Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects 10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to 800 million individuals. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women, racial minorities, and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease represents an especially large burden in low- and middle-income countries, which are least equipped to deal with its consequences. Chronic kidney disease has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and it is one of a small number of non-communicable diseases that have shown an increase in associated deaths over the past 2 decades. The high number of affected individuals and the significant adverse impact of chronic kidney disease should prompt enhanced efforts for better prevention and treatment.

• #2 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35529086/

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects 10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to 800 million individuals. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women, racial minorities, and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease represents an especially large burden in low- and middle-income countries, which are least equipped to deal with its consequences. Chronic kidney disease has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and it is one of a small number of non-communicable diseases that have shown an increase in associated deaths over the past 2 decades. The high number of affected individuals and the significant adverse impact of chronic kidney disease should prompt enhanced efforts for better prevention and treatment.

• #3 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/php/data-research/index.html

  With chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidneys become damaged and over time may not clean the blood as well as healthy kidneys. […] More than 1 in 7 US adults about 35.5 million people, or 14% are estimated to have CKD. […] As many as 9 in 10 adults with CKD do not know they have it. […] About 1 in 3 adults with severe CKD do not know they have CKD. […] CKD is more common in people aged 65 years or older (34%) than in people aged 45-64 years (12%) or 18-44 years (6%). […] CKD is slightly more common in women (14%) than men (12%). […] CKD is more common in non-Hispanic Black adults (20%) than in non-Hispanic Asian adults (14%) or non-Hispanic White adults (12%). […] About 14% of Hispanic adults have CKD. […] The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

• #4 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In the United States, more than 1 in 7 adults, 14% of the adult population, or 35.5 million people are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the overall prevalence of CKD in the US has remained relatively stable since 2004. The largest increase occurred in people with stage 3 CKD, from 4.5% to 6.0%. […] In the US, the prevalence of CKD increases dramatically with age: it is 6% in persons 18 to 44 years, 12% in those 45 to 64 years, and 34% in those 65 or older. […] According to 2017-March 2020 NHANES data, the estimated prevalence of CKD in adults by stage was as follows: Stage 3: 5.1%, Stage 4: 0.3%, Stage 5: 0.2%.

• #5 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/php/data-research/index.html

  With chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidneys become damaged and over time may not clean the blood as well as healthy kidneys. […] More than 1 in 7 US adults about 35.5 million people, or 14% are estimated to have CKD. […] As many as 9 in 10 adults with CKD do not know they have it. […] About 1 in 3 adults with severe CKD do not know they have CKD. […] CKD is more common in people aged 65 years or older (34%) than in people aged 45-64 years (12%) or 18-44 years (6%). […] CKD is slightly more common in women (14%) than men (12%). […] CKD is more common in non-Hispanic Black adults (20%) than in non-Hispanic Asian adults (14%) or non-Hispanic White adults (12%). […] About 14% of Hispanic adults have CKD. […] The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

• #6 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] From 1990 to 2017, the global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3%, whereas the age-standardized prevalence remained stable. Globally, 1.2 million people died from CKD in 2017. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. Diabetic nephropathy accounted for almost a third of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CKD. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of the Socio-demographic index (SDI).

• #7 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] From 1990 to 2017, the global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3%, whereas the age-standardized prevalence remained stable. Globally, 1.2 million people died from CKD in 2017. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. Diabetic nephropathy accounted for almost a third of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CKD. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of the Socio-demographic index (SDI).

• #8 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects 10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to 800 million individuals. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women, racial minorities, and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease represents an especially large burden in low- and middle-income countries, which are least equipped to deal with its consequences. Chronic kidney disease has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and it is one of a small number of non-communicable diseases that have shown an increase in associated deaths over the past 2 decades. The high number of affected individuals and the significant adverse impact of chronic kidney disease should prompt enhanced efforts for better prevention and treatment.

• #9 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] The greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone. […] The latest research shows that CKD and AKI require unique treatments and are not merely risk enhancers when they accompany other major NCDs. […] Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] Kidney disease is under-recognized and under-resourced. […] Recognizing kidney disease as a major driver of NCD-related mortality will translate into coordinated global efforts to minimize the burden of kidney disease and will save lives.

• #10 Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: A Report from Lithuania

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/2/112

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health issue: 11–13% of the overall world’s population suffers from this disease. […] The prevalence of pediatric CKD in the European Union (EU) countries ranges from about 55–60 to 70–75 pmarp in Spain and Italy, depending on the clinical definition of CKD that was used in each study. […] The epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children was last examined in Lithuania in 2006. Since then, the classification of the disease has changed, and patients’ care and treatment have improved. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the causes, stages, prevalence, and clinical signs of CKD and the demand for RRT among Lithuanian children in 2017 and to compare these epidemiological data on CKD with those of 1997 and 2006. […] In 1997 in Lithuania, there were 41 children with CKD stages 2–5; in 2006, 65; and in 2017, 66. […] CAKUT was the main cause of CKD among Lithuanian children, and there was an insignificant increase in its prevalence with years. The proportion of children with cystic kidney disease was decreasing, while that with hereditary nephropathies was increasing (p < 0.05). Congenital and hereditary diseases of the kidney occurred more frequently with years, and they made up 66% of all CKD causes in 1997; 70% in 2006; and 79% in 2017.

• #11 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects 10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to 800 million individuals. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women, racial minorities, and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease represents an especially large burden in low- and middle-income countries, which are least equipped to deal with its consequences. Chronic kidney disease has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and it is one of a small number of non-communicable diseases that have shown an increase in associated deaths over the past 2 decades. The high number of affected individuals and the significant adverse impact of chronic kidney disease should prompt enhanced efforts for better prevention and treatment.

• #12 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In the United States, more than 1 in 7 adults, 14% of the adult population, or 35.5 million people are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the overall prevalence of CKD in the US has remained relatively stable since 2004. The largest increase occurred in people with stage 3 CKD, from 4.5% to 6.0%. […] In the US, the prevalence of CKD increases dramatically with age: it is 6% in persons 18 to 44 years, 12% in those 45 to 64 years, and 34% in those 65 or older. […] According to 2017-March 2020 NHANES data, the estimated prevalence of CKD in adults by stage was as follows: Stage 3: 5.1%, Stage 4: 0.3%, Stage 5: 0.2%.

• #13 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/php/data-research/index.html

  With chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidneys become damaged and over time may not clean the blood as well as healthy kidneys. […] More than 1 in 7 US adults about 35.5 million people, or 14% are estimated to have CKD. […] As many as 9 in 10 adults with CKD do not know they have it. […] About 1 in 3 adults with severe CKD do not know they have CKD. […] CKD is more common in people aged 65 years or older (34%) than in people aged 45-64 years (12%) or 18-44 years (6%). […] CKD is slightly more common in women (14%) than men (12%). […] CKD is more common in non-Hispanic Black adults (20%) than in non-Hispanic Asian adults (14%) or non-Hispanic White adults (12%). […] About 14% of Hispanic adults have CKD. […] The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

• #14 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/php/data-research/index.html

  With chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidneys become damaged and over time may not clean the blood as well as healthy kidneys. […] More than 1 in 7 US adults about 35.5 million people, or 14% are estimated to have CKD. […] As many as 9 in 10 adults with CKD do not know they have it. […] About 1 in 3 adults with severe CKD do not know they have CKD. […] CKD is more common in people aged 65 years or older (34%) than in people aged 45-64 years (12%) or 18-44 years (6%). […] CKD is slightly more common in women (14%) than men (12%). […] CKD is more common in non-Hispanic Black adults (20%) than in non-Hispanic Asian adults (14%) or non-Hispanic White adults (12%). […] About 14% of Hispanic adults have CKD. […] The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

• #15 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/php/data-research/index.html

  With chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidneys become damaged and over time may not clean the blood as well as healthy kidneys. […] More than 1 in 7 US adults about 35.5 million people, or 14% are estimated to have CKD. […] As many as 9 in 10 adults with CKD do not know they have it. […] About 1 in 3 adults with severe CKD do not know they have CKD. […] CKD is more common in people aged 65 years or older (34%) than in people aged 45-64 years (12%) or 18-44 years (6%). […] CKD is slightly more common in women (14%) than men (12%). […] CKD is more common in non-Hispanic Black adults (20%) than in non-Hispanic Asian adults (14%) or non-Hispanic White adults (12%). […] About 14% of Hispanic adults have CKD. […] The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

• #16 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] The greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone. […] The latest research shows that CKD and AKI require unique treatments and are not merely risk enhancers when they accompany other major NCDs. […] Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] Kidney disease is under-recognized and under-resourced. […] Recognizing kidney disease as a major driver of NCD-related mortality will translate into coordinated global efforts to minimize the burden of kidney disease and will save lives.

• #17 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In the United States, more than 1 in 7 adults, 14% of the adult population, or 35.5 million people are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the overall prevalence of CKD in the US has remained relatively stable since 2004. The largest increase occurred in people with stage 3 CKD, from 4.5% to 6.0%. […] In the US, the prevalence of CKD increases dramatically with age: it is 6% in persons 18 to 44 years, 12% in those 45 to 64 years, and 34% in those 65 or older. […] According to 2017-March 2020 NHANES data, the estimated prevalence of CKD in adults by stage was as follows: Stage 3: 5.1%, Stage 4: 0.3%, Stage 5: 0.2%.

• #18 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  The adjusted incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US fell by 8.9% from 2000 to 2019. Over that period, however, the number of patients with newly registered ESKD rose from 97,856 to 134,837, an increase of 37.8%. […] In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD.

• #19 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  The adjusted incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US fell by 8.9% from 2000 to 2019. Over that period, however, the number of patients with newly registered ESKD rose from 97,856 to 134,837, an increase of 37.8%. […] In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD.

• #20

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be detected in its early stages through targeted urine testing for albumin (a measure of kidney damage), combined with blood testing for serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate (a measure of kidney function). […] Increasing the frequency of testing among those with risk factors for CKD has the potential to improve early detection and treatment, delay disease progression, and increase awareness of CKD. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with diabetes has decreased from 42.3% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 38.5% in the 2017-March 2020 survey. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with hypertension has remained stable, representing 24.5% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 24.6% in the 2017-March 2020 survey.

• #21 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  As many as 9 out of 10 individuals with CKD in resource-poor settings with weak primary care infrastructure are unaware that they have this condition and therefore do not seek treatment. […] Currently, kidney disease is the third fastest-growing cause of death globally and the only NCD to exhibit a continued rise in age-adjusted mortality. […] By 2040, CKD is projected to be the 5th highest cause of years of life lost (YLL) globally. […] Population growth, ageing and the increasing burden of diabetes, heart disease and hypertension are the best-recognized drivers of CKD incidence, especially in regions with advanced economies. […] CKD mortality has been rising. […] Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase.

• #22 Surveillance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk group patients

  https://www.sysmex.se/products/diagnostic/urinalysis/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/surveillance-of-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-risk-group-patients/

  This allows to either avoid unnecessary diagnostics or to initiate specific follow-up, and treatment adjustment can be initiated early on to halt or slow down the progression of CKD. […] General practitioners look after the majority of patients suffering from civilisation diseases. […] The accurate and automated detection of albuminuria and elevated albumin:creatinine ratios from a test strip is not only possible in a routine laboratory setting, but also at the point of care. […] This allows general practitioners to frequently screen their patients at risk of CKD without compromising on sensitivity. […] 5.4 million people will require RRT (renal replacement therapy) by 2030.

• #23 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  As many as 9 out of 10 individuals with CKD in resource-poor settings with weak primary care infrastructure are unaware that they have this condition and therefore do not seek treatment. […] Currently, kidney disease is the third fastest-growing cause of death globally and the only NCD to exhibit a continued rise in age-adjusted mortality. […] By 2040, CKD is projected to be the 5th highest cause of years of life lost (YLL) globally. […] Population growth, ageing and the increasing burden of diabetes, heart disease and hypertension are the best-recognized drivers of CKD incidence, especially in regions with advanced economies. […] CKD mortality has been rising. […] Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase.

• #24 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Hypertension is the strongest cardiovascular risk factor worldwide and is also closely associated with CKD. […] CKD is now widely recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] CKD is extremely common and has emerged as one of the leading noncommunicable causes of death worldwide. It is projected to affect an increasing number of individuals over time and to further rise in importance among the various global causes of death.

• #25 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] From 1990 to 2017, the global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3%, whereas the age-standardized prevalence remained stable. Globally, 1.2 million people died from CKD in 2017. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. Diabetic nephropathy accounted for almost a third of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CKD. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of the Socio-demographic index (SDI).

• #26 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] From 1990 to 2017, the global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3%, whereas the age-standardized prevalence remained stable. Globally, 1.2 million people died from CKD in 2017. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. Diabetic nephropathy accounted for almost a third of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CKD. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of the Socio-demographic index (SDI).

• #27 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  As many as 9 out of 10 individuals with CKD in resource-poor settings with weak primary care infrastructure are unaware that they have this condition and therefore do not seek treatment. […] Currently, kidney disease is the third fastest-growing cause of death globally and the only NCD to exhibit a continued rise in age-adjusted mortality. […] By 2040, CKD is projected to be the 5th highest cause of years of life lost (YLL) globally. […] Population growth, ageing and the increasing burden of diabetes, heart disease and hypertension are the best-recognized drivers of CKD incidence, especially in regions with advanced economies. […] CKD mortality has been rising. […] Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase.

• #28 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects 10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to 800 million individuals. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women, racial minorities, and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease represents an especially large burden in low- and middle-income countries, which are least equipped to deal with its consequences. Chronic kidney disease has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and it is one of a small number of non-communicable diseases that have shown an increase in associated deaths over the past 2 decades. The high number of affected individuals and the significant adverse impact of chronic kidney disease should prompt enhanced efforts for better prevention and treatment.

• #29 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] From 1990 to 2017, the global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3%, whereas the age-standardized prevalence remained stable. Globally, 1.2 million people died from CKD in 2017. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. Diabetic nephropathy accounted for almost a third of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CKD. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of the Socio-demographic index (SDI).

• #30 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] From 1990 to 2017, the global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3%, whereas the age-standardized prevalence remained stable. Globally, 1.2 million people died from CKD in 2017. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. Diabetic nephropathy accounted for almost a third of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CKD. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of the Socio-demographic index (SDI).

• #31 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as one of the most prominent causes of death and suffering in the 21st century. […] It is, therefore, paramount that CKD is identified, monitored, and treated, and that preventative and therapeutic measures addressing CKD are systematically implemented worldwide. […] The prevalence of CKD has been reported in an increasing number of studies worldwide, which has made it possible to aggregate their findings and to derive information about global CKD prevalence overall, as well as in various patient subgroups and geographic regions. […] The prevalence of CKD has been reported to be higher in females than in males. […] Diabetes mellitus has emerged as the most important risk factor for CKD in the developed world; this is reflected in studies examining CKD prevalence.

• #32

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-management-strategies-in-nephrology-29253.html

  Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD worldwide. Persistent high blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to diabetic nephropathy and CKD. Chronic high blood pressure can damage the kidneys’ blood vessels and impair their function over time, increasing the risk of CKD. Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of CKD and accelerates its progression. […] Excess body weight and obesity are risk factors for CKD, particularly when accompanied by other metabolic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Genetic factors play a role in CKD susceptibility, and individuals with a family history of kidney disease are at higher risk. CKD and cardiovascular disease share common risk factors and often coexist. Individuals with heart disease are more likely to develop CKD and vice versa.

• #33 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Hypertension is the strongest cardiovascular risk factor worldwide and is also closely associated with CKD. […] CKD is now widely recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] CKD is extremely common and has emerged as one of the leading noncommunicable causes of death worldwide. It is projected to affect an increasing number of individuals over time and to further rise in importance among the various global causes of death.

• #34

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-management-strategies-in-nephrology-29253.html

  The risk of CKD increases with age, with older adults more likely to experience declining kidney function. Effective management of CKD involves a multifaceted approach aimed at slowing disease progression, managing complications, and preserving kidney function. Key strategies include: Tight blood pressure control is essential for slowing the progression of CKD and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin Ii Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are commonly used antihypertensive medications that also have renoprotective effects. […] For individuals with diabetes, maintaining optimal blood sugar levels is crucial for preventing or delaying the onset of diabetic nephropathy and CKD. Lifestyle modifications, oral antidiabetic medications, and insulin therapy may be prescribed to achieve glycemic targets. Healthy lifestyle habits, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, smoking cessation, and limiting alcohol intake, can help manage CKD risk factors and improve overall health.

• #35

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-management-strategies-in-nephrology-29253.html

  Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD worldwide. Persistent high blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to diabetic nephropathy and CKD. Chronic high blood pressure can damage the kidneys’ blood vessels and impair their function over time, increasing the risk of CKD. Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of CKD and accelerates its progression. […] Excess body weight and obesity are risk factors for CKD, particularly when accompanied by other metabolic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Genetic factors play a role in CKD susceptibility, and individuals with a family history of kidney disease are at higher risk. CKD and cardiovascular disease share common risk factors and often coexist. Individuals with heart disease are more likely to develop CKD and vice versa.

• #36

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-management-strategies-in-nephrology-29253.html

  Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD worldwide. Persistent high blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to diabetic nephropathy and CKD. Chronic high blood pressure can damage the kidneys’ blood vessels and impair their function over time, increasing the risk of CKD. Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of CKD and accelerates its progression. […] Excess body weight and obesity are risk factors for CKD, particularly when accompanied by other metabolic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Genetic factors play a role in CKD susceptibility, and individuals with a family history of kidney disease are at higher risk. CKD and cardiovascular disease share common risk factors and often coexist. Individuals with heart disease are more likely to develop CKD and vice versa.

• #37

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-management-strategies-in-nephrology-29253.html

  Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD worldwide. Persistent high blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to diabetic nephropathy and CKD. Chronic high blood pressure can damage the kidneys’ blood vessels and impair their function over time, increasing the risk of CKD. Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of CKD and accelerates its progression. […] Excess body weight and obesity are risk factors for CKD, particularly when accompanied by other metabolic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Genetic factors play a role in CKD susceptibility, and individuals with a family history of kidney disease are at higher risk. CKD and cardiovascular disease share common risk factors and often coexist. Individuals with heart disease are more likely to develop CKD and vice versa.

• #38

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-management-strategies-in-nephrology-29253.html

  Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD worldwide. Persistent high blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to diabetic nephropathy and CKD. Chronic high blood pressure can damage the kidneys’ blood vessels and impair their function over time, increasing the risk of CKD. Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of CKD and accelerates its progression. […] Excess body weight and obesity are risk factors for CKD, particularly when accompanied by other metabolic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Genetic factors play a role in CKD susceptibility, and individuals with a family history of kidney disease are at higher risk. CKD and cardiovascular disease share common risk factors and often coexist. Individuals with heart disease are more likely to develop CKD and vice versa.

• #39 Surveillance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk group patients

  https://www.sysmex.se/products/diagnostic/urinalysis/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/surveillance-of-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-risk-group-patients/

  The increasing prevalence of these diseases during the last thirty years positively correlates with an increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease, reaching 9.1 % in 2017. […] Since the development of CKD can be reverted or its progression slowed down if detected at an early stage, a regular screening of risk patients for the onset of CKD can help to ease the burden and fight CKD. […] Following KDIGO guidelines, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are the key diagnostic tools for detecting chronic kidney disease. […] Regular albuminuria screening of risk groups could be a proper procedure in managing patients suffering from civilisation diseases. […] Albuminuria and the albumin:creatinine ratio can now be detected even at low concentrations in a cost-efficient way, allowing a frequent and broad screening of CKD-related risk groups.

• #40 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Importantly, the burden of kidney disease is highest among historically disadvantaged populations that often have limited access to optimal kidney disease therapies, which greatly contributes to current socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes. […] This joint statement from the International Society of Nephrology, European Renal Association and American Society of Nephrology, supported by three other regional nephrology societies, advocates for the inclusion of kidney disease in the current WHO statement on major non-communicable disease drivers of premature mortality. […] Approximately 850 million people worldwide are estimated to have kidney disease, most of whom live in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and LMICs), and a large proportion of these individuals lack access to kidney disease diagnosis, prevention or treatment.

• #41 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Importantly, the burden of kidney disease is highest among historically disadvantaged populations that often have limited access to optimal kidney disease therapies, which greatly contributes to current socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes. […] This joint statement from the International Society of Nephrology, European Renal Association and American Society of Nephrology, supported by three other regional nephrology societies, advocates for the inclusion of kidney disease in the current WHO statement on major non-communicable disease drivers of premature mortality. […] Approximately 850 million people worldwide are estimated to have kidney disease, most of whom live in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and LMICs), and a large proportion of these individuals lack access to kidney disease diagnosis, prevention or treatment.

• #42 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  As many as 9 out of 10 individuals with CKD in resource-poor settings with weak primary care infrastructure are unaware that they have this condition and therefore do not seek treatment. […] Currently, kidney disease is the third fastest-growing cause of death globally and the only NCD to exhibit a continued rise in age-adjusted mortality. […] By 2040, CKD is projected to be the 5th highest cause of years of life lost (YLL) globally. […] Population growth, ageing and the increasing burden of diabetes, heart disease and hypertension are the best-recognized drivers of CKD incidence, especially in regions with advanced economies. […] CKD mortality has been rising. […] Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase.

• #43

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  The Kidney Disease Surveillance System is a comprehensive information system for kidney disease to inform and stimulate public health action. […] Current activities of the CKD Initiative include surveillance, epidemiology, health outcomes, and economic studies in partnership with various offices at the CDC, other governmental agencies, universities, and national organizations.

• #44

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  The Kidney Disease Surveillance System is a comprehensive information system for kidney disease to inform and stimulate public health action. […] Current activities of the CKD Initiative include surveillance, epidemiology, health outcomes, and economic studies in partnership with various offices at the CDC, other governmental agencies, universities, and national organizations.

• #45 Kidney Disease Surveillance System

  https://www.mathematica.org/projects/kidney-disease-surveillance-system

  To support a comprehensive surveillance and information system for kidney disease to both inform and to help stimulate public health action. […] Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem affecting more than 37 million U.S. adults. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Kidney Disease Surveillance project has a serious responsibility to both inform and to help stimulate public health action. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Kidney Disease Surveillance System is the first surveillance system of its kind developed in the United States to focus on tracking kidney disease prior to end stage kidney disease. […] Findings from this system highlighted on the projects website are intended to raise awareness of multiple facets of kidney disease (prevalence and incidence, risk factors, awareness, quality of care, health outcomes, and its social determinants of health), to spur individuals, communities, policymakers, researchers, clinicians, and health systems to bring about incremental and sustainable improvements to reduce the impact of this often-neglected non-communicable disease.

• #46 Kidney Disease Surveillance System

  https://www.mathematica.org/projects/kidney-disease-surveillance-system

  To support a comprehensive surveillance and information system for kidney disease to both inform and to help stimulate public health action. […] Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem affecting more than 37 million U.S. adults. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Kidney Disease Surveillance project has a serious responsibility to both inform and to help stimulate public health action. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Kidney Disease Surveillance System is the first surveillance system of its kind developed in the United States to focus on tracking kidney disease prior to end stage kidney disease. […] Findings from this system highlighted on the projects website are intended to raise awareness of multiple facets of kidney disease (prevalence and incidence, risk factors, awareness, quality of care, health outcomes, and its social determinants of health), to spur individuals, communities, policymakers, researchers, clinicians, and health systems to bring about incremental and sustainable improvements to reduce the impact of this often-neglected non-communicable disease.

• #47 NKDSS | Ireland

  https://www.nkdss.ie/

  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a common chronic condition that affects as many as 10-15 percent of adults World wide and has a major impact on a persons health. […] The overall goal of the National Kidney Disease Surveillance System (NKDSS) and Quality Assurance (QA) Programme is to improve the delivery, quality and outcomes of care provided to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or at risk of kidney disease in the Irish health system. […] We conduct and support clinical, epidemiological and translational research while fostering research training and mentoring opportunities to create new knowledge and to improve health of patients with CKD. […] „Improving awareness of the Kidney disease is important; screening of high risk individuals is also desirable in order to allow earlier detection, the identification of risk factors, and the monitoring of the effectiveness of treatments is crucial. These are all important and our research programme here at the University of Limerick plays a vital role in contributing to these efforts and our understanding of Kidney Disease.” […] „The NKDSS linked data has the potential to inform the development of optimal CKD care strategies, generate hypotheses about how to slow disease progression and identify risk factors for adverse outcomes.”

• #48 Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease in Agricultural Communities in Central America. Case definitions, methodological basis and approaches for public health surveillance – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/documents/epidemic-chronic-kidney-disease-agricultural-communities-central-america-case-definitions

  Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease in Agricultural Communities in Central America. Case definitions, methodological basis and approaches for public health surveillance […] The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Resolution on Chronic Kidney Disease in Agricultural Communities in Central America has recommended a set of priorities to address this epidemic; this document specifically addresses the request for a framework for systematic surveillance of CKD and CKDnT to be developed in the region, particularly for affected countries. […] This document presents a surveillance framework which includes: (a) passive surveillance, with the main components based on mortality registries and on a population registry of dialysis or end-stage kidney disease; (b) active surveillance that could be based mainly on sentinel surveillance in communities and in selected occupations; and (c) population-based surveillance, through repeated cross-sectional surveys such as the WHO STEPS, which is a stepwise approach to surveillance for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

• #49 PAHO Issues Recommendations to Strengthen Surveillance on Unusual Kidney Disease Epidemic in Central America – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-8-2017-paho-issues-recommendations-strengthen-surveillance-unusual-kidney-disease-epidemic

  The surveillance framework includes passive surveillance based on mortality registries and on a population registry of dialysis or end-stage kidney disease. […] PAHO will continue to advocate improvements in environmental and occupational health, promote resource mobilization, and provide technical support to improve surveillance and detail a research agenda to combat the disease.

• #50 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology – Clinical Trials Consortium (CKD-EPI CT) – Vivli

  https://vivli.org/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-clinical-trials-consortium-ckd-epi-ct/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is any condition that causes reduced kidney function over a period of time. CKD is common and harmful, but with few therapies. Conduct of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in CKD is hampered, in part, because CKD often progresses slowly, with insufficient clinical endpoints (i.e., kidney failure or doubling of serum creatinine) in feasible time frames. In addition, there is insufficient data to guide sponsors or investigators in design of new RCTs. […] The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) was established in 2003 to address fundamental questions in CKD epidemiology using individual patient data and rigorous methods in clinical chemistry and statistics to create useful tools for research, patient care, and public health. […] A critical focus of CKD-EPI has been evaluation of surrogate endpoints for kidney disease progression, focusing on early changes in proteinuria (albuminuria) and GFR decline (time to 30% and 40% decline in eGFR and eGFR slope) as the key endpoints of interest, using individual patient meta-analysis of RCTs.

• #51 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology – Clinical Trials Consortium (CKD-EPI CT) – Vivli

  https://vivli.org/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-clinical-trials-consortium-ckd-epi-ct/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is any condition that causes reduced kidney function over a period of time. CKD is common and harmful, but with few therapies. Conduct of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in CKD is hampered, in part, because CKD often progresses slowly, with insufficient clinical endpoints (i.e., kidney failure or doubling of serum creatinine) in feasible time frames. In addition, there is insufficient data to guide sponsors or investigators in design of new RCTs. […] The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) was established in 2003 to address fundamental questions in CKD epidemiology using individual patient data and rigorous methods in clinical chemistry and statistics to create useful tools for research, patient care, and public health. […] A critical focus of CKD-EPI has been evaluation of surrogate endpoints for kidney disease progression, focusing on early changes in proteinuria (albuminuria) and GFR decline (time to 30% and 40% decline in eGFR and eGFR slope) as the key endpoints of interest, using individual patient meta-analysis of RCTs.

• #52 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology – Clinical Trials Consortium (CKD-EPI CT) – Vivli

  https://vivli.org/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-clinical-trials-consortium-ckd-epi-ct/

  To our knowledge, this is the largest and most diverse collection of RCTs for CKD progression. […] Results to date were able to comment on the general validity of these endpoints, but were not able to make specific recommendations for how to select specific endpoints in specific trials and populations. […] The overall goal of our next phase is to develop evidence-based tools to rigorously evaluate trade-offs between alternative design strategies, including requirements for sample size and study duration, thereby improving feasibility and decreasing cost without inflating the risk of false positive conclusions. […] More efficient trials should spur an increased number of RCTs, speeding development of effective therapies for CKD.

• #53 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/

  Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects 10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to 800 million individuals. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women, racial minorities, and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease represents an especially large burden in low- and middle-income countries, which are least equipped to deal with its consequences. Chronic kidney disease has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and it is one of a small number of non-communicable diseases that have shown an increase in associated deaths over the past 2 decades. The high number of affected individuals and the significant adverse impact of chronic kidney disease should prompt enhanced efforts for better prevention and treatment.

• #54 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Early detection is a key strategy to prevent kidney disease, its progression and related complications, but numerous studies show that awareness of kidney disease at the population level is low. […] Therefore, increasing knowledge and implementing sustainable solutions for early detection of kidney disease are public health priorities. […] Economic and epidemiological data underscore why kidney disease should be placed on the global public health agenda kidney disease prevalence is increasing globally and it is now the seventh leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. […] Moreover, demographic trends, the obesity epidemic and the sequelae of climate change are all likely to increase kidney disease prevalence further, with serious implications for survival, quality of life and health care spending worldwide.

• #55

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be detected in its early stages through targeted urine testing for albumin (a measure of kidney damage), combined with blood testing for serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate (a measure of kidney function). […] Increasing the frequency of testing among those with risk factors for CKD has the potential to improve early detection and treatment, delay disease progression, and increase awareness of CKD. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with diabetes has decreased from 42.3% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 38.5% in the 2017-March 2020 survey. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with hypertension has remained stable, representing 24.5% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 24.6% in the 2017-March 2020 survey.

• #56

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be detected in its early stages through targeted urine testing for albumin (a measure of kidney damage), combined with blood testing for serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate (a measure of kidney function). […] Increasing the frequency of testing among those with risk factors for CKD has the potential to improve early detection and treatment, delay disease progression, and increase awareness of CKD. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with diabetes has decreased from 42.3% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 38.5% in the 2017-March 2020 survey. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with hypertension has remained stable, representing 24.5% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 24.6% in the 2017-March 2020 survey.

• #57 Surveillance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk group patients

  https://www.sysmex.se/products/diagnostic/urinalysis/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/surveillance-of-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-risk-group-patients/

  The increasing prevalence of these diseases during the last thirty years positively correlates with an increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease, reaching 9.1 % in 2017. […] Since the development of CKD can be reverted or its progression slowed down if detected at an early stage, a regular screening of risk patients for the onset of CKD can help to ease the burden and fight CKD. […] Following KDIGO guidelines, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are the key diagnostic tools for detecting chronic kidney disease. […] Regular albuminuria screening of risk groups could be a proper procedure in managing patients suffering from civilisation diseases. […] Albuminuria and the albumin:creatinine ratio can now be detected even at low concentrations in a cost-efficient way, allowing a frequent and broad screening of CKD-related risk groups.

• #58 Surveillance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk group patients

  https://www.sysmex.se/products/diagnostic/urinalysis/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/surveillance-of-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-risk-group-patients/

  The increasing prevalence of these diseases during the last thirty years positively correlates with an increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease, reaching 9.1 % in 2017. […] Since the development of CKD can be reverted or its progression slowed down if detected at an early stage, a regular screening of risk patients for the onset of CKD can help to ease the burden and fight CKD. […] Following KDIGO guidelines, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are the key diagnostic tools for detecting chronic kidney disease. […] Regular albuminuria screening of risk groups could be a proper procedure in managing patients suffering from civilisation diseases. […] Albuminuria and the albumin:creatinine ratio can now be detected even at low concentrations in a cost-efficient way, allowing a frequent and broad screening of CKD-related risk groups.

• #59 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  The adjusted incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US fell by 8.9% from 2000 to 2019. Over that period, however, the number of patients with newly registered ESKD rose from 97,856 to 134,837, an increase of 37.8%. […] In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD.

• #60 Chronic Kidney Disease Workgroup – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/about/workgroups/chronic-kidney-disease-workgroup

  Members of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Workgroup have expertise in areas including nephrology, transplantation, and hypertension. […] The CKD Workgroup has been part of the Healthy People initiative since 1990. […] Chronic kidney disease impacts more than 1 in 7 U.S. adults, or 37 million people, but 9 in 10 adults with CKD don’t know they have it. […] The CKD Workgroup selected core objectives that aim to reduce the rates of kidney disease, slow its progression, reduce complications, and reduce related deaths. […] CKD is a public health threat for people of all ages and racial/ethnic groups. […] Reducing these health disparities will require raising awareness of their impact, providing preventive care that is appropriate for all cultures, and removing barriers to care. […] The need for culturally appropriate preventive care will grow over the decade as America continues to become more culturally diverse and older. […] Because of the close association between kidney disease and diabetes, efforts to reduce diabetes may also have an impact on kidney disease.

• #61 Chronic Kidney Disease Workgroup – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/about/workgroups/chronic-kidney-disease-workgroup

  Members of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Workgroup have expertise in areas including nephrology, transplantation, and hypertension. […] The CKD Workgroup has been part of the Healthy People initiative since 1990. […] Chronic kidney disease impacts more than 1 in 7 U.S. adults, or 37 million people, but 9 in 10 adults with CKD don’t know they have it. […] The CKD Workgroup selected core objectives that aim to reduce the rates of kidney disease, slow its progression, reduce complications, and reduce related deaths. […] CKD is a public health threat for people of all ages and racial/ethnic groups. […] Reducing these health disparities will require raising awareness of their impact, providing preventive care that is appropriate for all cultures, and removing barriers to care. […] The need for culturally appropriate preventive care will grow over the decade as America continues to become more culturally diverse and older. […] Because of the close association between kidney disease and diabetes, efforts to reduce diabetes may also have an impact on kidney disease.

• #62 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Early detection is a key strategy to prevent kidney disease, its progression and related complications, but numerous studies show that awareness of kidney disease at the population level is low. […] Therefore, increasing knowledge and implementing sustainable solutions for early detection of kidney disease are public health priorities. […] Economic and epidemiological data underscore why kidney disease should be placed on the global public health agenda kidney disease prevalence is increasing globally and it is now the seventh leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. […] Moreover, demographic trends, the obesity epidemic and the sequelae of climate change are all likely to increase kidney disease prevalence further, with serious implications for survival, quality of life and health care spending worldwide.

• #63 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Early detection is a key strategy to prevent kidney disease, its progression and related complications, but numerous studies show that awareness of kidney disease at the population level is low. […] Therefore, increasing knowledge and implementing sustainable solutions for early detection of kidney disease are public health priorities. […] Economic and epidemiological data underscore why kidney disease should be placed on the global public health agenda kidney disease prevalence is increasing globally and it is now the seventh leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. […] Moreover, demographic trends, the obesity epidemic and the sequelae of climate change are all likely to increase kidney disease prevalence further, with serious implications for survival, quality of life and health care spending worldwide.

• #64 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  As many as 9 out of 10 individuals with CKD in resource-poor settings with weak primary care infrastructure are unaware that they have this condition and therefore do not seek treatment. […] Currently, kidney disease is the third fastest-growing cause of death globally and the only NCD to exhibit a continued rise in age-adjusted mortality. […] By 2040, CKD is projected to be the 5th highest cause of years of life lost (YLL) globally. […] Population growth, ageing and the increasing burden of diabetes, heart disease and hypertension are the best-recognized drivers of CKD incidence, especially in regions with advanced economies. […] CKD mortality has been rising. […] Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase.

• #65

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  In contrast to the adult population, in whom the prevalence of CKD has been systematically assessed worldwide, very little is known about the epidemiology of childhood CKD. Most of the epidemiological knowledge in children is derived from KRT registries like the ESPN/ERA Registry in Europe, the USRDS in the USA, or other registries. Yet, it is important that childhood CKD is identified early, monitored, and treated properly, and that preventive measures addressing CKD progression are implemented. To this end, and to anticipate the pediatric nephrology workforce needs, we should improve our understanding and more precisely determine the true prevalence of CKD and its stages in the pediatric population. […] Since CKD is most often asymptomatic initially, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the early stages of pediatric CKD so that incidence and prevalence are very likely to be underestimated. Therefore, epidemiological data for CKD stages 25 are scarce in children and mainly based on KRT registries. Although pediatric registries and cohorts using the K/DOQI or KDIGO classifications are emerging, only a small number of studies on the epidemiology of CKD stages 25 are available.

• #66

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  In contrast to the adult population, in whom the prevalence of CKD has been systematically assessed worldwide, very little is known about the epidemiology of childhood CKD. Most of the epidemiological knowledge in children is derived from KRT registries like the ESPN/ERA Registry in Europe, the USRDS in the USA, or other registries. Yet, it is important that childhood CKD is identified early, monitored, and treated properly, and that preventive measures addressing CKD progression are implemented. To this end, and to anticipate the pediatric nephrology workforce needs, we should improve our understanding and more precisely determine the true prevalence of CKD and its stages in the pediatric population. […] Since CKD is most often asymptomatic initially, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the early stages of pediatric CKD so that incidence and prevalence are very likely to be underestimated. Therefore, epidemiological data for CKD stages 25 are scarce in children and mainly based on KRT registries. Although pediatric registries and cohorts using the K/DOQI or KDIGO classifications are emerging, only a small number of studies on the epidemiology of CKD stages 25 are available.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  On the basis of hospital-based studies examining the prevalence of pediatric CKD (ranging from 0.3 to 1 per 10,000 children) and the results of the few population-based studies suggesting a much higher prevalence (from 1 to 10 per 1000 children), the current total number of children and adolescents affected by CKD stages 25 worldwide could be extrapolated to exceed 2 million CKD cases in a global population of 2 billion children. This is a worrisome figure that is in the same range as the estimated number of childhood cancers, the estimated number of children with type 1 diabetes, and 10 times higher than the number of children affected by cystic fibrosis. CKD is therefore one of the most common pediatric noncommunicable diseases. However, contrary to the aforementioned diseases, the public awareness, level of policy attention, and investment required for pediatric CKD are still very poor.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  On the basis of hospital-based studies examining the prevalence of pediatric CKD (ranging from 0.3 to 1 per 10,000 children) and the results of the few population-based studies suggesting a much higher prevalence (from 1 to 10 per 1000 children), the current total number of children and adolescents affected by CKD stages 25 worldwide could be extrapolated to exceed 2 million CKD cases in a global population of 2 billion children. This is a worrisome figure that is in the same range as the estimated number of childhood cancers, the estimated number of children with type 1 diabetes, and 10 times higher than the number of children affected by cystic fibrosis. CKD is therefore one of the most common pediatric noncommunicable diseases. However, contrary to the aforementioned diseases, the public awareness, level of policy attention, and investment required for pediatric CKD are still very poor.

• #69 Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: A Report from Lithuania

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/2/112

  Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: A Report from Lithuania […] Background and Objectives: The data on the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the pediatric population are limited. The prevalence of CKD ranges from 56 to 74.7 cases per million of the age-related population (pmarp). […] The aim of the study was to determine the causes, stage, prevalence, and clinical signs of CKD and demand for RRT (renal replacement therapy) among Lithuanian children in 2017 and to compare the epidemiological data of CKD with the data of 1997 and 2006. […] Results: The prevalence of CKD stages 2–5 was 48.0 pmarp in 1997; 88.7 in 2006; and 132.1 in 2017 (p < 0.01). [...] CAKUT remains the main cause of CKD at all time periods. Among children with CKD stages 4 or 5, there were more children with hypertension and anemia. In children who were diagnosed with CKD at an early age hypertension developed at a younger age.

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  In contrast to the adult population, in whom the prevalence of CKD has been systematically assessed worldwide, very little is known about the epidemiology of childhood CKD. Most of the epidemiological knowledge in children is derived from KRT registries like the ESPN/ERA Registry in Europe, the USRDS in the USA, or other registries. Yet, it is important that childhood CKD is identified early, monitored, and treated properly, and that preventive measures addressing CKD progression are implemented. To this end, and to anticipate the pediatric nephrology workforce needs, we should improve our understanding and more precisely determine the true prevalence of CKD and its stages in the pediatric population. […] Since CKD is most often asymptomatic initially, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the early stages of pediatric CKD so that incidence and prevalence are very likely to be underestimated. Therefore, epidemiological data for CKD stages 25 are scarce in children and mainly based on KRT registries. Although pediatric registries and cohorts using the K/DOQI or KDIGO classifications are emerging, only a small number of studies on the epidemiology of CKD stages 25 are available.

• #71

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  In contrast to the adult population, in whom the prevalence of CKD has been systematically assessed worldwide, very little is known about the epidemiology of childhood CKD. Most of the epidemiological knowledge in children is derived from KRT registries like the ESPN/ERA Registry in Europe, the USRDS in the USA, or other registries. Yet, it is important that childhood CKD is identified early, monitored, and treated properly, and that preventive measures addressing CKD progression are implemented. To this end, and to anticipate the pediatric nephrology workforce needs, we should improve our understanding and more precisely determine the true prevalence of CKD and its stages in the pediatric population. […] Since CKD is most often asymptomatic initially, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the early stages of pediatric CKD so that incidence and prevalence are very likely to be underestimated. Therefore, epidemiological data for CKD stages 25 are scarce in children and mainly based on KRT registries. Although pediatric registries and cohorts using the K/DOQI or KDIGO classifications are emerging, only a small number of studies on the epidemiology of CKD stages 25 are available.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  We need to do more to raise awareness of and advocate about pediatric CKD to improve health outcomes. This calls for collecting more data from population-based CKD registries and cohorts not only including KRT but also earlier stages of CKD in which kidney failure may be delayed or prevented, and evaluating the impact of population screening interventions in children with risk factors of CKD. Such strategies will allow providing simple and reliable statistics for communication on the true burden of pediatric kidney diseases, and effective lobbying of professional organizations like IPNA to advance kidney health in children everywhere.

• #73 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Importantly, the burden of kidney disease is highest among historically disadvantaged populations that often have limited access to optimal kidney disease therapies, which greatly contributes to current socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes. […] This joint statement from the International Society of Nephrology, European Renal Association and American Society of Nephrology, supported by three other regional nephrology societies, advocates for the inclusion of kidney disease in the current WHO statement on major non-communicable disease drivers of premature mortality. […] Approximately 850 million people worldwide are estimated to have kidney disease, most of whom live in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and LMICs), and a large proportion of these individuals lack access to kidney disease diagnosis, prevention or treatment.

• #74 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] The greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone. […] The latest research shows that CKD and AKI require unique treatments and are not merely risk enhancers when they accompany other major NCDs. […] Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] Kidney disease is under-recognized and under-resourced. […] Recognizing kidney disease as a major driver of NCD-related mortality will translate into coordinated global efforts to minimize the burden of kidney disease and will save lives.

• #75 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] The greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone. […] The latest research shows that CKD and AKI require unique treatments and are not merely risk enhancers when they accompany other major NCDs. […] Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] Kidney disease is under-recognized and under-resourced. […] Recognizing kidney disease as a major driver of NCD-related mortality will translate into coordinated global efforts to minimize the burden of kidney disease and will save lives.

• #76 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology – Clinical Trials Consortium (CKD-EPI CT) – Vivli

  https://vivli.org/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-clinical-trials-consortium-ckd-epi-ct/

  To our knowledge, this is the largest and most diverse collection of RCTs for CKD progression. […] Results to date were able to comment on the general validity of these endpoints, but were not able to make specific recommendations for how to select specific endpoints in specific trials and populations. […] The overall goal of our next phase is to develop evidence-based tools to rigorously evaluate trade-offs between alternative design strategies, including requirements for sample size and study duration, thereby improving feasibility and decreasing cost without inflating the risk of false positive conclusions. […] More efficient trials should spur an increased number of RCTs, speeding development of effective therapies for CKD.

• #77 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology – Clinical Trials Consortium (CKD-EPI CT) – Vivli

  https://vivli.org/chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiology-clinical-trials-consortium-ckd-epi-ct/

  To our knowledge, this is the largest and most diverse collection of RCTs for CKD progression. […] Results to date were able to comment on the general validity of these endpoints, but were not able to make specific recommendations for how to select specific endpoints in specific trials and populations. […] The overall goal of our next phase is to develop evidence-based tools to rigorously evaluate trade-offs between alternative design strategies, including requirements for sample size and study duration, thereby improving feasibility and decreasing cost without inflating the risk of false positive conclusions. […] More efficient trials should spur an increased number of RCTs, speeding development of effective therapies for CKD.

• #78

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  On the basis of hospital-based studies examining the prevalence of pediatric CKD (ranging from 0.3 to 1 per 10,000 children) and the results of the few population-based studies suggesting a much higher prevalence (from 1 to 10 per 1000 children), the current total number of children and adolescents affected by CKD stages 25 worldwide could be extrapolated to exceed 2 million CKD cases in a global population of 2 billion children. This is a worrisome figure that is in the same range as the estimated number of childhood cancers, the estimated number of children with type 1 diabetes, and 10 times higher than the number of children affected by cystic fibrosis. CKD is therefore one of the most common pediatric noncommunicable diseases. However, contrary to the aforementioned diseases, the public awareness, level of policy attention, and investment required for pediatric CKD are still very poor.

• #79

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05816-7

  We need to do more to raise awareness of and advocate about pediatric CKD to improve health outcomes. This calls for collecting more data from population-based CKD registries and cohorts not only including KRT but also earlier stages of CKD in which kidney failure may be delayed or prevented, and evaluating the impact of population screening interventions in children with risk factors of CKD. Such strategies will allow providing simple and reliable statistics for communication on the true burden of pediatric kidney diseases, and effective lobbying of professional organizations like IPNA to advance kidney health in children everywhere.

• #80 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Early detection is a key strategy to prevent kidney disease, its progression and related complications, but numerous studies show that awareness of kidney disease at the population level is low. […] Therefore, increasing knowledge and implementing sustainable solutions for early detection of kidney disease are public health priorities. […] Economic and epidemiological data underscore why kidney disease should be placed on the global public health agenda kidney disease prevalence is increasing globally and it is now the seventh leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. […] Moreover, demographic trends, the obesity epidemic and the sequelae of climate change are all likely to increase kidney disease prevalence further, with serious implications for survival, quality of life and health care spending worldwide.

• #81

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2010/01000/establishing_a_national_chronic_kidney_disease.22.aspx

  We anticipate that this system will provide an important foundation for widespread efforts toward primary prevention, earlier detection, and implementation of optimal disease management strategies, with resultant increased awareness of CKD, decreased rates of CKD progression, lowered mortality, and reduced resource utilization. […] Final success will be measured by usage, impact, and endorsement.

• #82 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] The greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone. […] The latest research shows that CKD and AKI require unique treatments and are not merely risk enhancers when they accompany other major NCDs. […] Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. […] Kidney disease is under-recognized and under-resourced. […] Recognizing kidney disease as a major driver of NCD-related mortality will translate into coordinated global efforts to minimize the burden of kidney disease and will save lives.

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