Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/1200/chronic-kidney-disease.html

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age 60 years and older, family history of kidney disease, previous acute kidney injury, or preeclampsia. […] Interdisciplinary management of patients with CKD is important for reducing morbidity and mortality, and patients at high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease should be referred to a nephrologist.

• #2 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38215416/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age 60 years and older, family history of kidney disease, previous acute kidney injury, or preeclampsia. […] Blood pressure should be maintained at less than 140/90 mm Hg, with a systolic blood pressure target of 120 mm Hg or less for patients tolerant of therapy, using an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and metformin should be considered in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes who have not reached their glycemic goal. […] Interdisciplinary management of patients with CKD is important for reducing morbidity and mortality, and patients at high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease should be referred to a nephrologist.

• #2 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Many of us don’t give much thought to our hardworking kidneys. The truth is 33% of adults in the United States are at risk for developing kidney disease. The main risk factors of kidney disease are diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, a family history of kidney disease, and obesity. Here are 7 Golden Rules of Prevention to lower your chances of getting kidney disease. […] Get regular check-ups. Your doctor can check for kidney disease with 2 simple tests: a urine test and blood test. A urine test called albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) checks if there is a protein called albumin in your urine. A blood test called glomerular filtration rate (GFR) tells how well your kidneys are working to remove waste from your body. […] Control Blood Pressure. High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and increase your chances of getting kidney disease. If your blood pressure remains high, your doctor may have you take medicine. Making simple tweaks to your lifestyle, such as cutting back on salt and alcohol, losing excess weight, and exercising can help keep your blood pressure in check.

• #3 Understanding Kidney Disease in America: 1 in 7 Adults Affected | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/how-to-prevent-kidney-disease

  Did you know that around 1 in 7 adults in the United Statesmore than 37 million peoplehave kidney disease? […] However, there are steps you can take to safeguard your kidney health. […] Approximately 90% of people with kidney disease dont know they have it. Luckily, it is very easy to learn if your kidneys are functioning properly. […] Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease in the United States. […] One year later Precious healthcare providers were preparing her for dialysis. Now, she recommends everyone pay attention to their blood sugar levelespecially if you have prediabetes or diabetes. […] High blood pressure is the second leading cause of kidney disease. […] I want everyone to know about their blood pressure. They may avoid dialysis by paying attention to it. […] Did you know that eating more plant-based foods can lower your risk of kidney disease?

• #3 Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/prevention/index.html

  Managing risk factors like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent kidney problems like chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] People who have diabetes may be able to prevent or delay CKD with blood pressure-lowering drugs. These medicines reduce protein in the urine, a risk factor for developing CKD. […] The earlier you take action to prevent or delay kidney disease, the better. […] Take action to prevent, delay, or manage CKD: […] If you have diabetes, get tested yearly. […] If you have high blood pressure: Check it regularly and get it under control to protect your kidneys.

• #4 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Many of us don’t give much thought to our hardworking kidneys. The truth is 33% of adults in the United States are at risk for developing kidney disease. The main risk factors of kidney disease are diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, a family history of kidney disease, and obesity. Here are 7 Golden Rules of Prevention to lower your chances of getting kidney disease. […] Get regular check-ups. Your doctor can check for kidney disease with 2 simple tests: a urine test and blood test. A urine test called albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) checks if there is a protein called albumin in your urine. A blood test called glomerular filtration rate (GFR) tells how well your kidneys are working to remove waste from your body. […] Control Blood Pressure. High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and increase your chances of getting kidney disease. If your blood pressure remains high, your doctor may have you take medicine. Making simple tweaks to your lifestyle, such as cutting back on salt and alcohol, losing excess weight, and exercising can help keep your blood pressure in check.

• #4 SciELO Brazil – Brazilian public policy for chronic kidney disease prevention: challenges and perspectives Brazilian public policy for chronic kidney disease prevention: challenges and perspectives

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rsp/a/TJRfx6XC5yN8k45GpCq6hbt/

  Such legal device advances the diagnostic criteria of CKD by including in staging the presence of microalbuminuria in the early stages of CKD, in addition to the emission of automated eGFR by clinical analysis laboratories. […] Despite all efforts made to reduce chronic conditions in Brazil, challenges still need to be overcome to ensure improved care for people with CKD. […] Based the considerations made, the proposals are: 1) implementing the management of chronic conditions at the primary level, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention from the early identification of risk groups for kidney injuries, as well as reinforcing users self-care and autonomy; 2) improving programmatic actions of the reno-cardiovascular guideline, with delimitation of the situational diagnosis of the coverage area and systematic evaluation of care for people at risk of kidney injury; 3) encouraging health professionals to incorporate non-clinical aspects of chronic care into practice, emphasizing a care approach that recognizes the crucial role of users in managing their own health condition; 4) performing periodic clinical audits, as well as feedback with health professionals involved in care by disseminating reports with monitored data and indicators; 5) implementing automated eGRF, estimated by CKD-EPI equation, in the district laboratories of the municipalities that not yet have it a strategy that generates no cost to local management and may reduce underdiagnosis of CKD; 6) establishing clinical management of diagnosed CKD cases, with continuous training of health professionals the permanent education sector of each municipal health department may be responsible for the prevention of kidney diseases and management auditing to identify possible predictors that influence underreported CKD cases; 7) encouraging integrated multidisciplinary health residency programs in the field of nephrology.

• #5 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/1200/chronic-kidney-disease.html

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age 60 years and older, family history of kidney disease, previous acute kidney injury, or preeclampsia. […] Interdisciplinary management of patients with CKD is important for reducing morbidity and mortality, and patients at high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease should be referred to a nephrologist.

• #5 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Many of us don’t give much thought to our hardworking kidneys. The truth is 33% of adults in the United States are at risk for developing kidney disease. The main risk factors of kidney disease are diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, a family history of kidney disease, and obesity. Here are 7 Golden Rules of Prevention to lower your chances of getting kidney disease. […] Get regular check-ups. Your doctor can check for kidney disease with 2 simple tests: a urine test and blood test. A urine test called albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) checks if there is a protein called albumin in your urine. A blood test called glomerular filtration rate (GFR) tells how well your kidneys are working to remove waste from your body. […] Control Blood Pressure. High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and increase your chances of getting kidney disease. If your blood pressure remains high, your doctor may have you take medicine. Making simple tweaks to your lifestyle, such as cutting back on salt and alcohol, losing excess weight, and exercising can help keep your blood pressure in check.

• #6 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Manage Blood Sugar. Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause blood vessels inside the kidney to become narrow and clogged and can cause damage to the blood vessels and harm the kidneys. If you have diabetes, the best way to protect your kidneys is to positively influence your blood sugar levels as best you can. Your treatment plan may include changes to your diet, exercise, and medicine to lower your blood sugar levels. […] Eat a Healthy Diet. A healthy diet plan, such as the Mediterranean Diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet, can help lower blood pressure and blood lipids (fat in the blood). These eating plans include fresh fruits and vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts. […] Exercise. Exercise can help you keep a healthy weight, control blood pressure and cholesterol, build strength and endurance, and lower your chances of getting diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease.

• #7 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Manage Blood Sugar. Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause blood vessels inside the kidney to become narrow and clogged and can cause damage to the blood vessels and harm the kidneys. If you have diabetes, the best way to protect your kidneys is to positively influence your blood sugar levels as best you can. Your treatment plan may include changes to your diet, exercise, and medicine to lower your blood sugar levels. […] Eat a Healthy Diet. A healthy diet plan, such as the Mediterranean Diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet, can help lower blood pressure and blood lipids (fat in the blood). These eating plans include fresh fruits and vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts. […] Exercise. Exercise can help you keep a healthy weight, control blood pressure and cholesterol, build strength and endurance, and lower your chances of getting diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease.

• #8 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Quit Smoking. Smoking causes diseases in every organ of the body, including the kidneys. If you are not able to quit smoking on your own, ask your doctor about treatment options. […] Do not overuse pain medicines. Using too much pain medicines called NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen) may cause kidney disease. Long-term use of NSAIDs, especially at high doses, reduces the blood flow to the kidney which causes harm to kidney tissue. […] 33% of adults in the U.S. are at risk for developing kidney disease. Take our one-minute Kidney Risk Quiz to see if you are part of the 33% at risk.

• #9 Understanding Kidney Disease in America: 1 in 7 Adults Affected | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/how-to-prevent-kidney-disease

  Did you know that around 1 in 7 adults in the United Statesmore than 37 million peoplehave kidney disease? […] However, there are steps you can take to safeguard your kidney health. […] Approximately 90% of people with kidney disease dont know they have it. Luckily, it is very easy to learn if your kidneys are functioning properly. […] Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease in the United States. […] One year later Precious healthcare providers were preparing her for dialysis. Now, she recommends everyone pay attention to their blood sugar levelespecially if you have prediabetes or diabetes. […] High blood pressure is the second leading cause of kidney disease. […] I want everyone to know about their blood pressure. They may avoid dialysis by paying attention to it. […] Did you know that eating more plant-based foods can lower your risk of kidney disease?

• #10 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention and Treatment of Common Complications | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1115/p1921.html

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and intervention are essential to slowing disease progression, maintaining quality of life, and improving outcomes. Family physicians have the opportunity to screen at-risk patients, identify affected patients, and ameliorate the impact of chronic kidney disease by initiating early therapy and monitoring disease progression. Aggressive blood pressure control, with a goal of 130/80 mm Hg or less, is recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] According to the evidence, ACE inhibitors are more effective than other antihypertensive drugs in preventing the progression of kidney disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. […] To prevent progression of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus, the American Diabetes Association recommends glycemic control, with the goal being an A1C concentration below 7 percent. […] The most recent guidelines from the NKF K/DOQI recommend treating dyslipidemia aggressively in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] The NKF suggests actions to slow disease progression. […] Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged at each office visit.

• #11 Medicines to manage kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/treatments/medicines-manage-kidney-disease

  Discover how medicines for chronic kidney disease can ease symptoms, slow disease progression and prevent complications. […] Metformin is the most common medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps to lower your blood sugar to prevent or slow damage to your kidneys. […] GLP-1 RAs are a class of medicine that help manage blood sugar (glucose) levels. They have been approved to treat people with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and chronic kidney disease in people with type 2 diabetes. These medicines slow down damage to your kidneys by lowering your blood sugar so the filtering units in your kidneys are not damaged by the high levels of sugar. […] SGLT2 inhibitors, also called gliflozins, are medicines that help to lower blood sugar commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes. They also keep kidney disease and heart disease from getting worse.

• #12 A practical guide to medicines for chronic kidney disease

  https://www.nps.org.au/news/medicines-for-chronic-kidney-disease-a-practical-guide

  For all people with CKD, prescribe an ACE inhibitor or ARB, up-titrated to the maximum tolerated dose. […] Add an SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin), and blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering and glucose-lowering medicines, as determined by clinical factors such as whether the person is meeting a therapeutic target. […] Adjust doses of medicines cleared by the kidneys according to kidney function to reduce risk of adverse effects and avoid nephrotoxic medicines where possible. […] All people with CKD should first be prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). […] Other medicines can then be added as needed to slow CKD progression and reduce CV risk, including: sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (dapagliflozin) as add-on therapy to an ACE inhibitor or ARB, blood pressure-lowering medicines to treat hypertension, lipid-lowering medicines for elevated absolute CV risk, glucose-lowering medicines for elevated glycaemic levels in type 2 diabetes.

• #13 What doctors wish patients knew about kidney disease prevention | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/hypertension/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-kidney-disease-prevention

  But taking steps to control your blood pressure can help prevent the progression to kidney disease, he said. […] The main prevention is following instructions of when you have to check your kidney function and controlling your underlying chronic comorbidities because the endpoint of chronic kidney disease will be dialysis or transplant, Dr. Correa said. We dont want it to get to that point. […] Another important part of preventing kidney disease is by adopting healthy lifestyles, so eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly, Dr. Correa said, adding that stopping smoking will help not only the lungs, but the kidneys too. […] Drinking water to stay hydrated helps because thats the main function of the kidneyto filter waste and excess of fluid in your body through urine, Dr. Correa said, emphasizing that hydration is very good to have to protect your kidneys. […] Chronic kidney disease is often a complication of another condition, he said. So, its very important to be aware and control the other condition so you dont develop kidney disease.

• #14 Chronic kidney disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354527

  Living with diabetes is difficult, thinking about what you eat. But controlling the sugar levels are really important for helping kidney function and specifically slowing down any damage to the kidneys. […] We really want to help your health and so losing weight can be a key component to reducing your risk of progressing with kidney disease. […] We look to get blood pressure less than 130 systolic, that’s the top number. And less than 80 diastolic, that’s the bottom number, on blood pressure readings. […] Controlling your blood pressure and therefore monitoring that at home, taking your medications regularly, and letting us know about side effects is a really important part in partnering and helping you to have a good quality of life living with chronic kidney disease. […] As part of your treatment for chronic kidney disease, your doctor might recommend a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do.

• #15 Chronic Kidney Disease Basics | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/about/index.html

  CKD can be treated (the earlier treatment starts the better). […] CKD has varying levels of seriousness. It usually gets worse over time, though treatment has been shown to slow progression. […] Keep your blood pressure below 140/90 mm Hg (or the target your doctor sets for you). […] If you have diabetes, stay in your target blood sugar range as much as possible. […] Get active. Physical activity helps control blood pressure and blood sugar levels. […] Get tested for CKD regularly if you’re at risk. […] If you have CKD, meet with a dietician to create a kidney-healthy eating plan. The plan may need to change as you get older or if your health status changes. […] Take medicines as instructed and ask your doctor about blood pressure medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, which may protect your kidneys in addition to lowering blood pressure. […] If you smoke, make a plan to quit. Smoking can worsen kidney disease and interfere with medication that lowers blood pressure. […] Include a kidney doctor (nephrologist) on your health care team.

• #16 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention and Treatment of Common Complications | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1115/p1921.html

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and intervention are essential to slowing disease progression, maintaining quality of life, and improving outcomes. Family physicians have the opportunity to screen at-risk patients, identify affected patients, and ameliorate the impact of chronic kidney disease by initiating early therapy and monitoring disease progression. Aggressive blood pressure control, with a goal of 130/80 mm Hg or less, is recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] According to the evidence, ACE inhibitors are more effective than other antihypertensive drugs in preventing the progression of kidney disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. […] To prevent progression of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus, the American Diabetes Association recommends glycemic control, with the goal being an A1C concentration below 7 percent. […] The most recent guidelines from the NKF K/DOQI recommend treating dyslipidemia aggressively in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] The NKF suggests actions to slow disease progression. […] Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged at each office visit.

• #17

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] The following lifestyle measures are usually recommended for people with kidney disease: stop smoking if you smoke, eat a healthy, balanced diet, restrict your salt intake to less than 6g a day that’s around 1 teaspoon, do regular exercise aim to do at least 150 minutes a week, manage your alcohol intake so you drink no more than the recommended limit of 14 units of alcohol a week, lose weight if you’re overweight or obese, avoid over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, except when advised to by a medical professional these medicines can harm your kidneys if you have kidney disease. […] You may need to take medicine to treat or prevent the different problems caused by CKD.

• #18 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention and Treatment of Common Complications | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1115/p1921.html

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and intervention are essential to slowing disease progression, maintaining quality of life, and improving outcomes. Family physicians have the opportunity to screen at-risk patients, identify affected patients, and ameliorate the impact of chronic kidney disease by initiating early therapy and monitoring disease progression. Aggressive blood pressure control, with a goal of 130/80 mm Hg or less, is recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] According to the evidence, ACE inhibitors are more effective than other antihypertensive drugs in preventing the progression of kidney disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. […] To prevent progression of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus, the American Diabetes Association recommends glycemic control, with the goal being an A1C concentration below 7 percent. […] The most recent guidelines from the NKF K/DOQI recommend treating dyslipidemia aggressively in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] The NKF suggests actions to slow disease progression. […] Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged at each office visit.

• #19 Medicines to manage kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/treatments/medicines-manage-kidney-disease

  Ask your doctor which medicine is right for you to manage your diabetes and prevent damage to your kidneys. […] Your doctor may give you medicine to lower your blood pressure and keep it in a healthy range, including: ACE inhibitors (Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors): medicines that lower blood pressure and treat heart failure by relaxing blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, and reducing the workload on the heart. […] Some of these medicines may cause more problems with your kidneys. Talk to your doctor about which medicine would work best for you. […] Your doctor may prescribe medicines to control your heart disease, including: Calcium channel blockers: medicines that relax blood vessels and lower workload on the heart by blocking calcium from entering the cells of your heart and blood vessels.

• #20 End-stage renal disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532

  If you have kidney disease, you may be able to slow its progress by making healthy lifestyle choices: […] Achieve and maintain a healthy weight […] Be active most days […] Limit protein and eat a balanced diet of nutritious, low-sodium foods […] Control your blood pressure […] Take your medications as prescribed […] Have your cholesterol levels checked every year […] Control your blood sugar level […] Don’t smoke or use tobacco products […] Get regular checkups.

• #21 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Manage Blood Sugar. Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause blood vessels inside the kidney to become narrow and clogged and can cause damage to the blood vessels and harm the kidneys. If you have diabetes, the best way to protect your kidneys is to positively influence your blood sugar levels as best you can. Your treatment plan may include changes to your diet, exercise, and medicine to lower your blood sugar levels. […] Eat a Healthy Diet. A healthy diet plan, such as the Mediterranean Diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet, can help lower blood pressure and blood lipids (fat in the blood). These eating plans include fresh fruits and vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts. […] Exercise. Exercise can help you keep a healthy weight, control blood pressure and cholesterol, build strength and endurance, and lower your chances of getting diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease.

• #22 A practical guide to medicines for chronic kidney disease

  https://www.nps.org.au/news/medicines-for-chronic-kidney-disease-a-practical-guide

  The first step recommended for Ken is to up-titrate the currently prescribed low dose of ACE inhibitor, perindopril erbumine 2 mg daily, to maximum tolerated dose to reduce his albuminuria levels, and treat his hypertension. […] The recommended therapeutic target for albuminuria is 50% reduction. […] The target blood pressure for people with CKD is consistently 130/80 mmHg. […] The next step for Ken is to start dapagliflozin as add-on therapy to the ACE inhibitor that has been up-titrated to the maximum tolerated dose. […] The CARI Guidelines 2022 Management of cholesterol-lowering therapy in people with chronic kidney disease recommend a statin with or without ezetimibe for adults with CKD (eGFR 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) and absolute CV risk 10%. […] There is a strong body of evidence that supports the recommendation for glucose-lowering medicines to stop CKD progression and reduce CV risk for people with CKD and type 2 diabetes.

• #23 Kidney disease prevention

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/kidney-disease-prevention

  Learn how to prevent kidney disease by learning what your kidneys do and finding out the risk factors for kidney disease. […] Knowing what causes kidney disease and knowing what actions you can take to prevent it can help you live your best life. […] Eating foods that are low in sodium (salt) and fat can help keep your kidneys healthy. […] Following an eating plan that is low in added sugar can help prevent heart disease, manage diabetes and help maintain a healthy weight. These are all important factors when managing or preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Being active can keep your kidneys healthy by helping you: Stay at a healthy weight. Keep a healthy blood sugar level. Lower your blood pressure. Lower your cholesterol (a waxy, fat-like substance in your blood). […] Drinking too much alcohol can make your blood pressure go up, which in time can lead to kidney disease.

• #24 Kidney disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/kidney-disease

  You can look after your kidneys by eating healthy food, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, staying active and maintaining a healthy weight. […] If detected early enough, the progress of kidney disease can be slowed and sometimes even prevented. In the early stages, changes to diet and medication can help to increase the life of your kidneys. […] Medication and changes to lifestyle, along with an early referral to a kidney specialist (nephrologist), can prevent or delay kidney failure. […] Healthy lifestyle choices to keep your kidneys functioning well include: Eat lots of fruit and vegetables including legumes (peas or beans) and grain-based food such as bread, pasta, noodles and rice. Eat lean meat such as chicken and fish each week. Eat only small amounts of salty or fatty food. Drink plenty of water instead of other drinks. Minimise consumption of sugary soft drinks. Maintain a healthy weight. Stay fit. Do at least 30 minutes of physical activity that increases your heart rate on five or more days of the week, including walking, lawn mowing, bike riding, swimming or gentle aerobics. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. If you do, quit. Call the Quitline or ask your doctor for help with quitting. Limit your alcohol intake. Have your blood pressure checked regularly. Take your blood pressure medication prescribed by your doctor and maintain your blood pressure at your target range. Do things that help you relax and reduce your stress levels.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] The following lifestyle measures are usually recommended for people with kidney disease: stop smoking if you smoke, eat a healthy, balanced diet, restrict your salt intake to less than 6g a day that’s around 1 teaspoon, do regular exercise aim to do at least 150 minutes a week, manage your alcohol intake so you drink no more than the recommended limit of 14 units of alcohol a week, lose weight if you’re overweight or obese, avoid over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, except when advised to by a medical professional these medicines can harm your kidneys if you have kidney disease. […] You may need to take medicine to treat or prevent the different problems caused by CKD.

• #26 8 Diet Tips to Help Prevent or Manage Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/kidney-diseases/diet-tips-to-help-prevent-or-manage-chronic-kidney-disease/

  You may need to limit foods high in phosphorus, such as animal protein, dairy, and dark-colored sodas. High levels of potassium (found in certain fruits and vegetables, as well as dairy) can cause heart problems. […] People with any stage of CKD who aren’t on dialysis should limit their protein intake to 0.6 to 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight to reduce kidney disease progression, Maruschak says. […] If you’re struggling to stick to a healthy diet, a registered dietitian (RD) can help you to develop a meal plan that’s tailored to your individual needs.

• #27 The Benefits of Plant-Based Nutrition: Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease  – American College of Lifestyle Medicine

  https://lifestylemedicine.org/articles/benefits-plant-based-nutrition-chronic-kidney-disease/

  Whole food, plant-based diets offer two advantages for prevention and treatment of CKD. First, higher consumption of plant foods are protective against the disease; second, lower consumption of animal and higher protein foods reduce renal burden. […] Dietary patterns focusing on whole plant-based foods may be pivotal in managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Predominantly plant-based diets may delay progression and help to control common chronic conditions that are often associated with CKD, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, and kidney stones, improving multiple comorbidities simultaneously. […] Consuming plant protein over animal protein treats and prevents CKD, and the fiber in plant foods allows for a shift away from the production of uremic toxins and other nitrogenous wastes.

• #28 The Benefits of Plant-Based Nutrition: Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease  – American College of Lifestyle Medicine

  https://lifestylemedicine.org/articles/benefits-plant-based-nutrition-chronic-kidney-disease/

  For those with CKD, goals can center on slowing the progression of kidney failure, minimizing uremic toxicity, diminishing proteinuria, and lowering the risk of complications, including cardiovascular disease, bone disease, and blood pressure control. A plant-based diet naturally lower in protein has been shown to help accomplish all of these treatment goals. […] Whole food, plant-based diets are associated with other health benefits such as cardiometabolic health, healthy weight, and longevity. […] Existing evidence on plant-based diets and CKD can be communicated to patients to support their ability to make informed decisions about their diet and course of treatment. […] Focusing on plant-based foods to improve diet quality for CKD patients while reducing total animal-based foods has been shown to improve kidney function. These dietary improvements reduce the need for medications, reduce disease complications, decrease progression, and, thus, increase patient survival.

• #29 8 Diet Tips to Help Prevent or Manage Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/kidney-diseases/diet-tips-to-help-prevent-or-manage-chronic-kidney-disease/

  You may need to limit foods high in phosphorus, such as animal protein, dairy, and dark-colored sodas. High levels of potassium (found in certain fruits and vegetables, as well as dairy) can cause heart problems. […] People with any stage of CKD who aren’t on dialysis should limit their protein intake to 0.6 to 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight to reduce kidney disease progression, Maruschak says. […] If you’re struggling to stick to a healthy diet, a registered dietitian (RD) can help you to develop a meal plan that’s tailored to your individual needs.

• #30 What doctors wish patients knew about kidney disease prevention | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/hypertension/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-kidney-disease-prevention

  But taking steps to control your blood pressure can help prevent the progression to kidney disease, he said. […] The main prevention is following instructions of when you have to check your kidney function and controlling your underlying chronic comorbidities because the endpoint of chronic kidney disease will be dialysis or transplant, Dr. Correa said. We dont want it to get to that point. […] Another important part of preventing kidney disease is by adopting healthy lifestyles, so eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly, Dr. Correa said, adding that stopping smoking will help not only the lungs, but the kidneys too. […] Drinking water to stay hydrated helps because thats the main function of the kidneyto filter waste and excess of fluid in your body through urine, Dr. Correa said, emphasizing that hydration is very good to have to protect your kidneys. […] Chronic kidney disease is often a complication of another condition, he said. So, its very important to be aware and control the other condition so you dont develop kidney disease.

• #31 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  Plant-based diets are feasible and are associated with improved intermediate outcomes and biomarkers. […] A low-protein, low-salt diet may result in slower progression of CKD and reduction in proteinuria as well as controlling symptoms of advanced CKD to delay dialysis start. […] It is recommended that weight management interventions should be individualised, according to a thorough patients’ assessment regarding clinical condition, motivations, and preferences. […] High dietary sodium intake may increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. […] EHealth interventions may improve dietary sodium intake and fluid management for people with CKD.

• #32 The Benefits of Plant-Based Nutrition: Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease  – American College of Lifestyle Medicine

  https://lifestylemedicine.org/articles/benefits-plant-based-nutrition-chronic-kidney-disease/

  Whole food, plant-based diets have the dual advantages of supplying nutrients and antioxidants that support and potentially heal damaged kidneys and eliminate the processed and animal foods associated with greater risk for CKD. […] Studies indicate that the benefits of plant-based diets can be applied to all populations to address kidney dysfunction, even in the elderly at advanced stages. Plant-based diets have been demonstrated to be safe and useful in preventing and treating all chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, which are common comorbidities of CKD. […] The utility of plant-based diets for CKD has become increasingly apparent. The research discussed here has indicated a reduced risk of albuminuria, uric acid crystallization, stone formation, improved eGFR markers, and reduced acid and waste loads in individuals using lower-protein plant-based diets. Shifts towards plant-based proteins, reduced animal proteins, and reduced overall protein consumption show great promise for improving CKD outcomes, including halting renal function decline, reducing the need for dialysis, and ultimately saving lives.

• #33 Kidney disease prevention

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/kidney-disease-prevention

  Learn how to prevent kidney disease by learning what your kidneys do and finding out the risk factors for kidney disease. […] Knowing what causes kidney disease and knowing what actions you can take to prevent it can help you live your best life. […] Eating foods that are low in sodium (salt) and fat can help keep your kidneys healthy. […] Following an eating plan that is low in added sugar can help prevent heart disease, manage diabetes and help maintain a healthy weight. These are all important factors when managing or preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Being active can keep your kidneys healthy by helping you: Stay at a healthy weight. Keep a healthy blood sugar level. Lower your blood pressure. Lower your cholesterol (a waxy, fat-like substance in your blood). […] Drinking too much alcohol can make your blood pressure go up, which in time can lead to kidney disease.

• #34 Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/prevention/index.html

  Managing risk factors like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent kidney problems like chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] People who have diabetes may be able to prevent or delay CKD with blood pressure-lowering drugs. These medicines reduce protein in the urine, a risk factor for developing CKD. […] The earlier you take action to prevent or delay kidney disease, the better. […] Take action to prevent, delay, or manage CKD: […] If you have diabetes, get tested yearly. […] If you have high blood pressure: Check it regularly and get it under control to protect your kidneys.

• #35 Kidney disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/kidney-disease

  You can look after your kidneys by eating healthy food, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, staying active and maintaining a healthy weight. […] If detected early enough, the progress of kidney disease can be slowed and sometimes even prevented. In the early stages, changes to diet and medication can help to increase the life of your kidneys. […] Medication and changes to lifestyle, along with an early referral to a kidney specialist (nephrologist), can prevent or delay kidney failure. […] Healthy lifestyle choices to keep your kidneys functioning well include: Eat lots of fruit and vegetables including legumes (peas or beans) and grain-based food such as bread, pasta, noodles and rice. Eat lean meat such as chicken and fish each week. Eat only small amounts of salty or fatty food. Drink plenty of water instead of other drinks. Minimise consumption of sugary soft drinks. Maintain a healthy weight. Stay fit. Do at least 30 minutes of physical activity that increases your heart rate on five or more days of the week, including walking, lawn mowing, bike riding, swimming or gentle aerobics. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. If you do, quit. Call the Quitline or ask your doctor for help with quitting. Limit your alcohol intake. Have your blood pressure checked regularly. Take your blood pressure medication prescribed by your doctor and maintain your blood pressure at your target range. Do things that help you relax and reduce your stress levels.

• #36 Kidney disease prevention

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/kidney-disease-prevention

  Learn how to prevent kidney disease by learning what your kidneys do and finding out the risk factors for kidney disease. […] Knowing what causes kidney disease and knowing what actions you can take to prevent it can help you live your best life. […] Eating foods that are low in sodium (salt) and fat can help keep your kidneys healthy. […] Following an eating plan that is low in added sugar can help prevent heart disease, manage diabetes and help maintain a healthy weight. These are all important factors when managing or preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Being active can keep your kidneys healthy by helping you: Stay at a healthy weight. Keep a healthy blood sugar level. Lower your blood pressure. Lower your cholesterol (a waxy, fat-like substance in your blood). […] Drinking too much alcohol can make your blood pressure go up, which in time can lead to kidney disease.

• #37 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Manage Blood Sugar. Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause blood vessels inside the kidney to become narrow and clogged and can cause damage to the blood vessels and harm the kidneys. If you have diabetes, the best way to protect your kidneys is to positively influence your blood sugar levels as best you can. Your treatment plan may include changes to your diet, exercise, and medicine to lower your blood sugar levels. […] Eat a Healthy Diet. A healthy diet plan, such as the Mediterranean Diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet, can help lower blood pressure and blood lipids (fat in the blood). These eating plans include fresh fruits and vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts. […] Exercise. Exercise can help you keep a healthy weight, control blood pressure and cholesterol, build strength and endurance, and lower your chances of getting diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease.

• #38 Chronic kidney disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354527

  Living with diabetes is difficult, thinking about what you eat. But controlling the sugar levels are really important for helping kidney function and specifically slowing down any damage to the kidneys. […] We really want to help your health and so losing weight can be a key component to reducing your risk of progressing with kidney disease. […] We look to get blood pressure less than 130 systolic, that’s the top number. And less than 80 diastolic, that’s the bottom number, on blood pressure readings. […] Controlling your blood pressure and therefore monitoring that at home, taking your medications regularly, and letting us know about side effects is a really important part in partnering and helping you to have a good quality of life living with chronic kidney disease. […] As part of your treatment for chronic kidney disease, your doctor might recommend a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do.

• #39 11 Tips to Prevent Kidney Failure, Treatment Options & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-health/how-to-prevent-kidney-failure

  Reducing stress and anxiety can lower your blood pressure, which is good for your kidneys. […] Because high blood pressure and diabetes are the most common causes of kidney failure, many of the prevention tips are related to managing these two conditions. […] Diabetes increases your risk for heart disease and kidney failure. Thats just one reason to manage your blood sugar. […] High blood pressure can increase your risk for heart disease as well as kidney failure. […] Obesity can increase your risk for conditions associated with kidney failure, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. […] A heart-healthy diet one low in sugar and cholesterol and high in fiber, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables helps prevent weight gain. […] Eating too much salt is associated with high blood pressure.

• #40 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  Seeing your healthcare provider on a regular basis throughout your life is a good start for preventing kidney disease. […] People at high risk may have regular tests to check for CKD so its detected as early as possible. Some other things you can do to prevent CKD are: Manage your high blood pressure. Manage your blood sugar if you have diabetes. Eat a well-balanced diet. Dont smoke or use tobacco. Be active for 30 minutes at least five days a week. Maintain a healthy weight. Take nonprescription pain relievers only as directed. Taking more than directed can damage your kidneys. Limit alcohol-containing beverages.

• #41 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  Plant-based diets are feasible and are associated with improved intermediate outcomes and biomarkers. […] A low-protein, low-salt diet may result in slower progression of CKD and reduction in proteinuria as well as controlling symptoms of advanced CKD to delay dialysis start. […] It is recommended that weight management interventions should be individualised, according to a thorough patients’ assessment regarding clinical condition, motivations, and preferences. […] High dietary sodium intake may increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. […] EHealth interventions may improve dietary sodium intake and fluid management for people with CKD.

• #42 Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation of Michigan

  https://nkfm.org/conditions/kidney-disease/

  How to Keep Your Kidneys Healthy: Keep your blood pressure at the target your doctor sets for you. Stay in your target blood sugar range as much as possible. Get active physical activity helps control blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Lose weight if you’re overweight. Get your kidneys tested every year. If you have CKD, meet with a dietitian to create a kidney-healthy eating plan. Ask your doctor for a referral.

• #43 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Quit Smoking. Smoking causes diseases in every organ of the body, including the kidneys. If you are not able to quit smoking on your own, ask your doctor about treatment options. […] Do not overuse pain medicines. Using too much pain medicines called NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen) may cause kidney disease. Long-term use of NSAIDs, especially at high doses, reduces the blood flow to the kidney which causes harm to kidney tissue. […] 33% of adults in the U.S. are at risk for developing kidney disease. Take our one-minute Kidney Risk Quiz to see if you are part of the 33% at risk.

• #44 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention and Treatment of Common Complications | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1115/p1921.html

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and intervention are essential to slowing disease progression, maintaining quality of life, and improving outcomes. Family physicians have the opportunity to screen at-risk patients, identify affected patients, and ameliorate the impact of chronic kidney disease by initiating early therapy and monitoring disease progression. Aggressive blood pressure control, with a goal of 130/80 mm Hg or less, is recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] According to the evidence, ACE inhibitors are more effective than other antihypertensive drugs in preventing the progression of kidney disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. […] To prevent progression of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus, the American Diabetes Association recommends glycemic control, with the goal being an A1C concentration below 7 percent. […] The most recent guidelines from the NKF K/DOQI recommend treating dyslipidemia aggressively in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] The NKF suggests actions to slow disease progression. […] Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged at each office visit.

• #45 Kidney disease prevention

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/kidney-disease-prevention

  Using tobacco (smoking or chewing) can make your blood pressure go up, which in time can lead to kidney disease. […] The only way to know how well your kidneys are working is to get tested. Testing is especially important if you have diabetes, high blood pressure or a family history of kidney disease. […] Be proactive in knowing about your kidneys and ways to protect them. No one should be more invested in protecting them than you!

• #46 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  Seeing your healthcare provider on a regular basis throughout your life is a good start for preventing kidney disease. […] People at high risk may have regular tests to check for CKD so its detected as early as possible. Some other things you can do to prevent CKD are: Manage your high blood pressure. Manage your blood sugar if you have diabetes. Eat a well-balanced diet. Dont smoke or use tobacco. Be active for 30 minutes at least five days a week. Maintain a healthy weight. Take nonprescription pain relievers only as directed. Taking more than directed can damage your kidneys. Limit alcohol-containing beverages.

• #47 Kidney disease prevention

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/kidney-disease-prevention

  Learn how to prevent kidney disease by learning what your kidneys do and finding out the risk factors for kidney disease. […] Knowing what causes kidney disease and knowing what actions you can take to prevent it can help you live your best life. […] Eating foods that are low in sodium (salt) and fat can help keep your kidneys healthy. […] Following an eating plan that is low in added sugar can help prevent heart disease, manage diabetes and help maintain a healthy weight. These are all important factors when managing or preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Being active can keep your kidneys healthy by helping you: Stay at a healthy weight. Keep a healthy blood sugar level. Lower your blood pressure. Lower your cholesterol (a waxy, fat-like substance in your blood). […] Drinking too much alcohol can make your blood pressure go up, which in time can lead to kidney disease.

• #48 11 Tips to Prevent Kidney Failure, Treatment Options & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-health/how-to-prevent-kidney-failure

  Dehydration reduces blood flow to your kidneys, which can damage them. Ask your doctor how much water you should drink per day. […] Alcohol increases your blood pressure. The extra calories in it can make you gain weight, too. […] Smoking reduces blood flow to your kidneys. It damages kidney function in people with or without kidney disease. […] In high doses, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, reduce the amount of blood flow to your kidneys, which can harm them. […] Reducing stress and anxiety can lower your blood pressure, which is good for your kidneys. […] Exercise, such as swimming, walking, and running, can help reduce stress, manage diabetes and high blood pressure, and maintain a healthy weight. […] Following these tips can help you prevent kidney failure or slow its progression. The most important thing you can do is manage your diabetes and high blood pressure. […] Living a healthy lifestyle by eating right, being active, and not smoking is another key to keeping your kidneys healthy.

• #49 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  An overview of the general issues involved in the management of the patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including modalities to slow the rate of progression, will be presented here. […] The institution of measures to help prevent this process, such as treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, may slow progressive disease and even preserve kidney function. Benefit is more likely if treatment is initiated before much irreversible scarring has occurred.

• #50 Chronic Kidney Disease Basics | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/about/index.html

  CKD can be treated (the earlier treatment starts the better). […] CKD has varying levels of seriousness. It usually gets worse over time, though treatment has been shown to slow progression. […] Keep your blood pressure below 140/90 mm Hg (or the target your doctor sets for you). […] If you have diabetes, stay in your target blood sugar range as much as possible. […] Get active. Physical activity helps control blood pressure and blood sugar levels. […] Get tested for CKD regularly if you’re at risk. […] If you have CKD, meet with a dietician to create a kidney-healthy eating plan. The plan may need to change as you get older or if your health status changes. […] Take medicines as instructed and ask your doctor about blood pressure medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, which may protect your kidneys in addition to lowering blood pressure. […] If you smoke, make a plan to quit. Smoking can worsen kidney disease and interfere with medication that lowers blood pressure. […] Include a kidney doctor (nephrologist) on your health care team.

• #51 A practical guide to medicines for chronic kidney disease

  https://www.nps.org.au/news/medicines-for-chronic-kidney-disease-a-practical-guide

  For all people with CKD, prescribe an ACE inhibitor or ARB, up-titrated to the maximum tolerated dose. […] Add an SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin), and blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering and glucose-lowering medicines, as determined by clinical factors such as whether the person is meeting a therapeutic target. […] Adjust doses of medicines cleared by the kidneys according to kidney function to reduce risk of adverse effects and avoid nephrotoxic medicines where possible. […] All people with CKD should first be prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). […] Other medicines can then be added as needed to slow CKD progression and reduce CV risk, including: sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (dapagliflozin) as add-on therapy to an ACE inhibitor or ARB, blood pressure-lowering medicines to treat hypertension, lipid-lowering medicines for elevated absolute CV risk, glucose-lowering medicines for elevated glycaemic levels in type 2 diabetes.

• #52 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38215416/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age 60 years and older, family history of kidney disease, previous acute kidney injury, or preeclampsia. […] Blood pressure should be maintained at less than 140/90 mm Hg, with a systolic blood pressure target of 120 mm Hg or less for patients tolerant of therapy, using an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and metformin should be considered in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes who have not reached their glycemic goal. […] Interdisciplinary management of patients with CKD is important for reducing morbidity and mortality, and patients at high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease should be referred to a nephrologist.

• #53 A practical guide to medicines for chronic kidney disease

  https://www.nps.org.au/news/medicines-for-chronic-kidney-disease-a-practical-guide

  For all people with CKD, prescribe an ACE inhibitor or ARB, up-titrated to the maximum tolerated dose. […] Add an SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin), and blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering and glucose-lowering medicines, as determined by clinical factors such as whether the person is meeting a therapeutic target. […] Adjust doses of medicines cleared by the kidneys according to kidney function to reduce risk of adverse effects and avoid nephrotoxic medicines where possible. […] All people with CKD should first be prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). […] Other medicines can then be added as needed to slow CKD progression and reduce CV risk, including: sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (dapagliflozin) as add-on therapy to an ACE inhibitor or ARB, blood pressure-lowering medicines to treat hypertension, lipid-lowering medicines for elevated absolute CV risk, glucose-lowering medicines for elevated glycaemic levels in type 2 diabetes.

• #54 Experts call for improved prevention and early diagnosis – Kidney Research UK

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/2024/01/31/experts-call-for-improved-prevention-and-early-diagnosis/

  Integrated, specialist mental health and social support for all kidney patients […] The new Integrated Care Systems responsible for healthcare provision implementing targeted programmes for at-risk communities. […] Increased uptake of appropriate treatment to optimise the management of CKD, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors which can delay or prevent disease progression and prevent cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes in kidney patients. […] Early detection of kidney disease is vital in order to slow progression and give patients the best quality of life possible. The government and NHS need to do more to ensure those at risk of developing CKD are routinely tested and given access to appropriate treatments. We are determined our new report will help accelerate work in this area and lead to more patients saved from the heartbreak of kidney failure.

• #55 Medicines to manage kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/treatments/medicines-manage-kidney-disease

  Your doctor may prescribe medicines called statins. Statins help lower cholesterol to help blood flow through your body more easily. […] If you have metabolic acidosis, your doctor may prescribe sodium bicarbonate (the active ingredient in baking soda) in pill form to help balance the acid in your blood and help slow kidney disease. […] Your doctor may prescribe: Phosphate binders: a medicine to help your body get rid of extra phosphorus in your blood during digestion. […] If you have SHPT, your doctor may prescribe: A calcimimetic: medicines that tell your parathyroid glands to make less PTH. […] Always talk to your doctor before you start or stop any medicines, including any vitamins and supplements.

• #56 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention and Treatment of Common Complications | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1115/p1921.html

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and intervention are essential to slowing disease progression, maintaining quality of life, and improving outcomes. Family physicians have the opportunity to screen at-risk patients, identify affected patients, and ameliorate the impact of chronic kidney disease by initiating early therapy and monitoring disease progression. Aggressive blood pressure control, with a goal of 130/80 mm Hg or less, is recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] According to the evidence, ACE inhibitors are more effective than other antihypertensive drugs in preventing the progression of kidney disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. […] To prevent progression of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus, the American Diabetes Association recommends glycemic control, with the goal being an A1C concentration below 7 percent. […] The most recent guidelines from the NKF K/DOQI recommend treating dyslipidemia aggressively in patients with chronic kidney disease. […] The NKF suggests actions to slow disease progression. […] Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged at each office visit.

• #57 Medicines to manage kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/treatments/medicines-manage-kidney-disease

  Your doctor may prescribe medicines called statins. Statins help lower cholesterol to help blood flow through your body more easily. […] If you have metabolic acidosis, your doctor may prescribe sodium bicarbonate (the active ingredient in baking soda) in pill form to help balance the acid in your blood and help slow kidney disease. […] Your doctor may prescribe: Phosphate binders: a medicine to help your body get rid of extra phosphorus in your blood during digestion. […] If you have SHPT, your doctor may prescribe: A calcimimetic: medicines that tell your parathyroid glands to make less PTH. […] Always talk to your doctor before you start or stop any medicines, including any vitamins and supplements.

• #58 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) prevention | Africa Health Organisation

  https://aho.org/news/chronic-kidney-disease-prevention/

  Aggressive blood pressure control can help in delaying the decline in renal function in patients with CKD. […] Routine use of calcium and vit D is recommended in all CKD patients not only for maintaining good bone health but also to delay progression of the disease. […] A great number of individuals with CKD may be unaware of their disease and thus may be at risk for further kidney injury through use of NSAIDs. […] Correction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate is associated with significantly slower progression of CKD. […] Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) workgroup recommend that all adults with newly diagnosed CKD should undergo lipid profile testing. […] Plant-based diets delays progression to ESRD and dialysis and potentially improves survival. […] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study suggested that a low-protein diet slows down the GFR decline and reduces proteinuria. […] Reduction in salt intake slows the progression of diabetic CKD by lowering blood pressure. […] Smoking should be strictly avoided as this decreases the risk for future onset of kidney failure.

• #59 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) prevention | Africa Health Organisation

  https://aho.org/news/chronic-kidney-disease-prevention/

  Aggressive blood pressure control can help in delaying the decline in renal function in patients with CKD. […] Routine use of calcium and vit D is recommended in all CKD patients not only for maintaining good bone health but also to delay progression of the disease. […] A great number of individuals with CKD may be unaware of their disease and thus may be at risk for further kidney injury through use of NSAIDs. […] Correction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate is associated with significantly slower progression of CKD. […] Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) workgroup recommend that all adults with newly diagnosed CKD should undergo lipid profile testing. […] Plant-based diets delays progression to ESRD and dialysis and potentially improves survival. […] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study suggested that a low-protein diet slows down the GFR decline and reduces proteinuria. […] Reduction in salt intake slows the progression of diabetic CKD by lowering blood pressure. […] Smoking should be strictly avoided as this decreases the risk for future onset of kidney failure.

• #60

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40620-020-00728-x

  The cornerstone of the pharmacotherapy in secondary prevention is the use of angiotensin pathway modulators, also known as reninangiotensinaldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi). […] In patients with advanced CKD, management of uremia and related comorbid conditions such as anemia, mineral and bone disorders, and cardiovascular disease is of high priority, so that these patients can continue to achieve highest longevity. […] Given the close links between CKD and other NCDs, it is critical that CKD advocacy efforts be aligned with existing initiatives concerning diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, particularly in LMIC. […] The integration of CKD prevention into NCDs program, has resulted in the reduction of renal and cardiovascular risks in the general population. […] To reduce the risk of kidney failure, the program contemplates advancing public health surveillance and research to identify populations at risk and those in early stages of kidney disease, and to encourage adoption of evidence-based interventions to delay or stop progression to kidney failure.

• #61 7 Golden Rules of Kidney Disease Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/7-golden-rules-kidney-disease-prevention

  Quit Smoking. Smoking causes diseases in every organ of the body, including the kidneys. If you are not able to quit smoking on your own, ask your doctor about treatment options. […] Do not overuse pain medicines. Using too much pain medicines called NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen) may cause kidney disease. Long-term use of NSAIDs, especially at high doses, reduces the blood flow to the kidney which causes harm to kidney tissue. […] 33% of adults in the U.S. are at risk for developing kidney disease. Take our one-minute Kidney Risk Quiz to see if you are part of the 33% at risk.

• #62 11 Tips to Prevent Kidney Failure, Treatment Options & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-health/how-to-prevent-kidney-failure

  Dehydration reduces blood flow to your kidneys, which can damage them. Ask your doctor how much water you should drink per day. […] Alcohol increases your blood pressure. The extra calories in it can make you gain weight, too. […] Smoking reduces blood flow to your kidneys. It damages kidney function in people with or without kidney disease. […] In high doses, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, reduce the amount of blood flow to your kidneys, which can harm them. […] Reducing stress and anxiety can lower your blood pressure, which is good for your kidneys. […] Exercise, such as swimming, walking, and running, can help reduce stress, manage diabetes and high blood pressure, and maintain a healthy weight. […] Following these tips can help you prevent kidney failure or slow its progression. The most important thing you can do is manage your diabetes and high blood pressure. […] Living a healthy lifestyle by eating right, being active, and not smoking is another key to keeping your kidneys healthy.

• #63 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) prevention | Africa Health Organisation

  https://aho.org/news/chronic-kidney-disease-prevention/

  Aggressive blood pressure control can help in delaying the decline in renal function in patients with CKD. […] Routine use of calcium and vit D is recommended in all CKD patients not only for maintaining good bone health but also to delay progression of the disease. […] A great number of individuals with CKD may be unaware of their disease and thus may be at risk for further kidney injury through use of NSAIDs. […] Correction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate is associated with significantly slower progression of CKD. […] Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) workgroup recommend that all adults with newly diagnosed CKD should undergo lipid profile testing. […] Plant-based diets delays progression to ESRD and dialysis and potentially improves survival. […] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study suggested that a low-protein diet slows down the GFR decline and reduces proteinuria. […] Reduction in salt intake slows the progression of diabetic CKD by lowering blood pressure. […] Smoking should be strictly avoided as this decreases the risk for future onset of kidney failure.

• #64

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Good control of blood pressure is vital to protect the kidneys. […] If you also have type 2 diabetes or a high albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) you may be offered a type of medicine called an SGLT2 inhibitor, such as dapagliflozin, as well as medicines for high blood pressure. […] You may be prescribed medicines called statins to reduce your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. […] If you have CKD, it’s important to avoid taking potassium supplements and some medicines used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure because they can make your potassium levels too high. […] You may be advised to reduce your daily salt and fluid intake, including fluids in food such as soups and yoghurts, to help reduce the swelling. […] If you’re low in vitamin D, you may be given a supplement called colecalciferol or ergocalciferol to boost your vitamin D level. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #65 Understanding Kidney Disease in America: 1 in 7 Adults Affected | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/how-to-prevent-kidney-disease

  Proper hydration depends on factors like your age, climate, and existing health conditions. […] Using them for a long time or at high doses can harm healthy kidneys. However, kidney disease from pain medicines can often be prevented. […] This content is provided for informational use only and is not intended as medical advice or as a substitute for the medical advice of a healthcare professional.

• #66 The Importance of Early Detection & Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease – Renalogic

  https://renalogic.com/blog/the-importance-of-early-detection-prevention-of-chronic-kidney-disease/

  Avoiding Nephrotoxic Substances: Certain medications, herbal supplements, and environmental toxins can harm the kidneys. […] Smoking Cessation and Alcohol Moderation: Smoking damages blood vessels, including those in the kidneys, and increases the risk of kidney disease. […] Raising awareness about the importance of early detection and prevention of CKD is important for both individuals, health plans, and providers. […] Early detection and prevention are fundamental in managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) effectively. […] Emphasizing risk factor management, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and promoting patient education can collectively contribute to reducing the burden of CKD.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40620-020-00728-x

  The role of primary health care professionals in the implementation of CKD prevention strategies in LMIC countries has been recently illustrated. […] It is important to enhance the promotion and implementation of Prevention of kidney disease and kidney failure amongst healthcare professionals, it is equally important to promote Prevention with education programs for those at risk of kidney disease and kidney failure, and with the general population at large. […] Education is key to engaging patients with kidney disease. […] Given the pressing urgency pertaining to the need for increasing education and awareness on the importance of the preventive measures, we suggest the following goals to redirect the focus on plans and actions: Empowerment through health literacy in order to develop and support national campaigns that bring public awareness to prevention of kidney disease.

• #68 An integrated approach towards a public health perspective on chronic kidney disease | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-022-00537-4

  Increased awareness of chronic kidney disease among the general public is required to facilitate action to improve kidney health. An integrated approach involving mass media campaigns, primary health-care interventions and advocacy is needed to draw attention to chronic kidney disease and shift the focus from kidney failure to achieve a public health perspective on this disease. […] Gansevoort, R. T. et al. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. […] Neale, E. P., Middleton, J. Lambert, K. Barriers and enablers to detection and management of chronic kidney disease in primary healthcare: a systematic review.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40620-020-00728-x

  The role of primary health care professionals in the implementation of CKD prevention strategies in LMIC countries has been recently illustrated. […] It is important to enhance the promotion and implementation of Prevention of kidney disease and kidney failure amongst healthcare professionals, it is equally important to promote Prevention with education programs for those at risk of kidney disease and kidney failure, and with the general population at large. […] Education is key to engaging patients with kidney disease. […] Given the pressing urgency pertaining to the need for increasing education and awareness on the importance of the preventive measures, we suggest the following goals to redirect the focus on plans and actions: Empowerment through health literacy in order to develop and support national campaigns that bring public awareness to prevention of kidney disease.

• #70 Simple Public Health Intervention May Prevent Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://globalhealth.duke.edu/news/simple-public-health-intervention-may-prevent-chronic-kidney-disease

  We show that such a practical model based on primary care doctor training coupled with lifestyle advice from non-physician health workers is likely to have a long-term benefit on preserving kidney function at a population level, said Jafar. […] It follows that simple interventions based on education and communication of the importance of established prevention strategies including blood pressure management may have a significant impact at the population level, they wrote. This therefore warrants further consideration including the assessment of the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of prevention strategies specific to CKD management in developing countries.

• #71 Experts call for improved prevention and early diagnosis – Kidney Research UK

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/2024/01/31/experts-call-for-improved-prevention-and-early-diagnosis/

  Better incentives for GPs to make testing at-risk patients, monitoring and identifying opportunities for intervention routine […] Targeted education programmes to upskill healthcare professionals on CKD including the importance of testing, of annual reviews, and of discussing CKD with patients with conditions which can be risk factors for CKD, such as diabetes and high blood pressure […] Utilising community pharmacy to support testing and monitoring of CKD […] Increased government research spend and initiatives on CKD to improve early diagnosis, working alongside the kidney community to understand what initiatives and evidence would be most impactful. […] Better coordination of care for kidney patients with multiple conditions […] More detailed and consistent data collection, coding and flagging so patients at risk of kidney disease, and signs of disease progression, can be identified faster and interventions made to prevent or slow down deterioration

• #72 Experts call for improved prevention and early diagnosis – Kidney Research UK

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/2024/01/31/experts-call-for-improved-prevention-and-early-diagnosis/

  Better incentives for GPs to make testing at-risk patients, monitoring and identifying opportunities for intervention routine […] Targeted education programmes to upskill healthcare professionals on CKD including the importance of testing, of annual reviews, and of discussing CKD with patients with conditions which can be risk factors for CKD, such as diabetes and high blood pressure […] Utilising community pharmacy to support testing and monitoring of CKD […] Increased government research spend and initiatives on CKD to improve early diagnosis, working alongside the kidney community to understand what initiatives and evidence would be most impactful. […] Better coordination of care for kidney patients with multiple conditions […] More detailed and consistent data collection, coding and flagging so patients at risk of kidney disease, and signs of disease progression, can be identified faster and interventions made to prevent or slow down deterioration

• #73 An integrated approach towards a public health perspective on chronic kidney disease | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-022-00537-4

  Increased awareness of chronic kidney disease among the general public is required to facilitate action to improve kidney health. An integrated approach involving mass media campaigns, primary health-care interventions and advocacy is needed to draw attention to chronic kidney disease and shift the focus from kidney failure to achieve a public health perspective on this disease. […] Gansevoort, R. T. et al. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. […] Neale, E. P., Middleton, J. Lambert, K. Barriers and enablers to detection and management of chronic kidney disease in primary healthcare: a systematic review.

• #74 Kidney Health for Everyone Everywhere – From prevention to detection and equitable access to care | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-kidney-health-for-everyone-everywhere-articulo-S201325142030047X

  Given the close links between CKD and other NCDs, it is critical that CKD advocacy efforts be aligned with existing initiatives concerning diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, particularly in LMIC. […] The integration of CKD prevention into NCDs program, has resulted in the reduction of renal and cardiovascular risks in the general population. […] The role of primary healthcare professionals in the implementation of CKD prevention strategies in LMIC countries has been recently illustrated. […] Online learning programs for NCD prevention and treatment, including CKD, have been successfully implemented in Mexico. […] Given the pressing urgency pertaining to the need for increasing education and awareness on the importance of the preventive measures, we suggest the following goals to redirect the focus on plans and actions: Empowerment through health literacy in order to develop and support national campaigns that bring public awareness to prevention of kidney disease. […] To reduce the risk of kidney failure, the program contemplates advancing public health surveillance and research to identify populations at risk and those in early stages of kidney disease, and to encourage adoption of evidence-based interventions to delay or stop progression to kidney failure.

• #75 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/1200/chronic-kidney-disease.html

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age 60 years and older, family history of kidney disease, previous acute kidney injury, or preeclampsia. […] Interdisciplinary management of patients with CKD is important for reducing morbidity and mortality, and patients at high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease should be referred to a nephrologist.

• #76 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38215416/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age 60 years and older, family history of kidney disease, previous acute kidney injury, or preeclampsia. […] Blood pressure should be maintained at less than 140/90 mm Hg, with a systolic blood pressure target of 120 mm Hg or less for patients tolerant of therapy, using an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and metformin should be considered in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes who have not reached their glycemic goal. […] Interdisciplinary management of patients with CKD is important for reducing morbidity and mortality, and patients at high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease should be referred to a nephrologist.

• #77 NCQA Convenes Expert Panel on Chronic Kidney Disease – NCQA

  https://www.ncqa.org/blog/ncqa-convenes-expert-panel-on-chronic-kidney-disease/

  Chronic kidney disease is an important health issue that, if left untreated, can significantly impact a persons quality of life, says Caroline Blaum, NCQAs Assistant Vice President, Chronic Conditions and Complex Care. […] Early detection and management of CKD can delay its progression and reduce ESRD incidence. […] To guide a targeted discussion on preventive care and kidney health in the earlier stages of CKD, the panel focused on prevention and management, but did not address the complexities of managing ESRD. […] Identify quality gaps in CKD screening and prevention, management and preventing or slowing progression. […] Increase awareness among people living with CKD who may not know it. […] Hold routine testing for CKDnot just among at-risk populations, but for everyone. […] The CKD discussion was energizing and inspiring, says Blaum. We learned a lot about the current state of the industry, in terms of screening, diagnosis and treatment, and that will help us define better measures of quality care for people with CKD.

• #78 Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/1200/chronic-kidney-disease.html

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age 60 years and older, family history of kidney disease, previous acute kidney injury, or preeclampsia. […] Interdisciplinary management of patients with CKD is important for reducing morbidity and mortality, and patients at high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease should be referred to a nephrologist.

• #79 Chronic kidney disease in low-income to middle-income countries: the case for increased screening | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/2/2/e000256

  Early referral to a nephrologist has been found to decrease the chance of developing fatal complications associated with CKD substantially. […] Extant evidence suggests that CKD screening should receive attention in LMICs. CKD is increasingly common in these settings, due to the significant increase in non-infectious disease (particularly T2D and hypertension), as well as infectious conditions such as HIV. To decrease the high mortality and morbidity associated with CKD, early detection is essential because therapeutic interventions are likely to be effective if implemented early in the course of the disease.

• #80 CKDNET, a quality improvement project for prevention and reduction of chronic kidney disease in the Northeast Thailand | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09387-w

  Comprehensive CKD care of the CKDNET is being provided by the formulation of local guidelines and creation of an alert list based on the patients EMR in the CKDNET registry. […] Our compliance improvement strategy using case-manager nurses showed high impact on management and care of CKD patients. […] The CKDNET project has outlined and instigated prolific strategies for prevention and management of CKD in the Northeast of Thailand.

• #81 Experts call for improved prevention and early diagnosis – Kidney Research UK

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/2024/01/31/experts-call-for-improved-prevention-and-early-diagnosis/

  Better incentives for GPs to make testing at-risk patients, monitoring and identifying opportunities for intervention routine […] Targeted education programmes to upskill healthcare professionals on CKD including the importance of testing, of annual reviews, and of discussing CKD with patients with conditions which can be risk factors for CKD, such as diabetes and high blood pressure […] Utilising community pharmacy to support testing and monitoring of CKD […] Increased government research spend and initiatives on CKD to improve early diagnosis, working alongside the kidney community to understand what initiatives and evidence would be most impactful. […] Better coordination of care for kidney patients with multiple conditions […] More detailed and consistent data collection, coding and flagging so patients at risk of kidney disease, and signs of disease progression, can be identified faster and interventions made to prevent or slow down deterioration

• #82 CKDNET, a quality improvement project for prevention and reduction of chronic kidney disease in the Northeast Thailand | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09387-w

  CKDNET, a quality improvement project of the holistic approach is currently applying to the population in the Northeast Thailand which will facilitate curtailing of CKD burden in the region. […] The main objectives of the CKDNET include i) revealing CKD burden, associated risk factors and prevention; ii) developing CKD registry system; iii) providing comprehensive care; and iv) developing a cost-effective model care. […] We have adopted both primary and secondary prevention strategies. One of the primary CKD prevention plans applied is a salt intake reduction program. […] The CKDNET has also provided the information about salt content in different food serving as well as launched mobile applications named H2O for life and CKD KKU. These strategies are thought to help for prevention of CKD by facilitating salt and fluid self-monitoring.

• #83 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  Plant-based diets are feasible and are associated with improved intermediate outcomes and biomarkers. […] A low-protein, low-salt diet may result in slower progression of CKD and reduction in proteinuria as well as controlling symptoms of advanced CKD to delay dialysis start. […] It is recommended that weight management interventions should be individualised, according to a thorough patients’ assessment regarding clinical condition, motivations, and preferences. […] High dietary sodium intake may increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. […] EHealth interventions may improve dietary sodium intake and fluid management for people with CKD.

• #84 Kidney Health for Everyone Everywhere – From prevention to detection and equitable access to care | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-kidney-health-for-everyone-everywhere-articulo-S201325142030047X

  The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing with a projection of becoming the 5th most common cause of years of life lost globally by 2040. […] Crucially, however, the onset and progression of CKD is often preventable. In 2020, the World Kidney Day campaign highlights the importance of preventive interventions be it primary, secondary or tertiary. This complementing article focuses on outlining and analyzing measures that can be implemented in every country to promote and advance CKD prevention. Primary prevention of kidney disease should focus on the modification of risk factors and addressing structural abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tracts, as well as exposure to environmental risk factors and nephrotoxins. […] Political efforts are needed to proliferate the preventive approach. While national policies and strategies for non-communicable diseases might be present in a country, specific policies directed toward education and awareness about CKD screening, management and treatment are often lacking. Hence, there is an urgent need to increase the awareness of the importance of preventive measures throughout populations, professionals and policy makers.

• #85

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40620-020-00728-x

  The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing with a projection of becoming the 5th most common cause of years of life lost globally by 2040. […] Crucially, however, the onset and progression of CKD is often preventable. In 2020, the World Kidney Day campaign highlights the importance of preventive interventions be it primary, secondary or tertiary. […] Primary prevention of kidney disease should focus on the modification of risk factors and addressing structural abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tracts, as well as exposure to environmental risk factors and nephrotoxins. […] In persons with pre-existing kidney disease, secondary prevention, including blood pressure optimization and glycemic control, should be the main goal of education and clinical interventions.

• #86 Kidney Health for Everyone Everywhere – From prevention to detection and equitable access to care | Nefrología

  https://revistanefrologia.com/en-kidney-health-for-everyone-everywhere-articulo-S201325142030047X

  Given the close links between CKD and other NCDs, it is critical that CKD advocacy efforts be aligned with existing initiatives concerning diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, particularly in LMIC. […] The integration of CKD prevention into NCDs program, has resulted in the reduction of renal and cardiovascular risks in the general population. […] Detection and prevention of CKD programs require considerable resources both in terms of manpower and funds. […] The role of primary healthcare professionals in the implementation of CKD prevention strategies in LMIC countries has been recently illustrated. […] Given the pressing urgency pertaining to the need for increasing education and awareness on the importance of the preventive measures, we suggest the following goals to redirect the focus on plans and actions: Empowerment through health literacy in order to develop and support national campaigns that bring public awareness to prevention of kidney disease.

• #87 Chronic Kidney Disease – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/chronic-kidney-disease

  More than 1 in 7 adults in the United States may have chronic kidney disease (CKD), with higher rates in low-income and racial/ethnic minority groups. And most people with CKD dont know they have it. Healthy People 2030 focuses on preventing, diagnosing, and treating CKD. […] Managing risk factors like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent or delay CKD. […] Recommended tests can help identify people with CKD to make sure they get treatments and education that may help prevent or delay kidney failure and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). […] Strategies to make sure more people with ESKD get kidney transplants can increase survival rates and improve quality of life.

• #88 National health policies and strategies for addressing chronic kidney disease: Data from the International Society of Nephrology Global Kidney Health Atlas | PLOS Global Public Health

  https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0001467

  Developing and implementing national CKD-specific policies, or integrating CKD into existing or planned NCD strategies, may assist governments and key stakeholders to evaluate and identify gaps in care and advocate for health system improvement. […] Supporting countries to develop CKD-specific policies must be coupled with much more widespread testing for albuminuria in high-risk individuals, such as those with type 2 diabetes, greater access to proven therapies, and the establishment and refinement of health information systems to evaluate quality of care. […] Efforts to address shared risk factors for other NCDs, such as hypertension and diabetes, are likely to result in the greatest gains, and should be a major focus in all national NCDs policies.

• #89

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40620-020-00728-x

  Implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) Best Buys approach including screening of at-risk populations for CKD, universal access to essential diagnostics of early CKD, availability of affordable basic technologies and essential medicines and task shifting from doctors to front-line healthcare workers to more effectively target progression of CKD and other secondary preventative approaches.

• #90 Experts call for improved prevention and early diagnosis – Kidney Research UK

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/2024/01/31/experts-call-for-improved-prevention-and-early-diagnosis/

  Better incentives for GPs to make testing at-risk patients, monitoring and identifying opportunities for intervention routine […] Targeted education programmes to upskill healthcare professionals on CKD including the importance of testing, of annual reviews, and of discussing CKD with patients with conditions which can be risk factors for CKD, such as diabetes and high blood pressure […] Utilising community pharmacy to support testing and monitoring of CKD […] Increased government research spend and initiatives on CKD to improve early diagnosis, working alongside the kidney community to understand what initiatives and evidence would be most impactful. […] Better coordination of care for kidney patients with multiple conditions […] More detailed and consistent data collection, coding and flagging so patients at risk of kidney disease, and signs of disease progression, can be identified faster and interventions made to prevent or slow down deterioration

• #91 Experts call for improved prevention and early diagnosis – Kidney Research UK

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/2024/01/31/experts-call-for-improved-prevention-and-early-diagnosis/

  Better incentives for GPs to make testing at-risk patients, monitoring and identifying opportunities for intervention routine […] Targeted education programmes to upskill healthcare professionals on CKD including the importance of testing, of annual reviews, and of discussing CKD with patients with conditions which can be risk factors for CKD, such as diabetes and high blood pressure […] Utilising community pharmacy to support testing and monitoring of CKD […] Increased government research spend and initiatives on CKD to improve early diagnosis, working alongside the kidney community to understand what initiatives and evidence would be most impactful. […] Better coordination of care for kidney patients with multiple conditions […] More detailed and consistent data collection, coding and flagging so patients at risk of kidney disease, and signs of disease progression, can be identified faster and interventions made to prevent or slow down deterioration

• #92 Experts call for improved prevention and early diagnosis – Kidney Research UK

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/2024/01/31/experts-call-for-improved-prevention-and-early-diagnosis/

  Better incentives for GPs to make testing at-risk patients, monitoring and identifying opportunities for intervention routine […] Targeted education programmes to upskill healthcare professionals on CKD including the importance of testing, of annual reviews, and of discussing CKD with patients with conditions which can be risk factors for CKD, such as diabetes and high blood pressure […] Utilising community pharmacy to support testing and monitoring of CKD […] Increased government research spend and initiatives on CKD to improve early diagnosis, working alongside the kidney community to understand what initiatives and evidence would be most impactful. […] Better coordination of care for kidney patients with multiple conditions […] More detailed and consistent data collection, coding and flagging so patients at risk of kidney disease, and signs of disease progression, can be identified faster and interventions made to prevent or slow down deterioration

• #93 10 Recommendations for Global Kidney Health – International Society of Nephrology

  https://www.theisn.org/in-action/advocacy/advocacy-activities/10-recommendations-for-global-kidney-health/

  Prevent and respond to epidemic and endemic infectious diseases that impact kidney health. […] Address kidney diseases across the life course through universal health coverage. […] Universal health coverage (UHC) ensures that all individuals receive quality health services, from health promotion to rehabilitation, from treatment to palliative care, depending on their needs and without financial burden throughout their life-course. For optimal kidney health, this begins with universal access to antenatal care and child health visits, and permits sustainable access to effective and affordable quality diagnostics and medications for detecting and treating risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular and urologic diseases. This helps to delay kidney disease progression. […] Integrate kidney disease services within existing health and multisectoral initiatives.

• #94 SciELO Brazil – Brazilian public policy for chronic kidney disease prevention: challenges and perspectives Brazilian public policy for chronic kidney disease prevention: challenges and perspectives

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rsp/a/TJRfx6XC5yN8k45GpCq6hbt/

  Subsequently, the Ministry of Health launched in 2006 guidelines for the Clinical Prevention of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Chronic Kidney Disease, which recommended performing early screening in primary care in risk groups, namely diabetes mellitus, hypertension and family history of CKD. […] Furthermore, reinforcing that the main action in preventing CKD cases is reducing and treating the main risk factors for the development of kidney injury, in 2011 the Strategic Actions Plan for Combating Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (CNCD) was developed by the Brazilian federal government 2011-2022. […] Another regulation that deserves mentioning refers to ordinance no. 389 of the Ministry of Health, of March 13, 2014, which defines in greater detail the criteria for organizing the line of care for people with CKD.

• #95

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40620-020-00728-x

  The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing with a projection of becoming the 5th most common cause of years of life lost globally by 2040. […] Crucially, however, the onset and progression of CKD is often preventable. In 2020, the World Kidney Day campaign highlights the importance of preventive interventions be it primary, secondary or tertiary. […] Primary prevention of kidney disease should focus on the modification of risk factors and addressing structural abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tracts, as well as exposure to environmental risk factors and nephrotoxins. […] In persons with pre-existing kidney disease, secondary prevention, including blood pressure optimization and glycemic control, should be the main goal of education and clinical interventions.

• #96

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2020/09080/chronic_kidney_diseases__a_realm_for_preventive.4.aspx

  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is emerging as a major public health priority worldwide. Preventive measures focusing on reducing the prevalence of CKD by limiting exposure to risk factors could be cost effective in a country like India. The management of patients with CKD is focused on early detection or prevention, treatment of the underlying cause (if possible) to curb progression and attention to secondary processes that contribute to ongoing nephron loss. Health literacy and self-management are critical to improving the outcomes of chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease. Focusing on limiting exposure to risk factors of CKD could be the most cost-effective preventive measure for a developing country like India. If detected well in time, patients’ progress to kidney failure can be halted. Prevention of ESRD will involve principles of both primary and secondary prevention, i.e., early identification of kidney disease and its risk factors, prompt treatment of the amenable abnormalities, and halt the progression to renal failure. These simple measures will slow down the progression of kidney disease, prevent complications and thereby improve the QOL. Prevention of CKD and halting its progression to ESRD becomes the cornerstone for providing the most cost-effective care. This can start with the screening and detection of a silent disease, which gives years of opportunity for discovery and modification of its natural history. It is crucial to promote Prevention of Kidney diseases with specific educational programs especially for those at risk of kidney disease. Awareness and understanding about the renal disease are insufficient. Education about this will help in self-management and patient-centered care. CKD is often symptom-free in its early stages and is often missed. However, if detected early and managed appropriately, the rate of deterioration in kidney function can be reduced by as much as 50%, and may even be reversible. Preventive nephrology is still important in higher stages of CKD stage 3 and above. It involves the prevention of infectious diseases including vaccinations, preventive steps directed towards cardiovascular diseases, appropriate diet and lifestyle modification to avoid complications of CKD. The early utilization of vaccines in at-risk populations for CKD and increase antigen dose and frequency of vaccination in targeted patient populations has improved clinical outcomes by reducing many viral and bacterial infections in the CKD population. Health literacy and self-management are critical in improving the outcomes of chronic conditions such as CKD. The World Kidney day 2020 theme Kidney Health for Everyone Everywhere-From Prevention to Detection and Equitable Access to Care stresses upon the importance of preventive interventions-be it primary, secondary or tertiary.

• #97 The Importance of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8236/3/2/17

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem, with a prevalence of approximately 13.4% worldwide. […] there is a strong need for preventative care. […] Non-pharmacological treatments, such as Lifestyle interventions (including dietary recommendations and physical exercise) have been shown to harbour potential for beneficial effects on kidney health and the resulting co-morbidities. […] Increasing awareness of lifestyle interventions and creating a setting in which these can be efficiently studied in clinical trials could facilitate future implementation into clinical practice and improvement in outcomes for people living with CKD. […] Lifestyle interventions to optimise diet, physical activity, exercise, and non-pharmacological interventions are crucial in the prevention and treatment of CKD. The challenge remains in how to deliver these potential kidney-specific solutions without a trained workforce in place. Novel ways to implement lifestyle interventions at scale, and pragmatically deliver them in routine clinical practice, should be the focus of further research and implementation projects.

• #98 Kidney Health for Everyone Everywhere – From prevention to detection and equitable access to care | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-kidney-health-for-everyone-everywhere-articulo-S201325142030047X

  The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing with a projection of becoming the 5th most common cause of years of life lost globally by 2040. […] Crucially, however, the onset and progression of CKD is often preventable. In 2020, the World Kidney Day campaign highlights the importance of preventive interventions be it primary, secondary or tertiary. This complementing article focuses on outlining and analyzing measures that can be implemented in every country to promote and advance CKD prevention. Primary prevention of kidney disease should focus on the modification of risk factors and addressing structural abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tracts, as well as exposure to environmental risk factors and nephrotoxins. […] Political efforts are needed to proliferate the preventive approach. While national policies and strategies for non-communicable diseases might be present in a country, specific policies directed toward education and awareness about CKD screening, management and treatment are often lacking. Hence, there is an urgent need to increase the awareness of the importance of preventive measures throughout populations, professionals and policy makers.

• #99 Simple Public Health Intervention May Prevent Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://globalhealth.duke.edu/news/simple-public-health-intervention-may-prevent-chronic-kidney-disease

  Dialysis_Machine Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease require dialysis or transplantation to sustain life, but these therapies are unaffordable for many people, particularly in low- and middle-income countries–so prevention is key. […] A simple and inexpensive public health intervention helped prevent many cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Pakistan. […] To address this problem, Tazeen Jafar, professor of global health at the Duke Global Health Institute and the Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore, and her colleagues from Pakistan, Singapore and the United Kingdom assessed the effects of a combined public health intervention on the kidney health of hypertensive adults in Pakistan’s general population. […] It included training community health workers on aspects of a healthy lifestyle (such as improving diet, stopping smoking, increasing physical activity and taking prescribed blood pressure-lowering medications) and training community general practitioners on the latest standards related to managing hypertension.

• #100 Kidney Health for Everyone Everywhere – From prevention to detection and equitable access to care | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-kidney-health-for-everyone-everywhere-articulo-S201325142030047X

  Given the close links between CKD and other NCDs, it is critical that CKD advocacy efforts be aligned with existing initiatives concerning diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, particularly in LMIC. […] The integration of CKD prevention into NCDs program, has resulted in the reduction of renal and cardiovascular risks in the general population. […] The role of primary healthcare professionals in the implementation of CKD prevention strategies in LMIC countries has been recently illustrated. […] Online learning programs for NCD prevention and treatment, including CKD, have been successfully implemented in Mexico. […] Given the pressing urgency pertaining to the need for increasing education and awareness on the importance of the preventive measures, we suggest the following goals to redirect the focus on plans and actions: Empowerment through health literacy in order to develop and support national campaigns that bring public awareness to prevention of kidney disease. […] To reduce the risk of kidney failure, the program contemplates advancing public health surveillance and research to identify populations at risk and those in early stages of kidney disease, and to encourage adoption of evidence-based interventions to delay or stop progression to kidney failure.

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