Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diplopia (Double Vision): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-overview

  From 2003 through 2012, there were 804,647 ambulatory and 49,790 emergency department visits annually for diplopia. Most ambulatory visits occurred with ophthalmologists (70.4%), and diplopia was frequently the primary reason for ambulatory setting (48.6%) or emergency department (36.5%) visits. […] International incidence rates of diplopia are unknown. The incidence of diplopia as a chief complaint in emergency departments is low. One study of a specialist eye hospital in London, United Kingdom, reported the incidence of diplopia as the chief complaint in only 1.4% of the presenting cases. […] Divergent pathologic processes, each with its own morbidity and mortality, can cause diplopia. However, irrespective of cause, diplopia has significant morbidity in terms of difficulty with depth perception and confusion with orientation of objects, especially when performing visually demanding tasks, such as driving a vehicle or operating tools. Therefore, in assessing visual disability after injuries, loss of binocularity accounts for a major percentage of loss of function.

• #2 Report reveals prominence of double vision | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171031102107.htm

  A new study reveals that double vision is associated with 850,000 outpatient and emergency department visits annually, but life-threatening diagnoses are rare. […] An estimated 850,000 visits to doctor’s offices and emergency departments occur each year in the U.S. for double vision, though life-threatening diagnoses are rare, according to the study published in JAMA Ophthalmology. […] It’s the first study to provide population-based estimates of diplopia in the U.S. […] In the emergency department, about 15 percent of visits for diplopia received a serious neurological diagnosis of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, known as a mini-stroke, compared with none in the ambulatory care setting. […] The study is consistent with advice from the American Academy for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Its Choosing Wisely recommendation tells health care providers to avoid routine imaging for all patients with double vision, at least in the outpatient setting when there are no other neurological signs or symptoms.

• #3 Double Vision (Diplopia): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22203-diplopia-double-vision

  Double vision is usually a temporary issue, but it can also be a sign of more serious health conditions. […] Experts estimate that more than 800,000 people a year in the U.S. visit an eye care specialist because theyre having some form of double vision. […] Its also one of the most common reasons people go to the emergency room. Around 50,000 people every year go to the ER because they have double vision. […] Anyone can experience double vision, but its most common in adults older than 60. […] Double vision is always concerning, but you shouldnt assume the worst. Most cases are temporary. In fact, the diplopia might go away on its own. But you should still get your eyes checked if you experience double vision. […] Diplopia can be the first sign of serious brain issues like strokes, and you shouldnt ignore it.

• #4 Double vision: causes, symptoms and treatment – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/health-medicine/double-vision-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Double vision is an eye condition that requires prompt evaluation by an eye care provider. To provide the best treatment to patients with double vision, UAB has launched its new Adult Double Vision Clinic. The role of this clinic is to address the patients visual complaints of double vision, eye strain and tracking difficulties. […] More than 800,000 people a year visit their health care provider because of double vision, and around 50,000 people every year go to the emergency room because they have double vision. […] According to Kristine B. Hopkins, O.D., professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry and associate dean of Academic Affairs, double vision, or diplopia, is an eye disorder that causes patients to see two images of an object even though there is only one. This condition can be debilitating for patients and can make tasks like reading and driving virtually impossible. Further, some daily tasks may become unsafe.

• #5 Diplopia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441905/

  Diplopia is a common complaint in the ambulatory setting and the emergency department (ED), with one study reporting almost 80,5000 ambulatory visits and 50,000 ED visits in the United States yearly, with the chief complaint of diplopia. […] Although there can be life-threatening causes of diplopia, one study found that only 16% of patients with diplopia had potentially life-threatening etiologies. […] Another study recently discussed diplopia as an important and debilitating symptom of malignancies due to different pathogenetic mechanisms. The authors also found that the cause of diplopia was due to orbital or brain metastasis or local invasion. Findings showed that diplopia manifested among patients with cancer together with paralytic strabismus and restrictive strabismus. Among the paralytic cases, sixth nerve palsy was found to be the most common. The authors also found that the cause of diplopia was due to orbital or brain metastasis or local invasion. They concluded that metastasis is the most common cause of diplopia in patients with cancer, and that screening for metastasis is vital upon the onset of diplopia for a better life expectancy.

• #6 Investigating diplopia (summary) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/investigating-diplopia-summary?lang=us

  Diplopia, also known as double vision, is a visual symptom of seeing two images of a single object. […] more common among adults and the elderly because of age-related eye conditions (e.g. cataracts, macular degeneration, presbyopia) and neurological conditions (e.g. multiple sclerosis, stroke) […] less common in pediatric with strabismus is a significant contributor to double vision.

• #7 Diplopia (Double Vision): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-overview

  Diplopia has no reported racial predilection. […] Diplopia has no reported sexual predilection. […] Diplopia is encountered almost exclusively in adults or in those with mature visual systems because of their inability to ignore the second image. Young children may not be able to express this symptom. More importantly, the immature visual system deals with diplopia by suppressing the poorer image, possibly resulting in irreversible amblyopia. Children with obvious and marked ocular malalignment due to strabismus are comfortable and content because the visual image from the deviating eye is suppressed and not noticed.

• #8 Causes and Outcomes of Patients Presenting with Diplopia: A Hospital-based Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8312586/

  Diplopia or double vision has various aetiologies and often presents to the ophthalmologist. The purpose of our study was to study in detail the aetiology, progression, and outcome in patients of diplopia presenting to the ophthalmology department of a tertiary care centre. […] Despite its clinical importance, not many studies have focused on the incidence, different causes, and natural history of diplopia. […] The purpose of our study was to study in detail the distribution, clinical features, aetiology, progression, and outcome in patients with diplopia presenting to the ophthalmology department of a tertiary care centre. […] The most common cause for binocular diplopia was vasculopathy in 43 (28.66%) followed by trauma in 37 (24.66%). […] Age-wise stratification of the factors leading to diplopia showed that decompensating heterophorias were most common in less than 20 years, traumatic causes in the 20-40 years age group and vascular causes in the greater than 40 years age group.

• #9 Diplopia (Double Vision) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/double-vision

  Seeing double can cause considerable concern if you or a loved one experience it. Double vision, which is also called diplopia, causes people to see two of the same imagewhether horizontal, vertical or diagonalinstead of one. […] Two main types of double vision exist: […] Monocular diplopia occurs when someone sees double vision with only one eye open, a second image usually appearing as a ghost. […] Binocular diplopia occurs when someone sees double vision only when both eyes are open. […] Dozens of medical conditions can lead to double vision. […] Serious causes include myasthenia gravis, a weakness in the bodys voluntary muscles, multiple sclerosis, a brain tumor or aneurysm, a stroke and giant cell arteritis. […] Doctors may order brain imagingusually magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)or blood testing to find the root cause of the double vision.

• #10 Double vision as a presenting symptom in an ophthalmic casualty department | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye199123

  All patients presenting with double vision as a principal symptom who presented to the Casualty Department of Moorfields Eye Hospital over a nine month period were prospectively investigated. Two hundred and seventy five patients were identified accounting for 1.4% of all casualties. Monocular diplopia was commoner than expected accounting for 69 cases (25.1%) and was almost always a genuine symptom attributable to uniocular pathology, most commonly lenticular or corneal pathology. […] Two hundred and six patients (74.9%) had binocular diplopia and in most cases an aetiology was established. Cranial nerve palsies were the commonest cause of biocular diplopia accounting for 81 cases. Other causes were classified as convergence or accommodation problems, decompensating phorias, traumatic, muscular, orbital lesions, supranuclear lesions, and other miscellaneous conditions. In eight cases of monocular and 23 cases of binocular diplopia no cause for the symptoms could be identified.

• #11 Double Vision Is Common in Parkinson’s, Large Study FindsEnvelope icon

  https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/news/double-vision-is-common-among-parkinsons-patients-large-study-finds/

  Double vision (diplopia) is common in people with Parkinson’s — affecting up to an estimated 30% of patients — and is linked to both motor and non-motor disease symptoms, a new large-scale, longitudinal study has found. […] The study, “Prevalence and risk factors for double vision in Parkinson disease,” was published in the journal Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. […] To fill this knowledge gap, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania examined the prevalence and risk factors for double vision in a large-scale electronic survey conducted between March 2015 and June 2020. […] According to researchers, because diplopia is easily treatable, “characterizing the burden and risk factors in PD [Parkinson’s disease] is essential for developing screening and treatment guidelines.” […] At the study’s start, the prevalence of double vision in Parkinson’s patients was significantly higher than it was among the healthy controls (18.1% vs. 6.3%). Additionally, more than a quarter (28.2%) of all Parkinson’s patients reported double vision at least once during the study, compared with 9.1% of controls.

• #12 Vision Problems & Multiple Sclerosis | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen searchExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand Section

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/understanding-ms/what-is-ms/ms-symptoms/vision-problems

  Visions disorders are the first sign of multiple sclerosis for many people. The 3 most common disorders are optic neuritis, diplopia (double vision) and nystagmus. While these conditions can be frightening and uncomfortable, the prognosis for recovery is good with treatment. […] Diplopia, or double vision, occurs when the nerves that control eye movement are inflamed or damaged. Normally, the muscles work in a coordinated way, but, when diplopia occurs, muscles on one side may be weak from nerve damage. This results in eye movements that are no longer coordinated. For people with diplopia, this may produce two side-by-side images or one image on top of another. Diplopia may be temporary or persistent and may resolve without treatment. When diplopia is a new symptom, it may be part of an MS relapse and a brief course of corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory medication) may be helpful. Patching one eye can also be useful for driving or when performing other tasks. Special eyeglass lenses known as prism lenses may be helpful for persistent diplopia. […] Diplopia and nystagmus can affect your navigation and balance. These, together with the mobility challenges associated with MS, are a safety risk. An occupational rehabilitation therapist can help you adjust to your level of vison impairment.

• #13 Mayo Clinic Thyroid Eye Disease Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/mayo-clinic-thyroid-eye-disease-clinic/vid-20542177

  Some of the landmark studies in thyroid disease, natural history and epidemiology were performed here at Mayo Clinic. […] Swelling of eye muscles from thyroid disease can lead to double vision or diplopia. […] If double vision does not resolve once the inflammation of the muscles subsides, patients may be candidates for eye muscles surgery to restore the alignment of the eyes and improve or eliminate double vision.

• #14 Caregiving Network Blog | Double Vision Causes in Elderly: A Comprehensive Insight – Caregiving Network Blog

  https://caregivingnetwork.com/blog/reading-room/double-vision-causes-in-elderly-a-comprehensive-insight/?post_type=reading-room

  According to recent studies, double vision affects about 850,000 individuals annually in the United States, with a higher incidence in the elderly population (Smith, 2023). […] Cataracts remain a top cause of monocular diplopia in the elderly, affecting nearly half of those aged 75 and older in the U.S. (National Eye Institute, 2020). […] Approximately 11 million Americans have some form of age-related macular degeneration, a major cause of double vision in the elderly. […] Double vision in the elderly can significantly impact their quality of life, making early diagnosis and treatment crucial. Understanding its causes and types can help prompt recognition and management of this condition, ultimately enhancing our seniors well-being.

• #15

  https://www.visionnlearning.com/why-you-should-never-ignore-double-vision

  Vision impairment is a serious problem that has many causes. […] According to the CDC, over the next three decades, it’s estimated that the population of adults with vision problems and age-related eye conditions will double because of the rapidly aging U.S. population. […] It’s quite common for people to experience double vision. In fact, more than 800,000 people visit healthcare providers yearly because of dystopia. […] About 50 000 people visit the ER per year because they will be experiencing double vision. […] One of the reasons why you must never ignore double vision is because it is linked to problems with the brain. […] If there is any problem with the brain, nerves, or eye muscles, it can result in double vision. […] There are several diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol, that can cause damage to the nerves that supply eye muscles, leading to distopia. […] Double vision can also be caused by a problem with the muscles. […] If you suspect lens problems, you must visit your ophthalmologist as soon as possible so they can investigate and try to determine the root cause. […] It’s crucial to visit the doctor whenever double vision persists.

• #16 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  According to the Varma study, in 2015, the overall estimated prevalence of uncorrectable visual impairment in the U.S. population among individuals ages 40 and older was 2.14 percent, and the overall estimated prevalence of blindness was 0.68 percent. […] The combined total number of persons ages 40 and older who have uncorrectable vision impairment or are blind is projected to more than double from 4.24 million in 2015 to 8.96 million in 2050. […] The age-adjusted prevalence of uncorrectable vision impairment and blindness is lower among Hispanics and Asians than among other minorities and non-Hispanic whites. […] The overall burden of eye disease varies from state to state, and the pattern of highest and lowest prevalence varies by condition. […] The distribution of uncorrectable visual impairment and blindness varies significantly by region and state.

• #17 Causes and Outcomes of Patients Presenting with Diplopia: A Hospital-based Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8312586/

  The most common cause of sixth nerve palsy was vascular due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or migraine in 42% of patients followed by trauma in 27% of patients. […] The combination of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in our study was associated with most of the cases of sixth nerve palsy. […] Our study has shown that lenticular abnormalities, refractive errors, macular pathologies like central serous chorioretinopathy and surface abnormalities like conjunctivitis should not be overlooked as a contributing cause for monocular diplopia. […] The major conclusion from our study is that patients with clinically isolated single cranial nerve palsies associated with diabetes mellitus or hypertension are likely to recover spontaneously and initially require observation only. […] In cases besides decompensating phorias, young patients show less resolution than elderly patients, perhaps due to sinister pathologies.

• #18 Can High Blood Pressure Cause Double Vision? | Total Vision

  https://laeyecare.net/can-high-blood-pressure-cause-double-vision/

  Yes, high blood pressure can cause double vision. Leaving your blood pressure uncontrolled puts you at an increased risk of developing eye conditions, which, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications and vision loss. […] High blood pressure is a known risk factor for several eye conditions. It develops gradually, but symptoms may occur suddenly. […] Hypertensive retinopathy is one of the most common eye conditions caused by prolonged high blood pressure. […] Symptoms usually manifest in its advanced stages, and can include: Double vision. […] Glaucoma typically develops when the fluid in the eye doesn’t drain properly, leading to a buildup of pressure. […] The symptoms of glaucoma can vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. […] As the disease progresses, individuals may experience: Double Vision.

• #19 Can High Blood Pressure Cause Double Vision? | Total Vision

  https://laeyecare.net/can-high-blood-pressure-cause-double-vision/

  For those with both diabetes and high blood pressure, the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy increases significantly. […] Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy can include: Double vision. […] Double vision can be a sign that your blood pressure is elevated. […] When high blood pressure causes damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, it can interfere with the normal functioning of the visual system, leading to double vision.

• #20 Can Stress Cause Double Vision? | CA

  https://rsmoptometry.com/can-stress-cause-double-vision/

  Experiencing an instance where your vision doubles, seeing two images instead of one is a condition known as diplopia or more commonly, double vision, and it can be quite disconcerting. […] In some instances, it may even signify a deeper medical issue, like an eye disease. […] When youre feeling stressed out, it could lead to symptoms of vision loss and even visual distortions, affecting one or both of your eyes, either intermittently or constantly. […] Anxiety, which is often a stress reaction, can also cause double vision, particularly if youre hyperventilating, or breathing too fast. […] Continued stress and elevated cortisol levels can also hurt your eyes and brain due to an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system. […] Stress can affect your vision in many ways, ranging from eye strain to double vision to visual distortion.

• #21 Can Stress Cause Double Vision? | CA

  https://rsmoptometry.com/can-stress-cause-double-vision/

  Recent research shows that when were super stressed out, our bodies pump out more cortisol and adrenaline as part of the whole fight-or-flight response. This can put pressure on our eyes and lead to blurred or even double vision. […] Stress can certainly cause double vision, albeit temporarily in most cases. […] If you are experiencing persistent double vision or other concerning symptoms, it is important to seek the attention of an eye care professional with Rancho Santa Margarita Optometry now operated by Total Vision.

• #22 These 17 Medications May Cause Double Vision or Harm Your Eyes – Healthcare Communications Network

  https://hcn.health/hcn-trends-story/these-17-medications-may-cause-double-vision-or-harm-your-eyes/

  Common ophthalmic complications from medications include blurred vision, double vision, color perception changes, retinal damage, and acute glaucoma, with severity varying based on dosage and duration of treatment […] Bisphosphonates (alendronate), antipsychotics (chlorpromazine), and anticonvulsants (topiramate) can cause severe ocular complications including inflammation, acute glaucoma, and permanent vision changes requiring immediate intervention […] A recent study saw a total of 1,246 cases of ocular adverse events attributed to antibody-drug conjugates. Ocular toxicity signals were observed in patients treated with belantamab mafodotin, brentuximab vedotin, enfortumab vedotin, mirvetuximab soravtansine, sacituzumab govitecan, trastuzumab deruxtecan, and trastuzumab emtansine.

• #23 Understanding Sudden Double Vision – Insight Vision Center Optometry

  https://www.insightvisionoc.com/primary-eye-care/eye-emergencies/understanding-sudden-double-vision/

  Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of double vision are crucial in preventing potential complications and permanent damage. Early intervention can often resolve underlying issues, restore normal vision, and improve overall quality of life. […] Sudden double vision, medically termed diplopia, can be alarming for both patients and their families. […] An interruption in blood flow to the brain can impact regions controlling eye movement, leading to sudden diplopia. Awareness of this possibility is crucial, as it might indicate a more pressing underlying health issue requiring urgent treatment. […] This autoimmune disorder induces muscle weakness, including that of muscles involved in eye movements, leading to fluctuating double vision. […] As a demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis can disrupt nerve conduction, potentially affecting cranial nerves responsible for eye movement.

• #24 Understanding Sudden Double Vision – Insight Vision Center Optometry

  https://www.insightvisionoc.com/primary-eye-care/eye-emergencies/understanding-sudden-double-vision/

  This autoimmune inflammation associated with thyroid dysfunction can impact eye muscles, sometimes resulting in sudden symptoms. […] Some individuals encounter neurological manifestations like double vision during migraine attacks. […] Certain medications or toxins, such as alcohol or benzodiazepines, may impair muscle coordination, contributing to diplopia. […] Trauma causing fractures around the eye socket can lead to muscle entrapment, affecting ocular alignment. […] Lesions or demyelination in the brainstem can disrupt pathways crucial for eye movements. […] Increased pressure within the skull can impact nerves and structures related to vision. […] Addressing sudden double vision requires a nuanced approach, with attention to both immediate safety and long-term health outcomes. […] Regular eye examinations are crucial for early detection of conditions that could lead to diplopia, such as strabismus, cataracts, or dry eye syndrome. […] Managing lifestyle factors is also vital in preventing and coping with double vision.

• #25 Understanding Sudden Double Vision – Insight Vision Center Optometry

  https://www.insightvisionoc.com/primary-eye-care/eye-emergencies/understanding-sudden-double-vision/

  Abnormal formations of blood vessels or brain masses can pressure nerves or brain areas linked to vision, manifesting as sudden diplopia. […] Injuries to the head can damage eye muscles, nerves, or brain structures that coordinate eye movements. […] Conditions such as meningitis or orbital cellulitis may cause inflammation around the eyes or brain, interfering with normal visual functions. […] Inflammation of blood vessels in the head can restrict blood flow to the optic nerve and eye muscles, potentially causing sudden vision changes. […] In longstanding diabetes, cranial nerves particularly the third, fourth, or sixth may sustain damage, leading to double vision. […] High blood pressure can inflict vascular damage affecting nerves involved in eye movement, thus contributing to vision disturbances.

• #26 Why Vision Loss Is a Public Health Problem | Vision and Eye Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health/about-eye-disorders/vision-loss-public-health-problem.html

  Over 3.4 million Americans aged 40 years and older are blind or visually impaired, which is expected to double by 2030. […] Prevent Blindness America estimates that the number of people with blindness and visual impairment will double by 2030 unless actions to prevent and treat eye diseases are taken. […] Public health actions help to expand access to prevention and treatment for vision loss. Efforts also include population-based studies to identify trends in vision loss and which populations are most affected.

• #27 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  The second section describes the epidemiology of vision impairment and common eye disorders in the United States, including differences by age, gender, and race and ethnicity and current evidence about specific risk and protective factors. […] The fourth section describes potential opportunities to reduce the preventable burden of vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error and cataracts in the United States based, in part, on an analysis commissioned by the committee. […] Determining the overall burden of vision impairment in the United States is challenging. […] National prevalence rates of vision impairment by etiology are typically calculated from the results of surveys, often self-reported by respondents, or are an aggregation of smaller studies, usually cross-sectional and not prospective.

• #28 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  Reporting of epidemiological data is further complicated because outcomes are not measured or reported consistently. […] This section presents estimates of overall prevalence for uncorrectable vision impairment only, along with the epidemiology for refractive error, amblyopia and strabismus, visual system injury, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, AMD, cataract, vision-threatening infection, and rare eye diseases and conditions. […] Two recent estimates suggest that approximately 4.2 million adults ages 40 years and older in the United States suffer from uncorrectable vision impairment, including blindness. […] The most recent data on the prevalence and total numbers of individuals with uncorrectable visual impairment and blindness in adults come from two, separate sources that pool data from a number of studies to calculate national estimates.

• #29 Double vision: causes, symptoms and treatment – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/health-medicine/double-vision-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  To provide the best treatment to patients with double vision, UAB has launched its new Adult Double Vision Clinic under the leadership of Hopkins, who also serves as the chief of Vision Therapy. The patients seen in the double vision clinic are typically referred from other doctors after having a comprehensive eye exam. The role of this clinic is to address the patients visual complaints of double vision, eye strain and tracking difficulties. Patients may also schedule a comprehensive eye exam at UAB Eye Care at if they experience double vision and would like a referral.

• #30 The Importance of Treating Double Vision – UHealth Collective

  https://news.umiamihealth.org/en/the-importance-of-treating-double-vision/

  Double vision, or diplopia, is a much more common eye condition than most people realize. […] “More than 800,000 people visit their doctor and around 50,000 go to the emergency room a year because of diplopia in the United States,” says Hilda Capó, M.D., Division Chief of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. […] “Causes of binocular diplopia are varied and include misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), neurological conditions (such as strokes, aneurysms, multiple sclerosis, cranial nerve palsies, tumors), thyroid eye disease, myasthenia gravis, and trauma or injury,” says Dr. Capó. […] “If binocular diplopia persists, the treatment may include eye exercises, prism glasses, patching of one eye, botulinum toxin injections to the eye muscles or surgery to align the eyes,” says Dr. Capó. […] “Double vision can be dangerous and incapacitating and diminishes quality of life,” she says. “It affects daily activities such as walking, driving and reading. It also increases the risk of falls and injuries, particularly in elderly individuals.”

• #31 Double vision

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/double-vision/

  Double vision has many possible causes, depending on whether 1 eye or both eyes are affected. […] Double vision affecting both eyes is usually a symptom of a squint. […] Squints or binocular double vision in adults can be a sign of a more serious condition. […] Double vision affecting 1 eye is less common. […] You must stop driving and tell the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) if you’re diagnosed with double vision.

• #32

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/doublevision/

  Double vision (diplothia) is not usually serious but it’s important to get it checked, even if it comes and goes. […] Double vision has many possible causes, depending on whether 1 eye or both eyes are affected. […] Double vision affecting both eyes is usually a symptom of a squint. […] Squints or binocular double vision in adults can be a sign of a more serious condition. […] Double vision affecting 1 eye is less common. It’s usually caused by eye problems such as: dry eyes where the eyes do not produce enough tears, astigmatism a common condition where part of the eye is not a perfect shape, cataracts cloudy patches over the front of the eyes, keratoconus where the clear outer layer of the eye (cornea) gets thinner and changes shape. […] You must stop driving and tell the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) if you’re diagnosed with double vision.

• #33 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  There is no peer-reviewed literature on the total population affected by all causes of vision impairment in the United States. […] One model, based on a review of 12 major epidemiological studies and the 2010 U.S. Census population, estimates that approximately 90 million of the 142 million adults over the age of 40 in the United States experienced vision problems attributable to vision impairment, blindness, refractive error, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. […] As the baby boomer generation ages, older adults will account for an ever larger proportion of the total population, and age-related eye diseases and conditions are projected to increase accordingly. […] This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology of eye and vision health in the United States.

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