Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pre-eclampsia | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00417-6

  Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. […] Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. […] By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. […] Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

• #1 Preeclampsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570611/

  Preeclampsia and eclampsia account for 50,000 maternal deaths yearly worldwide. […] Like hypertensive disorders, the incidence of preeclampsia is correlated to ethnicity and race, most prevalent among black and Hispanic patients, resulting in approximately 26% of maternal deaths among this population in the US. […] Worldwide, preeclampsia affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies, but varies among race groups, as mentioned, but also among those groups within different countries. […] Recent studies suggest morbidity is higher in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and that Asians may be a low-risk population. […] Several studies have reported similar observations and a low incidence of preeclampsia in patients in China, New Zealand, and Asian Americans in comparison to Native Americans, black Americans, and Europeans.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects 28% of pregnancies worldwide. […] There are around 46 000 maternal deaths due to pre-eclampsia per year and around 500 000 fetal or newborn deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for approximately 10% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa, and 25% in Latin America. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The primary treatment for pre-eclampsia is the administration of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. […] The treatment and management of pre-eclampsia depend on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) develops guidelines to improve health during pregnancy. […] These guidelines aim to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality by promoting evidence-based clinical practices.

• #2 Preeclampsia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1476919-overview

  The incidence of preeclampsia in the United States is estimated to range from 2% to 8% in healthy, nulliparous women. Among all cases of the preeclampsia, 10% occur in pregnancies of less than 34 weeks’ gestation. The global incidence of preeclampsia has been estimated at 5-14% of all pregnancies. […] In developing nations, the incidence of the disease is reported to be 4-18%, with hypertensive disorders being the second most common obstetric cause of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths in these countries. […] Eclampsia is estimated to occur in 1 in 200 cases of preeclampsia when magnesium prophylaxis is not administered.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects 28% of pregnancies worldwide. […] There are around 46 000 maternal deaths due to pre-eclampsia per year and around 500 000 fetal or newborn deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for approximately 10% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa, and 25% in Latin America. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The primary treatment for pre-eclampsia is the administration of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. […] The treatment and management of pre-eclampsia depend on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) develops guidelines to improve health during pregnancy. […] These guidelines aim to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality by promoting evidence-based clinical practices.

• #4 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 28% of all pregnancies worldwide. […] The incidence of pre-eclampsia has risen in the U.S. since the 1990s, possibly as a result of an increased prevalence of predisposing disorders, such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. […] Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. […] Nearly one-tenth of all maternal deaths in Africa and Asia and one-quarter in Latin America are associated with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, a category that encompasses pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is much more common in women who are pregnant for the first time. […] Women who have previously been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies.

• #5 Preeclampsia: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/preeclampsia-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Preeclampsia is a multisystem progressive disorder characterized by the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria or the new onset of hypertension plus significant end-organ dysfunction with or without proteinuria, typically presenting after 20 weeks of gestation or postpartum. […] In a systematic review, 4.6 percent (95% CI 2.7-8.2) of pregnancies worldwide were complicated by preeclampsia. The incidence in the United States is approximately 5 percent. […] The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension) is increasing, likely related to population-level increases in risk factors for the disease. […] Clinical practice guidelines have included a total of approximately 80 risk factors for preeclampsia, with varying strengths of association and quality of evidence.

• #6 Preeclampsia, Genomics and Public Health | Blogs | CDC

  https://blogs.cdc.gov/genomics/2022/10/25/preeclampsia/

  A recent study identified a cell free RNA (cfRNA) signature that was promising in predicting pre-eclampsia several weeks before the onset of symptoms. […] Preeclampsia is estimated to occur in 5 to 7 percent of all pregnancies and is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity. Annually, preeclampsia is responsible for over 70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 fetal deaths worldwide. […] In the United States, the rate of preeclampsia in Black women is 60 percent higher than in White women. Not only are Black women more likely to develop preeclampsia, but they are more likely to experience poorer outcomes associated with the condition, such as kidney damage and death. […] Currently, no recommended tests can predict the future onset of preeclampsia early in pregnancy. […] As stated earlier, the number of GWAS on preeclampsia that exist is in stark contrast to its public health importance. More studies need to be done on preeclampsia and genetics. […] Nonetheless, the study shows the need for more genetic studies that help develop tests to predict and manage people at risk for preeclampsia.

• #7 Pre-eclampsia Rates on the Rise in the U.S. | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/pre-eclampsia-rates-rise-u-s

  A latest study by researchers at the Mailman School of Public Health and Columbia University Medical Center reports that pre-eclampsia, characterized by an elevation in the blood pressure and excess protein in the urine of pregnant women, has a 1.5-fold to 2-fold higher incidence in first pregnancies. […] The study by Cande Ananth, Katherine Keyes, and Ronald Wapner in the Departments of Epidemiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, examined data on 120 million births in the United States between 1980 and 2010 from national hospital discharge surveys. This is the largest cohort study to analyze changes in rates of pre-eclampsia in the U.S. […] According to findings, pre-eclampsia rates rose from 3.4% in 1980 to 3.8% in 2010. This increase was due to the rise in rates of severe pre-eclampsia — from 0.3% in 1980 to 1.4% in 2010, a relative increase of 322%.

• #8 Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: age-period-cohort analysis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6564

  Objective To estimate the contributions of biological aging, historical trends, and birth cohort effects on trends in pre-eclampsia in the United States. […] The rate of pre-eclampsia was 3.4%. The age-period-cohort analysis showed a strong age effect, with women at the extremes of maternal age having the greatest risk of pre-eclampsia. In comparison with women delivering in 1980, those delivering in 2003 were at 6.7-fold (95% confidence interval 5.6-fold to 8.0-fold) increased risk of severe pre-eclampsia. Period effects declined after 2003. Trends for severe pre-eclampsia also showed a modest birth cohort effect, with women born in the 1970s at increased risk. […] Rates of severe pre-eclampsia have been increasing in the United States and age-period-cohort effects all contribute to these trends.

• #9 Preeclampsia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1476919-overview

  The incidence of preeclampsia in the United States is estimated to range from 2% to 8% in healthy, nulliparous women. Among all cases of the preeclampsia, 10% occur in pregnancies of less than 34 weeks’ gestation. The global incidence of preeclampsia has been estimated at 5-14% of all pregnancies. […] In developing nations, the incidence of the disease is reported to be 4-18%, with hypertensive disorders being the second most common obstetric cause of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths in these countries. […] Eclampsia is estimated to occur in 1 in 200 cases of preeclampsia when magnesium prophylaxis is not administered.

• #10 Management and Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia in Nigeria

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/13/1832

  Pre-eclampsia is a condition characterized by hypertension and significant proteinuria, usually occurring after 20 weeks of gestation in a woman that was previously normotensive and non-proteinuric. […] The incidence of pre-eclampsia varies widely; it is seven times higher in developing countries compared with industrialized countries, ranging from 1.8% to 16.7%. […] In Nigeria, the prevalence ranges between 2% to 16.7%, which is similar to other developing nations. […] Early detection of pre-eclampsia is important to prevent complications, such as eclampsia, kidney or liver damage, and the death of the mother and/or foetus. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, about 300,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2017 worldwide, of which over 60% were in Sub-Saharan Africa.

• #11 Management and Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia in Nigeria

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/13/1832

  Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia-related issues are considered the cause of between 50,000 to 75,000 deaths in women each year. […] The WHO recommends at least eight ANC contacts during pregnancy, but only 20% of pregnant women met this recommendation in Nigeria in 2021. […] The use of aspirin as a preventive strategy is not widely adopted in Nigeria, and calcium supplementation is also offered as prophylaxis in few states. […] Although magnesium sulphate is recommended at the national level, the drug is often not available at primary care levels or may not be administered according to guidelines. […] Globally, pre-eclampsia affects 4.6% of pregnancies. Research studies have shown a greater prevalence of pre-eclampsia, up to 16.7% in Nigeria. […] A strong political agenda is essential in reducing the burden of maternal mortality and morbidity associated with pre-eclampsia.

• #12 Preeclampsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570611/

  Preeclampsia and eclampsia account for 50,000 maternal deaths yearly worldwide. […] Like hypertensive disorders, the incidence of preeclampsia is correlated to ethnicity and race, most prevalent among black and Hispanic patients, resulting in approximately 26% of maternal deaths among this population in the US. […] Worldwide, preeclampsia affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies, but varies among race groups, as mentioned, but also among those groups within different countries. […] Recent studies suggest morbidity is higher in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and that Asians may be a low-risk population. […] Several studies have reported similar observations and a low incidence of preeclampsia in patients in China, New Zealand, and Asian Americans in comparison to Native Americans, black Americans, and Europeans.

• #13 Preeclampsia, Genomics and Public Health | Blogs | CDC

  https://blogs.cdc.gov/genomics/2022/10/25/preeclampsia/

  A recent study identified a cell free RNA (cfRNA) signature that was promising in predicting pre-eclampsia several weeks before the onset of symptoms. […] Preeclampsia is estimated to occur in 5 to 7 percent of all pregnancies and is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity. Annually, preeclampsia is responsible for over 70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 fetal deaths worldwide. […] In the United States, the rate of preeclampsia in Black women is 60 percent higher than in White women. Not only are Black women more likely to develop preeclampsia, but they are more likely to experience poorer outcomes associated with the condition, such as kidney damage and death. […] Currently, no recommended tests can predict the future onset of preeclampsia early in pregnancy. […] As stated earlier, the number of GWAS on preeclampsia that exist is in stark contrast to its public health importance. More studies need to be done on preeclampsia and genetics. […] Nonetheless, the study shows the need for more genetic studies that help develop tests to predict and manage people at risk for preeclampsia.

• #14 Preeclampsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570611/

  Preeclampsia and eclampsia account for 50,000 maternal deaths yearly worldwide. […] Like hypertensive disorders, the incidence of preeclampsia is correlated to ethnicity and race, most prevalent among black and Hispanic patients, resulting in approximately 26% of maternal deaths among this population in the US. […] Worldwide, preeclampsia affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies, but varies among race groups, as mentioned, but also among those groups within different countries. […] Recent studies suggest morbidity is higher in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and that Asians may be a low-risk population. […] Several studies have reported similar observations and a low incidence of preeclampsia in patients in China, New Zealand, and Asian Americans in comparison to Native Americans, black Americans, and Europeans.

• #15 Preeclampsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570611/

  Preeclampsia and eclampsia account for 50,000 maternal deaths yearly worldwide. […] Like hypertensive disorders, the incidence of preeclampsia is correlated to ethnicity and race, most prevalent among black and Hispanic patients, resulting in approximately 26% of maternal deaths among this population in the US. […] Worldwide, preeclampsia affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies, but varies among race groups, as mentioned, but also among those groups within different countries. […] Recent studies suggest morbidity is higher in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and that Asians may be a low-risk population. […] Several studies have reported similar observations and a low incidence of preeclampsia in patients in China, New Zealand, and Asian Americans in comparison to Native Americans, black Americans, and Europeans.

• #16 Differences in epidemiology of patients with preeclampsia between China and the US (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10435

  Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex complication that occurs during pregnancy. Studies indicated that morbidity from PE exhibits marked variations among geographical areas. Disparities in the incidence of PE between China and the US may be due to differences in ethnicity and genetic susceptibility, maternal age, sexual culture, body mass index, diet, exercise, multiple pregnancies and educational background. […] The epidemiologic differences of patients with PE between the two countries indicated that appropriate prevention plans for PE require to be developed according to local conditions. […] Worldwide, PE affects 2-8% of pregnancies. The incidence exhibits marked variations among countries and ethnicities. […] According to published data, during the last decade, the morbidity of PE reported in the US was higher than that in China.

• #17 Differences in epidemiology of patients with preeclampsia between China and the US (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10435

  These observations were in discordance with the previously determined higher incidence of PE in developing countries and led us to explore the reasons for this difference. […] The reasons for the variation in the incidence of PE between China and the US still remain to be fully elucidated. Certain risk factors such as age and BMI may be involved, while others may be less conclusive for the Chinese population. Therefore, further exhaustive research is still required. PE may be mostly attributed to gene polymorphisms and lifestyle factors such as diet, BMI and cultural norms pertaining to sexual relationships. These risk factors may give rise to epidemiological differences among countries and may suggest that prevention measures, such as exercise and weight and stress reduction, should be scheduled according to local conditions.

• #18 Preeclampsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570611/

  Preeclampsia and eclampsia account for 50,000 maternal deaths yearly worldwide. […] Like hypertensive disorders, the incidence of preeclampsia is correlated to ethnicity and race, most prevalent among black and Hispanic patients, resulting in approximately 26% of maternal deaths among this population in the US. […] Worldwide, preeclampsia affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies, but varies among race groups, as mentioned, but also among those groups within different countries. […] Recent studies suggest morbidity is higher in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and that Asians may be a low-risk population. […] Several studies have reported similar observations and a low incidence of preeclampsia in patients in China, New Zealand, and Asian Americans in comparison to Native Americans, black Americans, and Europeans.

• #19

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects 28% of pregnancies worldwide. […] There are around 46 000 maternal deaths due to pre-eclampsia per year and around 500 000 fetal or newborn deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for approximately 10% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa, and 25% in Latin America. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The primary treatment for pre-eclampsia is the administration of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. […] The treatment and management of pre-eclampsia depend on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) develops guidelines to improve health during pregnancy. […] These guidelines aim to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality by promoting evidence-based clinical practices.

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects 28% of pregnancies worldwide. […] There are around 46 000 maternal deaths due to pre-eclampsia per year and around 500 000 fetal or newborn deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for approximately 10% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa, and 25% in Latin America. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The primary treatment for pre-eclampsia is the administration of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. […] The treatment and management of pre-eclampsia depend on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) develops guidelines to improve health during pregnancy. […] These guidelines aim to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality by promoting evidence-based clinical practices.

• #21 Preeclampsia And Maternal Mortality: A Global Burden

  https://www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/legislative-advocacy/preeclampsia-and-maternal-mortality-a-global-burden

  Preeclampsia and related hypertensive disorders of pregnancy impact 5-8% of all births in the United States. Incidence rates for preeclampsia alone – in the United States, Canada and Western Europe, range from 2-5%. In the developing world, severe forms of preeclampsia and eclampsia are more common, ranging from a low of 4% of all deliveries to as high as 18% in parts of Africa. […] Ten million women develop preeclampsia each year around the world. Worldwide about 76,000 pregnant women die each year from preeclampsia and related hypertensive disorders. And, the number of babies who die from these disorders is thought to be on the order of 500,000 per annum. […] In developing countries, a woman is seven times as likely to develop preeclampsia than a woman in a developed country. From 10-25% of these cases will result in maternal death.

• #22 Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pre-eclampsia-and-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is a relatively common condition which may become life-threatening for the mother and the fetus. It is characterised by maternal hypertension, proteinuria, oedema, fetal intrauterine growth restriction and premature birth. […] Severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are relatively rare but serious complications of pregnancy. They are the ninth leading cause of direct maternal deaths in the UK. […] The incidence of pre-eclampsia varies with parity; it is around 4% in first pregnancies but less than 2% in subsequent pregnancies. The incidence of eclampsia in the UK is around 3/10,000 pregnancies. […] Deaths from eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in the UK and Ireland are now at their lowest ever recorded rate: between 2019-2021 there were nine deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia also contribute substantially to the numbers of infants born preterm; half of women with severe pre-eclampsia will deliver before 36 weeks.

• #23 Preeclampsia: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/preeclampsia-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Preeclampsia is a multisystem progressive disorder characterized by the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria or the new onset of hypertension plus significant end-organ dysfunction with or without proteinuria, typically presenting after 20 weeks of gestation or postpartum. […] In a systematic review, 4.6 percent (95% CI 2.7-8.2) of pregnancies worldwide were complicated by preeclampsia. The incidence in the United States is approximately 5 percent. […] The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension) is increasing, likely related to population-level increases in risk factors for the disease. […] Clinical practice guidelines have included a total of approximately 80 risk factors for preeclampsia, with varying strengths of association and quality of evidence.

• #24 ACOG Practice Bulletin on Diagnosing and Managing Preeclampsia and Eclampsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0715/p330.html

  Although the exact incidence of preeclampsia remains unknown, this pregnancy-specific syndrome has been reported to affect 5 to 8 percent of pregnancies. […] Primarily a disorder of first pregnancies, it also occurs in many other settings, including multifetal gestations, chronic hypertension, and pregestational diabetes. […] The Working Group reports that hospitalization is frequently recommended for women with new-onset preeclampsia. […] Ambulatory management may be an option in women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia who are remote from term. […] Significant evidence supports the use of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures in women with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. […] The optimal delivery method in women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia has not been evaluated.

• #25 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 28% of all pregnancies worldwide. […] The incidence of pre-eclampsia has risen in the U.S. since the 1990s, possibly as a result of an increased prevalence of predisposing disorders, such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. […] Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. […] Nearly one-tenth of all maternal deaths in Africa and Asia and one-quarter in Latin America are associated with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, a category that encompasses pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is much more common in women who are pregnant for the first time. […] Women who have previously been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies.

• #26 pre eclampsia dx tools/guidelines? – Ob/Gyn Nursing

  https://allnurses.com/pre-eclampsia-dx-tools-guidelines-t73540/

  March 14, 2005-The Pre-eclampsia Community Guideline (PRECOG), based on recommendations from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), is published in the March 12 issue of the BMJ. The editorialist states that PRECOG is simple, evidence based, and should be used; and an accompanying systematic review of controlled studies summarizes risk factors for preeclampsia. […] The most important risk factors for developing preeclampsia are having a prior history of this condition (relative risk, 7.19; 95% confidence interval, 5.85-8.83), and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (relative risk, 9.72; 95% confidence interval, 4.34-21.75) according to a systematic review of controlled studies published from 1966 to 2002. Diabetes and high body mass index almost quadruple the risk, and other significant risk factors include maternal age and hypertension.

• #27 pre eclampsia dx tools/guidelines? – Ob/Gyn Nursing

  https://allnurses.com/pre-eclampsia-dx-tools-guidelines-t73540/

  March 14, 2005-The Pre-eclampsia Community Guideline (PRECOG), based on recommendations from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), is published in the March 12 issue of the BMJ. The editorialist states that PRECOG is simple, evidence based, and should be used; and an accompanying systematic review of controlled studies summarizes risk factors for preeclampsia. […] The most important risk factors for developing preeclampsia are having a prior history of this condition (relative risk, 7.19; 95% confidence interval, 5.85-8.83), and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (relative risk, 9.72; 95% confidence interval, 4.34-21.75) according to a systematic review of controlled studies published from 1966 to 2002. Diabetes and high body mass index almost quadruple the risk, and other significant risk factors include maternal age and hypertension.

• #28 pre eclampsia dx tools/guidelines? – Ob/Gyn Nursing

  https://allnurses.com/pre-eclampsia-dx-tools-guidelines-t73540/

  March 14, 2005-The Pre-eclampsia Community Guideline (PRECOG), based on recommendations from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), is published in the March 12 issue of the BMJ. The editorialist states that PRECOG is simple, evidence based, and should be used; and an accompanying systematic review of controlled studies summarizes risk factors for preeclampsia. […] The most important risk factors for developing preeclampsia are having a prior history of this condition (relative risk, 7.19; 95% confidence interval, 5.85-8.83), and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (relative risk, 9.72; 95% confidence interval, 4.34-21.75) according to a systematic review of controlled studies published from 1966 to 2002. Diabetes and high body mass index almost quadruple the risk, and other significant risk factors include maternal age and hypertension.

• #29 Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: age-period-cohort analysis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6564

  Objective To estimate the contributions of biological aging, historical trends, and birth cohort effects on trends in pre-eclampsia in the United States. […] The rate of pre-eclampsia was 3.4%. The age-period-cohort analysis showed a strong age effect, with women at the extremes of maternal age having the greatest risk of pre-eclampsia. In comparison with women delivering in 1980, those delivering in 2003 were at 6.7-fold (95% confidence interval 5.6-fold to 8.0-fold) increased risk of severe pre-eclampsia. Period effects declined after 2003. Trends for severe pre-eclampsia also showed a modest birth cohort effect, with women born in the 1970s at increased risk. […] Rates of severe pre-eclampsia have been increasing in the United States and age-period-cohort effects all contribute to these trends.

• #30 Pre-eclampsia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pre-eclampsia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of preeclampsia is approximately 2000-8000 per 100,000 pregnancies worldwide. […] Between 1987 and 2004, the incidence of preeclampsia was estimated to be 25,000 per 100,000 pregnancies in the united state. […] Preeclampsia is more commonly observed among pregnant women aged before 20 and after 40 years old. […] Preeclampsia usually affects individuals of the Non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks and American Indians/Alaska Natives race.

• #31 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #32 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #33 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #34 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #35 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #36 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #37 Preeclampsia Incidence and Its Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes With Associated Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9723483/

  Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that usually arises after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It is considered a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality worldwide. […] This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of preeclampsia and associated risk factors (family history, age, hypertension, and diabetes) and to investigate its fetal and maternal outcomes. […] A total of 142 patients were diagnosed with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia during the two-year study period. Our findings showed 8.67% cases of gestational hypertension and 3% of preeclampsia. […] Maternal and fetal outcomes were related to maternal blood pressure. A significant incidence of premature births (45.6%) and a majority of cesarean cases (63.4%) with severe complications were observed. […] This study showed that poor economic and educational levels are significantly associated with this disease. A high rate of maternal and neonatal morbidity with neonatal mortality was investigated.

• #38 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #39 Pre-eclampsia: new supplement on monitoring and managing the global health issue | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/pre-eclampsia-new-guidelines-monitoring-and-managing-global-health-issue

  Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Globally, 76,000 women and 500,000 babies dies each year from the disorder. Women in low-resource countries are at a higher risk of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and pre-eclampsia compared with those in high-resource countries. […] In the past decade, major efforts have been made to develop tools for risk stratification and prediction of pre-eclampsia in high-risk women, as well as for short-term prediction in women presenting with signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia and those with confirmed pre-eclampsia. […] The supplement provides the most pragmatic advice for different resource settings keeping in mind the feasibility, acceptability and ease of implementation of the advice to significantly lessen the health and economic burden caused by pre-eclampsia.

• #40 Risk Factors and Predictors for Pre-eclampsia | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-2–health-and-risk-in-pregnancy-and-childbirth–risk-factors-and-predictors-for-preeclampsia/id/416333

  The randomized trial of aspirin versus placebo for the prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia (ASPRE) has confirmed that pre-eclampsia is predictable and preventable. The administration of low-dose aspirin initiated before 16 weeks gestation significantly reduces the rate of preterm pre-eclampsia. Therefore, it is important to identify pregnant women at risk of developing pre-eclampsia during the first trimester of pregnancy, thus allowing timely therapeutic intervention. Currently, there is no single predictor of pre-eclampsia among women at either low or increased risk of pre-eclampsia that is ready for introduction into clinical practice. However, the prediction of pre-eclampsia could be achieved by multivariable approaches that combine clinical, ultrasound and laboratory predictors. The most effective screening algorithm available is the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) combined test that integrates maternal a priori risk based on maternal characteristics and obstetric history with triple test, which consists of mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UTPI), and serum placental growth factor (PLGF). However, it should be stated that very few of the informative data have been derived from populations of women who bear the greatest burden of experiencing complications of pre-eclampsia, namely women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

• #41 Preeclampsia, Genomics and Public Health | Blogs | CDC

  https://blogs.cdc.gov/genomics/2022/10/25/preeclampsia/

  A recent study identified a cell free RNA (cfRNA) signature that was promising in predicting pre-eclampsia several weeks before the onset of symptoms. […] Preeclampsia is estimated to occur in 5 to 7 percent of all pregnancies and is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity. Annually, preeclampsia is responsible for over 70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 fetal deaths worldwide. […] In the United States, the rate of preeclampsia in Black women is 60 percent higher than in White women. Not only are Black women more likely to develop preeclampsia, but they are more likely to experience poorer outcomes associated with the condition, such as kidney damage and death. […] Currently, no recommended tests can predict the future onset of preeclampsia early in pregnancy. […] As stated earlier, the number of GWAS on preeclampsia that exist is in stark contrast to its public health importance. More studies need to be done on preeclampsia and genetics. […] Nonetheless, the study shows the need for more genetic studies that help develop tests to predict and manage people at risk for preeclampsia.

• #42 Preeclampsia, Genomics and Public Health | Blogs | CDC

  https://blogs.cdc.gov/genomics/2022/10/25/preeclampsia/

  A recent study identified a cell free RNA (cfRNA) signature that was promising in predicting pre-eclampsia several weeks before the onset of symptoms. […] Preeclampsia is estimated to occur in 5 to 7 percent of all pregnancies and is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity. Annually, preeclampsia is responsible for over 70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 fetal deaths worldwide. […] In the United States, the rate of preeclampsia in Black women is 60 percent higher than in White women. Not only are Black women more likely to develop preeclampsia, but they are more likely to experience poorer outcomes associated with the condition, such as kidney damage and death. […] Currently, no recommended tests can predict the future onset of preeclampsia early in pregnancy. […] As stated earlier, the number of GWAS on preeclampsia that exist is in stark contrast to its public health importance. More studies need to be done on preeclampsia and genetics. […] Nonetheless, the study shows the need for more genetic studies that help develop tests to predict and manage people at risk for preeclampsia.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-022-06864-y

  Remote, home blood pressure monitoring is not yet routinely recommended, as the possible advantages and disadvantages have not yet been sufficiently proven by high-quality studies. […] Many of the above-mentioned maternal parameters can now be collected easily, quickly, objectively, and reproducibly by pregnant women in their own homes, thus enabling remote monitoring. […] The potential benefits of home blood pressure monitoring in a non-pregnant cohort are manifold and include ease of implementation and availability for the patients, reduced costs for payers through fewer visits to the doctor and less hospital stays, increased compliance and improved association with complications. […] The studies presented here have, to our knowledge, not been independently verified. Machine-learning performance can substantially vary when algorithms which were trained on one dataset are presented with new, independently collected data.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-022-06864-y

  Remote, home blood pressure monitoring is not yet routinely recommended, as the possible advantages and disadvantages have not yet been sufficiently proven by high-quality studies. […] Many of the above-mentioned maternal parameters can now be collected easily, quickly, objectively, and reproducibly by pregnant women in their own homes, thus enabling remote monitoring. […] The potential benefits of home blood pressure monitoring in a non-pregnant cohort are manifold and include ease of implementation and availability for the patients, reduced costs for payers through fewer visits to the doctor and less hospital stays, increased compliance and improved association with complications. […] The studies presented here have, to our knowledge, not been independently verified. Machine-learning performance can substantially vary when algorithms which were trained on one dataset are presented with new, independently collected data.

• #45 Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: age-period-cohort analysis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6564

  The prevalence of pre-eclampsia has shown noticeable variation over time, leading to speculations that population level distribution of risk factors may have influenced these trends. […] Pre-eclampsia has increased in both the youngest and the oldest women of reproductive age and the prevalence in the United States has increased from 2.5% in 1987 to 3.2% in 2004. […] This increase may be influenced by a variety of factors. […] The goal of this analysis was to understand the complex associations of maternal age, trends in prevalence, and cohort trajectories all operating on a single timescale on pre-eclampsia. […] We hypothesized that birth cohort effects may be responsible for increases in pre-eclampsia rates, given the increase in obesity among more recently born cohorts of women, as well as a decline in smoking rates.

• #46 Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy and Mortality at Delivery Hospitalization — United States, 2017–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7117a1.htm

  Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) are common pregnancy complications and leading causes of pregnancy-related death in the United States. […] During 2017-2019, HDP prevalence among delivery hospitalizations increased from 13.3% to 15.9%. […] Among deaths occurring during delivery hospitalization, 31.6% had a diagnosis code for HDP documented. […] Severe HDP-associated complications and mortality are preventable with equitable implementation of quality improvement initiatives to recognize and promptly treat HDP and to increase awareness of urgent maternal warning signs. […] During 2017-2019, the prevalence of HDP among delivery hospitalizations increased from 13.3% to 15.9% (Figure 1), an increase of approximately 1 percentage point annually. […] An HDP diagnosis code was documented in approximately one in three deaths occurring during delivery hospitalization.

• #47 Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy and Mortality at Delivery Hospitalization — United States, 2017–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7117a1.htm

  Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) are common pregnancy complications and leading causes of pregnancy-related death in the United States. […] During 2017-2019, HDP prevalence among delivery hospitalizations increased from 13.3% to 15.9%. […] Among deaths occurring during delivery hospitalization, 31.6% had a diagnosis code for HDP documented. […] Severe HDP-associated complications and mortality are preventable with equitable implementation of quality improvement initiatives to recognize and promptly treat HDP and to increase awareness of urgent maternal warning signs. […] During 2017-2019, the prevalence of HDP among delivery hospitalizations increased from 13.3% to 15.9% (Figure 1), an increase of approximately 1 percentage point annually. […] An HDP diagnosis code was documented in approximately one in three deaths occurring during delivery hospitalization.

• #48 Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia and the other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2011.01.006

  Pre-eclampsia complicates about 3% of pregnancies, and all hypertensive disorders affect about five to 10% of pregnancies. […] Secular increases in chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia have occurred as a result of changes in maternal characteristics (such as maternal age and pre-pregnancy weight), whereas declines in eclampsia have followed widespread antenatal care and use of prophylactic treatments (such as magnesium sulphate). […] Determinants of pre-eclampsia rates include a bewildering array of risk and protective factors, including familial factors, sperm exposure, maternal smoking, pre-existing medical conditions (such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and anti-phospholipid syndrome), and miscellaneous ones such as plurality, older maternal age and obesity. […] Hypertensive disorders are associated with higher rates of maternal, fetal and infant mortality, and severe morbidity, especially in cases of severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome.

• #49 Pre-eclampsia Rates on the Rise in the U.S. | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/pre-eclampsia-rates-rise-u-s

  The researchers note that the increasing obesity and decreasing smoking rates in the United States across the last three decades explain, at least in part, the trends in the observed pre-eclampsia rates. […] Results suggest that reducing obesity rates could also be favorable to a reduction in pre-eclampsia rates.

• #50 Pre-eclampsia | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00417-6

  Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. […] Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. […] By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. […] Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects 28% of pregnancies worldwide. […] There are around 46 000 maternal deaths due to pre-eclampsia per year and around 500 000 fetal or newborn deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for approximately 10% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa, and 25% in Latin America. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The primary treatment for pre-eclampsia is the administration of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. […] The treatment and management of pre-eclampsia depend on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) develops guidelines to improve health during pregnancy. […] These guidelines aim to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality by promoting evidence-based clinical practices.

• #52 Pre-eclampsia: new supplement on monitoring and managing the global health issue | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/pre-eclampsia-new-guidelines-monitoring-and-managing-global-health-issue

  Risk stratification and monitoring in asymptomatic women putting in place appropriate antenatal maternal and fetal surveillance for women at high-risk of pre-eclampsia. […] Management of women with confirmed pre-eclampsia putting in place appropriate antenatal maternal and fetal surveillance. […] FIGO calls for all women to receive appropriate antenatal care to reduce health risks for mother and child. […] Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment and delivery will save the lives of women around the globe. Equally important is the recognition of preeclampsia’s role in long-term cardiovascular disease.

• #53 Pre-eclampsia | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00417-6

  Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. […] Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. […] By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. […] Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

• #54 What doctors wish patients knew about preeclampsia | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-preeclampsia

  The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists recommends that women with severe high blood pressure BP of 160/110 during birth are evaluated again within 72 hours postpartum, Dr. Peterson said. […] While it is unclear why some women develop preeclampsia, there are some factors that may put you in the high-risk category. […] The treatment for preeclampsia is delivery, and the timing and route of delivery is based on the severity of disease and other obstetric factors, Dr. Peterson said. […] A lot of people think that theyre cured after they have their baby, Dr. Hoppe said. […] Women whove had a hypertension related diagnosis in a prior pregnancy are at risk of developing hypertension during a subsequent pregnancy, Dr. Hoppe said. […] I would suggest that prenatal care is set up to try to detect preeclampsia and other complications in pregnancy, Dr. Hoppe said. […] Low dose aspirin therapy during pregnancy can reduce the chance of developing preeclampsia in patients who are at risk for the disease, Dr. Peterson said.

• #55 Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia – Maternal Health Task Force

  https://www.mhtf.org/topic/preeclampsia-eclampsia/

  Preeclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) causes around 40% of maternal deaths in some Nigerian states. […] Pre-eclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] Calcium consumption during pregnancy reduces the incidence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia among women with low calcium intake. […] Despite the evidence that magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is the drug of choice for managing severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (SPE/E), its usage seems low in limited description.

• #56 Management and Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia in Nigeria

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/13/1832

  Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia-related issues are considered the cause of between 50,000 to 75,000 deaths in women each year. […] The WHO recommends at least eight ANC contacts during pregnancy, but only 20% of pregnant women met this recommendation in Nigeria in 2021. […] The use of aspirin as a preventive strategy is not widely adopted in Nigeria, and calcium supplementation is also offered as prophylaxis in few states. […] Although magnesium sulphate is recommended at the national level, the drug is often not available at primary care levels or may not be administered according to guidelines. […] Globally, pre-eclampsia affects 4.6% of pregnancies. Research studies have shown a greater prevalence of pre-eclampsia, up to 16.7% in Nigeria. […] A strong political agenda is essential in reducing the burden of maternal mortality and morbidity associated with pre-eclampsia.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-022-06864-y

  There is an unmet medical need to improve prediction of preeclampsia-related adverse outcomes. […] With the inclusion of signals from remote monitoring devices into predictive algorithms, home monitoring may be a fully valid alternative to a hospital visit, with respective studies and clinical trials pending.

• #58 Pre-eclampsia | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00417-6

  Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. […] Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. […] By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. […] Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

• #59 Pre-eclampsia | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00417-6

  Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. […] Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. […] By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. […] Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects 28% of pregnancies worldwide. […] There are around 46 000 maternal deaths due to pre-eclampsia per year and around 500 000 fetal or newborn deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for approximately 10% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa, and 25% in Latin America. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The primary treatment for pre-eclampsia is the administration of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. […] The treatment and management of pre-eclampsia depend on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) develops guidelines to improve health during pregnancy. […] These guidelines aim to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality by promoting evidence-based clinical practices.

• #61 Fetal Exposure to Preeclampsia and Later Risk of Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Population-Based Cohort Study | Section for epidemiology and medical statistics | UiB

  https://www.uib.no/en/epistat/165647/fetal-exposure-preeclampsia-and-later-risk-cardiometabolic-disorders-population-based

  Fetal preeclampsia exposure has been associated with later cardiometabolic disease. […] Using data from The Medical Birth Registry of Norway and The Norwegian Prescription Database, we have looked at the risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol in young adulthood in individuals who were exposed to preeclampsia during fetal life. […] Compared to individuals in the general population who had not been exposed to preeclampsia in fetal life, individuals exposed to preeclampsia had an increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol later in life. […] Our conclusion is that individuals exposed to preeclampsia in fetal life have an increased risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol later in life.

• #62 Pre-eclampsia | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/pre-eclampsia/

  Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects between 1-5 in 100 pregnant women. […] Pre-eclampsia is common, affecting between 15 in 100 women during pregnancy. […] If you have pre-eclampsia, you are at more risk of developing high blood pressure, stroke and heart disease in later life. […] Pre-eclampsia can happen in any pregnancy but you are at higher risk if: […] If you have more than one of these risk factors, you should take aspirin once a day from 12 weeks of pregnancy. […] If you are diagnosed with pre-eclampsia, you will have an individualised care plan depending upon how many weeks pregnant you are, how high your blood pressure is and whether there are any concerns about you or your baby’s wellbeing. […] Pre-eclampsia can happen again in future pregnancy. The likelihood of this depends on how early your baby needed to be born: […] If you have pre-eclampsia you are at more risk of developing high blood pressure, stroke and heart disease in later life.

• #63 Mothers with history of pre-eclampsia may encounter cardiovascular challenges later in life – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mothers-with-history-of-pre-eclampsia-may-encounter-cardiovascular-challenges-later-in-life/

  Mayo Clinic researchers found that women with a history of pre-eclampsia are more likely to face atherosclerosis – hardening and narrowing of the arteries – decades after their pregnancy. […] Pre-eclampsia – a condition in pregnant women commonly characterized by high blood pressure – typically shows itself 20 weeks into the pregnancy, and can occur suddenly or develop slowly. The complication poses a concern to the mother and fetus, and affects between 2 and 7 percent of pregnancies. […] “Even without a history of cardiovascular events, women who’ve had pre-eclampsic pregnancies are facing a higher risk of atherosclerosis decades later during their postmenopausal years,” says Dr. Garovic. “This makes pre-eclampsia a pregnancy complication that extends well beyond the pregnancy itself.” […] Further study is needed on women with pre-eclampsia histories, according to Dr. Garovic, and that should continue to follow women late into life, where further complications may become apparent.

• #64 Mothers with history of pre-eclampsia may encounter cardiovascular challenges later in life – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mothers-with-history-of-pre-eclampsia-may-encounter-cardiovascular-challenges-later-in-life/

  Mayo Clinic researchers found that women with a history of pre-eclampsia are more likely to face atherosclerosis – hardening and narrowing of the arteries – decades after their pregnancy. […] Pre-eclampsia – a condition in pregnant women commonly characterized by high blood pressure – typically shows itself 20 weeks into the pregnancy, and can occur suddenly or develop slowly. The complication poses a concern to the mother and fetus, and affects between 2 and 7 percent of pregnancies. […] “Even without a history of cardiovascular events, women who’ve had pre-eclampsic pregnancies are facing a higher risk of atherosclerosis decades later during their postmenopausal years,” says Dr. Garovic. “This makes pre-eclampsia a pregnancy complication that extends well beyond the pregnancy itself.” […] Further study is needed on women with pre-eclampsia histories, according to Dr. Garovic, and that should continue to follow women late into life, where further complications may become apparent.

• #65 Fetal Exposure to Preeclampsia and Later Risk of Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Population-Based Cohort Study | Section for epidemiology and medical statistics | UiB

  https://www.uib.no/en/epistat/165647/fetal-exposure-preeclampsia-and-later-risk-cardiometabolic-disorders-population-based

  Fetal preeclampsia exposure has been associated with later cardiometabolic disease. […] Using data from The Medical Birth Registry of Norway and The Norwegian Prescription Database, we have looked at the risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol in young adulthood in individuals who were exposed to preeclampsia during fetal life. […] Compared to individuals in the general population who had not been exposed to preeclampsia in fetal life, individuals exposed to preeclampsia had an increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol later in life. […] Our conclusion is that individuals exposed to preeclampsia in fetal life have an increased risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol later in life.

• #66 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Preeclampsia Onset, Days to Delivery, and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: Clinical Birth Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e47396/

  Maternal preeclampsia is associated with a risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. […] Identifying the risk associated with preeclampsia onset and exposure provides evidence to support the care of high-risk pregnancies and reduce adverse effects on offspring. […] Preeclampsia occurred in 16,205 (4.4%) out of 364,588 pregnancies; among the 16,205 pregnancies, 2727 (16.8%) first occurred at 34 weeks gestation, 4466 (27.6%) first occurred between 34 and 37 weeks, and 9012 (55.6%) first occurred at 37 weeks. […] Early preeclampsia onset was associated with greater ASD risk (P=.003); HRs were 1.62 (95% CI 1.33-1.98), 1.43 (95% CI 1.20-1.69), and 1.23 (95% CI 1.08-1.41), respectively, for onset at 34, 34-37, and 37 weeks, relative to the unexposed group. […] Preeclampsia during pregnancy was associated with ASD risk in children, and the risk was greater with earlier onset.

• #67 SciELO Brasil – Prevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review Prevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgo/a/qJLyYLLLvnfNC3d8hxJ68Lt/

  The overall frequency of preeclampsia in Brazil was similar to that reported elsewhere; however, some Brazilian studies presented frequencies much higher than those reported in international studies. […] Our results also show an increase in the frequency of preeclampsia from 2010, when new diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia were established and widely accepted, until today. […] The frequency of preeclampsia is probably increasing in Brazil due to new diagnostic criteria and higher surveillance. […] The development of national networks of research on preeclampsia is paramount to understand the impact of the disease in Brazil.

• #68

  https://journals.lww.com/mfm/fulltext/2021/04000/key_points_to_early_action_for_preventing_and.1.aspx

  Early diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring for early warning signs of preeclampsia, suspected preeclampsia, or mild preeclampsia can help reduce the clinical manifestations, thus preventing the disease from becoming severe. […] Early warning signs are different in various stages of disease development in preeclampsia. […] Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the early warning signs that can progress into serious complications associated with preeclampsia.

• #69 Epidemiology and fetomaternal outcomes in cases of imminent eclampsia and eclampsia- retrospective study – IJOGR

  https://www.ijogr.org/html-article/13379

  Pre-eclampsia is the leading cause constituting 10% of all pregnancies worldwide. In hospital practice in India, the incidence of pre-eclampsia varies from 5% to 15% and of eclampsia about 1.5%. […] According to WHO report 2008, eclampsia constitutes for 12% of all maternal deaths in developing countries. Thus it is important to study its Epidemiology and Management strategies. […] The proportion of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) cases was found to be 7.85% and that of eclampsia 1.36%. […] Present study highlights various risk factors for pre-eclampsia. Unbooked, young primigravida with significant proteinuria are at increased risk for pre-eclampsia-related morbidity and mortality. […] As no change in incidence of eclampsia over years, ASHA workers to be trained to identify warning signs. Doctors working in peripheral hospitals should have periodic training in the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia to avoid missed opportunities.

• #70 Risk factors of preeclampsia in Nigeria and Poland

  https://www.termedia.pl/Risk-factors-of-preeclampsia-in-Nigeria-and-Poland,113,51181,1,1.html

  Preeclampsia is responsible for 40% of maternal mortality in Northern Nigeria, where there is a strong link between the low healthcare level and the inappropriate referral system. Many pregnant women in Nigeria first seek care at primary healthcare centers (PHCs), especially most rural residents; however, readiness for primary care is often substandard compared to hospital counterparts. According to current WHO recommendations, pregnant women should make at least 8 ANC visits to obtain a healthy pregnancy. A study conducted by the National Population Commission (NPC) revealed that only 57% of pregnant women in Nigeria receive at least four ANC visits from trained clinicians. […] There are certain similarities and disparities in the risk factors for preeclampsia in Nigeria and Poland. Sociodemographic factors, socio-cultural factors, genes, and metabolic syndrome, including hypertension, are major risk factors for preeclampsia in both countries. Other risk factors that showed differences between the two countries are poor antenatal care, polyhydramnios, and self-medication specific for Nigeria, but the incidence of infectious disorders (periodontitis), and advanced age are characteristic for Poland. To reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy, pregnant women should maintain a healthy lifestyle, treat any existing disorders, and receive regular prenatal care.

• #71

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-022-06864-y

  Preeclampsia, a multisystem disorder in pregnancy, is still one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. […] The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advances in prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of preeclampsia and its associated adverse outcomes. […] Improving prediction of preeclampsia has a huge health-economic dimension. […] The scope of this article is to review current advances in prediction and monitoring in case of suspected or manifest preeclampsia in pregnancy. […] When women present with clinical suspicion at high risk, current preeclampsia diagnostic work-up still relies heavily on the clinicians observations and an ensemble of diagnostic tools, such as laboratory parameters, biomarkers, and ultrasound findings. […] The integration of signals from patient-side remote monitoring devices into predictive algorithms that power physician-side decision support tools offers a chance to further improve care.

• #72 Pre-eclampsia | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00417-6

  Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. […] Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. […] By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. […] Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

• #73 Risk factors of preeclampsia in Nigeria and Poland

  https://www.termedia.pl/Risk-factors-of-preeclampsia-in-Nigeria-and-Poland,113,51181,1,1.html

  Preeclampsia is one of the most important complications in pregnancy and is a threat to the health and life of women and fetuses. According to conservative estimates, these illnesses cause 76,000 maternal and 500,000 newborn deaths annually. Preeclampsia occurs seven times more frequently in developing nations than in industrialized countries, according to estimates from the World Health Organization. Preeclampsia occurs 35% of the time in most industrialized nations and 210% of the time globally. It was discovered as a serious health concern because it contributes to both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality globally. The occurrence of preeclampsia is associated with a high risk for the course of pregnancy. It is estimated that 10% of pregnant women in the world die of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is common in Nigeria, where 37,000 women are affected annually. In Southern Nigeria, the prevalence rate of preeclampsia ranges from 5.6% to 7.6% of pregnancies. The findings from a recent multicenter study conducted in Nigeria highlight the substantial impact of preeclampsia on maternal morbidity and mortality. Efforts to reduce the mortality of pregnant women in Nigeria focus on building the capacity to recognize early symptoms of preeclampsia and addressing the appropriate treatment of this disease during pregnancy. High maternal and perinatal mortality from preeclampsia is caused by delays in diagnosis and lack of access to adequate therapy. It is highlighted that in most African countries including Nigeria, appropriate prevention should be used to reduce the risk of preeclampsia. Screening and better monitoring of women with high-risk factors may help in the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of preeclampsia. This narrative review aims to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia in pregnant women in Nigeria and Poland. Identifying these factors may help to minimize the risk of complications during pregnancy.

Zobacz więcej