheless, rates of VUR are increased in those with obstruction of the bladder outlet and neuropathology of the bladder (e.g. neurogenic bladder).

• #33

  https://www.mercy.net/service/vesicoureteral-reflux/faqs/

  Normally, urine flows from the kidneys to the ureter and into the bladder. With vesicoureteral reflux, urine flows backward from the bladder. Bacteria in the bladder can enter and damage the kidneys. […] It often runs in families. Kids whose parents or siblings had vesicoureteral reflux are at increased risk of developing the condition. […] Factors that can increase a child’s risk for vesicoureteral reflux include: […] Vesicoureteral reflux often runs in families. […] White children have a high risk of developing reflux. […] Girls have a higher risk of reflux than boys. But having the condition at birth is more common in boys. […] Healthy bladder and bowel habits can prevent UTIs and keep vesicoureteral reflux from developing.

• #34 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  Secondary VUR occurs when there is a blockage in the bladder or urethra. This blockage causes urine to flow backward into the kidneys. This can happen at any age. Causes of Secondary VUR can include: Surgery, Injury, Recurrent UTIs, An abnormal pattern of emptying the bladder, A past infection that has put pressure on the bladder. […] Secondary VUR is more common in children who have other birth defects, such as spina bifida. Secondary VUR often affects both ureters and both kidneys. […] Risk factors include: Race – Caucasian children tend to have a higher risk of VUR than other children. Gender – Girls have about twice the risk of having Secondary VUR as boys. Primary VUR is more common in girls. Age – Infants and young children are more likely to have VUR than older children and adults. Genetics – Primary VUR tends to run in families. Children whose parents had the condition are at higher risk of developing it.

• #35 Vesicoureteral Reflux – Alaska Urology

  https://www.alaskaurology.com/pediatrics/vesicoureteral-reflux/

  Vesicoureteral reflux occurs when urine dwelling in the bladder flows back into the ureters and often back into the kidneys. […] There are many different reasons why a child may develop vesicoureteral reflux. Some of the more common causes include: Having parents or siblings with VUR, Being born with neural tube defects such as spina bifida, Having other urinary tract abnormalities such as posterior urethral valves, ureterocele, or ureter duplication. […] During infancy, the disease is more common among boys because as they urinate there is more pressure in their entire urinary tract. In early childhood, the irregularity is more common in girls. VUR is more common in Caucasian children than in African-American children.

• #36

  https://www.byramhealthcare.com/blogs/what-is-vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  The biggest risk factor of vesicoureteral reflux is having abnormal kidneys or urinary tracts. As children, this might be because of the development process, which is why a lot of cases of VUR are corrected naturally. In non-developmental cases, VUR is often a result of a birth defect in the urinary tract system such as a short flap valve that connects the ureters with the bladder. Children who are born with nerve or spinal cord problems are at a greater risk of VUR. Girls are more likely than boys to have VUR and a child is more likely to develop it if someone else in the immediate family has had it.

• #37 When Your Child Has Vesicoureteral Reflux

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/3,40099?keyword=sleepase

  VUR is a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder to one or both ureters and sometimes to the kidneys. […] The connection where the ureter and bladder meet didn’t form normally while your child was growing in the womb. It’s not known why this happened. What is known is that you did nothing to cause VUR in your child. […] Certain factors may make VUR more likely to happen in some children. […] One of these is family history. If you or someone in your family had VUR, your children may be more likely to have it.

• #38 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur/

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backward flow of urine from the bladder into the kidneys. […] Primary VUR is caused by a problem with the development of the valve at the end of the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureter). […] Secondary VUR is also caused by a problem with the same valve. Something inside the bladder prevents the bladder from emptying by blocking the opening. This causes increased pressure in the bladder that keeps the valve from closing properly. […] VUR can be passed down from parent to child (inherited). If one of your children has VUR, you may want to ask your doctor if your other children need to be checked.

• #39 Vesicoureteral Reflux | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/vesicoureteral-reflux

  In a healthy urinary tract system, a child’s urine flows in one direction: downward from the kidneys, through the ureters and into the bladder. From there, urine leaves the body when we urinate. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a problem that causes urine to flow backwards from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys—the opposite direction of a normal flow. […] Primary VUR is a congenital condition (present at birth) caused by an abnormal connection of the ureters in the bladder. This abnormal anatomy allows urine to flow backwards. […] Most children will outgrow vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). […] Diet does not cause VUR and cannot prevent it. […] If your child shows signs of scarring on the kidneys or diminished kidney function, surgery may be necessary to correct VUR.

• #40 Vesicoureteral Reflux: Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/vesicoureteral-reflux.html

  The Prune-Belly syndrome leads to disturbed development of the abdominal wall muscles and the smooth muscles of the ureters and bladder with severe vesicoureteral reflux. […] Incisions of the bladder trigonum may cause vesicoureteral reflux: prostatectomy, trigonal TURB, or resection of a ureterocele.

• #41 Vesicoureteral Kidney Reflux Information

  https://deflux.com/vur-vesicoureteral-treatment/what-is-vur-vesicoureteral-reflux/

  Kidney reflux, also known as vesicoureteral reflux, is actually the most common congenital urinary defect in children. […] This backed-up urine can carry bacteria which can cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney infections (pyelonephritis), and potentially long-term kidney damage (hydronephrosis). […] What Causes VUR?

• #42

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Urinary Reflux means that urine is able to get back up into the kidney after it has drained down into the bladder. It is usually present from the time of birth. It may occur in one or both sides, and is more likely to be present in children with abnormal urination or an obstructed bladder. […] Reflux alone does not usually cause a problem unless there is blockage of urine flow in the urinary tract. […] If this „valve” does not work properly, reflux will occur. Reflux tends to run in families; therefore, your doctor may recommend that siblings of children with reflux should be checked for the condition as well. […] Most children who are born with vesicoureteral reflux will outgrow the condition on their own without treatment. Because of that, we treat VUR conservatively unless your child has severe VUR or frequent or severe kidney infections. Treatments for VUR range from preventive antibiotics and watchful waiting to surgical correction of the malfunctioning valves.

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