Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5995-vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when pee flows up from your bladder back into your kidney. It can cause kidney infection. […] In many cases, a child with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has no symptoms. When symptoms are present, the most common is a urinary tract infection (UTI). Some estimates show that 30% to 50% of children with a UTI have VUR. […] Pee flowing the wrong way can cause bacteria to get into your child’s kidneys and cause infection. Kidney infections can cause permanent kidney damage when left untreated. […] No, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) isn’t painful. But if there is a UTI, that can come with pain during urination and pain in the kidney/abdominal region. […] If your child receives a VUR diagnosis, work closely with their healthcare team on a treatment plan that works for your family. Managing a condition like VUR can have an effect on you and other caregivers. Be sure to discuss your concerns with your child’s healthcare team. The good news is that VUR is highly treatable and most children don’t have long-term effects from it.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | SaskHealthAuthority

  https://www.saskhealthauthority.ca/your-health/conditions-diseases-services/healthline-online/tv7733spec

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) doesn’t cause any symptoms or pain. But it can result in kidney damage if a child who has VUR gets a urinary tract infection. […] A urinary tract infection (UTI) can be a symptom of VUR. Symptoms of a UTI may include fever, pain or burning with urination, frequent urination, and the feeling that the bladder does not empty completely. Fever may be the only symptom of a UTI in a small child. So a urinary tract infection should be suspected in any child who has a high fever without an obvious cause. […] With VUR, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are more likely.

• #1 Vesicoureteral reflux | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20378803/

  Vesicoureteral reflux symptoms often are due to a urinary tract infection (UTI). A UTI doesn’t always cause symptoms, but most people notice some. […] These symptoms can include: A strong, constant urge to urinate. A burning feeling when urinating. The need to pass small amounts of urine often. Cloudy urine. Fever. Pain in the side, groin or stomach area. […] As a child gets older, vesicoureteral reflux that doesn’t get treated can lead to: Bed-wetting. Constipation or loss of control over bowel movements. High blood pressure. Protein in urine. Urgent need to urinate or urinating more often than usual. Leaking urine by accident, also called urinary incontinence. […] Another symptom of vesicoureteral reflux is swelling of one or both kidneys. This swelling is called hydronephrosis. It’s caused by the backup of urine into the kidneys. An imaging test called an ultrasound often finds this swelling before a baby is born.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vesicoureteral-reflux.html

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when pee moves backward from the bladder to the kidneys. […] Most kids with VUR don’t show signs or symptoms. Often, doctors find the condition because a child has a urinary tract infection (UTI) with a fever. […] A UTI lower in the urinary system (in the bladder) can cause: frequent or urgent need to pee, bedwetting and daytime pee accidents, a burning feeling while peeing, blood in the pee, or pee that looks cloudy or smells bad. […] A UTI higher in the urinary system (in the ureters or kidneys) can cause the same symptoms, as well as: pain in the side, back, or belly, fever and chills. […] Untreated VUR can lead to long-term problems. Backed-up pee that reaches the kidneys can cause infections that can scar them, causing: infection, high blood pressure (hypertension), protein in the urine, problems with how the kidneys work or kidney failure. […] Always call your doctor if your child has symptoms of a UTI, especially with a fever. Quick treatment of VUR can prevent long-term problems and kidney damage.

• #1 Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): symptoms, diagnosis and treatments

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/vesico-uretal-reflux/

  VUR may be suspected if you or your child has frequent or severe UTIs. […] UTI symptoms can include: A burning or stinging sensation when passing urine, A sudden need to pass urine and passing urine more often, Abdominal pain, Foul smelling urine, Fever. […] In infants and young children urine infections are more difficult to diagnose as the symptoms are less specific. Babies may just have a fever, prolonged jaundice, be off their feeds or vomiting. […] But sometimes reflux can be symptom free and only discovered after another family member has been diagnosed with the condition. […] Sometimes VUR can be found during investigations for other issues such as kidney stones. […] Reflux can also allow infections to get into the kidneys, causing ‘acute pyelonephritis’. Recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis, especially in young children (and particularly if there is a delay in treatment), can cause scarring in the kidneys. This scarring is potentially preventable.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur-children

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition where urine in the bladder flows in the wrong direction. It goes up into the tubes (ureters) that lead to the kidneys. It often flows all the way back up to the kidneys. […] Symptoms may be different for each child. They can include: […] Urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms, such as a burning feeling or pain when peeing, frequent peeing, fever, and back pain […] Trouble with peeing such as urgency, dribbling, or wetting pants […] A swollen kidney that can be felt as a mass in the belly […] Poor weight gain […] High blood pressure. […] A child who has VUR is at risk for repeat kidney infections. Over time, this can cause damage and scarring to the kidneys.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/vesicoureteral-reflux-guideline

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and urinary tract infections (UTI) may detrimentally affect the overall health and renal function in affected children. This clinical guideline covers assessment, initial management, surgical treatment, and follow-up management of pediatric patients with such disorders. […] Symptoms indicative of bladder/bowel dysfunction should be sought in the initial evaluation, including urinary frequency and urgency, prolonged voiding intervals, daytime wetting, perineal/penile pain, holding maneuvers (posturing to prevent wetting), and constipation/encopresis. […] The appropriate approach to the management of the child with VUR and BBD has not been defined, yet the child with this combination of conditions may be at greater risk of renal injury due to infection. The presence of untreated BBD can be shown to affect several aspects of VUR. The incidence of breakthrough UTI in children on continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (see below) is greater in those with BBD than in those without BBD. In children receiving CAP, resolution rates were 31% for those with BBD and 61% for those without BBD.

• #1 Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): symptoms, diagnosis and treatments

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/vesico-uretal-reflux/

  Whether kidney scars are caused by dysplasia or by infections in infancy, they represent a form of kidney damage (often called reflux nephropathy) that can cause early onset of high blood pressure and, in some cases, progressive kidney failure. So people with scarring or reflux nephropathy should get their blood pressure measured yearly.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Background, Relevant Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439403-overview

  Renal lesions are associated with higher grades of reflux. Pyelonephritic scarring may, over time, cause serious hypertension due to activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Scarring related to VUR is one of the most common causes of childhood hypertension. Wallace reports that hypertension develops in 10% of children with unilateral scars and in 18.5% with bilateral scars. Among adults with reflux nephropathy, 34% ultimately develop hypertension. Approximately 4% of children with VUR progress to end-stage renal failure. Renal units with low-grade reflux may grow normally, but high grades of reflux are associated with renal growth retardation.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine from the bladder is able to flow back up into the ureter and kidney. […] VUR becomes a problem when the urine in the bladder gets infected. The infected urine travels backward to the kidney. This can cause a kidney infection. Kidney infections lead to kidney damage. […] How VUR is managed, depends on the grade of reflux. This is determined by the VCUG. The frequency of UTIs, the presence and progression of any kidney damage, and the opinion of the parent are also considered. […] For grades I-III there is a good chance that the reflux will go away as the child grows and the bladder matures. […] Patients with „high grade” reflux, grades IV-V, will take low dose antibiotics and have periodic blood tests, X-ray tests and urine cultures done. Some children are treated by watching them closely. This will be a decision made by your child’s doctor. These children may need ureteral reimplantation surgery to correct the reflux and prevent progressive damage of the kidneys if the reflux continues to be a problem. […] The goals of surgery are to: Correct the reflux, Prevent pyelonephritis (kidney infection), Preserve renal function. […] This may not totally stop bladder infections. It will reduce the chance that a bladder infection will develop into a kidney infection though.

• #1 VUR symptoms and complications | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur-and-reflux-nephropathy/vur-symptoms-and-complications/

  Reflux nephropathy may lead to blood pressure that is too high (hypertension). In some children, this causes headaches, vomiting or blurred (fuzzy) vision. Hypertension that lasts a long time can also increase the risk of getting heart disease and stroke in adulthood. […] In reflux nephropathy, some of the tiny kidney filters are damaged. This means that the rest of the kidney filters have to filter more blood than usual this is called hyperfiltration. […] Over time, these working kidney filters may get damaged and may leak protein into the urine this is called proteinuria. […] If there is reflux nephropathy in both kidneys (bilateral reflux nephropathy), this may lead to long-term kidney problems.

• #1 Vesicoureteral reflux – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378824

  Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has vesicoureteral reflux. […] A urine test can reveal whether your child has a UTI. […] That can be a symptom of primary vesicoureteral reflux. […] After the tests, healthcare professionals grade the degree of reflux. With the mildest reflux, urine backs up only to the ureter. This is called grade 1. The most serious reflux involves kidney swelling, called hydronephrosis, and twisting of the ureter. This is known as grade 5. […] Treatment options for vesicoureteral reflux depend on how serious the condition is. Children with mild primary vesicoureteral reflux may outgrow it in time. […] For more-serious vesicoureteral reflux, treatment options include medications or surgery. […] UTIs need to be treated quickly with antibiotics.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vesicoureteral-reflux-in-children

  Many children with VUR who have UTIs recover without any lasting health concerns. […] But VUR can lead to complications that have long-term effects, such as kidney infections and hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is when the kidneys swell due to fluid buildup, such as when urine cannot effectively leave the body. […] The effects of kidney infections and hydronephrosis can lead to kidney damage. When the kidneys are damaged, they cannot function to filter blood as well. […] A 2023 cohort study concluded that children with VUR were at an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. […] VUR is graded on a scale of 1 to 5, based on how far urine backs up in the urinary tract. […] A 2023 research review notes that VUR can spontaneously resolve in about: 80% of grade 1 and 2 VUR, 45% of grade 3 VUR, less than 10% of grade 4 and 5 VUR.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563262/

  The clinical significance of VUR was not recognized until 1960, when the condition was associated with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), renal cortical scarring, and permanent kidney damage, particularly in children. […] The presence of VUR during the filling phase of the VCUG indicates a higher grade of reflux, a lower probability of spontaneous resolution, and an increased likelihood of requiring corrective surgery. […] Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis is often used to prevent UTIs and reduce the risk of renal damage associated with VUR. In infants with VUR and a febrile UTI, the morbidity is notably high, prompting the recommendation for continuous antibiotic prophylaxis regardless of VUR grade. Similarly, prophylaxis is recommended for high-grade VUR (grades III-V) regardless of UTI history.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/vesicoureteral-reflux-guideline

  Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for the child with bladder/bowel dysfunction and VUR due to the increased risk of urinary tract infection while bladder/bowel dysfunction is present and being treated. […] The occurrence of a febrile breakthrough UTI (BT-UTI) indicates a failure of therapy and raises the concern for renal injury. […] When intervention with the intention to cure VUR is being considered, open and endoscopic surgical techniques are available with differences in morbidity and success. The resolution rate per 100 children was 98.1 for open surgery and 83.0 for endoscopic therapy after a single injection of bulking agent. […] Following open surgical or endoscopic procedures for VUR, a renal ultrasound should be obtained to assess for obstruction. […] The presence of VUR in neonates with a history of prenatal hydronephrosis can be confirmed by performing a VCUG or radionuclide cystography. Based on the outcomes analysis, the incidence of VUR in neonates with prenatal hydronephrosis is approximately 16%.

• #1 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux: An Update

  https://openurologyandnephrologyjournal.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/96/

  The association of UTIs with BBD is due to several characteristics of the lower urinary tract with BBD that provides an ideal environment for the propagation of uropathic bacteria. […] The evaluation for BBD in toilet-trained patients with VUR and UTIs should routinely be performed, as successful BBD management promotes downgrading or elimination of VUR. […] New findings from the RIVUR trial show that CAP is associated with a substantially reduced risk of UTI recurrence among children with VUR but not of renal scarring. […] Lastly, surgical correction of VUR in selected patients remains a definitive treatment choice and there is a wide array of surgical techniques that can be tailored for the treatment of VUR.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/hydronephrosis-newborns/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Sometimes a child with VUR has no symptoms. If a child does have symptoms, the most common is a UTI. When urine flows backward, as it does with VUR, bacteria can grow more easily in the child’s urinary tract, causing a UTI. […] Most children with VUR who get a UTI recover without other problems. However, in some cases, UTIs can lead to kidney scarring, also called renal scarring, or permanent scars on the kidney. A child is more likely to have kidney scarring if he or she is not treated at all or not treated fast enough for a UTI, repeat UTIs, or a high grade of VUR. […] Children who have VUR along with bladder or bowel symptoms have a higher risk of UTIs.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Infants & Children | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur-infants-children

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when urine flows back from the bladder to the kidneys. It can lead to infections. Treatment may include antibiotics or surgery. […] VUR doesn’t usually cause symptoms until a child develops a UTI. […] UTIs can be in the bladder or the kidney. […] VUR can increase the risk of a kidney UTI (also called pyelonephritis). This is because urine that carries germs can go backwards into the kidney. A kidney UTI can make a child very sick. The child may have high fever, chills and back pain. Kidney UTIs can scar the kidneys. In rare cases, the scarring may cause high blood pressure or reduced kidney function. […] VUR may also be suspected if a child has hydronephrosis, kidney swelling caused by the build-up of fluid. This can be seen on a kidney ultrasound. […] Many children grow out of VUR over time, often by age 5. Finding VUR early and monitoring it closely with your child’s doctors–and getting treatment if needed–will help avoid any lasting problems.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5995-vesicoureteral-reflux

  Your child should have vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) for less than a year, but an exact timeline depends on your child’s condition. Your child’s healthcare provider may recommend a wait-and-see approach or they may suggest surgery if they see severe VUR or kidney damage on imaging tests. […] Yes. It’s possible for your child to grow out of VUR, especially if they have a lower grade (one or two) of primary VUR. Children may outgrow this type within a few years.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux

  https://www.childrensaterlanger.org/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed in infancy if the infant has a urinary tract abnormality detected before birth. […] When a UTI is present, the usual symptoms are painful urination, fever, back pain, wetting accidents, and other urinary symptoms. […] Most children with VUR who get a UTI recover without long term complications. […] Most vesicoureteral reflux resolves spontaneously as children grow. […] However, if a child outgrows VUR, long term monitoring of kidney function and blood pressure is still necessary.

• #1 Vesicoureteral reflux – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicoureteral_reflux

  Most children with vesicoureteral reflux are asymptomatic. Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed as a result of further evaluation of dilation of the kidney or ureters draining urine from the kidney while in utero as well as when a sibling has VUR (though routine testing in either circumstance is controversial). Reflux also increases risk of acute bladder and kidney infections, so testing for reflux may be performed after a child has one or more infections. […] In infants, the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include only fever and lethargy, with poor appetite and sometimes foul-smelling urine, while older children typically present with discomfort or pain with urination and frequent urination. […] Early diagnosis in children is crucial as studies have shown that the children with VUR who present with a UTI and associated acute pyelonephritis are more likely to develop permanent renal cortical scarring than those children without VUR, with an odds ratio of 2.8. Thus VUR not only increases the frequency of UTIs, but also the risk of damage to upper urinary structures and end-stage renal disease.

• #1 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  The most important issue for children with VUR is a urinary tract infection. Kidney infections can cause kidney damage, so parents need to watch for signs of UTI. In young children, this usually means a fever. Other signs of UTI include foul-smelling urine, pain with urination, blood in the urine, increased frequency of urination or wetting accidents, or flank and abdominal pain. […] Many children with VUR will outgrow the condition on their own. Therefore, we do not perform surgery as initial treatment in most children. Some children, however, will require surgery to correct VUR. The most common reasons for proceeding with surgical correction of VUR are repeated UTI with kidney involvement, failure of VUR to resolve on its own over time, or severe VUR that is very unlikely to resolve.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  Reflux is often diagnosed after your child has been treated for a urinary tract infection (UTI) associated with a fever. About 30 percent of children who have a UTI with a fever will be diagnosed with VUR. […] About 1 percent of healthy children have reflux; many will never have an infection or need treatment. […] Lower grades of reflux will often resolve on their own, typically at 5 to 6 years of age. The goal is to prevent UTIs and kidney damage while the reflux is improving.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/uti/conditions/vur

  VUR symptoms: As VUR does not cause pain, discomfort or problems with urination, it is a silent abnormality that usually goes undetected unless there is a UTI condition. […] The average age of diagnosis is 2 to 3 years, and approximately 75 percent of children treated for reflux are girls. […] When children have recurrent UTI, VUR is thought to increase the risk of kidney damage.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/hydronephrosis-newborns/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Sometimes a child with VUR has no symptoms. If a child does have symptoms, the most common is a UTI. When urine flows backward, as it does with VUR, bacteria can grow more easily in the child’s urinary tract, causing a UTI. […] Most children with VUR who get a UTI recover without other problems. However, in some cases, UTIs can lead to kidney scarring, also called renal scarring, or permanent scars on the kidney. A child is more likely to have kidney scarring if he or she is not treated at all or not treated fast enough for a UTI, repeat UTIs, or a high grade of VUR. […] Children who have VUR along with bladder or bowel symptoms have a higher risk of UTIs.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vesicoureteral-reflux.html

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when pee moves backward from the bladder to the kidneys. […] Most kids with VUR don’t show signs or symptoms. Often, doctors find the condition because a child has a urinary tract infection (UTI) with a fever. […] A UTI lower in the urinary system (in the bladder) can cause: frequent or urgent need to pee, bedwetting and daytime pee accidents, a burning feeling while peeing, blood in the pee, or pee that looks cloudy or smells bad. […] A UTI higher in the urinary system (in the ureters or kidneys) can cause the same symptoms, as well as: pain in the side, back, or belly, fever and chills. […] Untreated VUR can lead to long-term problems. Backed-up pee that reaches the kidneys can cause infections that can scar them, causing: infection, high blood pressure (hypertension), protein in the urine, problems with how the kidneys work or kidney failure. […] Always call your doctor if your child has symptoms of a UTI, especially with a fever. Quick treatment of VUR can prevent long-term problems and kidney damage.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Infants & Children | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur-infants-children

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when urine flows back from the bladder to the kidneys. It can lead to infections. Treatment may include antibiotics or surgery. […] VUR doesn’t usually cause symptoms until a child develops a UTI. […] UTIs can be in the bladder or the kidney. […] VUR can increase the risk of a kidney UTI (also called pyelonephritis). This is because urine that carries germs can go backwards into the kidney. A kidney UTI can make a child very sick. The child may have high fever, chills and back pain. Kidney UTIs can scar the kidneys. In rare cases, the scarring may cause high blood pressure or reduced kidney function. […] VUR may also be suspected if a child has hydronephrosis, kidney swelling caused by the build-up of fluid. This can be seen on a kidney ultrasound. […] Many children grow out of VUR over time, often by age 5. Finding VUR early and monitoring it closely with your child’s doctors–and getting treatment if needed–will help avoid any lasting problems.

• #2 Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): ERKNet voor Patiënten

  https://www.erknet.org/patients/nl/your-kidney-disease/vesicoureteric-reflux/disease-information

  In most adult cases, VUR does not directly cause any symptoms, but VUR increases risk of acute bladder and kidney infections. […] In infants, the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include: fever and lethargy, poor appetite, sometimes foul-smelling urine, discomfort or pain with urination, frequent urination or enuresis. […] Early diagnosis in children is crucial as studies have shown that the children with VUR who present with a UTI and associated acute pyelonephritis are more likely to develop permanent renal cortical scarring than those children without VUR.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Vesicoureteral-Reflux-in-Infants-Young-Children.aspx

  VUR doesn’t usually cause symptoms until a child develops a UTI. […] Kidney UTIs can scar the kidneys. In rare cases, the scarring may cause high blood pressure or reduced kidney function. […] VUR may also be suspected if a child has hydronephrosis, kidney swelling caused by the build-up of fluid. This can be seen on a kidney ultrasound. […] Many children grow out of VUR over time, often by age 5. Finding VUR early and monitoring it closely with your child’s doctors–and getting treatment if needed–will help avoid any lasting problems.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=vesicoureteral-reflux-vur-in-children-90-P03119

  Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: […] Symptoms can include urinary tract infections and trouble with urination. […] A child who has VUR is at risk for repeat kidney infections. Over time, this can cause damage and scarring to the kidneys.

• #2 Vesicoureteral reflux | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20378803/

  Vesicoureteral reflux symptoms often are due to a urinary tract infection (UTI). A UTI doesn’t always cause symptoms, but most people notice some. […] These symptoms can include: A strong, constant urge to urinate. A burning feeling when urinating. The need to pass small amounts of urine often. Cloudy urine. Fever. Pain in the side, groin or stomach area. […] As a child gets older, vesicoureteral reflux that doesn’t get treated can lead to: Bed-wetting. Constipation or loss of control over bowel movements. High blood pressure. Protein in urine. Urgent need to urinate or urinating more often than usual. Leaking urine by accident, also called urinary incontinence. […] Another symptom of vesicoureteral reflux is swelling of one or both kidneys. This swelling is called hydronephrosis. It’s caused by the backup of urine into the kidneys. An imaging test called an ultrasound often finds this swelling before a baby is born.

• #2 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux: An Update

  https://openurologyandnephrologyjournal.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/96/

  Vesicoureteral reflux [VUR] remains a common problem seen by pediatric providers. […] The goals of managing VUR include preventing future febrile urinary tract infections [FUTI], renal scarring, reflux nephropathy and hypertension. […] The elimination of bladder and bowel dysfunction [BBD] is an important management strategy to prevent further FUTIs, regardless of treatment choice. […] The latest AUA VUR guidelines recognize this concomitant relationship between VUR, UTIs, and BBD. […] BBD has a negative correlation with the spontaneous VUR resolution rate and the success rate following endoscopic surgery. […] A critical driving force in the management of VUR is the presence of UTI and in particular FUTI. […] With BBD, there is a significant elevated risk and incidence of UTIs.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563262/

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is characterized by the abnormal backward flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the upper urinary tract during voiding. This condition of retrograde urine flow is often caused by a short intramural ureter and is associated with recurrent urinary tract infections, renal cortical scarring, and renal failure in severe cases, including end-stage kidney disease. […] VUR can be asymptomatic, unilateral or bilateral, or associated with nephropathy, which can be severe. End-stage renal failure in children due to reflux nephropathy accounts for about 5% of all pediatric renal transplants. However, early diagnosis and timely treatment of VUR can prevent renal damage and recurrent UTIs and salvage the kidneys. […] Patients with VUR with bladder or bowel dysfunction are at a higher risk of developing infections despite continuous prophylaxis and have a much lower rate of spontaneous resolution (31% compared to 61%) and reduced success rates after endoscopic VUR surgical procedures.

• #2 VUR symptoms and complications | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur-and-reflux-nephropathy/vur-symptoms-and-complications/

  Reflux nephropathy may lead to blood pressure that is too high (hypertension). In some children, this causes headaches, vomiting or blurred (fuzzy) vision. Hypertension that lasts a long time can also increase the risk of getting heart disease and stroke in adulthood. […] In reflux nephropathy, some of the tiny kidney filters are damaged. This means that the rest of the kidney filters have to filter more blood than usual this is called hyperfiltration. […] Over time, these working kidney filters may get damaged and may leak protein into the urine this is called proteinuria. […] If there is reflux nephropathy in both kidneys (bilateral reflux nephropathy), this may lead to long-term kidney problems.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux

  VUR alone does not cause any symptoms, and most cases of reflux are not found unless the child develops a urinary tract infection. Infections occur because VUR allows bacteria present in the bladder urine to reach the kidneys. This can lead to kidney infection, fever and kidney damage. Symptoms of a UTI include burning sensation while urinating; urinary urgency and frequency; and abdominal pain. Many children who have both a UTI and VUR experience a high fever, especially in very young children. […] Grading the degree of VUR is an important step in the management of the condition. There are 5 grades of VUR: higher grades are associated with lower rates of spontaneous resolution and a higher incidence of renal scarring.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux Grading and How It Affects Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vesicoureteral-reflux-grading

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when urine flows backward from your childs bladder into one or both of their ureters and sometimes their kidneys. […] VUR most commonly affects young children. […] VUR doesn’t cause any specific symptoms, but it increases the chances that your child will develop a urinary tract infection (UTI). […] Symptoms of a UTI can include: foul-smelling urine, cloudy urine, fever, abdominal pain, side pain, back pain, frequent and urgent urination, headache, vomiting, blood in urine, painful urination. […] Fever is often the only apparent symptom in young children. […] UTIs are most common in grades 3 to 5. […] Children with grades 3 to 5 VUR have an especially high risk of UTIs and kidney scarring. […] The outlook for vesicoureteral reflux tends to be better the earlier its diagnosed and treated.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the result of abnormal formation of the normal valve between the kidney and bladder. This valve ensures that urine travels one way from the kidney to the bladder. If your child has VUR, the urine does move backward into the ureters and kidney. Some children only have mild VUR, while others have large amounts of urine moving backward into their kidneys. […] Although VUR by itself is not usually painful, VUR can become a problem if the child develops a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the bladder. With this type of infection, the bacteria are carried backward from the bladder to the kidneys, and this can result in serious infection and possibly damage to the kidneys. […] Children who have vesicoureteral reflux may not feel sick, because VUR typically does not present symptoms. VUR is most often diagnosed after a child has experienced a UTI accompanied with a fever. Some children are also diagnosed shortly after birth if they had hydronephrosis (fluid in the kidneys) on their prenatal (before birth) ultrasounds.

• #2 Does my child have Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)? | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/does-my-child-have-vesicoureteral-reflux-vur

  Is your child dealing with frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs) coupled with a fever? Do antibiotics not seem to treat these infections as well as they used to? […] Although uncommon, your child’s VUR can be entirely asymptomatic. However, the most common presenting symptoms are recurrent UTIs accompanied with a fever. […] The presence of VUR alone does not cause UTIs or kidney damage. However, if urine in the bladder becomes infected, VUR can propagate, or spread, the infection from the bladder to kidneys, creating a kidney infection known as pyelonephritis. There is a risk of kidney damage or scarring with each kidney infection that occurs. Kidney damage or scarring, most often associated with recurrent infections, can lead to long term problems such as high blood pressure, growth impairment, or eventual kidney impairment or failure. […] Low grades of VUR may resolve spontaneously as children grow, especially in younger boys. More severe grades of VUR, and VUR that does not resolve, can increase your child’s risk of kidney damage as discussed above.

• #2 Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): symptoms, diagnosis and treatments

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/vesico-uretal-reflux/

  VUR may be suspected if you or your child has frequent or severe UTIs. […] UTI symptoms can include: A burning or stinging sensation when passing urine, A sudden need to pass urine and passing urine more often, Abdominal pain, Foul smelling urine, Fever. […] In infants and young children urine infections are more difficult to diagnose as the symptoms are less specific. Babies may just have a fever, prolonged jaundice, be off their feeds or vomiting. […] But sometimes reflux can be symptom free and only discovered after another family member has been diagnosed with the condition. […] Sometimes VUR can be found during investigations for other issues such as kidney stones. […] Reflux can also allow infections to get into the kidneys, causing ‘acute pyelonephritis’. Recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis, especially in young children (and particularly if there is a delay in treatment), can cause scarring in the kidneys. This scarring is potentially preventable.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux

  https://www.erlanger.org/childrens-health/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backward flow of urine from the bladder up the ureters toward the kidneys. It is most common in infants and young children affecting 1-2% of newborns and 30-45% of children with urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] When a UTI is present, the usual symptoms are painful urination, fever, back pain, wetting accidents, and other urinary symptoms. Most children with VUR who get a UTI recover without long term complications. Most vesicoureteral reflux resolves spontaneously as children grow. However, if a child outgrows VUR, long term monitoring of kidney function and blood pressure is still necessary. […] Mild to moderate VUR often resolves spontaneously as children grow. More severe VUR or VUR that persists may require surgery. Surgical correction of VUR substantially reduces the likelihood of more kidney infections.

• #2 Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vesicoureteral-reflux-in-children

  If your child has symptoms of a UTI, it’s best if you take them to see their pediatrician. Many instances of VUR are diagnosed after a child has a UTI that happens with fever. […] Not every UTI in children is caused by VUR. However, these infections can cause complications and need to be treated by a doctor. […] Once a doctor diagnoses VUR, they can grade it on a scale of 1 to 5, based on how far urine is backing up in the urinary tract. VUR is more likely to go away on its own in children with a lower grade. […] VUR is a condition where urine backs up into the ureters and kidneys. It’s more common in children and often results from changes in the structure of the urinary tract that promote the backflow of urine. […] Children with VUR are at a higher risk of UTIs and hydronephrosis. These can potentially lead to lasting kidney damage.

• #3 Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Most kids with VUR don’t show signs or symptoms. Often, doctors find the condition because a child has a urinary tract infection (UTI) with a fever. […] A UTI lower in the urinary system (in the bladder) can cause: frequent or urgent need to pee, bedwetting and daytime pee accidents, a burning feeling while peeing, blood in the pee, or pee that looks cloudy or smells bad. […] A UTI higher in the urinary system (in the ureters or kidneys) can cause the same symptoms, as well as: pain in the side, back, or belly, fever and chills. […] Untreated VUR can lead to long-term problems. Backed-up pee that reaches the kidneys can cause infections that can scar them, causing: infection, high blood pressure (hypertension), protein in the urine, problems with how the kidneys work or kidney failure. […] Always call your doctor if your child has symptoms of a UTI, especially with a fever. Quick treatment of VUR can prevent long-term problems and kidney damage.

• #3 Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vesicoureteral-reflux-in-children

  VUR increases the risk of UTIs. This is because the backflow of urine associated with VUR can carry bacteria further into the urinary tract. […] Generally speaking, VUR often doesn’t cause symptoms until a UTI develops. Researchers estimate that about one-third of children with VUR will develop at least one UTI with a fever. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it can be hard to tell whether a younger child has a UTI because they typically cannot communicate their symptoms to you. The most common sign of a UTI in these children is fever. […] UTIs can affect the bladder or the kidneys. Signs and symptoms of a bladder UTI are: frequent or urgent urination, painful urination, blood in the urine, pain or pressure in the pelvis or abdomen. […] When a UTI affects the kidneys, it’s called pyelonephritis. This can cause additional symptoms like: fever, chills, pain in the sides of the back, called flank pain, or in the lower back, nausea or vomiting.

• #3 Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) – Children’s Health Urology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is marked by urine backing up into the kidney instead of flowing from the kidney and then out of the body. […] This leads to unitary tract infections (UTIs), kidney infections and even kidney damage, if not treated. […] In most cases, a unitary tract infection is the first sign of pediatric vesicoureteral reflex. […] Symptoms of vesicoureteral reflux in infants (birth to 1 year) include diarrhea, failure to thrive, fever, lethargy, and vomiting. […] Symptoms in children (1 to 19 years old) include bladder or kidney infections, which can cause different symptoms. […] Symptoms of a bladder infection because of VUR include blood in urine or cloudy, foul-smelling urine, burning sensation while urinating, painful and frequent urinating, urgent need to go to the bathroom, and wetting because of a lack of urinary control. […] Symptoms of a kidney or ureter infection because of VUR include abdominal pain, fever and chills, nausea, and vomiting.

• #3 Vesicoureteral Reflux: Practice Essentials, Background, Relevant Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439403-overview

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as retrograde regurgitation of urine from the urinary bladder up the ureter and into the collecting system of the kidneys. VUR affects 1% to 2% of all children, and up to one-third of children with VUR will experience urinary tract infection (UTI). Acute pyelonephritis associated with VUR can lead to renal scarring and ultimately chronic kidney disease known as reflux nephropathy. In severe cases of reflux nephropathy, 10%25% of patients may develop end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. […] However, the severity of VUR greatly varies and clinical presentation is variable; most patients are either asymptomatic or present with hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis. Spontaneous resolution is common. […] Patients with uncorrected VUR may develop renal scarring and impaired renal growth. Renal scars are often present at initial diagnosis and usually develop during the first years of life. Persistent intrarenal reflux causes renal scarring and eventual reflux nephropathy. Reflux nephropathy leads to impaired renal function, hypertension, and proteinuria.

• #3 Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/vesicoureteral-reflux

  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) occurs when urine in the bladder flows back into the ureters and kidneys. […] A child who has vesicoureteral reflux is at risk for developing recurrent kidney infections, which, over time, can cause damage and scarring to the kidneys. […] The following are the most common symptoms of vesicoureteral reflux, however, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Urinary tract infection (urinary tract infections are most common in children younger than age 5 and unlikely in boys at any age, unless VUR is present). […] VUR can occur in varying degrees of severity. It can be very mild, when urine backs up only a short distance in the ureters. Or, it can be severe and lead to kidney infections and permanent kidney damage (scarring). […] Most children who have grade 1 through 3 VUR do not need any type of intense therapy. The reflux resolves on its own over time, usually within five years. […] Children who have grade 4 and 5 reflux may require surgery.

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