Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4447-ovarian-cancer

  Ovarian cancer occurs when abnormal cells in your ovaries or fallopian tubes grow and multiply out of control. […] The exact cause of ovarian cancer isn’t yet known. But some people have a slightly higher risk of developing the condition. Ovarian cancer risk factors include: Being over the age of 60. Obesity. A family history of ovarian cancer (others in your biological family have had the disease) or have inherited a gene mutation (BRCA1 or BRCA2) or Lynch syndrome. Never being pregnant or having children later in life. Endometriosis. […] There’s also an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer as you grow older.

• #2 Ovarian cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/ovarian-cancer/

  The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but certain things are thought to increase a woman’s risk of developing the condition, such as age, the number of eggs the ovaries release and whether someone in your family has had ovarian or breast cancer in the past. However, only 1 in 10 cases of ovarian cancer has a genetic link. […] Several possible causes of ovarian cancer have been identified, along with risks that may make developing the condition more likely. […] Cancer begins with a change (mutation) in the structure of the DNA in cells, which can affect how they grow. This means that cells grow and reproduce uncontrollably, producing a lump of tissue called a tumour. […] In ovarian cancer, cells in the ovary start to change and grow abnormally. If the cancer isn’t identified at an early stage, it can spread to the abdomen and pelvis, including other parts of the female reproductive system.

• #3 Ovarian cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20375941

  Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries. […] It’s not clear what causes ovarian cancer, though doctors have identified things that can increase the risk of the disease. […] Doctors know that ovarian cancer begins when cells in or near the ovaries develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly, creating a mass (tumor) of cancer cells. The cancer cells continue living when healthy cells would die. They can invade nearby tissues and break off from an initial tumor to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. […] Factors that can increase your risk of ovarian cancer include: […] A small percentage of ovarian cancers are caused by genes changes you inherit from your parents. The genes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer include BRCA1 and BRCA2.

• #4 What Causes Ovarian Cancer | How Do You Get Ovarian Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont yet know exactly what causes most ovarian cancers. […] The most recent and important finding about the cause of ovarian cancer is that it starts in cells at the tail ends of the fallopian tubes and not necessarily in the ovary itself. […] There are many theories about the causes of ovarian cancer. […] Some researchers think that there may be some relationship between ovulation and the risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] One theory to explain this is that some cancer-causing substances may enter the body through the vagina and pass through the uterus and fallopian tubes to reach the ovaries. […] Another theory is that male hormones (androgens) can cause ovarian cancer. […] A small portion of ovarian cancers occur in women with inherited mutations linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. […] Most mutations related to ovarian cancer are not inherited but instead occur during a woman’s life and are called acquired mutations. […] The cause of most acquired mutations remains unknown.

• #5 Ovarian Cancer | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer.html

  Some cases of ovarian cancer can be passed down from one generation to the next. Genetic counseling may be right for you. Learn more about the risk to you and your family on our genetic testing page. […] A growing body of evidence suggests that the distal fallopian tube or flower-shaped section located nearest the ovary is the site of many cases of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the most common type of ovarian cancer and one of the most aggressive. […] A growing body of data suggests that the fallopian tubes may be the origin of many ovarian cancers. So, a lot of surgeons have changed their practice to remove the fallopian tubes entirely to give patients additional protection against ovarian cancer. […] MD Anderson leads the nation in innovative research into the causes, prevention, detection and treatment of ovarian cancer, including rare ovarian cancers. In fact, we are one of the few cancer centers in the nation to house a prestigious federally-funded Ovarian Cancer SPORE (Specialized Program of Research Excellence) program. This means we offer a variety of clinical trials of new ovarian cancer treatments.

• #6 Ovarian cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer

  The use of fertility medication may contribute to ovarian borderline tumor formation, but the link between the two is disputed and difficult to study. Hormonal conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis are associated with ovarian cancer, but the link is not completely confirmed. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen likely increases the risk of ovarian cancer. Endometriosis is another risk factor for ovarian cancer, as is pain with menstruation. […] A family history of ovarian cancer is a risk factor for ovarian cancer. Women with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome), and those with BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genetic abnormalities are at increased risk. The major genetic risk factor for ovarian cancer is a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, or in DNA mismatch repair genes, which is present in 10% of ovarian cancer cases.

• #7

• #8 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567760/

  Factors that increase ovulation over a lifetime (eg, nulliparity, early menarche, or late menopause) are associated with increased ovarian cancer risk. However, the exact etiologic mechanism is not known. […] Additionally, inflammatory conditions (eg, endometriosis and obesity) are thought to lead to the development of ovarian cancer secondary to oxidative stress and deoxyribonucleic acid damage. […] A significant risk factor for ovarian cancer is a positive personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer. […] Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are a prevalent underlying cause of malignancy predisposition in individuals. […] Other hereditary cancer syndromes that also increase the risk for ovarian cancer are associated with other gene mutations, including mismatch repair genes in Lynch syndrome, tumor protein p53 (TP53) in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, STK11 in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, CHEK2, RAD51, BRIP1, and PALB2. […] Recent data suggest that high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) may originate in the fallopian tube based on observed changes in the distal epithelium in fallopian serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, an HGSC precursor.

• #9 What is Ovarian Cancer? | National Ovarian Cancer Coalition – ovarian.org

  https://ovarian.org/about-ovarian-cancer/what-is-ovarian-cancer/

  Ovarian cancer includes cancers that start in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum). […] The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown. There are many ideas about what causes the disease. Ovarian cancer starts when the DNA in ovarian cells mutates (changes). DNA contains instructions that tell a cell what to do. When DNA mutates, it tells the cells to grow and multiply quickly. This creates a mass of cancer cells that continue to grow while healthy cells die. […] A small number of ovarian cancers occur in those who have inherited mutations linked to an increased risk. These include mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. These genes usually protect you from getting certain cancers. Mutations in these genes prevent them from working properly. You are more likely to get certain cancers if you inherit these mutations.

• #10 Causes & Risks Factors – Ovarian Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.ocrf.com.au/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors

  Hormonal levels can influence the risk of various types of cancer in different ways. Higher oestrogen levels have been associated with increased ovarian cancer risk, while progesterone use, and combined oestrogen/progesterone use is associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk. […] Talcum powder use in the genital area is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, with one study associating a 33% increased risk. […] Some inherited harmful changes or ‘variants’ in genes have been linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer and genetics is associated with approximately one fifth of ovarian cancer cases. […] BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes involved in the DNA repair. An estimated 39%-58% of women with a BRCA1 variant are likely to develop ovarian cancer. For BRCA2, this rate sits at 13%-29%. […] Ashkenazi Jewish individuals have a higher risk of ovarian cancer diagnosis, and further research is needed to identify other populations who could also have a higher genetic risk. In the general population, the risk of carrying a BRCA mutation is 1 in 400. Although risk can vary depending on ancestry, Ashkenazi Jewish individuals have a 1 in 40 chance of carrying a BRCA mutation, and therefore an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

• #10 Causes & Risks Factors – Ovarian Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.ocrf.com.au/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors

  OVARIAN CANCER CAUSES […] Ovarian cancer symptoms are often vague and are commonly attributed to other health complaints such as menstruation, menopause, or gastrointestinal issues. Currently, there is no reliable early detection test for ovarian cancer — that’s right, cervical cancer screening does not detect ovarian cancer — so it’s important to understand your individual level of ovarian cancer risk based on your age, cultural background, lifestyle, other health conditions, and more. […] While some cases can be linked to genetic changes called ‘variants’, the cause of most cases remains unknown and research into ovarian cancer risk factors is ongoing. The good news is that recent research has offered important insights, as discussed below. […] AVERAGE OVARIAN CANCER RISK […] In 2023 the average lifetime risk of being diagnosed with ovarian cancer by the age of 85 was 1 in 87 but certain factors can increase this risk for some individuals. […] The below factors have been associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer diagnosis: Tobacco smoking; Age: The risk of ovarian cancer has generally been considered to increase with age and in 2010 an extensive review by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) showed that many diagnoses (approximately 60%) occur in women over 60 yrs. However, 2020 AIHW data showed that over a third of ovarian cancer cases in Australia are occurring in women under 60, meaning it can impact across age groups. A family history of ovarian, breast or colon cancer; Genetic predisposition: such as inherited BRCA genetic variants; Individuals from particular ethnic backgrounds including Ashkenazi Jewish descent; Medical conditions and considerations including endometriosis, Lynch Syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, obesity, and diabetes; Hormonal levels can influence the risk of various types of cancer, including ovarian, in different ways. […] It’s important to remember that while an endometriosis diagnosis can increase ovarian cancer risk, the overall relative risk of developing ovarian cancer is low and research on this association is ongoing. In 2024, a research study indicated that endometriosis was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer, with some endometriosis subtypes correlating with even higher risk.

• #11 Ovarian cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ovarian-cancer

  Inherited genetic mutations of BRCA genes are the strongest risk factor. A family history of breast or ovarian cancer is also a strong risk factor. […] Inherited mutations in the genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 greatly increase the risk for ovarian and breast cancers. […] Women with a BRCA1 mutation have about a 44% lifetime risk for ovarian cancer. Women with a BRCA2 mutation have about a 17% lifetime risk for ovarian cancer. […] Women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer are at increased risk for ovarian cancer, even if they do not have BRCA mutations. Endometriosis, a condition in which the cells that line the cavity of the uterus grow in other areas of the body such as on the ovaries or on the other pelvic structures, increases the risk for ovarian cancer. […] Women are at increased risk for ovarian cancer if they began menstruating at an early age (before age 12), have not had any children, had their first child after age 35, or experienced early menopause (before age 50).

• #12 Ovarian cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20375941

  Several other gene changes are known to increase the risk of ovarian cancer, including gene changes associated with Lynch syndrome and the genes BRIP1, RAD51C and RAD51D. […] If you have blood relatives who have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease. […] Being overweight or obese increases the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy to control menopause signs and symptoms may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that lines the inside of your uterus grows outside your uterus. […] Beginning menstruation at an early age or starting menopause at a later age, or both, may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. […] If you’ve never been pregnant, you may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

• #13 Ovarian cancer causes and risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-ovarian-cancer

  Some people worry about a link between endometriosis and developing ovarian cancer. But studies show that having endometriosis only slightly increases the risk of endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers. […] There are also some lifestyle factors that can increase your risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Being overweight (obese) may increase the risk of some ovarian cancers. […] Smoking cigarettes may slightly increase the risk of developing a less common type of ovarian cancer called mucinous cancer. […] Having a family history of ovarian cancer can increase your risk of developing it. […] Around 5 to 15 out of 100 (5 to 15%) of ovarian cancers are thought to be caused by a change (mutation) in a gene that is passed on in the family. […] The most commonly affected genes are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. If you have a mutation in one of these genes, you may have a higher risk of ovarian, fallopian tube, primary peritoneal and some other types of cancer. […] Lynch syndrome and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are both rare genetic conditions that affect some families. They can increase the risk of some cancers, including ovarian cancer.

• #13 Ovarian cancer causes and risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-ovarian-cancer

  We do not know what causes ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer or primary peritoneal cancer. There are some risk factors that can increase the chances of developing them. […] Doctors do not know what causes cancer to start in the ovary. But there are some risk factors that may increase the chances of it developing. […] The risk of ovarian cancer increases with age. […] Doctors think the number of times an ovary releases an egg (ovulates) may be linked to ovarian cancer risk. […] Taking HRT, which uses oestrogen, progesterone or both, after the menopause slightly increases the risk of ovarian cancer. […] If you have had breast cancer, you may be more likely to develop ovarian cancer. […] Some other conditions can increase your risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Having diabetes may increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

• #14

  https://atlantagynonc.com/conditions/ovarian-cancer

  Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS)- This rare genetic syndrome is caused by a certain gene mutation (gene STK11). […] Its linked with a higher risk for ovarian, breast, uterine, esophagus, stomach, colon, and lung cancer. […] MUTYH-associated polyposis-This causes polyps in the colon and small intestine. […] Its linked with a high risk for colon cancer. […] It also puts people at a higher risk for other cancers, including ovary and bladder cancers.

• #15 Risks and causes of ovarian cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/risks-causes

  Ovarian cancer can affect anyone born with female reproductive organs including the ovaries and fallopian tubes. […] We dont know what causes most ovarian cancers. But there are some risks factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or being overweight. […] As with most cancers, ovarian cancer becomes more common as you get older. The risk of ovarian cancer increases steeply from around 45 years. And is greatest in those aged between 75 and 79 years. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer because other members of their family have had it. This is called a family history of cancer. For example, having a first degree relative diagnosed with ovarian cancer increases the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Some people have an increased risk of ovarian cancer because they have an inherited gene change (fault). Several gene faults or genetic conditions can increase ovarian cancer risk. This includes a fault in the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene, RAD51C or RAD51D gene, BRIP1 gene, and PALB2 gene.

• #16 What Is the Main Cause of Ovarian Cancer? Risk Factors & How to Prevent

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_is_the_main_cause_of_ovarian_cancer/article_em.htm

  Some people may inherit the mutated DNA from their parents. The genes responsible for increasing the risk of ovarian cancer are called breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2). […] Most mutations in ovarian cancer are not inherited but may occur during a womans lifetime. These are known as acquired mutations. […] However, studies have not specifically linked any single chemical in the environment or diets to mutations that cause ovarian cancer. The cause of most acquired mutations remains unknown.

• #17 Ovarian Cancer | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer.html

  Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the female reproductive organs that produce and store eggs (ovaries). It occurs when abnormal ovarian cells divide and multiply uncontrollably. […] Ovarian cancer is a generic term for any primary malignant ovarian tumor. However, ovarian cancer is not one disease. There are many types of ovarian cancer, including some that are extremely rare and require specialized treatment. Therefore, establishing the correct diagnosis upfront is very important. The main types of ovarian cancer are named for the cells where the disease first forms. […] Anything that increases your chance of getting ovarian cancer is a risk factor. These include: Age: The risk of ovarian cancer increases with age. About half of ovarian cancers are in women over 60. Family history of ovarian cancer. One close relative with ovarian cancer who has a suspected BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Genetic factors: Approximately 10% to 15% of ovarian cancers are due to genes that make you more likely to develop cancer. These include: BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or suspected risk of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer).

• #18 The Causes & Risk Factors Of Ovarian Cancer | Ovarian Cancer Action

  https://ovarian.org.uk/ovarian-cancer/am-i-at-risk/

  The risk of ovarian cancer increases as you get older. Ovarian cancer has a strong association with age. Currently around 84% of cases are diagnosed in women over the age of 50, and more than half of all cases in women over 65. […] Some ethnic groups, particularly those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, have a higher prevalence of BRCA gene mutations, putting them at a greater risk for ovarian cancer. […] Smoking has been linked to a higher risk of certain types of ovarian cancer, especially mucinous ovarian cancer. […] Research shows that using oestrogen-only or combined HRT increases a woman’s risk of ovarian cancer. […] Ovarian cancer is linked to increased ovulations, therefore a long menstrual history can increase risk of getting the disease. […] Research shows that women who have endometriosis are at increased risk of ovarian cancer.

• #19 Ovarian Cancer: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cancer

  If you have a personal history of breast cancer, your risk for ovarian cancer is higher. […] Women who use fertility drugs may have a higher risk. […] Ovarian cancer is most common in older women; its rarely diagnosed in women under age 40. […] Non-Hispanic white women also have the highest risk of ovarian cancer. […] Women with a body mass index over 30 have a higher risk for ovarian cancer.

• #20 Ovarian Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/ovarian-cancer

  Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumour in one or both ovaries. […] Some factors that can increase your risk of ovarian cancer include: age (risk increases for women over 50), family history of ovarian, breast or bowel cancer, changes in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2, being of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, early onset of periods (before 12 years) and late menopause, women who have not had children or had their first child after the age of 35, using oestrogen only hormone replacement therapy or fertility treatment. […] Some factors that may reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer include using the oral contraceptive pill for several years, having your fallopian tubes tied (or removed), having children before the age of 35 and breastfeeding. […] There is no proven method of prevention. Oophorectomy (removal of ovaries) in women with a strong family history does not always prevent cancer.

• #21 Causes of Ovarian Cancer | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors

  The precise cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but several risk factors have been associated with developing the disease. […] A small percentage of ovarian cancers (about 10%) have a hereditary component, in other words, several cases occur in the same family. […] Family history. A clear family history of breast or ovarian cancer increases the risk. […] Genetics. Between 10%-15% of ovarian cancers are caused by a mutation in a known gene that has been passed down within a family, such as the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation. […] Age. 50% of women with ovarian cancer are aged over 60. […] Obesity. Obese women are more at risk. […] Endometriosis. Whether endometriosis is a risk factor is still being studied. […] Ethnic origin. Women from North America, Northern Europe and those with Ashkenazi Jewish heritage have a higher risk.

• #21 Causes of Ovarian Cancer | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors

  Reproductive history. Women who have not had children, who are infertile (unable to have children) for no apparent reason, or who have not taken birth control pills may have an increased risk. […] Hormone replacement therapy. Oestrogen-only hormone replacement therapy after menopause increases the risk of cancer over time. […] Taking birth control pills. These may reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer by 30-50%. […] Breastfeeding. The protection increases with the cumulative time spent breastfeeding. […] Pregnancy. The more full-term pregnancies a woman has had, the lower her risk. […] Surgical procedures. Women who have had a hysterectomy (partial or total removal of the uterus), a tubal ligation, or a salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tubes) have a lower risk.

• #22 Ovarian cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer/

  The risk of ovarian cancer is affected by how many periods a woman has during her lifetime. […] Not having children, having your first period before the age of 12 and having the menopause after the age of 55 all increase the risk of ovarian cancer, because they all increase the number of menstrual cycles a woman has. […] Taller women have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. […] The risk of developing ovarian cancer increases with age. More than half of cases in the UK are in women aged 65 or over. […] Oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Sterilisation (tubal ligation) also reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Breastfeeding may decrease the risk of ovarian cancer.

• #22 Ovarian cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer/

  Anyone with ovaries can get ovarian cancer. […] Ovarian cancer develops if cells in the ovary start to change and grow abnormally. […] There are many different things that affect your risk of ovarian cancer. […] Evidence for what can cause ovarian cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] Women living with overweight or obesity have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) slightly increases the risk of ovarian cancer, but the risk decreases gradually once you stop. […] Women with a family history of ovarian or bowel cancer have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. […] About 5-10% of ovarian cancers are due to genetics. Ovarian cancers caused by the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are usually harder to treat.

• #23 Ovarian cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/ovarian-cancer/

  Your risk of ovarian cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring after the menopause. Most cases of ovarian cancer occur in women and anyone with ovaries who are over 50 years of age. […] If you have 2 or more close relatives (mother, sister or daughter) who developed ovarian cancer or breast cancer, your risk of also developing the condition may be increased. […] If your relatives developed cancer before the age of 50, it’s more likely it was the result of an inherited faulty gene. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are faulty genes that are linked to ovarian cancer. […] Every time an egg is released into the reproductive system, the surface of the ovary breaks to let it out. The surface of the ovary is damaged during this process and needs to be repaired. Each time this happens, there’s a greater chance of abnormal cell growth during the repair.

• #24 Clues to the origins of ovarian cancer

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/clues-to-the-origins-of-ovarian-cancer

  Development from incessant ovulation is a hypothesis that more frequent ovulatory cycles lead to the formation and growth of dominant follicles that produce high levels of estrogen-rich fluid, induce minor trauma from the act of ovulation, and result in surrounding epithelial proliferation, inflammation, wound repair, and increased amounts of DNA damage. […] Convincing evidence points to the fallopian tube as the origin of many ovarian cancer cases. […] Chronic inflammation of the tubes has also been proposed as carcinogenic based on exposure of the fallopian tube epithelium to retrograde menstruation or infectious and inflammatory agents. […] Endometrioid and clear cell ovarian epithelial cancers are known to be associated with endometriosis. […] Although endometriosis itself is not considered a premalignant condition, there are many components of endometriosis that make malignant transformation plausible.

• #24 Clues to the origins of ovarian cancer

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/clues-to-the-origins-of-ovarian-cancer

  Because of overlapping risk factors between endometriosis and ovarian cancer (early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity), the rate of ovarian cancer among patients with known endometriosis is higher than that of the general population. […] The overall lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer in the general population is 1.3% to 1.5%, with a majority of cases occurring in the later years of life. […] Events that decrease the number of ovulatory events are known to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, such as the number of pregnancies (increased protection with more pregnancies), breastfeeding, and use of oral contraceptives. […] Approximately 18% to 24% of patients with ovarian cancer have a genetic predisposition due to inheritance of germline mutations. […] The most common germline mutations associated with the development of ovarian or fallopian tube cancer are in BRCA1 or BRCA2, genes involved in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway.

• #24 Clues to the origins of ovarian cancer

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/clues-to-the-origins-of-ovarian-cancer

  The risk of ovarian cancer for BRCA carriers increases with age. […] For this reason, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is typically recommended for patients aged 45 to 50 years. […] For women with a family history or genetic predisposition, recommendations exist for prophylactic surgery. […] Bilateral RRSO in women with a genetic predisposition or family history of ovarian cancer has been shown to decrease the risk of ovarian cancer by up to 95%.

• #25 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567760/

  Ovarian cancer is a formidable disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the ovaries, often presenting with subtle or nonspecific symptoms in its early stages, leading to challenges in early detection. […] Various factors, including genetic predisposition, reproductive history, and hormonal factors, contribute to the development of ovarian cancer, underscoring the importance of comprehensive risk assessment and screening strategies. […] The etiology of ovarian cancer is not clearly understood; however, several factors have been observed to increase the risk for the development of ovarian malignancy. Risk factors associated with ovarian cancer include: Advanced age, Early onset of menarche, Late onset of menopause, Family history, Nulliparity, Obesity, Perineal talc use, Smoking, Endometriosis, Hormone replacement therapy.

• #26 10 Causes of Ovarian Cancer | SHAREing & CAREing

  https://shareing-careing.org/10-causes-of-ovarian-cancer/

  Breast Cancer Diagnosis. If you have had a personal diagnosis of breast cancer in the past, you have a 30% higher chance of also being diagnosed with ovarian cancer. […] Later or No Pregnancy. Women who have never been pregnant to full-term or who do not become pregnant until after the age of 35 have a higher rate of ovarian cancer. […] Fertility Treatment (IVF). Studies suggest that treatment with in vitro fertilization (IVF) increases the risk of developing less invasive types of ovarian tumors, called low malignant potential or borderline tumors. […] Post-Menopausal Hormone Therapy. According to one 2019 pooled study of over 4 million participants, HRT increased risk of an ovarian cancer diagnosis by 29%. […] Not Breastfeeding. Compared to women who have never breastfed, mothers who breastfeed have a 24% lower risk of invasive ovarian cancer, according to a 2020 pooled analysis of over 13,000 cases.

• #26 10 Causes of Ovarian Cancer | SHAREing & CAREing

  https://shareing-careing.org/10-causes-of-ovarian-cancer/

  Older Age. The simple truth is that the older you are, the more likely you’ll be diagnosed with a number of cancers, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. In the case of ovarian cancer, over half of all women diagnosed are over 63 years old. […] Obesity. According to the National Cancer Society, women who have a BMI of 30 or above are more likely to be diagnosed with ovarian cancer. […] Family History of Ovarian, Breast or Colorectal Cancer. Women are more likely to be diagnosed if someone in their family has been diagnosed with either ovarian, breast or colorectal cancer. […] Family Cancer Syndrome. 25% of all ovarian cancer cases can be attributed to this set of genetic conditions that include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and MUTYH-associated polyposis.

• #27 Ovarian Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ovarian-cancer-causes-risk-factors-2509671

  It’s not certain at this time if fertility drugs (such as clomiphene) raise the risk of ovarian cancer, though a history of infertility is associated with a higher risk. […] If you’ve watched the news and discussions about BRCA mutations, you probably realize that ovarian cancer can be hereditary. […] Having a genetic predisposition to cancer does not mean that you will develop the disease, even if you carry a genetic mutation. […] Many believe that testing positive for a BRCA mutation is necessary for the development of ovarian cancer, which is not the case. There are a number of genes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer, only one of which is the BRCA gene. […] Up to 10 percent of ovarian cancers are related to one of the cancer family syndromes in which a specific gene mutation is present.

• #27 Ovarian Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ovarian-cancer-causes-risk-factors-2509671

  Women who are tall are more likely to develop ovarian cancer than shorter women. […] Obesity is linked to an increased risk of low-grade serous and invasive mucinous tumors (types of epithelial ovarian cancer) but does not appear to increase the risk of high-grade invasive serous cancers. […] The use of feminine sprays and powders containing talc has been linked to ovarian cancer. […] A few studies have found that a low-fat diet is associated with a lower risk of ovarian cancer, but there has been little evidence overall that diet plays a significant role. […] Smoking is linked to one type of ovarian cancer: mucinous epithelial tumors.

• #27 Ovarian Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ovarian-cancer-causes-risk-factors-2509671

  This may increase or decrease the risk of ovarian cancer, depending on the type. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase your risk of ovarian cancer, but only if you take estrogen-only medications. […] Taking oral contraceptives (the Pill), in contrast, reduces your risk by up to 70 percent, with longer duration of use correlated with greater reduction. […] Giving birth to a child before age 26 lowers your risk of developing ovarian cancer, as does breastfeeding. […] Late menopause is also associated with a higher risk. […] A type of tubal ligation surgery, salpingectomy, can significantly reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by up to 70 percent in some studies, though the mechanisms for this are unclear. […] Endometriosis, a condition in which tissue similar to uterine (endometrial) tissue grows outside of the uterus, is linked with a greater risk of ovarian cancer.

• #28 Ovarian Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/255771-overview

  The precise cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but several risk and contributing factors have been identified. […] Parity is an important risk factor. The risk of epithelial ovarian cancer is increased in women who have not had children and possibly those with early menarche or late menopause. Women who have been pregnant have a 50% decreased risk for developing ovarian cancer compared with nulliparous women. […] Family history plays an important role in the risk of developing ovarian cancer. The lifetime risk for developing ovarian cancer is 1.6% in the general population. […] Integrated genomic analyses by the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network have revealed high-grade serous ovarian cancer is characterized by TP53 mutations in almost all tumors. […] At least two syndromes of hereditary ovarian cancer are clearly identified, involving either (1) disorders of the genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, or (2) more rarely, genes within the Lynch II syndrome complex.

• #29 Risk factors for ovarian cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/ovarian/risks

  Personal history of breast cancer […] Pregnancy […] Gynecological surgery […] Hormone replacement therapy […] Birth control pills […] Smoking tobacco […] Asbestos […] Tall adult height […] Excess weight […] Endometriosis […] Sedentary behavior […] Women who have a family history of breast cancer have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Women who have never been pregnant have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer than women who have been pregnant. […] A tubal ligation is surgery that cuts or blocks the fallopian tubes. […] Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) uses female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone or both) to manage the symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness and mood swings.

• #29 Risk factors for ovarian cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/ovarian/risks

  Birth control pills lower your risk for ovarian cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk for mucinous carcinoma (a type of epithelial ovarian carcinoma). […] Asbestos increases the risk for ovarian cancer. […] Tall women have a slightly higher risk for ovarian cancer. […] Overweight and obesity increase the risk for ovarian cancer. […] Women with endometriosis have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer, especially if the endometriosis involves the ovaries. […] Sedentary behaviour, or sitting for long periods of time, increases your risk for ovarian cancer. […] Significant research shows that there is no link between alcohol or coffee and a higher risk for epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

• #30 Ovarian cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/ovarian-cancer/

  This may be why the risk of ovarian cancer decreases if you take the contraceptive pill, or have multiple pregnancies or periods of breastfeeding. […] Women and anyone with ovaries who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been shown to have a small increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Endometriosis may also increase your risk of ovarian cancer.

• #31 Ovarian Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gynecologic-cancer-care/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  The older you are, the greater your risk for getting ovarian cancer. […] Women who have never borne children are at slightly increased risk for ovarian cancer. […] Being obese, or having a body mass index greater than 30, increases risk for ovarian cancer. […] Some studies show a relationship between ovarian cancer and use of talcum powder on the genital area. […] If you’ve used menopausal estrogen replacement therapy (taking estrogen alone, without progesterone) for more than 10 years, you may have a slightly increased risk of ovarian cancer. […] If you’ve used fertility drugs, you may be at increased risk for ovarian cancer. […] If you have endometriosis, a painful condition where endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus, you may be at increased risk for ovarian cancer.

• #31 Ovarian Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gynecologic-cancer-care/ovarian-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but certain factors can increase a women’s risk of developing this type of cancer. […] Risk factors include: […] A mother or sister with a history of ovarian cancer. If you have two or more first-degree relatives who have had ovarian cancer, this suggests that heredity may be a cause. […] If you have a family history of breast, ovarian, endometrial, or colon cancer, or genetic cancer syndromes such as Lynch syndrome, your family may have certain genetic mutations (such as BRCA genes) that increase the risk for ovarian cancer. […] A personal history of breast, uterine, rectum or colon cancer puts you at increased risk for ovarian cancer. […] Mutations in the BRCA 1 or 2 genes place a woman at a higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer.

• #32 Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors | Ovarian Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Most women who get ovarian cancer are not at high risk. […] Several factors may increase a womans risk for ovarian cancer, including if you: Are middle-aged or older. […] Have close family members (such as your mother, sister, aunt, or grandmother) on either your mother’s or your father’s side, who have had ovarian cancer. […] Have a genetic mutation (change) that raises your risk, including BRCA1 or BRCA2, or one associated with Lynch syndrome. […] Have had breast, uterine, or colorectal (colon) cancer. […] Have an Eastern European or Ashkenazi Jewish background. […] Have endometriosis (a condition where tissue from the lining of the uterus grows elsewhere in the body). […] Have never given birth or have had trouble getting pregnant. […] Some studies suggest that women who take estrogen by itself (without progesterone) for 10 or more years may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

• #33 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/cancer/ovarian-cancer

  Early detection and treatment are important, so getting regular check-ups and health exams and knowing what symptoms to look out for are good ways to protect yourself. […] Birth control pills that contain the hormones estrogen and progestin lower your risk of ovarian cancer. The longer you take the pill, the less likely it is that you’ll develop ovarian cancer, even after you stop taking it.

• #34 The Causes & Risk Factors Of Ovarian Cancer | Ovarian Cancer Action

  https://ovarian.org.uk/ovarian-cancer/am-i-at-risk/

  While polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) does not directly cause ovarian cancer, women with this condition may have a higher risk due to hormonal imbalances. […] If you’ve had breast, colon, or uterine cancer, your risk of ovarian cancer may be higher. […] Many of the risk factors listed above are interconnected. […] Recent research shows that using the combined oral contraceptive pill can reduce a woman’s risk of ovarian cancer for up to 30 years. […] Both of these things help to reduce the number of ovulations a woman has during her menstrual cycle and can therefore help reduce risk of ovarian cancer. […] In some cases, women at high risk of ovarian cancer may consider having their ovaries and fallopian tubes removed to significantly reduce their chances of developing the disease.

• #35 What Causes Ovarian Cancer?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/ovarian-cancer-causes

  Your personal medical history also plays a role in your level of risk. Having a personal history of breast cancer may increase your risk even if you dont have the BRCA mutation. […] According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), using birth control pills lowers your risk of ovarian cancer. The longer you use birth control pills, the lower your risk may be. […] Your risk of ovarian cancer increases with age. […] The relationship between ovarian cancer and diet is unclear. But having a body mass index of 30 or higher increases your risk. […] Some risk factors for ovarian cancer are beyond your control, including your genetics, ethnicity, and age.

• #36 Ovarian cancer: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159675

  Ovarian cancer is more common in people with a body mass index (BMI) of over 30. […] Scientists have found links between the human papillomavirus (HPV) and various cancers, including tonsil and cervical cancer. […] Other factors that may increase the risk of some types of ovarian cancer include: having high levels of androgens, or male hormones; dietary factors; using talcum powder. […] Some studies suggest that having high levels of androgens may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Inherited or acquired genetic mutations, which cause healthy cells to become cancerous, can also be contributing factors.

• #37

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/g23287298/ovarian-cancer-causes/

  Even if you don’t have an inherited genetic mutation, if you have two or more close relatives with ovarian cancer, then you’re at increased risk of developing the disease. […] Age is one of the most common risk factors for many cancers and half of all ovarian cancers are diagnosed in women age 63 or older. […] The explanation for this risk factor comes down to hormones. „What the fatty tissue doesit produces estrogen. […] Using this kind of therapy after menopause is linked with an increased risk for ovarian cancer. […] The more you ovulate, the greater your risk for ovarian cancer. […] There is a small increased risk of ovarian cancer if you have endometriosis, a condition in which the endometrium (tissue) grows outside the uterus instead of lining the inside of the uterus and tends to cause painful periods.

• #38 Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors & Prevention Strategies | OCRA

  https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/prevention-risk/

  20% of ovarian cancers are caused by a genetic mutation its imperative to know your risk, as well as prophylactic options if you have a mutation. […] 70% of the most common and lethal ovarian cancer begins in the fallopian tubes. Research shows that removing the fallopian tubes when having another pelvic surgery such as a hysterectomy or tubal ligation, and leaving the ovaries intact, can help prevent ovarian cancer. […] Approximately 20% of ovarian cancers are hereditary, primarily due to BRCA mutations. […] Mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 increase risk. […] Family history of ovarian, breast, uterine, or colorectal cancer increases risk. […] Endometriosis increases the risk for specific ovarian cancer types. […] Ovarian cancer rates are highest in women aged 55-64. […] Obesity is associated with a higher ovarian cancer risk, especially post-menopause.

• #39 Risks and causes of ovarian cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/risks-causes

  Having one of these faulty genes means that you are more likely to get ovarian cancer than someone who doesnt. But it is not a certainty. […] Studies have shown that women with endometriosis or diabetes have an increased risk of ovarian cancer. […] Using HRT to reduce symptoms of menopause slightly increases the risk of ovarian cancer. […] Smoking can increase the risk of certain types of ovarian cancer such as mucinous ovarian cancer. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classify asbestos as a cause of ovarian cancer. […] Taking the combined contraceptive pill reduces your risk of ovarian cancer. […] Having children seems to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. The more children you have, the lower the risk. Breastfeeding also reduces the risk of ovarian cancer.

• #40 Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/ovarian-cancer/risk-factors/

  Smoking This hasnt been shown to raise overall ovarian cancer risk but has been linked to an increase in an uncommon type of epithelial ovarian cancer tumor called a mucinous carcinoma. […] Scientists have focused an enormous amount of attention on identifying the DNA changes that cause normal, healthy cells to become malignant. […] For ovarian cancer, particularly the epithelial kind, scientists point to mutations in the genes that control cell division and growth. […] For the 5 to 10 percent of ovarian cancers related to family cancer syndromes, genetics play a key role. The most prevalent of these conditions, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, is caused by mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2. […] While women in the general population face an ovarian cancer lifetime risk of less than 2 percent, an estimated 44 percent of women with the BRCA1 mutation and about 17 percent of women with the BRCA2 mutation will develop ovarian cancer before age 80, according to the National Cancer Institute.

• #41 What Causes Ovarian Cancer? | MyOvarianCancerTeam

  https://www.myovariancancerteam.com/resources/what-causes-ovarian-cancer

  Some types of chemicals can increase the risk of various cancers. […] Smoking cigarettes increases a persons risk of mucinous ovarian cancer, but it may not be linked to other types of ovarian cancer. […] Some research has shown that eating high amounts of animal fats increases a persons risk of ovarian cancer. […] Being overweight is linked to several types of cancer. […] Sometimes, having had another health condition or another type of cancer makes your risk of ovarian cancer higher. […] Ovarian cancer incidence varies significantly by race and ethnicity. […] If you are concerned that you may have a higher risk for developing ovarian cancer, focus on lowering your risk by changing the environmental factors within your control.

• #42

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/ovarian-cancer/causes/

  You may also have a higher risk of ovarian cancer if you have a genetic condition called Lynch syndrome. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase your risk of ovarian cancer. But the risk is very small. […] If you have endometriosis, you may be slightly more at risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Other things that may increase your risk of ovarian cancer. […] Some research suggests that using talcum powder on your genitals could increase your risk of ovarian cancer. But the evidence is not clear and the risk is likely to be very small.

• #43 Causes & Risk factors of Ovarian cancer | Onco.com

  https://onco.com/about-cancer/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer/causes/amp/

  A risk factor is a cause or a factor that can increase or decrease your chances of getting a specific disease. In the case of ovarian cancer and other types of cancers, some of these risk factors can be either controllable or uncontrollable. This article discusses the causes of ovarian cancer. […] The risk of ovarian cancer increases with increasing age. It can occur at any age, although diagnosing ovarian cancer in women below the age of 40 has become quite rare. […] Reproductive factors are associated with the development of ovarian cancers. Early menarche and late menopause increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Infertility also increases risk. Oral contraceptive pills and women with multiple pregnancies have a lower risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) appears to have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.

• #43 Causes & Risk factors of Ovarian cancer | Onco.com

  https://onco.com/about-cancer/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer/causes/amp/

  Numerous studies have shown that pregnancy and breastfeeding can significantly reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer because women ovulate less frequently when they are either pregnant or breastfeeding. […] A surgery known as prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy can significantly reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) without oophorectomy (removal of ovaries) decreases the risk of developing ovarian cancer. By going through a tubal ligation procedure (which is the tying of the fallopian tubes), the risk reduces further.

• #44 Ovarian Cancer | Risks and Causes

  https://www.ovariancancer.net.au/about-ovarian-cancer/risks-and-causes

  We dont know the exact causes of most ovarian cancers. However, we do know there are factors that may increase a person’s risk of developing ovarian cancer. […] Getting older is the biggest risk factor for developing ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer can happen at any age, but it is usually in women who have been through menopause, with the average age of diagnosis being age 64. […] These account for approximately 20% of ovarian cancers. Hereditary factors include inheriting a faulty gene such as a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher incidence of BRCA mutations than the general population. […] Other factors that may increase the risk of ovarian cancer include having endometriosis, a previous breast cancer or diabetes, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (this applies to some ovarian cancer types), being overweight, smoking, which may slightly increase the risk of developing mucinous ovarian cancer, and not having had children; women who have not had children are at a slightly higher risk.

• #45 Ovarian Cancer: Causes, Metastasis, Treatments, Prevention, Exams, and Tests

  https://www.webmd.com/ovarian-cancer/understanding-ovarian-cancer-basics

  Researchers have many theories, but no one knows exactly what causes ovarian cancer. Scientists have not been able to find a single chemical in our environment or our diets that they can link specifically to ovarian cancer, unlike some other kinds of cancer. […] Certain things — genetics or the way you live — can raise the odds that you’ll get ovarian cancer, but that doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get it. […] Some ovarian cancers are linked to gene changes first discovered in families with lots of cases of breast cancer. Those mutations are called BRCA1 (breast cancer gene 1) and BRCA2 (breast cancer gene 2). […] Another set of gene mutations that raises your ovarian cancer risk is one that causes Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or HNPCC. […] Your risk is higher if you’ve had another type of cancer, like melanoma or cervical cancer.

• #46 Ovarian Cancer & Asbestos – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Stages

  https://www.asbestos.com/cancer/ovarian/

  Ovarian cancer refers to any malignant tumor that begins in the ovaries. Exposure to asbestos is strongly associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists asbestos exposure as a known cause of ovarian cancer. The agency’s 2012 review documented numerous research studies linking ovarian cancer to the accumulation of asbestos fibers in ovarian tissue. […] Recent studies have linked asbestos exposure to an increased risk of ovarian cancer, particularly among women who may have used asbestos-contaminated talcum powder. […] Asbestos-contaminated talcum powder products have caused cancer in people who inhaled the powder on a regular basis. Some researchers suggest when women applied contaminated talcum powder to their genitals after showering or bathing, asbestos fibers may have also traveled up the reproductive tract to their ovaries. […] A 2021 retrospective research study concluded that ovarian tumors can be associated with asbestos or contaminated talc exposure. The researchers examined ovarian tissue samples, scanning electron microscopy and detected asbestos fibers with talc crystals in multiple cases.

• #47 Ovarian Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/255771-overview

  Most cases are related to the BRCA1 gene mutation. […] Women with a history of breast cancer have an increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. […] Endometriosis has been linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. […] The use of talcum powder on the vulva and perineum may be associated with increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. […] According to the findings of a longitudinal study, women who experienced six or more symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at some point in life had a twofold greater risk of developing ovarian cancer compared with women who never had any PTSD symptoms.

• #48 6 Things Women Should Know About Ovarian Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/what-women-should-know-about-ovarian-cancer

  Ovarian cancer is considered a rare disease. About 20,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with it in 2024, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Age and family history are the main risk factors for ovarian cancer. Aging is one risk factor for ovarian cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 62. Family history also plays a role; however, people with a family history of the disease make up only 10 to 15 percent of those diagnosed. […] The most common type of ovarian cancer starts in the fallopian tubes the narrow tunnels through which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus. This finding suggests that we could prevent some ovarian cancers by removing the fallopian tubes, Dr. Chi says. […] Data shows opportunistic salpingectomies are highly effective at preventing ovarian cancer. In fact, a research team led by gynecologic surgeon Kara Long-Roche, MD, published findings in JAMA Surgery concluding that with widespread adoption, salpingectomy has the potential to reduce ovarian cancer deaths in the U.S. by an estimated 15%. […] Even advanced ovarian cancer is treatable. Many women with advanced ovarian cancer who have been treated at MSK live much longer than five years, says Dr. Chi.

• #49 Ovarian cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ovarian-cancer

  Genetic testing for the BRCA1 or BRCA2, or other cancer-related genes, may be recommended for women at high risk for ovarian cancer. These are women who have a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer. […] Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes and possibly the uterus in women who have a proven mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene may reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer. But, ovarian cancer may still develop in other areas of the pelvis.

• #50 Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention of Ovarian Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Foundation NZ

  https://ovariancancerfoundation.org.nz/causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-ovarian-cancer/

  Some risk factors only increase the chance of getting ovarian cancer by a small amount. If you have any of the following, your chances of getting ovarian cancer is still low, at less than 3%. […] Ovarian cancer is one of the least preventable cancers. Unlike cervical cancer, there is no screening test or vaccination for ovarian cancer. The main way to reduce ovarian cancer risk is with surgery. […] Surgery can reduce the risk of inherited ovarian cancer by 80-90%. If you have a BRCA 1 mutation this would mean your lifetime risk of ovarian cancer would be 3-4% or less after surgery. […] Fallopian tube removal reduces your chance of getting high-grade serous ovarian cancer. This is the most common type of ovarian cancer and it usually starts in the fallopian tubes.

• #51 Ovarian cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ovarian-cancer

  Tubal ligation, a method of sterilization that ties off the fallopian tubes, is associated with a decreased risk for ovarian cancer. Similarly, hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus, may decrease risk. […] Women who use hormone therapy (HT) after menopause for longer than 5 years may have an increased risk for ovarian cancer. The risk seems to be particularly significant for women who take estrogen-only HT. […] Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) significantly reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, in some series by as much as 50%. The longer a woman takes oral contraceptives the greater the protection and the longer protection lasts after stopping oral contraceptives. […] Women who are obese have an increased risk for ovarian cancer.

• #52 Identifying the underlying causes of ovarian cancer – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/news/22355-identifying-the-underlying-causes-of-ovarian-cancer

  Identifying the underlying causes of ovarian cancer. […] Two new discoveries led by Cedars-Sinai Cancer investigators help improve the understanding of what drives the development of ovarian cancer and why some womens tumours do not respond to therapy. […] The first study, published today in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, identified four new regions of the human genome that harbour genetic variants or mutations that put women at an increased risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer, the most common type of ovarian cancer. […] This study helps us accurately identify women who carry cancer-causing mutations, which can help physicians develop preventive strategies for these women. […] They found significant deletions and duplications in the BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 gene, and RAD51C gene, all of which are known to harbour changes in a patients DNA sequence that increase risk for ovarian cancer.

• #53 What Really Causes Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer? | Not These Ovaries

  https://www.nottheseovaries.org/what-causes-low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer/

  While the causes of low-grade serous ovarian cancer remain partially obscured, the accumulation of knowledge about its unique characteristics provides powerful tools for detection and treatment. […] As research progresses, the hope is that a clearer picture will emerge of what causes low-grade serous ovarian cancer, leading to more effective prevention strategies and treatment options.

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