Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  UTUCs are relatively uncommon and account for only 5 percent to 10 percent of urinary tract cancers. These cancers develop primarily in people older than 70. Men are affected twice as frequently as women. […] Smoking is one of the largest adjustable risk factors for developing UTUC. The risk increases with both the amount and duration of smoking and appears to decrease over time with smoking cessation. […] Patients with a history of bladder cancer are at increased risk of developing UTUC. […] Chronic inflammation from recurrent urinary tract infections or kidney stones can increase the risk of developing UTUC. […] Abuse of phenacetin (no longer available) is associated with an increased risk of developing UTUC. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide appears to increase the risk of developing UTUC.

• #2 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (UTUC) | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not common. […] The cause of UTUC is not known in most cases. However, there are several risk factors: smoking tobacco, a history of long-term inflammation of the ureter or kidney, exposure to certain chemicals over time, such as those used to make plastics, textiles, rubber, paint and dyes, exposure to arsenic, prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, long-term use of large quantities of painkillers, family history of bladder cancer, having Lynch syndrome or Balkan nephropathy. […] As the causes of UTUC is not known in most cases it is not possible to prevent the disease. However, quitting smoking, limiting exposure to certain chemicals and not taking large quantities of painkillers can help reduce your risk of developing UTUC.

• #3 Ureteral Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-cancer-causes-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  Ureteral cancer is the abnormal growth of cells on the inner lining of the ureters. […] The exact cause of ureteral cancer is still unknown. It starts when the cells in the ureters undergo some changes in their DNA. […] Some factors can also increase your risk of getting ureteral cancer which includes: […] Old Age: This type of cancer is rare, and it usually affects people over the age of 65 […] Smoking: It increases the risk of urological problems, such as ureteral cancer, kidney cancer, and bladder cancer. […] History of Bladder Cancer: a person who was previously suffering from bladder cancer is at increased risk of getting ureteral cancer […] Genetic: Lynch syndrome, also called Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) increases the risk for cancers, so if your family has a history of cancer, you’re at an increased risk.

• #4 Ureteral Cancer Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/ureteral-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Ureteral cancer is more common in people previously diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer. […] The ultimate cause of ureteral cancer is yet unknown, but it usually occurs when there is a change or mutation in the DNA of the cells that line the ureter. […] Certain causative factors that increase the risk of ureteral cancer include age, gender, previous cancer conditions, smoking, genetics, exposure to chemicals, medications, and herbal formulations.

• #5 Ureteral cancer | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-cancer?content_id=CON-20314003

  Ureteral cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the ureters. The ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Ureteral cancer is not common. When it happens, it occurs most often in older adults and in people who have had bladder cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes ureteral cancer. Ureteral cancer starts as a growth of cells in a ureter. Ureteral cancer happens when cells in a ureter develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #6

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/ureteral-cancer

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon. It occurs most often in older adults and in people who have previously been treated for bladder cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes ureteral cancer. Ureteral cancer happens when cells on the inside lining of the ureter develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply rapidly and to continue living beyond their typical life cycle. The result is a growing mass of abnormal cells that can grow to block the ureter or spread to other areas of the body. […] Factors that can increase the risk of ureteral cancer include: Increasing age. The risk of ureteral cancer increases with age. Most people diagnosed with this cancer are in their 70s and 80s. Previous bladder or kidney cancer. People who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer have an increased risk of ureteral cancer. Smoking. Smoking tobacco increases the risk of ureteral cancer, as well as other urinary tract cancers, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer. Family history of cancer. Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including ureteral cancer. If you have a strong family history of cancer, discuss it with your doctor. Together you may decide whether to consider genetic testing for Lynch syndrome and other inherited cancer syndromes.

• #7 Ureteral cancer | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-cancer

  Ureteral cancer is not common. When it happens, it occurs most often in older adults and in people who have had bladder cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes ureteral cancer. Ureteral cancer starts as a growth of cells in a ureter. Ureteral cancer happens when cells in a ureter develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] Factors that can increase the risk of ureteral cancer include: Increasing age. The risk of ureteral cancer goes up with age. Most people diagnosed with this cancer are in their 70s and 80s. Previous bladder or kidney cancer. People who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer have a higher risk of ureteral cancer. Smoking tobacco. Smoking tobacco raises the risk of ureteral cancer. It also raises the risk of other urinary tract cancers, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer. Exposure to certain chemicals. Working with certain chemicals is linked to an increased risk of ureteral cancer. Family history of cancer. If you have a strong family history of cancer, discuss it with your healthcare professional. Together you may decide whether to consider genetic testing for inherited cancer syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome raises the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including ureteral cancer.

• #8 Ureteral Carcinoma: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/radiology/ureteral-carcinoma-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment

  It is uncertain what causes ureteral carcinoma. […] Ureteric cancer arises from genetic changes, or mutations, that affect the cells lining the inside of the ureter. The changes give the cells instructions to multiply swiftly and to survive longer than they would otherwise. This leads to the growth of an abnormal cell mass that may eventually clog the ureter or spread to other body areas. […] Some factors that could increase your risk of developing ureteral carcinoma are as follows: Age: The risk of developing ureteral cancer increases with age. Most people diagnosed with cancer are between the ages of 70 and 80. […] Previous history of bladder or renal cancer: A history of bladder or kidney cancer diagnosis increases the risk of urinary cancer. […] Cigarette use: Tobacco use increases the risk of ureteral cancer in addition to other cancers of the urinary tract, including bladder and kidney cancer.

• #9 Ureteral Cancer – Alaska Urology

  https://www.alaskaurology.com/oncology/ureteral-cancer/

  Its not clear what causes ureteral cancer. […] Doctors know this cancer begins when a cell in the inside lining of the ureter develops an error (mutation) in its DNA. The mutation tells the cell to multiply rapidly and to continue living when normal cells would die. The result is a growing mass of abnormal cells that can grow to block the ureter or spread to other areas of the body. […] Factors that can increase the risk of ureteral cancer include: […] Previous bladder or kidney cancer. People who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer have an increased risk of ureteral cancer. […] Smoking. Smoking tobacco increases the risk of ureteral cancer, as well as other urinary tract cancers, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer.

• #10 Ureteral cancer | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20314003/

  Ureteral cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the ureters. […] Its not clear what causes ureteral cancer. Ureteral cancer starts as a growth of cells in a ureter. The ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. […] Ureteral cancer happens when cells in a ureter develop changes in their DNA. A cells DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, its called metastatic cancer.

• #11 Malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureter – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/malignancies-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter

  Malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureter […] Urothelial (formerly known as transitional cell) carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UTUC), bladder, and urethra tend to be multifocal. This phenomenon is termed „field cancerization” and is thought to be caused by exposure of the urothelium to potential carcinogens that are either excreted in the urine or activated by hydrolyzing enzymes in the urine. […] Over 90 percent of tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter are of urothelial origin and are histologically identical to those originating in the bladder.

• #12 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #13 Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12900009/

  Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of ureter and renal pelvis is relatively uncommon. Smoking, occupational carcinogens, analgesic abuse, Balkan nephropathy are the risk factors. […] Cytogenetic studies revealed that the most frequent aberration is the partial or complete loss of chromosome 9.

• #14 „Ureteral Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options for a Rare and Aggressive Type of Cancer”

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/ureteral-cancer

  The exact cause of ureteral cancer is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals. […] The following factors may increase the risk of developing ureteral cancer: Family history: A family history of bladder cancer or other types of urinary tract cancer may increase the risk. […] Previous treatment for bladder cancer: People who have previously been treated for bladder cancer have a higher risk of developing ureteral cancer. […] Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations such as TP53 mutations may increase the risk. […] Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides or industrial chemicals may increase the risk.

• #15 Ureteral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureteral_cancer

  Ureteral cancer becomes more likely in older adults, usually ages 70-80, who have previously been diagnosed with bladder cancer. […] The exact causes of ureteral cancer are not clear. However, it is known that patients with a history of bladder cancer are more likely to develop ureteral cancer because both cancers contain the same cell type. […] The risk of developing ureteral cancer increases with age. In addition to increasing age, previous bladder or kidney cancer diagnoses may also increase the risk of developing ureteral cancer. […] HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), also known as lynch syndrome, leads to an increased risk of developing ureteral cancer, as well as various other cancers such as colon cancer. […] Aside from genetic factors and predisposition to developing cancer, there are also a few environmental factors and lifestyle choices that may significantly escalate the chances of being diagnosed with ureteral cancer.

• #16

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/ureteral-cancer

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon. It occurs most often in older adults and in people who have previously been treated for bladder cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes ureteral cancer. Ureteral cancer happens when cells on the inside lining of the ureter develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply rapidly and to continue living beyond their typical life cycle. The result is a growing mass of abnormal cells that can grow to block the ureter or spread to other areas of the body. […] Factors that can increase the risk of ureteral cancer include: Increasing age. The risk of ureteral cancer increases with age. Most people diagnosed with this cancer are in their 70s and 80s. Previous bladder or kidney cancer. People who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer have an increased risk of ureteral cancer. Smoking. Smoking tobacco increases the risk of ureteral cancer, as well as other urinary tract cancers, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer. Family history of cancer. Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including ureteral cancer. If you have a strong family history of cancer, discuss it with your doctor. Together you may decide whether to consider genetic testing for Lynch syndrome and other inherited cancer syndromes.

• #17 Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/upper-urinary-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer is a rare type of cancer of the lining of the kidney or ureter. […] Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer is more common in older people. It’s also diagnosed more often in men than women. […] Other factors that increase your risk of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer include: smoking, aristolochic acid – this is produced by aristolochia plants. It may be found in some herbal remedies and can cause kidney damage, Lynch syndrome this inherited syndrome increases the risk of several cancers, including urothelial cancer, if you have bladder cancer or have had it in the past.

• #18 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  UTUCs are relatively uncommon and account for only 5 percent to 10 percent of urinary tract cancers. These cancers develop primarily in people older than 70. Men are affected twice as frequently as women. […] Smoking is one of the largest adjustable risk factors for developing UTUC. The risk increases with both the amount and duration of smoking and appears to decrease over time with smoking cessation. […] Patients with a history of bladder cancer are at increased risk of developing UTUC. […] Chronic inflammation from recurrent urinary tract infections or kidney stones can increase the risk of developing UTUC. […] Abuse of phenacetin (no longer available) is associated with an increased risk of developing UTUC. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide appears to increase the risk of developing UTUC.

• #19 The Etiology of Bladder Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585966/

  Urothelial cancer of the bladder, known as bladder cancer, is one of the most common cancers in the world. The incidence is rising steadily particularly in developed nations where tobacco smoking is prevalent. […] The incidence of carcinoma of bladder have been rising, especially in Europe and North America, largely due to tobacco smoking. […] The most significant modifiable risk factor for bladder cancers is tobacco smoking. Smoking has been shown to increase the risk of developing bladder cancer by up to four times, with mortality from bladder cancer due to smoking is only second to lung cancer due to smoking. […] Another important modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer is exposure to hazardous environmental and/or occupational compounds found in dye, paint, rubber, petroleum, and metal industries.

• #20 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Tobacco smoking is the factor most strongly associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and increases the risk more than 3-fold. Estimates point to smoking as the cause of 70% of UTUC in men and 40% in women. […] Drinking coffee slightly increases the risk of UTUC; this risk factor is typically observed in people who consume more than seven cups of coffee per day. […] Analgesic abuse is also a risk factor for UTUC. It is independent from and synergistic with renal papillary necrosis. Long-term exposure to analgesics, notably phenacetin, induces a nephropathy that raises the risk of UTUC to as high as 70%. […] Occupational exposure to agents used in the petrochemical, plastic, and tar industries has been linked to an increased risk of UTUC. […] Chronic infections, irritation, and calculi may also predispose to squamous cell carcinoma and, less commonly, adenocarcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

• #21 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Some things increase your risk and some things decrease it. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who don’t have any risks. […] Smoking tobacco is the main risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] The following can increase your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. There are things you can do to lower your risk and help protect you from developing cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk. After you quit smoking, the risk decreases over time. […] People who took 3 or more phenacetin pills a day over several years have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #22 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Tobacco smoking is the factor most strongly associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and increases the risk more than 3-fold. Estimates point to smoking as the cause of 70% of UTUC in men and 40% in women. […] Drinking coffee slightly increases the risk of UTUC; this risk factor is typically observed in people who consume more than seven cups of coffee per day. […] Analgesic abuse is also a risk factor for UTUC. It is independent from and synergistic with renal papillary necrosis. Long-term exposure to analgesics, notably phenacetin, induces a nephropathy that raises the risk of UTUC to as high as 70%. […] Occupational exposure to agents used in the petrochemical, plastic, and tar industries has been linked to an increased risk of UTUC. […] Chronic infections, irritation, and calculi may also predispose to squamous cell carcinoma and, less commonly, adenocarcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

• #23 Bladder cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104

  Bladder cancer develops when cells in the bladder begin to grow abnormally, forming a tumor in the bladder. […] Bladder cancer begins when cells in the bladder develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly and to go on living when healthy cells would die. The abnormal cells form a tumor that can invade and destroy normal body tissue. In time, the abnormal cells can break away and spread (metastasize) through the body. […] Factors that may increase bladder cancer risk include: Smoking. Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes may increase the risk of bladder cancer by causing harmful chemicals to accumulate in the urine. When you smoke, your body processes the chemicals in the smoke and excretes some of them in your urine. These harmful chemicals may damage the lining of your bladder, which can increase your risk of cancer.

• #24 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Some things increase your risk and some things decrease it. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who don’t have any risks. […] Smoking tobacco is the main risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] The following can increase your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. There are things you can do to lower your risk and help protect you from developing cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk. After you quit smoking, the risk decreases over time. […] People who took 3 or more phenacetin pills a day over several years have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #25 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Some things increase your risk and some things decrease it. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who don’t have any risks. […] Smoking tobacco is the main risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] The following can increase your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. There are things you can do to lower your risk and help protect you from developing cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk. After you quit smoking, the risk decreases over time. […] People who took 3 or more phenacetin pills a day over several years have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #26 Renal pelvis or ureter cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/renal-pelvis-or-ureter-cancer

  Cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter is cancer that forms in the renal pelvis (center of the kidney) or ureter (tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder). […] The exact causes of this cancer are not known. Long-term (chronic) irritation of the kidney from harmful substances removed in the urine may be a factor. This irritation may be caused by: […] Kidney damage from medicines, especially ones for pain (analgesic nephropathy) […] Exposure to certain dyes and chemicals used to manufacture leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber […] Smoking […] People who have had bladder cancer are also at risk.

• #27 Ureteral cancer | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-cancer

  Ureteral cancer is not common. When it happens, it occurs most often in older adults and in people who have had bladder cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes ureteral cancer. Ureteral cancer starts as a growth of cells in a ureter. Ureteral cancer happens when cells in a ureter develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] Factors that can increase the risk of ureteral cancer include: Increasing age. The risk of ureteral cancer goes up with age. Most people diagnosed with this cancer are in their 70s and 80s. Previous bladder or kidney cancer. People who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer have a higher risk of ureteral cancer. Smoking tobacco. Smoking tobacco raises the risk of ureteral cancer. It also raises the risk of other urinary tract cancers, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer. Exposure to certain chemicals. Working with certain chemicals is linked to an increased risk of ureteral cancer. Family history of cancer. If you have a strong family history of cancer, discuss it with your healthcare professional. Together you may decide whether to consider genetic testing for inherited cancer syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome raises the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including ureteral cancer.

• #28 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #29 Bladder and Ureteral Cancer

  https://www.froedtert.com/prostate-cancer/bladder-ureteral-cancer

  Ureteral cancer is a cancer that arises in the ducts that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder (the ureters). It is essentially the same kind of malignancy as bladder cancer. […] Bladder/ureteral cancer arises in the cells that line these organs. The disease appears to be caused by carcinogens excreted in the urine. Inhaled tobacco is the most common source of these carcinogens, but occupational exposure to certain industrial chemicals can also play a role. In addition, there may be a link between vitamin D deficiency and incidence of bladder cancer.

• #30 Ureter Cancer | UC Irvine Health | Department of Urology

  https://www.urology.uci.edu/urological_cancers_ureter_cancer.shtml

  Ureteral cancer is the abnormal growth of cells that make up the inside of the tube that aids movement of urine from the kidney to the bladder. […] It has not been clear to doctors what causes ureteral cancer. The cells lining the ureter undergo a mutation that causes the abnormal growth of cells. Patients who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with ureteral cancer. This is likely because the lining cells of the bladder and the ureter are of the same type. As a result, the cells tend to block the ureter or even spread to other body parts.

• #31 Renal pelvis or ureter cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/renal-pelvis-or-ureter-cancer

  Cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter is cancer that forms in the renal pelvis (center of the kidney) or ureter (tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder). […] The exact causes of this cancer are not known. Long-term (chronic) irritation of the kidney from harmful substances removed in the urine may be a factor. This irritation may be caused by: […] Kidney damage from medicines, especially ones for pain (analgesic nephropathy) […] Exposure to certain dyes and chemicals used to manufacture leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber […] Smoking […] People who have had bladder cancer are also at risk.

• #32 Bladder cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104

  Increasing age. Bladder cancer risk increases as you age. Though it can occur at any age, most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55. […] Being male. Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women are. […] Exposure to certain chemicals. Your kidneys play a key role in filtering harmful chemicals from your bloodstream and moving them into your bladder. Because of this, it’s thought that being around certain chemicals may increase the risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals linked to bladder cancer risk include arsenic and chemicals used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, leather, textiles and paint products. […] Previous cancer treatment. Treatment with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer. People who received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis for a previous cancer have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #33 Transitional Cell Cancer (Kidney/Ureter) Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/kidney/patient/transitional-cell-treatment-pdq

  Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is a type of cancer that forms in the transitional cells of the renal pelvis and ureter. […] A personal history of bladder cancer and smoking can increase the risk of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. […] Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is caused by certain changes to the way transitional cells in the renal pelvis and ureters function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. There are many risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to cancer. […] Risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter include: having a personal history of bladder cancer, smoking cigarettes, taking a lot of certain pain medicines, such as phenacetin, being exposed to certain dyes and chemicals used in making leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber. […] Having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that you will get transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Many people with risk factors never develop this type of cancer, while others with no known risk factors do.

• #34 Ureter Cancer Treatment Durban | Ureteral Cancer

  https://westvilleurology.co.za/urological-services/uro-oncology/ureter-cancer/

  The exact cause of ureter cancer is unclear, but some factors may potentially increase the risk of developing this condition: […] Smoking: The use of tobacco is a significant risk factor for ureter cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemicals: Long-term exposure to chemicals such as aromatic amines, which are found in dyes, plastics, and other industrial products, may increase the risk. […] Chronic irritation: Conditions that cause long-term irritation or inflammation of the urinary tract, such as kidney stones or urinary tract infections, may play a role in the development of ureter cancer. […] Age and gender: Ureter cancer is frequently observed in individuals aged 60 and above, with a higher likelihood of occurrence in men compared to women. […] Given the uncertain aetiology, preventing ureter cancer can pose challenges. Nevertheless, adopting preventive measures like quitting smoking and minimising exposure to harmful chemicals can potentially reduce the associated risk factors.

• #35 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #36 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Cyclophosphamide has been linked to the development of urothelial tumors. More specifically, a breakdown metabolite called acrolein is thought to be the causative agent. […] UTUC is associated with Balkan nephropathy, which is a degenerative interstitial nephritis linked to the consumption of aristolochic acid (contained in some plants in the Balkans). […] Finally, heredity can play a part in the development of urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is associated with Lynch syndrome type II (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma), which is a syndrome characterized by an early onset of proximal colonic nonpolyposis tumors, numerous synchronous and metachronous colonic tumors, and extracolonic tumors.

• #37 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #38 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Cyclophosphamide has been linked to the development of urothelial tumors. More specifically, a breakdown metabolite called acrolein is thought to be the causative agent. […] UTUC is associated with Balkan nephropathy, which is a degenerative interstitial nephritis linked to the consumption of aristolochic acid (contained in some plants in the Balkans). […] Finally, heredity can play a part in the development of urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is associated with Lynch syndrome type II (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma), which is a syndrome characterized by an early onset of proximal colonic nonpolyposis tumors, numerous synchronous and metachronous colonic tumors, and extracolonic tumors.

• #39 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  People who take herbal products with aristolochic acids have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer, as well as greater risk for kidney damage. […] People with BEN have a higher risk of developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter. […] People who have a lot of kidney stones or kidney infections have a higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, which is usually rare, in the renal pelvis or ureter. […] Type B increases the risk for several cancers, including colorectal cancer, other cancers of the digestive system and cancers of the urinary tract, such as renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] People who received radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. People who are exposed to radiation at work or who have survived atomic bombs or nuclear accidents also have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #40 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Tobacco smoking is the factor most strongly associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and increases the risk more than 3-fold. Estimates point to smoking as the cause of 70% of UTUC in men and 40% in women. […] Drinking coffee slightly increases the risk of UTUC; this risk factor is typically observed in people who consume more than seven cups of coffee per day. […] Analgesic abuse is also a risk factor for UTUC. It is independent from and synergistic with renal papillary necrosis. Long-term exposure to analgesics, notably phenacetin, induces a nephropathy that raises the risk of UTUC to as high as 70%. […] Occupational exposure to agents used in the petrochemical, plastic, and tar industries has been linked to an increased risk of UTUC. […] Chronic infections, irritation, and calculi may also predispose to squamous cell carcinoma and, less commonly, adenocarcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

• #41 Ureter Cancer Treatment Durban | Ureteral Cancer

  https://westvilleurology.co.za/urological-services/uro-oncology/ureter-cancer/

  The exact cause of ureter cancer is unclear, but some factors may potentially increase the risk of developing this condition: […] Smoking: The use of tobacco is a significant risk factor for ureter cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemicals: Long-term exposure to chemicals such as aromatic amines, which are found in dyes, plastics, and other industrial products, may increase the risk. […] Chronic irritation: Conditions that cause long-term irritation or inflammation of the urinary tract, such as kidney stones or urinary tract infections, may play a role in the development of ureter cancer. […] Age and gender: Ureter cancer is frequently observed in individuals aged 60 and above, with a higher likelihood of occurrence in men compared to women. […] Given the uncertain aetiology, preventing ureter cancer can pose challenges. Nevertheless, adopting preventive measures like quitting smoking and minimising exposure to harmful chemicals can potentially reduce the associated risk factors.

• #42 Renal pelvis or ureter cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/renal-pelvis-or-ureter-cancer

  Cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter is cancer that forms in the renal pelvis (center of the kidney) or ureter (tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder). […] The exact causes of this cancer are not known. Long-term (chronic) irritation of the kidney from harmful substances removed in the urine may be a factor. This irritation may be caused by: […] Kidney damage from medicines, especially ones for pain (analgesic nephropathy) […] Exposure to certain dyes and chemicals used to manufacture leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber […] Smoking […] People who have had bladder cancer are also at risk.

• #43 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Some things increase your risk and some things decrease it. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who don’t have any risks. […] Smoking tobacco is the main risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] The following can increase your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. There are things you can do to lower your risk and help protect you from developing cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk. After you quit smoking, the risk decreases over time. […] People who took 3 or more phenacetin pills a day over several years have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #44 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Tobacco smoking is the factor most strongly associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and increases the risk more than 3-fold. Estimates point to smoking as the cause of 70% of UTUC in men and 40% in women. […] Drinking coffee slightly increases the risk of UTUC; this risk factor is typically observed in people who consume more than seven cups of coffee per day. […] Analgesic abuse is also a risk factor for UTUC. It is independent from and synergistic with renal papillary necrosis. Long-term exposure to analgesics, notably phenacetin, induces a nephropathy that raises the risk of UTUC to as high as 70%. […] Occupational exposure to agents used in the petrochemical, plastic, and tar industries has been linked to an increased risk of UTUC. […] Chronic infections, irritation, and calculi may also predispose to squamous cell carcinoma and, less commonly, adenocarcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

• #45 Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/transitional-cell-cancer-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter

  Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is a rare urinary tract cancer that typically affects adults ages 65 and older. […] Doctors dont yet know the exact cause of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Though genetics seem to be a factor, it also appears that environmental factors, including smoking and exposure to certain chemicals, raise risk as well. […] Kidney damage caused by the painkiller phenacetin is a risk factor for transitional cell cancer, but phenacetin been off the market since the late 1980s and was not frequently used in the U.S. No other painkillers have been associated with transitional cell cancer. […] Additionally, risk increases among people who: Are smokers

• #46 Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/upper-urinary-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer is a rare type of cancer of the lining of the kidney or ureter. […] Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer is more common in older people. It’s also diagnosed more often in men than women. […] Other factors that increase your risk of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer include: smoking, aristolochic acid – this is produced by aristolochia plants. It may be found in some herbal remedies and can cause kidney damage, Lynch syndrome this inherited syndrome increases the risk of several cancers, including urothelial cancer, if you have bladder cancer or have had it in the past.

• #47 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  People who take herbal products with aristolochic acids have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer, as well as greater risk for kidney damage. […] People with BEN have a higher risk of developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter. […] People who have a lot of kidney stones or kidney infections have a higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, which is usually rare, in the renal pelvis or ureter. […] Type B increases the risk for several cancers, including colorectal cancer, other cancers of the digestive system and cancers of the urinary tract, such as renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] People who received radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. People who are exposed to radiation at work or who have survived atomic bombs or nuclear accidents also have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #48 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Cyclophosphamide has been linked to the development of urothelial tumors. More specifically, a breakdown metabolite called acrolein is thought to be the causative agent. […] UTUC is associated with Balkan nephropathy, which is a degenerative interstitial nephritis linked to the consumption of aristolochic acid (contained in some plants in the Balkans). […] Finally, heredity can play a part in the development of urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is associated with Lynch syndrome type II (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma), which is a syndrome characterized by an early onset of proximal colonic nonpolyposis tumors, numerous synchronous and metachronous colonic tumors, and extracolonic tumors.

• #49 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  UTUCs are relatively uncommon and account for only 5 percent to 10 percent of urinary tract cancers. These cancers develop primarily in people older than 70. Men are affected twice as frequently as women. […] Smoking is one of the largest adjustable risk factors for developing UTUC. The risk increases with both the amount and duration of smoking and appears to decrease over time with smoking cessation. […] Patients with a history of bladder cancer are at increased risk of developing UTUC. […] Chronic inflammation from recurrent urinary tract infections or kidney stones can increase the risk of developing UTUC. […] Abuse of phenacetin (no longer available) is associated with an increased risk of developing UTUC. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide appears to increase the risk of developing UTUC.

• #50 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Cyclophosphamide has been linked to the development of urothelial tumors. More specifically, a breakdown metabolite called acrolein is thought to be the causative agent. […] UTUC is associated with Balkan nephropathy, which is a degenerative interstitial nephritis linked to the consumption of aristolochic acid (contained in some plants in the Balkans). […] Finally, heredity can play a part in the development of urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is associated with Lynch syndrome type II (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma), which is a syndrome characterized by an early onset of proximal colonic nonpolyposis tumors, numerous synchronous and metachronous colonic tumors, and extracolonic tumors.

• #51 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  People who take herbal products with aristolochic acids have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer, as well as greater risk for kidney damage. […] People with BEN have a higher risk of developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter. […] People who have a lot of kidney stones or kidney infections have a higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, which is usually rare, in the renal pelvis or ureter. […] Type B increases the risk for several cancers, including colorectal cancer, other cancers of the digestive system and cancers of the urinary tract, such as renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] People who received radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. People who are exposed to radiation at work or who have survived atomic bombs or nuclear accidents also have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #52 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (UTUC) | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not common. […] The cause of UTUC is not known in most cases. However, there are several risk factors: smoking tobacco, a history of long-term inflammation of the ureter or kidney, exposure to certain chemicals over time, such as those used to make plastics, textiles, rubber, paint and dyes, exposure to arsenic, prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, long-term use of large quantities of painkillers, family history of bladder cancer, having Lynch syndrome or Balkan nephropathy. […] As the causes of UTUC is not known in most cases it is not possible to prevent the disease. However, quitting smoking, limiting exposure to certain chemicals and not taking large quantities of painkillers can help reduce your risk of developing UTUC.

• #53 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Tobacco smoking is the factor most strongly associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and increases the risk more than 3-fold. Estimates point to smoking as the cause of 70% of UTUC in men and 40% in women. […] Drinking coffee slightly increases the risk of UTUC; this risk factor is typically observed in people who consume more than seven cups of coffee per day. […] Analgesic abuse is also a risk factor for UTUC. It is independent from and synergistic with renal papillary necrosis. Long-term exposure to analgesics, notably phenacetin, induces a nephropathy that raises the risk of UTUC to as high as 70%. […] Occupational exposure to agents used in the petrochemical, plastic, and tar industries has been linked to an increased risk of UTUC. […] Chronic infections, irritation, and calculi may also predispose to squamous cell carcinoma and, less commonly, adenocarcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

• #54 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  People who take herbal products with aristolochic acids have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer, as well as greater risk for kidney damage. […] People with BEN have a higher risk of developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter. […] People who have a lot of kidney stones or kidney infections have a higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, which is usually rare, in the renal pelvis or ureter. […] Type B increases the risk for several cancers, including colorectal cancer, other cancers of the digestive system and cancers of the urinary tract, such as renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] People who received radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. People who are exposed to radiation at work or who have survived atomic bombs or nuclear accidents also have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #55 Bladder cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104

  Increasing age. Bladder cancer risk increases as you age. Though it can occur at any age, most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55. […] Being male. Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women are. […] Exposure to certain chemicals. Your kidneys play a key role in filtering harmful chemicals from your bloodstream and moving them into your bladder. Because of this, it’s thought that being around certain chemicals may increase the risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals linked to bladder cancer risk include arsenic and chemicals used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, leather, textiles and paint products. […] Previous cancer treatment. Treatment with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer. People who received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis for a previous cancer have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #56 The Etiology of Bladder Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585966/

  A less common but aggressive bladder cancer is SCC of bladder which is caused by Schistosomiasis haematobium. […] Obesity has been long associated with various forms of cancers including bladder cancers. One meta-analysis showed that obesity is an independent risk factor which increases the risk of bladder cancer by 10%. […] The modifiable risk factors in bladder cancers include tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and obesity.

• #57 Urethral Cancer : Symptoms, Signs and Causes | HCG

  http://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/urethral-cancer-symptoms-and-causes/

  While rare, urethral caruncles, which are benign growths near the urethral opening, may be associated with chronic irritation and inflammation, potentially increasing the risk of cancer. […] Urethral diverticula, pouch-like structures in the urethral wall, may create an environment suitable for the development of urethral cancer. […] Long-term use of indwelling catheters, often necessary for certain medical conditions, may pose a risk for urethral cancer.

• #58 Bladder cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104

  Chronic bladder inflammation. Chronic or repeated urinary infections or inflammations (cystitis), such as might happen with long-term use of a urinary catheter, may increase the risk of a squamous cell bladder cancer. In some areas of the world, squamous cell carcinoma is linked to chronic bladder inflammation caused by the parasitic infection known as schistosomiasis. […] Personal or family history of cancer. If you’ve had bladder cancer, you’re more likely to get it again. If one of your blood relatives a parent, sibling or child has a history of bladder cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease, although it’s rare for bladder cancer to run in families. A family history of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), can increase the risk of cancer in the urinary system, as well as in the colon, uterus, ovaries and other organs.

• #59 Understanding Urethral Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors – Desert Sky Urology

  https://desertskyurology.com/blog/understanding-urethral-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/

  Exposure to certain chemicals in the workplace or through environmental factors may play a role in the development of urethral cancer. Occupational exposure to substances like arsenic has been linked to an increased risk. […] Previous radiation therapy in the pelvic area for other medical conditions may elevate the risk of developing urethral cancer. […] While the exact cause remains uncertain, various risk factors, such as smoking, chronic infections, and chemical exposures, have been identified.

• #60 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #61 Malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureter – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/malignancies-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter

  Malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureter […] Urothelial (formerly known as transitional cell) carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UTUC), bladder, and urethra tend to be multifocal. This phenomenon is termed „field cancerization” and is thought to be caused by exposure of the urothelium to potential carcinogens that are either excreted in the urine or activated by hydrolyzing enzymes in the urine. […] Over 90 percent of tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter are of urothelial origin and are histologically identical to those originating in the bladder.

• #62 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #63 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #64 Our Rates of Concurrent or Differential Development of Urothelial Carcinoma in the Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Bladder: A Single-center Experience – Bulletin of Urooncology

  https://uroonkolojibulteni.com/articles/doi/uob.galenos.2022.2022.5.3

  As a result, UC can affect multifocal organs; therefore, close surveillance of patients diagnosed with upper or lower urinary tract disease UC and who are smokers is recommended at the time of diagnosis or especially during the first 3 years after diagnosis to prevent the formation of primary tumors in other regions.

• #65 Malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureter – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/malignancies-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter

  Malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureter […] Urothelial (formerly known as transitional cell) carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UTUC), bladder, and urethra tend to be multifocal. This phenomenon is termed „field cancerization” and is thought to be caused by exposure of the urothelium to potential carcinogens that are either excreted in the urine or activated by hydrolyzing enzymes in the urine. […] Over 90 percent of tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter are of urothelial origin and are histologically identical to those originating in the bladder.

• #66 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Tobacco smoking is the factor most strongly associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and increases the risk more than 3-fold. Estimates point to smoking as the cause of 70% of UTUC in men and 40% in women. […] Drinking coffee slightly increases the risk of UTUC; this risk factor is typically observed in people who consume more than seven cups of coffee per day. […] Analgesic abuse is also a risk factor for UTUC. It is independent from and synergistic with renal papillary necrosis. Long-term exposure to analgesics, notably phenacetin, induces a nephropathy that raises the risk of UTUC to as high as 70%. […] Occupational exposure to agents used in the petrochemical, plastic, and tar industries has been linked to an increased risk of UTUC. […] Chronic infections, irritation, and calculi may also predispose to squamous cell carcinoma and, less commonly, adenocarcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

• #67 Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452449-overview

  Tobacco smoking is the factor most strongly associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and increases the risk more than 3-fold. Estimates point to smoking as the cause of 70% of UTUC in men and 40% in women. […] Drinking coffee slightly increases the risk of UTUC; this risk factor is typically observed in people who consume more than seven cups of coffee per day. […] Analgesic abuse is also a risk factor for UTUC. It is independent from and synergistic with renal papillary necrosis. Long-term exposure to analgesics, notably phenacetin, induces a nephropathy that raises the risk of UTUC to as high as 70%. […] Occupational exposure to agents used in the petrochemical, plastic, and tar industries has been linked to an increased risk of UTUC. […] Chronic infections, irritation, and calculi may also predispose to squamous cell carcinoma and, less commonly, adenocarcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

• #68 Ureter Cancer | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/ureter-cancer

  There are a number of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that can increase the risk of ureter cancer, including: […] Chronic kidney infections or stones: Squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells found in the tissue that forms the lining of the ureter) may develop in people who have chronic kidney infections or stones. […] Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain dyes and chemicals used in making textiles, plastics, rubber and leather goods can increase the risk of developing ureter cancer. […] People with the cancer syndrome known as Lynch syndrome are at higher risk of ureter cancer. Lynch Syndrome is also known as Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). […] Ureter cancer more frequently affects people with a history of bladder cancer. Some treatments for bladder cancer, such as radiation of the pelvis and some cancer drugs, can increase the risk of ureter cancer. […] Smoking is a known causes of urinary tract irritation that may lead to cancer.

• #69 The Etiology of Bladder Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585966/

  A less common but aggressive bladder cancer is SCC of bladder which is caused by Schistosomiasis haematobium. […] Obesity has been long associated with various forms of cancers including bladder cancers. One meta-analysis showed that obesity is an independent risk factor which increases the risk of bladder cancer by 10%. […] The modifiable risk factors in bladder cancers include tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and obesity.

• #70 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (UTUC) | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not common. […] The cause of UTUC is not known in most cases. However, there are several risk factors: smoking tobacco, a history of long-term inflammation of the ureter or kidney, exposure to certain chemicals over time, such as those used to make plastics, textiles, rubber, paint and dyes, exposure to arsenic, prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, long-term use of large quantities of painkillers, family history of bladder cancer, having Lynch syndrome or Balkan nephropathy. […] As the causes of UTUC is not known in most cases it is not possible to prevent the disease. However, quitting smoking, limiting exposure to certain chemicals and not taking large quantities of painkillers can help reduce your risk of developing UTUC.

• #71 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (UTUC) | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not common. […] The cause of UTUC is not known in most cases. However, there are several risk factors: smoking tobacco, a history of long-term inflammation of the ureter or kidney, exposure to certain chemicals over time, such as those used to make plastics, textiles, rubber, paint and dyes, exposure to arsenic, prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, long-term use of large quantities of painkillers, family history of bladder cancer, having Lynch syndrome or Balkan nephropathy. […] As the causes of UTUC is not known in most cases it is not possible to prevent the disease. However, quitting smoking, limiting exposure to certain chemicals and not taking large quantities of painkillers can help reduce your risk of developing UTUC.

• #72 Risks for renal pelvis and ureter cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks

  Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Some things increase your risk and some things decrease it. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who don’t have any risks. […] Smoking tobacco is the main risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. […] The following can increase your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. There are things you can do to lower your risk and help protect you from developing cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk. After you quit smoking, the risk decreases over time. […] People who took 3 or more phenacetin pills a day over several years have a higher risk for renal pelvis or ureter cancer.

• #73 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (UTUC) | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not common. […] The cause of UTUC is not known in most cases. However, there are several risk factors: smoking tobacco, a history of long-term inflammation of the ureter or kidney, exposure to certain chemicals over time, such as those used to make plastics, textiles, rubber, paint and dyes, exposure to arsenic, prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, long-term use of large quantities of painkillers, family history of bladder cancer, having Lynch syndrome or Balkan nephropathy. […] As the causes of UTUC is not known in most cases it is not possible to prevent the disease. However, quitting smoking, limiting exposure to certain chemicals and not taking large quantities of painkillers can help reduce your risk of developing UTUC.

• #74 Ureter Cancer Treatment Durban | Ureteral Cancer

  https://westvilleurology.co.za/urological-services/uro-oncology/ureter-cancer/

  The exact cause of ureter cancer is unclear, but some factors may potentially increase the risk of developing this condition: […] Smoking: The use of tobacco is a significant risk factor for ureter cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemicals: Long-term exposure to chemicals such as aromatic amines, which are found in dyes, plastics, and other industrial products, may increase the risk. […] Chronic irritation: Conditions that cause long-term irritation or inflammation of the urinary tract, such as kidney stones or urinary tract infections, may play a role in the development of ureter cancer. […] Age and gender: Ureter cancer is frequently observed in individuals aged 60 and above, with a higher likelihood of occurrence in men compared to women. […] Given the uncertain aetiology, preventing ureter cancer can pose challenges. Nevertheless, adopting preventive measures like quitting smoking and minimising exposure to harmful chemicals can potentially reduce the associated risk factors.

• #75 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (UTUC) | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not common. […] The cause of UTUC is not known in most cases. However, there are several risk factors: smoking tobacco, a history of long-term inflammation of the ureter or kidney, exposure to certain chemicals over time, such as those used to make plastics, textiles, rubber, paint and dyes, exposure to arsenic, prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, long-term use of large quantities of painkillers, family history of bladder cancer, having Lynch syndrome or Balkan nephropathy. […] As the causes of UTUC is not known in most cases it is not possible to prevent the disease. However, quitting smoking, limiting exposure to certain chemicals and not taking large quantities of painkillers can help reduce your risk of developing UTUC.

• #76 Urethral cancer – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/urethral-cancer/

  Whether and to what extent these risk factors are involved in the development of urethral cancer has not yet been sufficiently scientifically proven. Researchers are still discussing what role these factors play in men and women. […] The causes of urethral cancer are still largely unknown. Therefore, you cannot really prevent this type of cancer. However, experts associate urethral cancer with frequent urethritis and repeated urinary tract infections. You should therefore always have these illnesses adequately treated.

• #77 Ureteral cancer | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-cancer

  Ureteral cancer is not common. When it happens, it occurs most often in older adults and in people who have had bladder cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes ureteral cancer. Ureteral cancer starts as a growth of cells in a ureter. Ureteral cancer happens when cells in a ureter develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] Factors that can increase the risk of ureteral cancer include: Increasing age. The risk of ureteral cancer goes up with age. Most people diagnosed with this cancer are in their 70s and 80s. Previous bladder or kidney cancer. People who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer have a higher risk of ureteral cancer. Smoking tobacco. Smoking tobacco raises the risk of ureteral cancer. It also raises the risk of other urinary tract cancers, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer. Exposure to certain chemicals. Working with certain chemicals is linked to an increased risk of ureteral cancer. Family history of cancer. If you have a strong family history of cancer, discuss it with your healthcare professional. Together you may decide whether to consider genetic testing for inherited cancer syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome raises the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including ureteral cancer.

• #78 Our Rates of Concurrent or Differential Development of Urothelial Carcinoma in the Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Bladder: A Single-center Experience – Bulletin of Urooncology

  https://uroonkolojibulteni.com/articles/doi/uob.galenos.2022.2022.5.3

  As a result, UC can affect multifocal organs; therefore, close surveillance of patients diagnosed with upper or lower urinary tract disease UC and who are smokers is recommended at the time of diagnosis or especially during the first 3 years after diagnosis to prevent the formation of primary tumors in other regions.

• #79 Ureteral Cancer Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/ureteral-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Ureteral cancer is more common in people previously diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer. […] The ultimate cause of ureteral cancer is yet unknown, but it usually occurs when there is a change or mutation in the DNA of the cells that line the ureter. […] Certain causative factors that increase the risk of ureteral cancer include age, gender, previous cancer conditions, smoking, genetics, exposure to chemicals, medications, and herbal formulations.

• #80 What is Ureteral Cancer?

  https://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2021/12/what-is-ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is a type of cancer that grows in the ureter, or the two thin tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. It is uncommon compared with other cancers. […] The causes of ureteral cancer remain unclear, but there are some factors that may increase risk. Risk factors for ureter cancer include the following: Having a personal history of bladder cancer, Smoking cigarettes, Taking several certain pain medicines, such as phenacetin, Being exposed to certain dyes and chemicals used in making leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber, Inherited familial disorders, especially Lynch syndrome. […] Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Remember: Having a risk factor does not mean you will develop ureteral cancer.

• #81 Ureteral Cancer and Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma | Saint John’s Cancer Institute – Santa Monica, CA

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/ureteral-cancer/

  Ureteral cancer is uncommon and occurs mostly in older adults and in those who previously treated for bladder cancer. […] Ureteral cancer is closely related to bladder cancer. These are cancers that originate in the renal pelvis, calyx, or ureters that extend to the bladder and are referred to as descending tumors. 22-47% of the ureteral cancer cases will also develop bladder cancer at some time in the future. […] It is well known that tobacco increases risk for all types of cancer and carcinoma. Patients are two to three times at increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma if they have exposure to aniline dyes. […] Patients with a syndrome called Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Lynch Syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome. We estimate that 21% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma have a variant of Lynch Syndrome. […] Certain industries have a greater risk for developing UTUC.

• #82 Ureteral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureteral_cancer

  Ureteral cancer becomes more likely in older adults, usually ages 70-80, who have previously been diagnosed with bladder cancer. […] The exact causes of ureteral cancer are not clear. However, it is known that patients with a history of bladder cancer are more likely to develop ureteral cancer because both cancers contain the same cell type. […] The risk of developing ureteral cancer increases with age. In addition to increasing age, previous bladder or kidney cancer diagnoses may also increase the risk of developing ureteral cancer. […] HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), also known as lynch syndrome, leads to an increased risk of developing ureteral cancer, as well as various other cancers such as colon cancer. […] Aside from genetic factors and predisposition to developing cancer, there are also a few environmental factors and lifestyle choices that may significantly escalate the chances of being diagnosed with ureteral cancer.

• #83 Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (UTUC) | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/upper-tract-urothelial-cancer

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not common. […] The cause of UTUC is not known in most cases. However, there are several risk factors: smoking tobacco, a history of long-term inflammation of the ureter or kidney, exposure to certain chemicals over time, such as those used to make plastics, textiles, rubber, paint and dyes, exposure to arsenic, prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, long-term use of large quantities of painkillers, family history of bladder cancer, having Lynch syndrome or Balkan nephropathy. […] As the causes of UTUC is not known in most cases it is not possible to prevent the disease. However, quitting smoking, limiting exposure to certain chemicals and not taking large quantities of painkillers can help reduce your risk of developing UTUC.

Zobacz więcej