Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) worsens over time. […] You may have noticeable symptoms like bubbly pee, being more tired or having itchy skin. […] Kidney disease is called chronic because kidney function slowly decreases over time. […] CKD can lead to kidney failure, which is also called end-stage kidney disease. […] In the early stages of kidney disease, you usually dont have noticeable symptoms. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include: A need to pee more often, tiredness, weakness, low energy level, loss of appetite, swelling of your hands, feet and ankles, shortness of breath, foamy or bubbly pee, puffy eyes, dry and itchy skin, trouble concentrating, trouble sleeping, numbness, nausea or vomiting, muscle cramps, high blood pressure, darkening of your skin. […] Keep in mind that it can take years for waste to build up in your blood and cause symptoms.

• #2 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) – Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys slowly get damaged and can’t do important jobs like removing waste and keeping blood pressure normal. […] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is when the kidneys have become damaged over time (for at least 3 months) and have a hard time doing all their important jobs. CKD also increases the risk of other health problems like heart disease and stroke. Developing CKD is usually a very slow process with very few symptoms at first. So, CKD is divided into 5 stages to help guide treatment decisions. […] Many people living with CKD do not have any symptoms until the more advanced stages and/or complications develop. If symptoms do happen, they may include: Foamy urine, Urinating (peeing) more often or less often than usual, Itchy and/or dry skin, Feeling tired, Nausea, Loss of appetite, Weight loss without trying to lose weight. […] People who have more advanced stages of CKD may also notice: Trouble concentrating, Numbness or swelling in your arms, legs, ankles, or feet, Achy muscles or cramping, Shortness of breath, Vomiting, Trouble sleeping, Breath smells like ammonia (also described as urine-like or fishy).

• #3 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Chronic kidney disease is a disease characterized by progressive damage and loss of function in the kidneys. It’s estimated that chronic kidney disease affects about one in seven American adults. […] Often there are no outward signs in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease, which is grouped into stages 1 through 5. Generally, earlier stages are known as 1 to 3. And as kidney disease progresses, you may notice the following symptoms. Nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, swelling via feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, urinating either too much or too little. […] In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you might have few signs or symptoms. You might not realize that you have kidney disease until the condition is advanced.

• #4 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m, persisting for 3 months or more. CKD involves a progressive loss of kidney function, often leading to the need for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplantation. […] CKD is a state of progressive loss of kidney function, ultimately resulting in the need for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplantation. […] The implications of CKD are extensiveit emerges from various disease processes and affects cardiovascular health, cognitive function, bone metabolism, anemia, blood pressure, and many other health indicators. Early recognition of CKD is the first step in treating it, and various methods for measuring eGFR have been described.

• #5 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. […] Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep problems, Urinating more or less, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle cramps, Swelling of feet and ankles, Dry, itchy skin, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #6 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is when your kidneys are damaged and not working properly to filter your blood. Your doctor will use two tests to determine how well your kidneys are working: a blood test and a urine test. The blood test checks your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or the amount of creatinine, a waste product, in your blood. The urine test is called a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) and checks for a condition called albuminuria, where a protein called albumin is in your urine (or pee). To know if you have CKD, your doctor will repeat these tests to show that the damage to your kidneys is long-term (lasting at least 3 months). Your doctor will determine your CKD stage based on your cause, your eGFR, and your uACR. This information will help you and your doctor understand the risk of your kidney disease getting worse, the risk for complications such as heart disease, and to understand your options for treatment.

• #7 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  CKD is broken into five stages or categories based on your eGFR value. The five stages of CKD refer to how well your kidneys are working. Kidney disease can get worse in time. In the early stages (Stages 1-3), your kidneys are still able to filter waste out of your blood. In the later stages (Stages 4-5), your kidneys must work harder to filter your blood and may stop working altogether. […] Stage 3 CKD means you have an eGFR between 30 and 59 and mild to moderate damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste and extra fluid out of your blood. This waste can build up in your body and begin to cause other health problems, such as high blood pressure and bone disease. You may begin to have symptoms, such as feeling weak and tired or swelling in your hands or feet.

• #8 Stages – Polycystic kidney disease | PKD treatment research | PKD Foundation

  https://pkdcure.org/what-is-adpkd/what-are-the-stages-of-adpkd/

  If you have kidney damage and/or a decrease in kidney function for three or more months, it is called chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are five stages of CKD, with progressive symptoms. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease, with a normal GFR showing 90 percent or higher kidney function. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease with a GFR showing 60-89 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of moderate kidney disease and a GFR showing 30-59 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and GFR showing 15-29 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and kidney failure, with a GFR showing less than 15 percent kidney function. […] These indicators can occur in all stages: May have some blood in urine, May have urinary tract infections (UTIs), May have kidney stones, Can have aneurysms in brain.

• #9 5 Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.virtua.org/articles/5-stages-of-chronic-kidney-disease

  Your kidneys are pretty durable, even when not working at 100%. Heres how to tell you may have chronic kidney diseaseand should see a doctor. […] So how do you know if your kidneyseach about the size of a fistare not working properly? Unfortunately, in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the gradual loss of kidney function, you may have few clues. […] Often, CKD is only diagnosed if a routine blood or urine test detects an abnormality. […] In stages 1 and 2 of your disease, your kidneys are healthy and still working well. The only indications you may experience are higher levels of protein in your urine (possibly due to nephrotic syndrome), symptoms of a urinary tract infection, or higher blood pressure. […] Most people only begin to experience symptoms once they reach stage 3. The most common initial symptoms are:

• #10 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  CKD is broken into five stages or categories based on your eGFR value. The five stages of CKD refer to how well your kidneys are working. Kidney disease can get worse in time. In the early stages (Stages 1-3), your kidneys are still able to filter waste out of your blood. In the later stages (Stages 4-5), your kidneys must work harder to filter your blood and may stop working altogether. […] Stage 3 CKD means you have an eGFR between 30 and 59 and mild to moderate damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste and extra fluid out of your blood. This waste can build up in your body and begin to cause other health problems, such as high blood pressure and bone disease. You may begin to have symptoms, such as feeling weak and tired or swelling in your hands or feet.

• #11 Stages – Polycystic kidney disease | PKD treatment research | PKD Foundation

  https://pkdcure.org/what-is-adpkd/what-are-the-stages-of-adpkd/

  If you have kidney damage and/or a decrease in kidney function for three or more months, it is called chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are five stages of CKD, with progressive symptoms. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease, with a normal GFR showing 90 percent or higher kidney function. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease with a GFR showing 60-89 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of moderate kidney disease and a GFR showing 30-59 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and GFR showing 15-29 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and kidney failure, with a GFR showing less than 15 percent kidney function. […] These indicators can occur in all stages: May have some blood in urine, May have urinary tract infections (UTIs), May have kidney stones, Can have aneurysms in brain.

• #12 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  CKD is broken into five stages or categories based on your eGFR value. The five stages of CKD refer to how well your kidneys are working. Kidney disease can get worse in time. In the early stages (Stages 1-3), your kidneys are still able to filter waste out of your blood. In the later stages (Stages 4-5), your kidneys must work harder to filter your blood and may stop working altogether. […] Stage 3 CKD means you have an eGFR between 30 and 59 and mild to moderate damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste and extra fluid out of your blood. This waste can build up in your body and begin to cause other health problems, such as high blood pressure and bone disease. You may begin to have symptoms, such as feeling weak and tired or swelling in your hands or feet.

• #13 Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease/stage-3-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  In Stage 3 CKD, your kidneys have mild to moderate damage and are less able to filter waste and fluid out of your blood. […] In this stage, it’s important to monitor not just your kidney function but also the levels of albumin in your urine, measured by the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). […] Some people with Stage 3 CKD don’t have any symptoms. However, stage 3 is usually when kidney disease begins to affect your health, and you’ll start to notice symptoms. […] Symptoms of Stage 3 CKD may include: Feeling weak and tired, Swelling in your hands or feet, Skin that feels dry or itchy, Pain in your lower back, Muscle cramps, Trouble sleeping, Restless leg syndrome (an uncomfortable feeling in your legs that makes it hard to sit still or fall asleep), Urinating more or less often than normal, Urine that is foamy or darker in color than usual. […] For Stage 3 CKD, annual checkups are important to evaluate how well your kidneys work, reassess your treatment plan, check for signs of complications, and ensure you manage your condition effectively.

• #14 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  Stage 4 CKD means you have an eGFR between 15 and 29 and moderate to severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste out of your blood. This waste can build up in your body and cause other health problems, such as high blood pressure, bone disease, and heart disease. You will likely have symptoms such as swelling of your hands and feet and pain in your lower back. […] Stage 5 CKD means you have an eGFR of less than 15 and severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys are getting very close to failure or have already failed (stopped working). Because your kidneys have stopped working to filter waste out of your blood, waste products build up in your body, which can make you very sick and cause other health problems. When your kidneys fail, treatment options to survive include dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #15 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  Stage 4 CKD means you have an eGFR between 15 and 29 and moderate to severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste out of your blood. This waste can build up in your body and cause other health problems, such as high blood pressure, bone disease, and heart disease. You will likely have symptoms such as swelling of your hands and feet and pain in your lower back. […] Stage 5 CKD means you have an eGFR of less than 15 and severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys are getting very close to failure or have already failed (stopped working). Because your kidneys have stopped working to filter waste out of your blood, waste products build up in your body, which can make you very sick and cause other health problems. When your kidneys fail, treatment options to survive include dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #16 5 Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.virtua.org/articles/5-stages-of-chronic-kidney-disease

  When you reach stage 4, your condition has worsened to the point where you may need dialysis or a kidney transplant in the near future. In addition to the symptoms of stage 3, you may also experience: […] At stage 5, your kidneys are close to or have completely failed. This stage is also called end-stage renal disease. Dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary. […] Symptoms you may experience include: […] For all stages of CKD, a nephrologist, or kidney specialist, will work with you to create a plan to manage your symptoms and slow the progression of your CKD. […] If you experience symptoms that could be CKD, speak to your doctor. The earlier we can diagnose your condition, the more we can do to maintain your kidney health.

• #17 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  Stage 4 CKD means you have an eGFR between 15 and 29 and moderate to severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste out of your blood. This waste can build up in your body and cause other health problems, such as high blood pressure, bone disease, and heart disease. You will likely have symptoms such as swelling of your hands and feet and pain in your lower back. […] Stage 5 CKD means you have an eGFR of less than 15 and severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys are getting very close to failure or have already failed (stopped working). Because your kidneys have stopped working to filter waste out of your blood, waste products build up in your body, which can make you very sick and cause other health problems. When your kidneys fail, treatment options to survive include dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #18 Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | My Kidney Journey

  https://th.mykidneyjourney.com/en-TH/chronic-kidney-disease/ckd-stage-5

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition in which kidney function declines gradually over time and can lead to kidney failure in some patients. CKD stage 5 indicates kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease. At CKD stage 5, the kidneys are not able to maintain fluid balance, with a higher build-up of toxins and salts. A blood test to determine kidney function at CKD stage 5 gives an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 15 ml/min. There will be signs of other health issues related to kidney diseases, such as anaemia and metabolic bone disease. […] At stage 5 CKD, you are likely to be experiencing symptoms, and these may include: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Swelling in your hands and feet, Puffy eyes, Change in urine colour or volume, Muscle cramps, Loss of appetite, Nausea and a bad taste in the mouth, Trouble sleeping, Itch, Discolouration of nails and skin. Its important to be aware of the symptoms of kidney failure and to inform your doctors and nephrology team regarding any new changes or symptoms. Fatigue and loss of appetite are two crucial symptoms at this stage, and it is important to keep a watch out for these symptoms. […] People diagnosed with stage 5 kidney disease will need quick clinical assessments and may need to start urgently on dialysis.

• #19 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Chronic kidney disease is a disease characterized by progressive damage and loss of function in the kidneys. It’s estimated that chronic kidney disease affects about one in seven American adults. […] Often there are no outward signs in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease, which is grouped into stages 1 through 5. Generally, earlier stages are known as 1 to 3. And as kidney disease progresses, you may notice the following symptoms. Nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, swelling via feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, urinating either too much or too little. […] In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you might have few signs or symptoms. You might not realize that you have kidney disease until the condition is advanced.

• #20

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/symptoms/

  Many people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) will not have symptoms because it does not usually cause problems until it reaches an advanced stage. […] Kidney disease does not tend to cause symptoms when it’s at an early stage. […] A number of symptoms can develop if kidney disease is not found early or it gets worse despite treatment. Symptoms can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands as a result of water retention (oedema), shortness of breath, tiredness, blood in your pee (urine), an increased need to pee particularly at night, difficulty sleeping (insomnia), itchy skin, muscle cramps, feeling sick, headaches, erectile dysfunction in men. […] This stage of CKD is known as kidney failure, end-stage renal disease or established renal failure. It may eventually require treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #21 5 Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.virtua.org/articles/5-stages-of-chronic-kidney-disease

  Your kidneys are pretty durable, even when not working at 100%. Heres how to tell you may have chronic kidney diseaseand should see a doctor. […] So how do you know if your kidneyseach about the size of a fistare not working properly? Unfortunately, in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the gradual loss of kidney function, you may have few clues. […] Often, CKD is only diagnosed if a routine blood or urine test detects an abnormality. […] In stages 1 and 2 of your disease, your kidneys are healthy and still working well. The only indications you may experience are higher levels of protein in your urine (possibly due to nephrotic syndrome), symptoms of a urinary tract infection, or higher blood pressure. […] Most people only begin to experience symptoms once they reach stage 3. The most common initial symptoms are:

• #22 Chronic kidney disease (CKD): symptoms, causes, treatment and diagnosis

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/chronic-kidney-disease/

  Mild to moderate chronic kidney disease can often develop without any noticeable symptoms. That’s why it is often found by accident when GPs carry out routine health checks or tests to investigate other issues. […] But you should visit your GP if you: see blood in your urine; have a frequent need to pass urine, especially if this causes pain or a burning sensation and your urine has an offensive smell; have any swelling (oedema) in your legs, hands and face; feel tired or generally unwell without any apparent cause. […] If your kidney disease looks like it’s getting worse you may be advised to start thinking about possible treatments should your kidneys eventually fail. These treatments (e.g. peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis and kidney transplantation) are known as renal replacement therapies because they do some of the work of the kidneys.

• #23 Quick Facts:Chronic Kidney Disease – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-failure/chronic-kidney-disease

  Symptoms start slowly and can include urinating (peeing) at night, tiredness, feeling sick to your stomach, itching, and muscle cramps […] Later on, you may stop urinating and develop confusion and trouble breathing […] Your symptoms depend on how severe your kidney disease is. […] Symptoms of mild kidney disease: Needing to urinate several times at night […] Symptoms of moderate kidney problems: Feeling tired, weak, confused, and less alert, Being less hungry, Shortness of breath, Feeling sick to your stomach, A bad taste in your mouth […] With severe kidney problems you may also have: Muscle weakness, twitching, cramping, and pain, Not being able to feel things in some parts of your body, Restless legs syndrome, which is when you have pain or other bad feelings in your legs, usually at night, that make you need to move them, Problems with thinking, confusion, and seizures, Severe shortness of breath, Sometimes, a white powder on the skin left behind after you sweat, Itchiness all over the body.

• #24 10 Signs You May Have Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/10-signs-you-may-have-kidney-disease

  Dry and itchy skin can be a sign of the mineral and bone disease that often accompanies advanced kidney disease, or when the kidneys are no longer able to keep the right balance of minerals and nutrients in your blood. […] If you feel the need to urinate more often, especially at night, this can be a sign of kidney disease. […] Healthy kidneys typically keep the blood cells in the body when filtering wastes from the blood to create urine, but when the kidney’s filters have been damaged, these blood cells can start to „leak” out into the urine. […] Excessive bubbles in the urine especially those that require you to flush several times before they go awayindicate protein in the urine. […] Protein in the urine is an early sign that the kidneys filters have been damaged, allowing protein to leak into the urine. […] Decreased kidney function can lead to sodium (salt) retention, causing swelling in your feet and ankles. […] A buildup of toxins resulting from reduced kidney function can be one of the causes. […] Electrolyte imbalances can result from impaired kidney function.

• #25 10 Signs You May Have Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/10-signs-you-may-have-kidney-disease

  Dry and itchy skin can be a sign of the mineral and bone disease that often accompanies advanced kidney disease, or when the kidneys are no longer able to keep the right balance of minerals and nutrients in your blood. […] If you feel the need to urinate more often, especially at night, this can be a sign of kidney disease. […] Healthy kidneys typically keep the blood cells in the body when filtering wastes from the blood to create urine, but when the kidney’s filters have been damaged, these blood cells can start to „leak” out into the urine. […] Excessive bubbles in the urine especially those that require you to flush several times before they go awayindicate protein in the urine. […] Protein in the urine is an early sign that the kidneys filters have been damaged, allowing protein to leak into the urine. […] Decreased kidney function can lead to sodium (salt) retention, causing swelling in your feet and ankles. […] A buildup of toxins resulting from reduced kidney function can be one of the causes. […] Electrolyte imbalances can result from impaired kidney function.

• #26 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) worsens over time. […] You may have noticeable symptoms like bubbly pee, being more tired or having itchy skin. […] Kidney disease is called chronic because kidney function slowly decreases over time. […] CKD can lead to kidney failure, which is also called end-stage kidney disease. […] In the early stages of kidney disease, you usually dont have noticeable symptoms. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include: A need to pee more often, tiredness, weakness, low energy level, loss of appetite, swelling of your hands, feet and ankles, shortness of breath, foamy or bubbly pee, puffy eyes, dry and itchy skin, trouble concentrating, trouble sleeping, numbness, nausea or vomiting, muscle cramps, high blood pressure, darkening of your skin. […] Keep in mind that it can take years for waste to build up in your blood and cause symptoms.

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] Symptoms of anaemia include: tiredness, lack of energy, shortness of breath, a pounding, fluttering or irregular heartbeat (palpitations). […] People with CKD can develop high potassium levels in their blood, called hyperkalaemia, because their kidneys do not work properly. […] Hyperkalaemia can cause muscle weakness, stiffness and tiredness. If it becomes severe, it can cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) which can lead to a heart attack. […] You may get swelling in your ankles, feet and hands if you have kidney disease. […] This is because your kidneys are not as effective at removing fluid from your blood, causing it to build up in body tissues (oedema).

• #28 10 Signs You May Have Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/10-signs-you-may-have-kidney-disease

  An estimated 35.5 million U.S. adults have kidney disease. Most dont know they have it. […] Those with kidney disease tend not to experience symptoms until the very late stages, when the kidneys are failing or when there are large amounts of protein in the urine. This is one of the reasons why only 10% of people with chronic kidney disease know that they have it. […] A severe decrease in kidney function can lead to a buildup of toxins and impurities in the blood. This can cause people to feel tired or weak and can make it hard to concentrate. Another complication of kidney disease is anemia, which can cause weakness and fatigue. […] When the kidneys aren’t filtering properly, toxins stay in the blood rather than leaving the body through the urine. This can make it difficult to sleep.

• #29 Stages – Polycystic kidney disease | PKD treatment research | PKD Foundation

  https://pkdcure.org/what-is-adpkd/what-are-the-stages-of-adpkd/

  If you have kidney damage and/or a decrease in kidney function for three or more months, it is called chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are five stages of CKD, with progressive symptoms. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease, with a normal GFR showing 90 percent or higher kidney function. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease with a GFR showing 60-89 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of moderate kidney disease and a GFR showing 30-59 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and GFR showing 15-29 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and kidney failure, with a GFR showing less than 15 percent kidney function. […] These indicators can occur in all stages: May have some blood in urine, May have urinary tract infections (UTIs), May have kidney stones, Can have aneurysms in brain.

• #30 5 Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.virtua.org/articles/5-stages-of-chronic-kidney-disease

  Your kidneys are pretty durable, even when not working at 100%. Heres how to tell you may have chronic kidney diseaseand should see a doctor. […] So how do you know if your kidneyseach about the size of a fistare not working properly? Unfortunately, in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the gradual loss of kidney function, you may have few clues. […] Often, CKD is only diagnosed if a routine blood or urine test detects an abnormality. […] In stages 1 and 2 of your disease, your kidneys are healthy and still working well. The only indications you may experience are higher levels of protein in your urine (possibly due to nephrotic syndrome), symptoms of a urinary tract infection, or higher blood pressure. […] Most people only begin to experience symptoms once they reach stage 3. The most common initial symptoms are:

• #31 Stages – Polycystic kidney disease | PKD treatment research | PKD Foundation

  https://pkdcure.org/what-is-adpkd/what-are-the-stages-of-adpkd/

  If you have kidney damage and/or a decrease in kidney function for three or more months, it is called chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are five stages of CKD, with progressive symptoms. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease, with a normal GFR showing 90 percent or higher kidney function. […] Includes signs of mild kidney disease with a GFR showing 60-89 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of moderate kidney disease and a GFR showing 30-59 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and GFR showing 15-29 percent kidney function. […] Includes signs of severe kidney disease and kidney failure, with a GFR showing less than 15 percent kidney function. […] These indicators can occur in all stages: May have some blood in urine, May have urinary tract infections (UTIs), May have kidney stones, Can have aneurysms in brain.

• #32 End-stage renal disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532

  End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease the gradual loss of kidney function reaches an advanced state. In end-stage renal disease, your kidneys no longer work as they should to meet your body’s needs. […] Early in chronic kidney disease, you might have no signs or symptoms. As chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms might include: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Changes in how much you urinate, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Swelling of feet and ankles, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Headaches, Difficulty sleeping, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle twitches and cramps, Persistent itching, Metallic taste. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific, meaning they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys can make up for lost function, signs and symptoms might not appear until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #33 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  Once you begin having symptoms, the first sign something is wrong may involve swelling in your hands and feet, itchy skin or needing to pee more often. […] Kidney diseases happen when your kidneys are damaged and cant filter your blood. With chronic kidney disease, the damage tends to happen over the course of several years. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease. […] Some of the complications of chronic kidney disease include: A low red blood cell count (anemia), weak and brittle bones, gout, metabolic acidosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and blood vessel disease, nerve damage, high potassium, high phosphorus, high risk of infection due to a weak immune system, fluid buildup, leading to swelling in your feet, ankles and hands. […] Early detection and appropriate treatment are important in slowing the disease progression, with the goal of preventing or delaying kidney failure. […] Most people who seek treatment for kidney disease and manage their condition never progress to kidney failure or death.

• #34 Kidney Failure Symptoms | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/liver-kidneys-and-urinary-system/kidney-failure/symptoms.html

  Symptoms of chronic kidney failure include: […] Poor appetite […] Vomiting […] Bone pain and/or muscle cramps […] Headache […] Insomnia […] Itching and/or dry skin […] Easily fatigued […] Urine problems: […] High urine output or no urine output […] Recurrent urinary tract infections […] Urinary incontinence […] Pale skin […] Bad breath […] Trouble hearing […] An abdominal mass you can feel […] Tissue swelling […] Poor muscle tone […] Change in mental alertness […] Metallic taste in mouth.

• #35 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. […] Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep problems, Urinating more or less, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle cramps, Swelling of feet and ankles, Dry, itchy skin, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #36 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) – Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys slowly get damaged and can’t do important jobs like removing waste and keeping blood pressure normal. […] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is when the kidneys have become damaged over time (for at least 3 months) and have a hard time doing all their important jobs. CKD also increases the risk of other health problems like heart disease and stroke. Developing CKD is usually a very slow process with very few symptoms at first. So, CKD is divided into 5 stages to help guide treatment decisions. […] Many people living with CKD do not have any symptoms until the more advanced stages and/or complications develop. If symptoms do happen, they may include: Foamy urine, Urinating (peeing) more often or less often than usual, Itchy and/or dry skin, Feeling tired, Nausea, Loss of appetite, Weight loss without trying to lose weight. […] People who have more advanced stages of CKD may also notice: Trouble concentrating, Numbness or swelling in your arms, legs, ankles, or feet, Achy muscles or cramping, Shortness of breath, Vomiting, Trouble sleeping, Breath smells like ammonia (also described as urine-like or fishy).

• #37 Chronic kidney disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000471.htm

  Chronic kidney disease is the slow loss of kidney function over time. The main job of the kidneys is to remove wastes and excess water from the body. […] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) slowly gets worse over months or years. You may not notice any symptoms for some time. The loss of function may be so slow that you do not have symptoms until your kidneys have almost stopped working. […] The early symptoms of CKD are the same as for many other illnesses. These symptoms may be the only sign of a problem in the early stages. Symptoms may include: Appetite loss, General ill feeling and fatigue, Headaches, Itching (pruritus) and dry skin, Nausea, Weight loss without trying to lose weight. […] Symptoms that may occur when kidney function has gotten worse include: Abnormally dark or light skin, Bone pain, Drowsiness or problems concentrating or thinking, Numbness in the hands and feet, Muscle twitching or cramps, Breath odor, Easy bruising, or blood in the stool, Excessive thirst, Frequent hiccups, Problems with sexual function, Menstrual periods stop (amenorrhea), Shortness of breath, Sleep problems, Swelling in the hands and feet, Vomiting.

• #38 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) worsens over time. […] You may have noticeable symptoms like bubbly pee, being more tired or having itchy skin. […] Kidney disease is called chronic because kidney function slowly decreases over time. […] CKD can lead to kidney failure, which is also called end-stage kidney disease. […] In the early stages of kidney disease, you usually dont have noticeable symptoms. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include: A need to pee more often, tiredness, weakness, low energy level, loss of appetite, swelling of your hands, feet and ankles, shortness of breath, foamy or bubbly pee, puffy eyes, dry and itchy skin, trouble concentrating, trouble sleeping, numbness, nausea or vomiting, muscle cramps, high blood pressure, darkening of your skin. […] Keep in mind that it can take years for waste to build up in your blood and cause symptoms.

• #39 10 signs you may have kidney disease | Kidney Care UK

  https://kidneycareuk.org/kidney-disease-information/about-kidney-health/10-signs-you-may-have-kidney-disease/

  When your kidney function dips, toxins build up in your blood, which can make you feel tired and struggle to concentrate. […] CKD can cause feelings of sickness because your kidneys are not removing toxins from your body properly. […] When the kidneys are damaged, they may make wee that contains mostly water, with few waste products. That means you may end up needing to go to the toilet more often, especially at night. […] Experts dont know exactly why kidney disease leads to very dry, itchy skin. But it may be connected to a few different factors including toxins in the blood and an imbalance in levels of minerals in your body. […] Poor kidney function can cause more muscle cramping. […] There are a few reasons CKD can affect your sleep. Toxins can build up and circulate in your blood, which can keep you awake.

• #40 Chronic Kidney Disease – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/chronic-kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is long-standing, progressive deterioration of renal function. Symptoms develop slowly and in advanced stages include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, dysgeusia, nocturia, lassitude, fatigue, pruritus, decreased mental acuity, muscle twitches and cramps, water retention, undernutrition, peripheral neuropathies, and seizures. […] Patients with mildly diminished renal reserve are asymptomatic. Even patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency may have no symptoms despite elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Nocturia is often noted, principally due to failure to concentrate the urine. Lassitude, fatigue, anorexia, and decreased mental acuity often are the earliest manifestations of uremia. […] With more severe renal disease (eg, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 15 mL/min/1.73 m2), neuromuscular symptoms may be present, including coarse muscular twitches, peripheral sensory and motor neuropathies, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, restless legs syndrome, and seizures (usually the result of hypertensive or metabolic encephalopathy).

• #41

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/symptoms/

  Many people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) will not have symptoms because it does not usually cause problems until it reaches an advanced stage. […] Kidney disease does not tend to cause symptoms when it’s at an early stage. […] A number of symptoms can develop if kidney disease is not found early or it gets worse despite treatment. Symptoms can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands as a result of water retention (oedema), shortness of breath, tiredness, blood in your pee (urine), an increased need to pee particularly at night, difficulty sleeping (insomnia), itchy skin, muscle cramps, feeling sick, headaches, erectile dysfunction in men. […] This stage of CKD is known as kidney failure, end-stage renal disease or established renal failure. It may eventually require treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #42 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. […] Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep problems, Urinating more or less, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle cramps, Swelling of feet and ankles, Dry, itchy skin, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #43 Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease/stage-3-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  In Stage 3 CKD, your kidneys have mild to moderate damage and are less able to filter waste and fluid out of your blood. […] In this stage, it’s important to monitor not just your kidney function but also the levels of albumin in your urine, measured by the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). […] Some people with Stage 3 CKD don’t have any symptoms. However, stage 3 is usually when kidney disease begins to affect your health, and you’ll start to notice symptoms. […] Symptoms of Stage 3 CKD may include: Feeling weak and tired, Swelling in your hands or feet, Skin that feels dry or itchy, Pain in your lower back, Muscle cramps, Trouble sleeping, Restless leg syndrome (an uncomfortable feeling in your legs that makes it hard to sit still or fall asleep), Urinating more or less often than normal, Urine that is foamy or darker in color than usual. […] For Stage 3 CKD, annual checkups are important to evaluate how well your kidneys work, reassess your treatment plan, check for signs of complications, and ensure you manage your condition effectively.

• #44 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Chronic kidney disease is a disease characterized by progressive damage and loss of function in the kidneys. It’s estimated that chronic kidney disease affects about one in seven American adults. […] Often there are no outward signs in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease, which is grouped into stages 1 through 5. Generally, earlier stages are known as 1 to 3. And as kidney disease progresses, you may notice the following symptoms. Nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, swelling via feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, urinating either too much or too little. […] In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you might have few signs or symptoms. You might not realize that you have kidney disease until the condition is advanced.

• #45 Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease/stage-3-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  In Stage 3 CKD, your kidneys have mild to moderate damage and are less able to filter waste and fluid out of your blood. […] In this stage, it’s important to monitor not just your kidney function but also the levels of albumin in your urine, measured by the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). […] Some people with Stage 3 CKD don’t have any symptoms. However, stage 3 is usually when kidney disease begins to affect your health, and you’ll start to notice symptoms. […] Symptoms of Stage 3 CKD may include: Feeling weak and tired, Swelling in your hands or feet, Skin that feels dry or itchy, Pain in your lower back, Muscle cramps, Trouble sleeping, Restless leg syndrome (an uncomfortable feeling in your legs that makes it hard to sit still or fall asleep), Urinating more or less often than normal, Urine that is foamy or darker in color than usual. […] For Stage 3 CKD, annual checkups are important to evaluate how well your kidneys work, reassess your treatment plan, check for signs of complications, and ensure you manage your condition effectively.

• #46 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  In later stages, cachexia may develop, leading to unintentional weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, and anorexia. […] Cognitive decline in patients experiencing CKD is an emerging symptom revealed in research literature. Research suggests that patients with CKD face a 35-40% higher likelihood of cognitive decline and or dementia. […] Chronic kidney disease results in worse all-cause mortality (the overall death rate) which increases as kidney function decreases. The leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease is cardiovascular disease, regardless of whether there is progression to stage 5.

• #47 Stages – Polycystic kidney disease | PKD treatment research | PKD Foundation

  https://pkdcure.org/what-is-adpkd/what-are-the-stages-of-adpkd/

  May have no physical symptoms or may have: Fatigue, Back pain, Puffiness or swelling, Loss of appetite, Food may taste funny, Hypertension, Abdominal swelling. […] Physical symptoms include: Anemia, Weak, tired, drowsy, Headaches, Confusion, difficulty concentrating, Nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, Itching, Muscle cramps, Swelling and puffiness, Shortness of breath, Hypertension, Change in skin color (grayish or yellowish), Women may experience changes in menstrual cycle. […] End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is when normal kidney function declines and needs to be replaced by dialysis or transplant. This is also known as kidney failure. At this point, GFR is at 10 or less, and kidneys can no longer balance electrolytes and acids in the blood or remove wastes and excess water. […] Symptoms that some people experience during this time could include: Decreased energy, Weakness, Shortness of breath, Weight loss, Nausea and/or vomiting, Metallic taste in the mouth, Mild to moderate depression, Decreased ability to think problems through.

• #48 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) – Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys slowly get damaged and can’t do important jobs like removing waste and keeping blood pressure normal. […] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is when the kidneys have become damaged over time (for at least 3 months) and have a hard time doing all their important jobs. CKD also increases the risk of other health problems like heart disease and stroke. Developing CKD is usually a very slow process with very few symptoms at first. So, CKD is divided into 5 stages to help guide treatment decisions. […] Many people living with CKD do not have any symptoms until the more advanced stages and/or complications develop. If symptoms do happen, they may include: Foamy urine, Urinating (peeing) more often or less often than usual, Itchy and/or dry skin, Feeling tired, Nausea, Loss of appetite, Weight loss without trying to lose weight. […] People who have more advanced stages of CKD may also notice: Trouble concentrating, Numbness or swelling in your arms, legs, ankles, or feet, Achy muscles or cramping, Shortness of breath, Vomiting, Trouble sleeping, Breath smells like ammonia (also described as urine-like or fishy).

• #49 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  Stage 4 CKD means you have an eGFR between 15 and 29 and moderate to severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste out of your blood. This waste can build up in your body and cause other health problems, such as high blood pressure, bone disease, and heart disease. You will likely have symptoms such as swelling of your hands and feet and pain in your lower back. […] Stage 5 CKD means you have an eGFR of less than 15 and severe damage to your kidneys. Your kidneys are getting very close to failure or have already failed (stopped working). Because your kidneys have stopped working to filter waste out of your blood, waste products build up in your body, which can make you very sick and cause other health problems. When your kidneys fail, treatment options to survive include dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #50 Kidney Failure Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/kidney_failure/article.htm

  Chronic kidney failure (CKF) is characterized by damage to the kidneys that occurs over years and worsens kidney function, eventually leading to permanent kidney failure. […] Initially, kidney failure may not produce any symptoms (asymptomatic). As kidney function decreases, the symptoms are related to the inability to regulate water and electrolyte balances, clear waste products from the body, and promote red blood cell production. […] If unrecognized or untreated, the following symptoms of kidney failure may develop into life-threatening circumstances: lethargy, weakness, shortness of breath, generalized swelling (edema), generalized weakness due to anemia, loss of appetite, fatigue, congestive heart failure, metabolic acidosis, high blood potassium (hyperkalemia), fatal heart rhythm disturbances (arrhythmias) including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, and rising urea levels in the blood (uremia) may lead to brain encephalopathy, pericarditis, or low calcium blood levels (hypocalcemia).

• #51 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  As the kidney function decreases, more unpleasant symptoms may emerge: Blood pressure is increased due to fluid overload and the production of vasoactive hormones created by the kidney via the renin-angiotensin system, increasing the risk of developing hypertension and heart failure. […] Urea accumulates, leading to azotemia and ultimately uremia (symptoms ranging from lethargy to pericarditis and encephalopathy). […] Potassium accumulates in the blood (hyperkalemia with a range of symptoms including malaise and potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias). […] Fluid overload symptoms may range from mild edema to life-threatening pulmonary edema. […] Anemia is common and is especially prevalent in those requiring hemodialysis. It is multifactorial in cause but includes increased inflammation, reduction in erythropoietin, and hyperuricemia leading to bone marrow suppression.

• #52 Chronic Kidney Disease – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/chronic-kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease

  Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, stomatitis, and an unpleasant taste in the mouth are almost uniformly present. The skin may be yellow-brown and/or dry. Occasionally, urea from sweat crystallizes on the skin (uremic frost). Pruritus may be especially uncomfortable. Undernutrition leading to generalized tissue wasting is a prominent feature of chronic uremia. […] In advanced CKD, pericarditis and gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding may occur. Hypertension is present in 80% of patients with advanced CKD and is usually related to hypervolemia. Heart failure caused by hypertension or coronary artery disease and renal retention of sodium and water may lead to dependent edema and/or dyspnea. […] Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is predicted in most cases by the degree of proteinuria. Patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria ( 3 g/24 h or urine protein/creatinine ratio 3) usually have a poorer prognosis and progress to renal failure more rapidly. Progression may occur even if the underlying disorder is not active. In patients with urine protein 1.5 g/24 h, progression usually occurs more slowly if at all. Hypertension, acidosis, and hyperparathyroidism are associated with more rapid progression as well.

• #53 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  Once you begin having symptoms, the first sign something is wrong may involve swelling in your hands and feet, itchy skin or needing to pee more often. […] Kidney diseases happen when your kidneys are damaged and cant filter your blood. With chronic kidney disease, the damage tends to happen over the course of several years. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease. […] Some of the complications of chronic kidney disease include: A low red blood cell count (anemia), weak and brittle bones, gout, metabolic acidosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and blood vessel disease, nerve damage, high potassium, high phosphorus, high risk of infection due to a weak immune system, fluid buildup, leading to swelling in your feet, ankles and hands. […] Early detection and appropriate treatment are important in slowing the disease progression, with the goal of preventing or delaying kidney failure. […] Most people who seek treatment for kidney disease and manage their condition never progress to kidney failure or death.

• #54 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, defined by the sustained presence of abnormal kidney function and/or abnormal kidney structure. To meet criteria for CKD, the abnormalities must be present for at least three months. Early in the course of CKD, patients are usually asymptomatic, but later symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. […] Complications can relate to hormonal dysfunction of the kidneys and include (in chronological order) high blood pressure (often related to activation of the renin-angiotensin system), bone disease, and anemia. Additionally CKD patients have markedly increased cardiovascular complications with increased risks of death and hospitalization. CKD can lead to end-stage kidney failure requiring kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation.

• #55 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. […] Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep problems, Urinating more or less, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle cramps, Swelling of feet and ankles, Dry, itchy skin, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #56

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #57 Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms | Kidney Foundation of Central PA

  https://www.kfcp.org/learn/kidney-classroom/symptoms-chronic-kidney-disease/

  The kidneys help to produce certain hormones. In diseased kidneys, the production of those hormones is reduced and ultimately stops. Erythropoietin, a hormone manufactured in the kidneys, decreases. Since erythropoietin is involved in the making of red blood cells that carry oxygen through the blood vessels and into body tissue, decreased levels of this hormone cause Anemia, Muscle weakness and fatigue.

• #58 Chronic renal failure and its progression (CKD) – edren.org

  https://edren.org/ren/edren-info/ckd-chronic-renal-failure-and-its-progression/

  It is known that you can reduce both of these risks by careful monitoring and treatment. […] Renal bone disease can be a serious problem for people who have had chronic renal failure for a long time. It can cause aches, pains and sometimes fractures. The aim is to prevent it, as treatment is much harder later. […] In renal failure the kidneys are unable to excrete the normal acid waste products of the body. People in renal failure often have too much acid in the blood (acidaemia) and have to take bicarbonate tablets to neutralise this. […] People with kidney disease are at greatly increased risk of heart disease, stroke and problems with the circulation. It is particularly important that you should not smoke as this increases the risk of heart disease even further.

• #59 Chronic renal failure and its progression (CKD) – edren.org

  https://edren.org/ren/edren-info/ckd-chronic-renal-failure-and-its-progression/

  It is known that you can reduce both of these risks by careful monitoring and treatment. […] Renal bone disease can be a serious problem for people who have had chronic renal failure for a long time. It can cause aches, pains and sometimes fractures. The aim is to prevent it, as treatment is much harder later. […] In renal failure the kidneys are unable to excrete the normal acid waste products of the body. People in renal failure often have too much acid in the blood (acidaemia) and have to take bicarbonate tablets to neutralise this. […] People with kidney disease are at greatly increased risk of heart disease, stroke and problems with the circulation. It is particularly important that you should not smoke as this increases the risk of heart disease even further.

• #60

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] Symptoms of anaemia include: tiredness, lack of energy, shortness of breath, a pounding, fluttering or irregular heartbeat (palpitations). […] People with CKD can develop high potassium levels in their blood, called hyperkalaemia, because their kidneys do not work properly. […] Hyperkalaemia can cause muscle weakness, stiffness and tiredness. If it becomes severe, it can cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) which can lead to a heart attack. […] You may get swelling in your ankles, feet and hands if you have kidney disease. […] This is because your kidneys are not as effective at removing fluid from your blood, causing it to build up in body tissues (oedema).

• #61 Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms | Kidney Foundation of Central PA

  https://www.kfcp.org/learn/kidney-classroom/symptoms-chronic-kidney-disease/

  When people with kidney failure have cardiovascular effects, these might include: Pericarditisinflammation of the lining around the heart, Chest pain, Low blood pressure, Heart failure, Cardiac arrest (extremely irregular heartbeat that may result in death). […] When the kidneys fail, they are not able to get rid of excess potassium in the body. High blood levels of potassium can be very serious and can lead to: Muscle weakness, Slow heart rate, Serious, sometimes fatal heart arrhythmias (rhythm problems). […] The kidneys help to regulate the sodium (salt) and water volume in the body; thus serious salt/water imbalances occur when kidneys fail. Excess salt does not get filtered out, and the body retains water. Fluid retention (the holding of water) can happen in the body tissues as well as in the circulatory systemthe heart and blood vessels. This can lead to: Hypertension (high blood pressure)too much pressure against the walls of vessels, Edema (swelling)tissue fluid accumulating in the feet, legs, face, and hands, around the lungs (called pleural effusion), in the abdomen (called ascites), etc., Congestive heart failurea build-up of fluid in the lungs due to fluid overload backing up in the heart.

• #62 Chronic renal failure and its progression (CKD) – edren.org

  https://edren.org/ren/edren-info/ckd-chronic-renal-failure-and-its-progression/

  It is known that you can reduce both of these risks by careful monitoring and treatment. […] Renal bone disease can be a serious problem for people who have had chronic renal failure for a long time. It can cause aches, pains and sometimes fractures. The aim is to prevent it, as treatment is much harder later. […] In renal failure the kidneys are unable to excrete the normal acid waste products of the body. People in renal failure often have too much acid in the blood (acidaemia) and have to take bicarbonate tablets to neutralise this. […] People with kidney disease are at greatly increased risk of heart disease, stroke and problems with the circulation. It is particularly important that you should not smoke as this increases the risk of heart disease even further.

• #63

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] Symptoms of anaemia include: tiredness, lack of energy, shortness of breath, a pounding, fluttering or irregular heartbeat (palpitations). […] People with CKD can develop high potassium levels in their blood, called hyperkalaemia, because their kidneys do not work properly. […] Hyperkalaemia can cause muscle weakness, stiffness and tiredness. If it becomes severe, it can cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) which can lead to a heart attack. […] You may get swelling in your ankles, feet and hands if you have kidney disease. […] This is because your kidneys are not as effective at removing fluid from your blood, causing it to build up in body tissues (oedema).

• #64 Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms | Kidney Foundation of Central PA

  https://www.kfcp.org/learn/kidney-classroom/symptoms-chronic-kidney-disease/

  When people with kidney failure have cardiovascular effects, these might include: Pericarditisinflammation of the lining around the heart, Chest pain, Low blood pressure, Heart failure, Cardiac arrest (extremely irregular heartbeat that may result in death). […] When the kidneys fail, they are not able to get rid of excess potassium in the body. High blood levels of potassium can be very serious and can lead to: Muscle weakness, Slow heart rate, Serious, sometimes fatal heart arrhythmias (rhythm problems). […] The kidneys help to regulate the sodium (salt) and water volume in the body; thus serious salt/water imbalances occur when kidneys fail. Excess salt does not get filtered out, and the body retains water. Fluid retention (the holding of water) can happen in the body tissues as well as in the circulatory systemthe heart and blood vessels. This can lead to: Hypertension (high blood pressure)too much pressure against the walls of vessels, Edema (swelling)tissue fluid accumulating in the feet, legs, face, and hands, around the lungs (called pleural effusion), in the abdomen (called ascites), etc., Congestive heart failurea build-up of fluid in the lungs due to fluid overload backing up in the heart.

• #65 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. […] Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep problems, Urinating more or less, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle cramps, Swelling of feet and ankles, Dry, itchy skin, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #66 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  In later stages, cachexia may develop, leading to unintentional weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, and anorexia. […] Cognitive decline in patients experiencing CKD is an emerging symptom revealed in research literature. Research suggests that patients with CKD face a 35-40% higher likelihood of cognitive decline and or dementia. […] Chronic kidney disease results in worse all-cause mortality (the overall death rate) which increases as kidney function decreases. The leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease is cardiovascular disease, regardless of whether there is progression to stage 5.

• #67 How Fast Does Chronic Kidney Disease Progress?- Responsum Health

  https://responsumhealth.com/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/how-fast-does-ckd-progress/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) doesnt progress at the same rate for all patients. A significant portion of patients with mild-to-moderate CKD do not experience a predictable pattern of disease progression. […] Chronic kidney disease progression has been studied extensively, but the majority of studies have focused on the causes of kidney function decline and the likelihood of CKD to progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD)not necessarily the speed of that progression. […] Findings show that the rate is influenced by many factors and can vary widely, particularly in later stages of the disease. […] While the rate of disease progression will be different for everyone, multiple studies have shown that reliable indicators of faster progression include: Hypertension (high systolic blood pressure), Proteinuria (higher than normal amounts of protein in urine), Congestive heart failure (and previous cardiovascular disease), Anemia (insufficient oxygen-carrying red blood cells), Low serum albumin (low levels of the protein albumin in the blood), Age of under 65, especially if diabetic, Longer duration of diabetes before diagnosis, African, Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Native American, or Pacific Islander ethnicity.

• #68 Chronic Kidney Disease Stages

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-about-stages-chronic-kidney-disease

  In general, kidney disease progresses slowly. But because it often doesn’t cause symptoms in the early stages, it can be hard to know exactly when it starts. How fast it progresses depends on your treatment and how well you can control underlying conditions that make it worse. […] Damage to your kidneys, whether from diabetes, high blood pressure, or other causes, is permanent. But with treatment and lifestyle changes, you can slow it down or keep it from getting worse.

• #69 How Fast Does Chronic Kidney Disease Progress?- Responsum Health

  https://responsumhealth.com/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/how-fast-does-ckd-progress/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) doesnt progress at the same rate for all patients. A significant portion of patients with mild-to-moderate CKD do not experience a predictable pattern of disease progression. […] Chronic kidney disease progression has been studied extensively, but the majority of studies have focused on the causes of kidney function decline and the likelihood of CKD to progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD)not necessarily the speed of that progression. […] Findings show that the rate is influenced by many factors and can vary widely, particularly in later stages of the disease. […] While the rate of disease progression will be different for everyone, multiple studies have shown that reliable indicators of faster progression include: Hypertension (high systolic blood pressure), Proteinuria (higher than normal amounts of protein in urine), Congestive heart failure (and previous cardiovascular disease), Anemia (insufficient oxygen-carrying red blood cells), Low serum albumin (low levels of the protein albumin in the blood), Age of under 65, especially if diabetic, Longer duration of diabetes before diagnosis, African, Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Native American, or Pacific Islander ethnicity.

• #70 How Fast Does Chronic Kidney Disease Progress?- Responsum Health

  https://responsumhealth.com/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/how-fast-does-ckd-progress/

  As the above studies show, there is a myriad of factors that can contribute to how fast chronic kidney disease progresses. […] Research has taught us that there are steps we can take to slow CKD progression and protect your kidneys. […] Fast progressors were more likely to have: Prior cardiovascular diseases (acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, heart failure, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, and/or pacemaker), Prior ischemic stroke and/or transient ischemic attack, Peripheral artery disease, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Dementia, Dyslipidemia (unbalanced levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood), Chronic liver disease, Thyroid disease. […] In patients without type 2 diabetes at baseline, predictors of fast CKD progression included: Age 70 years, Heart failure, Prior ischemic stroke, Prior pacemaker implantation, Proteinuria, Higher entry-level of eGFR, Lower hemoglobin levels, Low HDL cholesterol (50 mg/dL), Current or former cigarette smoker.

• #71 Chronic Kidney Disease Progression—A Challenge

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/10/2203

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by a continuous decline in renal function, independent of the initial cause of damage or external factors such as infection, inflammation, or toxins. […] The most accepted hypothesis for CKD progression is glomerular damage caused by hyperfiltration. Various factors can accelerate CKD progression, and several biomarkers have been identified to monitor this progression. […] The disease is characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time, which can eventually lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. […] The increasing prevalence of CKD is driven by the rising incidence of diabetes and hypertension, which are the leading causes of CKD. […] Numerous studies have explored the risk factors associated with CKD progression, and some of these factors can be modified.

• #72 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  Although CKD is generally progressive and irreversible, there are steps providers and patients can take to slow progression, enabling patients to live longer without complications or the need for renal replacement therapy. […] Even with these interventions, kidney disease will progress in some patients. In this case, monitoring for the associated complications and comorbidities is indicated. These may include: […] The purpose of diet therapy in CKD is two-fold: to delay progression and to prevent and treat complications, including malnutrition. […] ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, particularly in patients with albuminuria. […] High blood pressure is both a cause and complication of CKD. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can accelerate the loss of GFR.

• #73 Chronic kidney disease: Symptoms, stage, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179

  High blood pressure can be the cause or a symptom of CKD. Lowering blood pressure is important to protect the kidneys and subsequently slow down the progression of CKD. […] The progression of kidney disease varies, ranging from years to decades, depending on factors like the cause, overall health, and treatment adherence. Regular monitoring and proper management can help slow its progression.

• #74 Chronic Kidney Disease – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/chronic-kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease

  Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, stomatitis, and an unpleasant taste in the mouth are almost uniformly present. The skin may be yellow-brown and/or dry. Occasionally, urea from sweat crystallizes on the skin (uremic frost). Pruritus may be especially uncomfortable. Undernutrition leading to generalized tissue wasting is a prominent feature of chronic uremia. […] In advanced CKD, pericarditis and gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding may occur. Hypertension is present in 80% of patients with advanced CKD and is usually related to hypervolemia. Heart failure caused by hypertension or coronary artery disease and renal retention of sodium and water may lead to dependent edema and/or dyspnea. […] Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is predicted in most cases by the degree of proteinuria. Patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria ( 3 g/24 h or urine protein/creatinine ratio 3) usually have a poorer prognosis and progress to renal failure more rapidly. Progression may occur even if the underlying disorder is not active. In patients with urine protein 1.5 g/24 h, progression usually occurs more slowly if at all. Hypertension, acidosis, and hyperparathyroidism are associated with more rapid progression as well.

• #75 Chronic Kidney Disease Progression—A Challenge

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/10/2203

  Proteinuria is a critical predictor of CKD progression. It has been shown that higher levels of proteinuria correlate with faster rates of kidney function decline. […] The effective management of proteinuria, as outlined in the KDIGO 2021 guidelines, is crucial for improving outcomes in patients with CKD. […] The progression of kidney damage is influenced by a multitude of risk factors, which can be broadly categorized into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. […] Risk factors for CKD progression are diverse and can be grouped into several categories, including demographic factors, genetic factors, cardiovascular factors, metabolic factors, lifestyle factors, and others. […] Understanding these factors, along with the use of biomarkers and prognostic models, is crucial for predicting and managing CKD progression. […] Effective management strategies are essential to slow the progression of CKD and improve patient outcomes. Key interventions include dietary modifications, pharmacological treatments, and surgical options, to reduce the progression rate of CKD.

• #76 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, which may be reflected in decreased albuminuria. […] Achieving and maintaining optimal glucose control may reduce the risk of developing albuminuria. Intensive glycemic control lessens progression of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes; benefits in type 2 are less clear.

• #77 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  Community CKD primarily affects the older population, who have had lifelong exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension, and diabetes, all of which can impact kidney function. The average rate of GFR decline in this population is approximately 0.75 to 1 mL/min/year after age 40 to 50. […] In contrast to community CKD, patients with referred CKD often present at an earlier age due to hereditary conditions (eg, autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease or ADPKD) or acquired nephropathies (eg, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and tubulointerstitial disease) that cause progressive renal damage and loss of function. The rate of progression in referred CKD varies depending on the specific disease process. […] Clinical risk factors for the accelerated progression of CKD include proteinuria, hypertension, Black race, and hyperglycemia.

• #78 How Long Can You Stay in Stage 3 Kidney Disease? – Century Medical & Dental Center

  https://www.centurymedicaldental.com/how-long-can-you-stay-in-stage-3-kidney-disease/

  The following factors are known to play a significant role in the faster progression of the disease: Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), Higher albuminuria, Younger age, Male sex. […] When diagnosed and managed the right way, you can live a longer, fuller life than more advanced stages of kidney disease.

• #79 How Fast Does Chronic Kidney Disease Progress?- Responsum Health

  https://responsumhealth.com/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/how-fast-does-ckd-progress/

  As the above studies show, there is a myriad of factors that can contribute to how fast chronic kidney disease progresses. […] Research has taught us that there are steps we can take to slow CKD progression and protect your kidneys. […] Fast progressors were more likely to have: Prior cardiovascular diseases (acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, heart failure, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, and/or pacemaker), Prior ischemic stroke and/or transient ischemic attack, Peripheral artery disease, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Dementia, Dyslipidemia (unbalanced levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood), Chronic liver disease, Thyroid disease. […] In patients without type 2 diabetes at baseline, predictors of fast CKD progression included: Age 70 years, Heart failure, Prior ischemic stroke, Prior pacemaker implantation, Proteinuria, Higher entry-level of eGFR, Lower hemoglobin levels, Low HDL cholesterol (50 mg/dL), Current or former cigarette smoker.

• #80 How Fast Does Chronic Kidney Disease Progress?- Responsum Health

  https://responsumhealth.com/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/how-fast-does-ckd-progress/

  As the above studies show, there is a myriad of factors that can contribute to how fast chronic kidney disease progresses. […] Research has taught us that there are steps we can take to slow CKD progression and protect your kidneys. […] Fast progressors were more likely to have: Prior cardiovascular diseases (acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, heart failure, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, and/or pacemaker), Prior ischemic stroke and/or transient ischemic attack, Peripheral artery disease, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Dementia, Dyslipidemia (unbalanced levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood), Chronic liver disease, Thyroid disease. […] In patients without type 2 diabetes at baseline, predictors of fast CKD progression included: Age 70 years, Heart failure, Prior ischemic stroke, Prior pacemaker implantation, Proteinuria, Higher entry-level of eGFR, Lower hemoglobin levels, Low HDL cholesterol (50 mg/dL), Current or former cigarette smoker.

• #81 Chronic renal failure and its progression (CKD) – edren.org

  https://edren.org/ren/edren-info/ckd-chronic-renal-failure-and-its-progression/

  It is known that you can reduce both of these risks by careful monitoring and treatment. […] Renal bone disease can be a serious problem for people who have had chronic renal failure for a long time. It can cause aches, pains and sometimes fractures. The aim is to prevent it, as treatment is much harder later. […] In renal failure the kidneys are unable to excrete the normal acid waste products of the body. People in renal failure often have too much acid in the blood (acidaemia) and have to take bicarbonate tablets to neutralise this. […] People with kidney disease are at greatly increased risk of heart disease, stroke and problems with the circulation. It is particularly important that you should not smoke as this increases the risk of heart disease even further.

• #82 How Fast Does Chronic Kidney Disease Progress?- Responsum Health

  https://responsumhealth.com/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/how-fast-does-ckd-progress/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) doesnt progress at the same rate for all patients. A significant portion of patients with mild-to-moderate CKD do not experience a predictable pattern of disease progression. […] Chronic kidney disease progression has been studied extensively, but the majority of studies have focused on the causes of kidney function decline and the likelihood of CKD to progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD)not necessarily the speed of that progression. […] Findings show that the rate is influenced by many factors and can vary widely, particularly in later stages of the disease. […] While the rate of disease progression will be different for everyone, multiple studies have shown that reliable indicators of faster progression include: Hypertension (high systolic blood pressure), Proteinuria (higher than normal amounts of protein in urine), Congestive heart failure (and previous cardiovascular disease), Anemia (insufficient oxygen-carrying red blood cells), Low serum albumin (low levels of the protein albumin in the blood), Age of under 65, especially if diabetic, Longer duration of diabetes before diagnosis, African, Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Native American, or Pacific Islander ethnicity.

• #83 How Long Can You Stay in Stage 3 Kidney Disease? – Century Medical & Dental Center

  https://www.centurymedicaldental.com/how-long-can-you-stay-in-stage-3-kidney-disease/

  The following factors are known to play a significant role in the faster progression of the disease: Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), Higher albuminuria, Younger age, Male sex. […] When diagnosed and managed the right way, you can live a longer, fuller life than more advanced stages of kidney disease.

• #84 Chronic Kidney Disease – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/chronic-kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease

  Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, stomatitis, and an unpleasant taste in the mouth are almost uniformly present. The skin may be yellow-brown and/or dry. Occasionally, urea from sweat crystallizes on the skin (uremic frost). Pruritus may be especially uncomfortable. Undernutrition leading to generalized tissue wasting is a prominent feature of chronic uremia. […] In advanced CKD, pericarditis and gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding may occur. Hypertension is present in 80% of patients with advanced CKD and is usually related to hypervolemia. Heart failure caused by hypertension or coronary artery disease and renal retention of sodium and water may lead to dependent edema and/or dyspnea. […] Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is predicted in most cases by the degree of proteinuria. Patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria ( 3 g/24 h or urine protein/creatinine ratio 3) usually have a poorer prognosis and progress to renal failure more rapidly. Progression may occur even if the underlying disorder is not active. In patients with urine protein 1.5 g/24 h, progression usually occurs more slowly if at all. Hypertension, acidosis, and hyperparathyroidism are associated with more rapid progression as well.

• #85 Chronic Kidney Disease Stages

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-about-stages-chronic-kidney-disease

  In general, kidney disease progresses slowly. But because it often doesn’t cause symptoms in the early stages, it can be hard to know exactly when it starts. How fast it progresses depends on your treatment and how well you can control underlying conditions that make it worse. […] Damage to your kidneys, whether from diabetes, high blood pressure, or other causes, is permanent. But with treatment and lifestyle changes, you can slow it down or keep it from getting worse.

• #86 Chronic kidney disease: Symptoms, stage, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179

  High blood pressure can be the cause or a symptom of CKD. Lowering blood pressure is important to protect the kidneys and subsequently slow down the progression of CKD. […] The progression of kidney disease varies, ranging from years to decades, depending on factors like the cause, overall health, and treatment adherence. Regular monitoring and proper management can help slow its progression.

• #87 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  Community CKD primarily affects the older population, who have had lifelong exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension, and diabetes, all of which can impact kidney function. The average rate of GFR decline in this population is approximately 0.75 to 1 mL/min/year after age 40 to 50. […] In contrast to community CKD, patients with referred CKD often present at an earlier age due to hereditary conditions (eg, autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease or ADPKD) or acquired nephropathies (eg, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and tubulointerstitial disease) that cause progressive renal damage and loss of function. The rate of progression in referred CKD varies depending on the specific disease process. […] Clinical risk factors for the accelerated progression of CKD include proteinuria, hypertension, Black race, and hyperglycemia.

• #88 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  Community CKD primarily affects the older population, who have had lifelong exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension, and diabetes, all of which can impact kidney function. The average rate of GFR decline in this population is approximately 0.75 to 1 mL/min/year after age 40 to 50. […] In contrast to community CKD, patients with referred CKD often present at an earlier age due to hereditary conditions (eg, autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease or ADPKD) or acquired nephropathies (eg, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and tubulointerstitial disease) that cause progressive renal damage and loss of function. The rate of progression in referred CKD varies depending on the specific disease process. […] Clinical risk factors for the accelerated progression of CKD include proteinuria, hypertension, Black race, and hyperglycemia.

• #89 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  Early CKD stages are asymptomatic, and symptoms manifest in stages 4 or 5. Some common symptoms and signs at these stages of CKD include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue and weakness, sleep disturbance, oliguria, decreased mental sharpness, muscle cramps, swelling of feet and ankles, persistent pruritus, chest pain due to uremic pericarditis, shortness of breath due to pulmonary edema from fluid overload, and hypertension. […] The KDIGO guidelines recommend screening high-risk populations, which include individuals with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and those aged 65 or older. This screening should involve urinalysis, measurement of urine ACR, serum creatinine, and estimation of GFR, preferably using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.

• #90 Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/prevention/index.html

  Early CKD has no signs or symptoms, but the earlier you treat it, the better. […] CKD can progress over time to kidney failure. […] Early CKD has no signs or symptoms, so you may not know if you have it. The earlier you take action to prevent or delay kidney disease, the better.

• #91 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  Although CKD is generally progressive and irreversible, there are steps providers and patients can take to slow progression, enabling patients to live longer without complications or the need for renal replacement therapy. […] Even with these interventions, kidney disease will progress in some patients. In this case, monitoring for the associated complications and comorbidities is indicated. These may include: […] The purpose of diet therapy in CKD is two-fold: to delay progression and to prevent and treat complications, including malnutrition. […] ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, particularly in patients with albuminuria. […] High blood pressure is both a cause and complication of CKD. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can accelerate the loss of GFR.

• #92 How to Slow the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/complications/chronic-kidney-disease/slow-progression-chronic-kidney-disease

  There are many ways to help delay kidney failure, especially when chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed in the earlier stages. […] Keeping your blood pressure within a healthy range may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] If you have diabetes, controlling your blood glucose (blood sugar) levels may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] Following a kidney-friendly diet may help you slow the progression of kidney disease, especially one that is recommended specifically for you by a dietitian. […] Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are also effective ways to help manage your disease progression.

• #93 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  Although CKD is generally progressive and irreversible, there are steps providers and patients can take to slow progression, enabling patients to live longer without complications or the need for renal replacement therapy. […] Even with these interventions, kidney disease will progress in some patients. In this case, monitoring for the associated complications and comorbidities is indicated. These may include: […] The purpose of diet therapy in CKD is two-fold: to delay progression and to prevent and treat complications, including malnutrition. […] ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, particularly in patients with albuminuria. […] High blood pressure is both a cause and complication of CKD. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can accelerate the loss of GFR.

• #94 How to Slow the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/complications/chronic-kidney-disease/slow-progression-chronic-kidney-disease

  There are many ways to help delay kidney failure, especially when chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed in the earlier stages. […] Keeping your blood pressure within a healthy range may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] If you have diabetes, controlling your blood glucose (blood sugar) levels may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] Following a kidney-friendly diet may help you slow the progression of kidney disease, especially one that is recommended specifically for you by a dietitian. […] Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are also effective ways to help manage your disease progression.

• #95 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, which may be reflected in decreased albuminuria. […] Achieving and maintaining optimal glucose control may reduce the risk of developing albuminuria. Intensive glycemic control lessens progression of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes; benefits in type 2 are less clear.

• #96 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  An overview of the general issues involved in the management of the patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including modalities to slow the rate of progression, will be presented here. […] Adaptive hyperfiltration, although initially beneficial, eventually causes damage to the glomeruli of the remaining nephrons, which is manifest by albuminuria and progressive kidney failure. This process appears to be responsible for the development of kidney failure among those in whom the original illness is either inactive or cured. […] The institution of measures to help prevent this process, such as treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, may slow progressive disease and even preserve kidney function.

• #97 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, which may be reflected in decreased albuminuria. […] Achieving and maintaining optimal glucose control may reduce the risk of developing albuminuria. Intensive glycemic control lessens progression of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes; benefits in type 2 are less clear.

• #98 How to Slow the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/complications/chronic-kidney-disease/slow-progression-chronic-kidney-disease

  There are many ways to help delay kidney failure, especially when chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed in the earlier stages. […] Keeping your blood pressure within a healthy range may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] If you have diabetes, controlling your blood glucose (blood sugar) levels may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] Following a kidney-friendly diet may help you slow the progression of kidney disease, especially one that is recommended specifically for you by a dietitian. […] Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are also effective ways to help manage your disease progression.

• #99 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  Although CKD is generally progressive and irreversible, there are steps providers and patients can take to slow progression, enabling patients to live longer without complications or the need for renal replacement therapy. […] Even with these interventions, kidney disease will progress in some patients. In this case, monitoring for the associated complications and comorbidities is indicated. These may include: […] The purpose of diet therapy in CKD is two-fold: to delay progression and to prevent and treat complications, including malnutrition. […] ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, particularly in patients with albuminuria. […] High blood pressure is both a cause and complication of CKD. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can accelerate the loss of GFR.

• #100 How to Slow the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/complications/chronic-kidney-disease/slow-progression-chronic-kidney-disease

  There are many ways to help delay kidney failure, especially when chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed in the earlier stages. […] Keeping your blood pressure within a healthy range may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] If you have diabetes, controlling your blood glucose (blood sugar) levels may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] Following a kidney-friendly diet may help you slow the progression of kidney disease, especially one that is recommended specifically for you by a dietitian. […] Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are also effective ways to help manage your disease progression.

• #101 How to Slow the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/complications/chronic-kidney-disease/slow-progression-chronic-kidney-disease

  There are many ways to help delay kidney failure, especially when chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed in the earlier stages. […] Keeping your blood pressure within a healthy range may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] If you have diabetes, controlling your blood glucose (blood sugar) levels may help slow the progression of kidney disease. […] Following a kidney-friendly diet may help you slow the progression of kidney disease, especially one that is recommended specifically for you by a dietitian. […] Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are also effective ways to help manage your disease progression.

• #102 Kidney failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure

  Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make oxygen-carrying red blood cells. As the kidneys fail, they produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells to replace the natural breakdown of old red blood cells. As a result, the blood carries less hemoglobin, a condition known as anemia. This can result in: Feeling tired or weak, Memory problems, Difficulty concentrating, Dizziness, Low blood pressure. […] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can also develop slowly and, initially, show few symptoms. […] CKD is divided into 5 different stages according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In CKD1 eGFR is normal and in CKD5 eGFR has decreased to less than 15 ml/min. […] People who receive earlier referrals to a nephrology specialist, meaning a longer time before they must start dialysis, have a shorter initial hospitalization and reduced risk of death after the start of dialysis. Other methods of reducing disease progression include minimizing exposure to nephrotoxins such as NSAIDs and intravenous contrast.

• #103 Chronic renal failure and its progression (CKD) – edren.org

  https://edren.org/ren/edren-info/ckd-chronic-renal-failure-and-its-progression/

  It is known that you can reduce both of these risks by careful monitoring and treatment. […] Renal bone disease can be a serious problem for people who have had chronic renal failure for a long time. It can cause aches, pains and sometimes fractures. The aim is to prevent it, as treatment is much harder later. […] In renal failure the kidneys are unable to excrete the normal acid waste products of the body. People in renal failure often have too much acid in the blood (acidaemia) and have to take bicarbonate tablets to neutralise this. […] People with kidney disease are at greatly increased risk of heart disease, stroke and problems with the circulation. It is particularly important that you should not smoke as this increases the risk of heart disease even further.

• #104 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  An overview of the general issues involved in the management of the patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including modalities to slow the rate of progression, will be presented here. […] Adaptive hyperfiltration, although initially beneficial, eventually causes damage to the glomeruli of the remaining nephrons, which is manifest by albuminuria and progressive kidney failure. This process appears to be responsible for the development of kidney failure among those in whom the original illness is either inactive or cured. […] The institution of measures to help prevent this process, such as treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, may slow progressive disease and even preserve kidney function.

• #105

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] Symptoms of anaemia include: tiredness, lack of energy, shortness of breath, a pounding, fluttering or irregular heartbeat (palpitations). […] People with CKD can develop high potassium levels in their blood, called hyperkalaemia, because their kidneys do not work properly. […] Hyperkalaemia can cause muscle weakness, stiffness and tiredness. If it becomes severe, it can cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) which can lead to a heart attack. […] You may get swelling in your ankles, feet and hands if you have kidney disease. […] This is because your kidneys are not as effective at removing fluid from your blood, causing it to build up in body tissues (oedema).

• #106 Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease/stage-3-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  In Stage 3 CKD, your kidneys have mild to moderate damage and are less able to filter waste and fluid out of your blood. […] In this stage, it’s important to monitor not just your kidney function but also the levels of albumin in your urine, measured by the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). […] Some people with Stage 3 CKD don’t have any symptoms. However, stage 3 is usually when kidney disease begins to affect your health, and you’ll start to notice symptoms. […] Symptoms of Stage 3 CKD may include: Feeling weak and tired, Swelling in your hands or feet, Skin that feels dry or itchy, Pain in your lower back, Muscle cramps, Trouble sleeping, Restless leg syndrome (an uncomfortable feeling in your legs that makes it hard to sit still or fall asleep), Urinating more or less often than normal, Urine that is foamy or darker in color than usual. […] For Stage 3 CKD, annual checkups are important to evaluate how well your kidneys work, reassess your treatment plan, check for signs of complications, and ensure you manage your condition effectively.

• #107 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  All patients with kidney disease (whether acute or chronic) should undergo an assessment of kidney function by estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from the serum creatinine. This measurement is used clinically to evaluate the degree of kidney impairment, to follow the course of the disease, and to assess the response to therapy. An attempt must also be made to obtain a specific diagnosis. The first step is a careful urinalysis, looking for albuminuria, hematuria, and cellular casts. Further evaluation may include quantification of albuminuria, kidney ultrasound, referral to a nephrologist, and a kidney biopsy. Nephrology referral is especially indicated when there is a rapid decline in kidney function, an elevated albumin-to-creatinine ratio (>300 mg/g), or urinary red blood cell casts.

• #108 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  All patients with kidney disease (whether acute or chronic) should undergo an assessment of kidney function by estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from the serum creatinine. This measurement is used clinically to evaluate the degree of kidney impairment, to follow the course of the disease, and to assess the response to therapy. An attempt must also be made to obtain a specific diagnosis. The first step is a careful urinalysis, looking for albuminuria, hematuria, and cellular casts. Further evaluation may include quantification of albuminuria, kidney ultrasound, referral to a nephrologist, and a kidney biopsy. Nephrology referral is especially indicated when there is a rapid decline in kidney function, an elevated albumin-to-creatinine ratio (>300 mg/g), or urinary red blood cell casts.

• #109 Stages of kidney disease

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/stages-kidney-disease

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is when your kidneys are damaged and not working properly to filter your blood. Your doctor will use two tests to determine how well your kidneys are working: a blood test and a urine test. The blood test checks your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or the amount of creatinine, a waste product, in your blood. The urine test is called a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) and checks for a condition called albuminuria, where a protein called albumin is in your urine (or pee). To know if you have CKD, your doctor will repeat these tests to show that the damage to your kidneys is long-term (lasting at least 3 months). Your doctor will determine your CKD stage based on your cause, your eGFR, and your uACR. This information will help you and your doctor understand the risk of your kidney disease getting worse, the risk for complications such as heart disease, and to understand your options for treatment.

• #110 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  All patients with kidney disease (whether acute or chronic) should undergo an assessment of kidney function by estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from the serum creatinine. This measurement is used clinically to evaluate the degree of kidney impairment, to follow the course of the disease, and to assess the response to therapy. An attempt must also be made to obtain a specific diagnosis. The first step is a careful urinalysis, looking for albuminuria, hematuria, and cellular casts. Further evaluation may include quantification of albuminuria, kidney ultrasound, referral to a nephrologist, and a kidney biopsy. Nephrology referral is especially indicated when there is a rapid decline in kidney function, an elevated albumin-to-creatinine ratio (>300 mg/g), or urinary red blood cell casts.

• #111 Chronic kidney disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/chronic-kidney-disease/

  Kidney OUTAGES: hyperKalemia, renal Osteodystrophy, Uremia, Triglyceridemia, Acidosis (metabolic), Growth delay, Erythropoietin deficiency (anemia), Sodium/water retention (consequences of chronic kidney disease). […] The diagnosis of CKD requires the persistence of eGFR 2 and/or of a marker of kidney damage for more than 3 months. […] A rapid rise in creatinine level (i.e., over days rather than weeks or months), recent onset of uremia, and/or oliguria or anuria suggest AKI (with or without underlying CKD). […] The goals of treatment are to delay the progression of CKD and prevent and manage complications. […] Good blood pressure control is essential to prevent ASCVD complications, reduce mortality, and help delay disease progression in patients with CKD.

• #112

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #113

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #114

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #115 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  All patients with kidney disease (whether acute or chronic) should undergo an assessment of kidney function by estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from the serum creatinine. This measurement is used clinically to evaluate the degree of kidney impairment, to follow the course of the disease, and to assess the response to therapy. An attempt must also be made to obtain a specific diagnosis. The first step is a careful urinalysis, looking for albuminuria, hematuria, and cellular casts. Further evaluation may include quantification of albuminuria, kidney ultrasound, referral to a nephrologist, and a kidney biopsy. Nephrology referral is especially indicated when there is a rapid decline in kidney function, an elevated albumin-to-creatinine ratio (>300 mg/g), or urinary red blood cell casts.

• #116

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] Symptoms of anaemia include: tiredness, lack of energy, shortness of breath, a pounding, fluttering or irregular heartbeat (palpitations). […] People with CKD can develop high potassium levels in their blood, called hyperkalaemia, because their kidneys do not work properly. […] Hyperkalaemia can cause muscle weakness, stiffness and tiredness. If it becomes severe, it can cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) which can lead to a heart attack. […] You may get swelling in your ankles, feet and hands if you have kidney disease. […] This is because your kidneys are not as effective at removing fluid from your blood, causing it to build up in body tissues (oedema).

• #117 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. […] Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep problems, Urinating more or less, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle cramps, Swelling of feet and ankles, Dry, itchy skin, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #118 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. […] Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep problems, Urinating more or less, Decreased mental sharpness, Muscle cramps, Swelling of feet and ankles, Dry, itchy skin, High blood pressure (hypertension) that’s difficult to control, Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs, Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart. […] Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.

• #119 Chronic Kidney Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/kidney/chronic-kidney-disease

  Decreased kidney function may be the result of common conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure, inherited illnesses such as polycystic kidney disease, or even inflammatory conditions of the kidney. […] Delaying chronic kidney disease progression: To the greatest extent possible, the team focuses on helping patients delay further progression of their disease, postponing the need for dialysis or kidney transplant as long as possible. […] Research shows that specialized, multidisciplinary care like that available through the Michigan Medicine Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic offers the best opportunities to delay disease progression and maximize quality of life for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. […] The standard of care for chronic kidney disease focuses on using medications to manage co-existing illnesses that worsen kidney function like diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure).

• #120 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, which may be reflected in decreased albuminuria. […] Achieving and maintaining optimal glucose control may reduce the risk of developing albuminuria. Intensive glycemic control lessens progression of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes; benefits in type 2 are less clear.

• #121 Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-adults

  An overview of the general issues involved in the management of the patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including modalities to slow the rate of progression, will be presented here. […] Adaptive hyperfiltration, although initially beneficial, eventually causes damage to the glomeruli of the remaining nephrons, which is manifest by albuminuria and progressive kidney failure. This process appears to be responsible for the development of kidney failure among those in whom the original illness is either inactive or cured. […] The institution of measures to help prevent this process, such as treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, may slow progressive disease and even preserve kidney function.

• #122

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #123 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic renal failure (CRF), as it was historically termed, is a term that encompasses all degrees of decreased kidney function, from damage at risk through mild, moderate, and severe chronic kidney failure. CKD is more prevalent in the elderly population. Almost half of the patients with CKD are older than 70 years. However, while younger patients with CKD typically experience progressive loss of kidney function, 30% of patients over 65 years of age with CKD have stable disease. CKD is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Kidney disease is the 9th leading cause of death in the United States. The guidelines define CKD as either kidney damage or a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months. Once the loss of nephrons and reduction of functional renal mass reaches a certain point, the remaining nephrons begin a process of irreversible sclerosis that leads to a progressive decline in the GFR. Patients with CKD stages 1-3 are generally asymptomatic. Typically, it is not until stages 4-5 (GFR 30 mL/min/1.73 m) that endocrine/metabolic derangements or disturbances in water or electrolyte balance become clinically manifest. Anemia in CKD is associated with fatigue, reduced exercise capacity, impaired cognitive and immune function, reduced quality of life, development of cardiovascular disease, new onset of heart failure or the development of more severe heart failure, and increased cardiovascular mortality. The pathologic manifestations of CKD should be treated as follows: Anemia: When the hemoglobin level is below 10 g/dL, treat with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause and/or institution of secondary preventive measures is imperative in patients with CKD. These may slow, or possibly halt, progression of the disease. The rate of progression depends on age, the underlying diagnosis, the implementation and success of secondary preventive measures, and the individual patient. Timely initiation of long-term renal replacement therapy is imperative to prevent the uremic complications of CKD that can lead to significant morbidity and death.

• #124

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #125 Chronic renal failure and its progression (CKD) – edren.org

  https://edren.org/ren/edren-info/ckd-chronic-renal-failure-and-its-progression/

  It is known that you can reduce both of these risks by careful monitoring and treatment. […] Renal bone disease can be a serious problem for people who have had chronic renal failure for a long time. It can cause aches, pains and sometimes fractures. The aim is to prevent it, as treatment is much harder later. […] In renal failure the kidneys are unable to excrete the normal acid waste products of the body. People in renal failure often have too much acid in the blood (acidaemia) and have to take bicarbonate tablets to neutralise this. […] People with kidney disease are at greatly increased risk of heart disease, stroke and problems with the circulation. It is particularly important that you should not smoke as this increases the risk of heart disease even further.

• #126 Slow Progression & Reduce Complications – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/kidney-disease/identify-manage-patients/manage-ckd/slow-progression-reduce-complications

  Although CKD is generally progressive and irreversible, there are steps providers and patients can take to slow progression, enabling patients to live longer without complications or the need for renal replacement therapy. […] Even with these interventions, kidney disease will progress in some patients. In this case, monitoring for the associated complications and comorbidities is indicated. These may include: […] The purpose of diet therapy in CKD is two-fold: to delay progression and to prevent and treat complications, including malnutrition. […] ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to slow the progression of CKD, particularly in patients with albuminuria. […] High blood pressure is both a cause and complication of CKD. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can accelerate the loss of GFR.

• #127 Chronic Kidney Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/kidney/chronic-kidney-disease

  The U-M CKD Clinic goes beyond this traditional approach, offering patients additional medical and nutritional interventions shown to be effective in clinical research, including strategies to manage the metabolic consequences of kidney disease, including anemia, metabolic acidosis, mineral and bone disease, and medical and lifestyle strategies to manage cardiovascular disease risk.

• #128

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  There’s no cure for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. […] Symptoms of anaemia include: tiredness, lack of energy, shortness of breath, a pounding, fluttering or irregular heartbeat (palpitations). […] People with CKD can develop high potassium levels in their blood, called hyperkalaemia, because their kidneys do not work properly. […] Hyperkalaemia can cause muscle weakness, stiffness and tiredness. If it becomes severe, it can cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) which can lead to a heart attack. […] You may get swelling in your ankles, feet and hands if you have kidney disease. […] This is because your kidneys are not as effective at removing fluid from your blood, causing it to build up in body tissues (oedema).

• #129

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #130 Why Is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on the Rise? 6 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/why-is-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-on-the-rise

  At this stage, CKD can cause complications, such as anemia and bone disease. Although some people still may not have symptoms, many experience one or more of a range of symptoms, including feeling weak and tired, lower back pain, dry or itchy skin, urinating more or less than usual, or having foamy or darker-colored urine. […] This stage calls for dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep patients alive. […] If, however, you progress to ESKD and your kidneys fail, you will need either dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace the work of the kidneys. […] Having CKD doesn’t always mean the disease will progress to ESKD and require dialysis or a kidney transplant. […] The hope is that some of the newer medications will allow patients to stay on the waiting list longer without needing dialysis. […] But good general care can mean early diagnosis and treatment, which can keep people healthy.

• #131

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #132 Chronic kidney disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000471.htm

  Many people are not diagnosed with CKD until they have lost most of their kidney function. There is no cure for CKD. Whether it worsens to ESRD, and how quickly, depends on: The cause of kidney damage, How well you take care of yourself. […] Kidney failure is the last stage of CKD. This is when your kidneys can no longer support our body’s needs. Your provider will discuss dialysis with you before you need it. Dialysis removes waste from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do their job. […] In most cases, you will go to dialysis when you have only 10 to 15% of your kidney function left. Even people who are waiting for a kidney transplant may need dialysis while waiting.

• #133

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/treatment/

  Many people with advanced-stage CKD develop anaemia, which is a lack of red blood cells. […] If your kidneys are severely damaged, you can get a build-up of phosphate in your body because your kidneys cannot get rid of it. […] If a kidney biopsy finds this is the cause of your kidney problems, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce the activity of your immune system, such as a steroid or a medicine called cyclophosphamide. […] For a small proportion of people with CKD, the kidneys will eventually stop working. […] This usually happens gradually, so there should be time to plan the next stage of your treatment. […] One of the options when CKD reaches this stage is dialysis. […] An alternative to dialysis for people with severely reduced kidney function is a kidney transplant. […] The aim is to treat and control the symptoms of kidney failure.

• #134 Why Is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on the Rise? 6 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/why-is-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-on-the-rise

  At this stage, CKD can cause complications, such as anemia and bone disease. Although some people still may not have symptoms, many experience one or more of a range of symptoms, including feeling weak and tired, lower back pain, dry or itchy skin, urinating more or less than usual, or having foamy or darker-colored urine. […] This stage calls for dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep patients alive. […] If, however, you progress to ESKD and your kidneys fail, you will need either dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace the work of the kidneys. […] Having CKD doesn’t always mean the disease will progress to ESKD and require dialysis or a kidney transplant. […] The hope is that some of the newer medications will allow patients to stay on the waiting list longer without needing dialysis. […] But good general care can mean early diagnosis and treatment, which can keep people healthy.

• #135 Chronic kidney disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000471.htm

  Many people are not diagnosed with CKD until they have lost most of their kidney function. There is no cure for CKD. Whether it worsens to ESRD, and how quickly, depends on: The cause of kidney damage, How well you take care of yourself. […] Kidney failure is the last stage of CKD. This is when your kidneys can no longer support our body’s needs. Your provider will discuss dialysis with you before you need it. Dialysis removes waste from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do their job. […] In most cases, you will go to dialysis when you have only 10 to 15% of your kidney function left. Even people who are waiting for a kidney transplant may need dialysis while waiting.

• #136 Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

  Yes, end-stage renal failure can lead to death. With the right treatment, most people can live with kidney failure. It’s important to remember that there’s no cure for kidney failure. That means even with treatment, your kidneys won’t go back to functioning as they did before you had kidney disease. Treatment helps preserve whatever function is left in your kidneys, so they don’t decline as rapidly. […] It depends. With proper treatment, you can continue to live a happy, fulfilling life. But, you can expect to need treatment for the rest of your life. Remember, you can’t reverse kidney disease or kidney failure, you can only slow its progression.

• #137 5 Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

  https://www.virtua.org/articles/5-stages-of-chronic-kidney-disease

  When you reach stage 4, your condition has worsened to the point where you may need dialysis or a kidney transplant in the near future. In addition to the symptoms of stage 3, you may also experience: […] At stage 5, your kidneys are close to or have completely failed. This stage is also called end-stage renal disease. Dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary. […] Symptoms you may experience include: […] For all stages of CKD, a nephrologist, or kidney specialist, will work with you to create a plan to manage your symptoms and slow the progression of your CKD. […] If you experience symptoms that could be CKD, speak to your doctor. The earlier we can diagnose your condition, the more we can do to maintain your kidney health.

• #138 Why Is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on the Rise? 6 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/why-is-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-on-the-rise

  At this stage, CKD can cause complications, such as anemia and bone disease. Although some people still may not have symptoms, many experience one or more of a range of symptoms, including feeling weak and tired, lower back pain, dry or itchy skin, urinating more or less than usual, or having foamy or darker-colored urine. […] This stage calls for dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep patients alive. […] If, however, you progress to ESKD and your kidneys fail, you will need either dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace the work of the kidneys. […] Having CKD doesn’t always mean the disease will progress to ESKD and require dialysis or a kidney transplant. […] The hope is that some of the newer medications will allow patients to stay on the waiting list longer without needing dialysis. […] But good general care can mean early diagnosis and treatment, which can keep people healthy.

• #139 Why Is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on the Rise? 6 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/why-is-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-on-the-rise

  At this stage, CKD can cause complications, such as anemia and bone disease. Although some people still may not have symptoms, many experience one or more of a range of symptoms, including feeling weak and tired, lower back pain, dry or itchy skin, urinating more or less than usual, or having foamy or darker-colored urine. […] This stage calls for dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep patients alive. […] If, however, you progress to ESKD and your kidneys fail, you will need either dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace the work of the kidneys. […] Having CKD doesn’t always mean the disease will progress to ESKD and require dialysis or a kidney transplant. […] The hope is that some of the newer medications will allow patients to stay on the waiting list longer without needing dialysis. […] But good general care can mean early diagnosis and treatment, which can keep people healthy.

• #140 Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

  Yes, end-stage renal failure can lead to death. With the right treatment, most people can live with kidney failure. It’s important to remember that there’s no cure for kidney failure. That means even with treatment, your kidneys won’t go back to functioning as they did before you had kidney disease. Treatment helps preserve whatever function is left in your kidneys, so they don’t decline as rapidly. […] It depends. With proper treatment, you can continue to live a happy, fulfilling life. But, you can expect to need treatment for the rest of your life. Remember, you can’t reverse kidney disease or kidney failure, you can only slow its progression.

• #141 Chronic kidney disease: Symptoms, stage, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179

  A person with stage 3 CKD may also want to speak with a dietitian about following a healthy diet. Additionally, a person with stage 3 CKD can speak with a doctor about angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). These medications can lower blood pressure and may help prevent CKD from worsening. […] By stage 4 CKD, a person’s GFR is 15-29 ml/min per 1.73 m2. At this stage, a person’s kidneys are moderately to severely damaged. Stage 4 CKD is a serious condition and the last stage before a person develops kidney failure. […] Symptoms of kidney failure include: itching; muscle cramps; nausea; vomiting; swelling in the hands and feet; back pain; more frequent urination; difficulty sleeping; difficulty breathing; decreased urine output. […] Damage to a person’s kidneys from CKD is usually permanent. However, some therapies can help control symptoms, reduce the risk of complications, and slow the progression of the condition.

• #142 Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

  Many people experience few or no symptoms in the early stages of kidney disease. However, chronic kidney disease (CKD) may still cause damage even though you feel fine. […] Kidney failure symptoms vary between people. If your kidneys aren’t working properly, you may notice one or more of the following signs: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), Nausea and vomiting, Confusion or trouble concentrating, Swelling (edema), particularly around your hands, ankles or face, A change in how often you pee, Cramps (muscle spasms), Dry or itchy skin, Poor appetite, or food may taste metallic. […] The early stages of chronic kidney disease may not have symptoms, but kidney failure symptoms may include feeling sick, confusion, swelling and peeing a lot. […] Kidney failure can worsen to the most severe stage, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) which is deadly without treatment.

• #143 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  In later stages, cachexia may develop, leading to unintentional weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, and anorexia. […] Cognitive decline in patients experiencing CKD is an emerging symptom revealed in research literature. Research suggests that patients with CKD face a 35-40% higher likelihood of cognitive decline and or dementia. […] Chronic kidney disease results in worse all-cause mortality (the overall death rate) which increases as kidney function decreases. The leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease is cardiovascular disease, regardless of whether there is progression to stage 5.

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