Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diplopia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441905/

  Diplopia is a visual disturbance characterized by the perception of double images. Diplopia arises from diverse origins, either due to ocular misalignment resulting in binocular vision disruption or from optical anomalies leading to monocular diplopia, which persists even with one eye closed. […] The etiology of diplopia is either eye misalignment (if diplopia is binocular) or an optical phenomenon (if diplopia is monocular). Eye misalignment can have numerous causes; to understand it, it is important to follow the anatomical algorithm of eye alignment. Specifically, both eyes need to receive equal innervation of all extraocular muscles to be in the primary position when the innervation to antagonist extraocular muscles in each eye is equal. Any lesion that affects the muscles and nerves up to the cranial nerve nuclei and their tracts can cause double vision.

• #2 Diplopia (Double Vision) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/double-vision

  Seeing double can cause considerable concern if you or a loved one experience it. Double vision, which is also called diplopia, causes people to see two of the same imagewhether horizontal, vertical or diagonalinstead of one. […] Sometimes double vision can just be an irritating but benign problem called strabismus. Other times the condition arises from a serious medical condition. […] Dozens of medical conditions can lead to double vision. […] A common non-serious cause of double vision is a mild form of strabismus, a congenital condition in which someones eyes have a misalignment. As people with strabismus reaches adulthood, they may develop double vision. […] Serious causes include myasthenia gravis, a weakness in the bodys voluntary muscles, multiple sclerosis, a brain tumor or aneurysm, a stroke and giant cell arteritis. […] Sometimes the causes have multiple layers. For example, long-term smoking can lead to a brain aneurysm, which, in turn, can cause double vision. Poorly treated diabetes can lead to cranial nerve palsy, a lack of nerve function due to poor blood flow, which can also cause double vision.

• #3 Diplopia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441905/

  Innervations of extraocular muscles occur via cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. These 3 nerves need to work well on each side to maintain both eyes in the primary position and aligned with each other. […] Any pathology affecting these neighboring structures can affect the oculomotor nerves by compression or direct extension thus causing diplopia. […] A study in South China used a new classification system for assessing diplopia according to extraocular muscle (EOM) dysfunction. […] Monocular diplopia is almost always an ophthalmological problem and stems from the cataractous changes in the crystalline lens, abnormalities in the corneal surface (keratoconus or uncorrected astigmatism), and, exceedingly rarely, lesions affecting the occipital cortex (termed „cortical polyopia”), in which case they are almost always accompanied by homonymous visual field defects.

• #4 What Causes Double Vision? | US NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/conditions/eye-disease/articles/what-causes-double-vision

  This potentially frightening symptom can occur with several conditions. […] „When both eyes correctly and accurately point and focus at the same time, we see only one image of the world. Diplopia, or double vision, can result if the eyes do not both aim in the same place either at a distance or up close,” says Barbara Horn, a doctor of optometry and president of the American Optometric Association. „The double images may be completely separate or overlap to some degree. Double vision can develop over time or appear suddenly.” […] The distinction between binocular and monocular double vision is very important, reports the Mayo Clinic, „because monocular double vision is never dangerous, while binocular double vision can be caused by some serious neurologic conditions.” […] Monocular double vision is less common than binocular diplopia. It’s considered less serious because monocular double vision is usually caused by a problem in the eye – and not the brain. The causes can include astigmatism, a cataract or dry eye. In contrast, binocular diplopia is more common and may be related to your eyes not aligning properly, a squint or a serious medical condition, such as a stroke or an aneurysm.

• #5 Causes of Double Vision | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/double-vision/causes.html

  A range of conditions can cause double vision, including problems within the eye, such as the cornea or lens. Other underlying causes can involve muscles or nerves controlling eye function and movement, or issues in the brain. Some causes can be minor, such as astigmatism, or life threatening, such as an aneurysm or stroke. […] Problems in the cornea distort its surface, which can create double vision. […] The most common lens problem that can cause double vision is a cataract, a clouding of the normally clear lens due to aging. […] Problems in these extraocular muscles include weakness or paralysis that prevent one eye from moving in coordination with the other. […] Some conditions that can affect or damage these cranial nerves and lead to double vision include: Diabetes, a metabolic disease affecting your body’s ability to process blood sugar that can cause nerve damage.

• #6 Double Vision (Diplopia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/double-vision-diplopia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Diplopia Types and Causes […] Double vision in only one eye is called monocular diplopia. It might involve your: […] Cornea. This is the clear window into your eye. Its main job is to focus light. If your double vision goes away when you cover one eye but remains when you switch and cover the other eye, you might have cornea damage in the eye thats seeing double. It could be that your cornea in that eye is uneven. Glasses can probably fix the problem. Damage can be from: Keratoconus, when your cornea becomes cone-shaped, Infections, like shingles or herpes, Scars, Dryness. […] Lens. This sits behind your pupil, the opening in your eye, and helps focus light onto your retina in the back of your eye. Cataracts are the most common lens problem. Surgery almost always fixes them. Cataracts can be worse in one eye than the other and can grow at different rates between your 2 eyes.

• #7 Double Vision (Diplopia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/double-vision-diplopia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Diplopia Types and Causes […] Double vision in only one eye is called monocular diplopia. It might involve your: […] Cornea. This is the clear window into your eye. Its main job is to focus light. If your double vision goes away when you cover one eye but remains when you switch and cover the other eye, you might have cornea damage in the eye thats seeing double. It could be that your cornea in that eye is uneven. Glasses can probably fix the problem. Damage can be from: Keratoconus, when your cornea becomes cone-shaped, Infections, like shingles or herpes, Scars, Dryness. […] Lens. This sits behind your pupil, the opening in your eye, and helps focus light onto your retina in the back of your eye. Cataracts are the most common lens problem. Surgery almost always fixes them. Cataracts can be worse in one eye than the other and can grow at different rates between your 2 eyes.

• #8 Double Vision (Diplopia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/double-vision-diplopia-a-to-z

  Double vision, also called diplopia, causes a person to see two images of a single object. There are two types of double vision: monocular and binocular. […] Monocular diplopia can be caused by: Astigmatism. This is an abnormal curvature of the front surface of the cornea. A dislocated lens. The ligaments that hold the lens in place are broken, and the lens moves out of place or wiggles. This can be caused by trauma to the eye or a condition known as Marfan’s syndrome. Pterygium. This is a thickening of the conjunctiva, the thin mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the whites of the eyes. The thickening extends on the cornea, the clear part of the surface of the eye. Keratoconus. The cornea gradually becomes thin and cone-shaped. Cataracts. The lens gradually becomes less transparent. Risk factors include being older than 65, having eye trauma or long-term diabetes, smoking, using steroid medications or having radiation treatments. A mass or swelling in the eyelid. This condition can press on the front of the eye. Dry eye. Your eyes do not produce enough tears. Some retinal problems. Double vision can happen when the surface of the retina is not perfectly smooth, which can have a variety of causes.

• #9 Double Vision (Diplopia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/double-vision-diplopia-a-to-z

  Double vision, also called diplopia, causes a person to see two images of a single object. There are two types of double vision: monocular and binocular. […] Monocular diplopia can be caused by: Astigmatism. This is an abnormal curvature of the front surface of the cornea. A dislocated lens. The ligaments that hold the lens in place are broken, and the lens moves out of place or wiggles. This can be caused by trauma to the eye or a condition known as Marfan’s syndrome. Pterygium. This is a thickening of the conjunctiva, the thin mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the whites of the eyes. The thickening extends on the cornea, the clear part of the surface of the eye. Keratoconus. The cornea gradually becomes thin and cone-shaped. Cataracts. The lens gradually becomes less transparent. Risk factors include being older than 65, having eye trauma or long-term diabetes, smoking, using steroid medications or having radiation treatments. A mass or swelling in the eyelid. This condition can press on the front of the eye. Dry eye. Your eyes do not produce enough tears. Some retinal problems. Double vision can happen when the surface of the retina is not perfectly smooth, which can have a variety of causes.

• #10 Double vision (Diplopia): Causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170634

  If double vision is noted when one eye is covered but not the other, this is referred to by eye specialists as monocular double vision. […] The following conditions can cause monocular double vision or vice versa: Astigmatism, Dry eye, Keratoconus, Retinal abnormalities, Cataracts. […] Double vision can sometimes be temporary. Alcohol intoxication and drugs such as benzodiazepines, opioids, or certain anti-seizure medications can sometimes cause this. Head injuries such as concussions can also cause temporary double vision. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause vision issues, such as double vision. Other vitamin deficiencies that can cause double vision include vitamin C and vitamin D.

• #11 Double Vision (Diplopia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/double-vision-diplopia-a-to-z

  Double vision, also called diplopia, causes a person to see two images of a single object. There are two types of double vision: monocular and binocular. […] Monocular diplopia can be caused by: Astigmatism. This is an abnormal curvature of the front surface of the cornea. A dislocated lens. The ligaments that hold the lens in place are broken, and the lens moves out of place or wiggles. This can be caused by trauma to the eye or a condition known as Marfan’s syndrome. Pterygium. This is a thickening of the conjunctiva, the thin mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the whites of the eyes. The thickening extends on the cornea, the clear part of the surface of the eye. Keratoconus. The cornea gradually becomes thin and cone-shaped. Cataracts. The lens gradually becomes less transparent. Risk factors include being older than 65, having eye trauma or long-term diabetes, smoking, using steroid medications or having radiation treatments. A mass or swelling in the eyelid. This condition can press on the front of the eye. Dry eye. Your eyes do not produce enough tears. Some retinal problems. Double vision can happen when the surface of the retina is not perfectly smooth, which can have a variety of causes.

• #12 Diplopia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441905/

  Innervations of extraocular muscles occur via cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. These 3 nerves need to work well on each side to maintain both eyes in the primary position and aligned with each other. […] Any pathology affecting these neighboring structures can affect the oculomotor nerves by compression or direct extension thus causing diplopia. […] A study in South China used a new classification system for assessing diplopia according to extraocular muscle (EOM) dysfunction. […] Monocular diplopia is almost always an ophthalmological problem and stems from the cataractous changes in the crystalline lens, abnormalities in the corneal surface (keratoconus or uncorrected astigmatism), and, exceedingly rarely, lesions affecting the occipital cortex (termed „cortical polyopia”), in which case they are almost always accompanied by homonymous visual field defects.

• #13 Diplopia: A Diagnostic Challenge with Common and Rare Etiologies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4410729/

  Diplopia is a symptom with very different etiologies. It may be caused by pathology in the eye, orbit, extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction, or in the central nervous system. […] The etiologic diagnosis of a patient with diplopia is a clinical challenge. Binocular diplopia is referred to in the literature as the most common type 89% in some studies. The 3 cases described above present clinical situations of binocular diplopia with distinct etiologies. There are several binocular diplopia etiological mechanisms: (1) orbital disorder; (2) extraocular muscle disorder; (3) neuromuscular junction dysfunction; (4) third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy; and (5) injury of the central nervous system. […] Another less frequent cause, yet mentioned in the binocular diplopia literature, is diplopia caused by drugs, such as our third presented case. […] Diabetic neuropathy, as in our first presented case, is sometimes neglected in investigating the diplopia, although it is one of the most frequent causes; it usually has a sudden onset and may affect cranial nerves (third and sixth cranial nerves more often than the fourth).

• #14 Diagnosing Double Vision | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/double-vision/diagnosis

  Binocular diplopia occurs when both eyes are open and resolves when either eye is closed. It is caused by a misalignment of the eyes, also called strabismus. […] Conditions that affect the cranial nerves supplying the muscles that control the eyes can cause binocular diplopia. They include neurological conditions, such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis, or may be associated with a systemic disorder, such as hyperthyroidism. Double vision can also be a symptom of a stroke, an aneurysm, or head or facial trauma, especially around the eye socket. […] Common causes of monocular double vision include refractive error, a change in the shape of the eye, which causes vision to become distorted, or the early stages of a cataract, a clouding of the eyes lens. […] NYU Langone specialists use several diagnostic tools to determine whether double vision has a neurological or mechanical cause. It can occur as a result of a problem with the eye muscles, the nerves that control eye movement, or the neuromuscular junctionthe space where nerves connect to the muscles they control.

• #15 Diplopia (Double Vision) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/double-vision

  Seeing double can cause considerable concern if you or a loved one experience it. Double vision, which is also called diplopia, causes people to see two of the same imagewhether horizontal, vertical or diagonalinstead of one. […] Sometimes double vision can just be an irritating but benign problem called strabismus. Other times the condition arises from a serious medical condition. […] Dozens of medical conditions can lead to double vision. […] A common non-serious cause of double vision is a mild form of strabismus, a congenital condition in which someones eyes have a misalignment. As people with strabismus reaches adulthood, they may develop double vision. […] Serious causes include myasthenia gravis, a weakness in the bodys voluntary muscles, multiple sclerosis, a brain tumor or aneurysm, a stroke and giant cell arteritis. […] Sometimes the causes have multiple layers. For example, long-term smoking can lead to a brain aneurysm, which, in turn, can cause double vision. Poorly treated diabetes can lead to cranial nerve palsy, a lack of nerve function due to poor blood flow, which can also cause double vision.

• #16 Double Vision (Diplopia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/double-vision-diplopia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Double vision when both eyes are open is called binocular diplopia. It might involve your: […] Muscles. They control eye movement and keep your eyes aligned with each other. If a muscle in one eye is weak, it won’t move in sync with the other eye. When you look in a direction controlled by the weak muscle, you see double. Eye muscle problems can be from: A problem with the nerves that control them, Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune illness that stops nerves from telling your muscles what to do. Early signs include double vision and drooping eyelids, Graves’ disease, a thyroid condition that affects eye muscles. It can cause vertical diplopia, where one image is on top of the other. […] Nerves. They carry information from your brain to your eyes. Problems with them can lead to double vision: Multiple sclerosis can affect nerves anywhere in your brain or spinal cord. If it damages the nerves that control your eyes, you may see double. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a nerve condition that causes growing weakness. Sometimes, the first symptoms are in your eyes, including double vision. Diabetes can cause nerve damage in the muscles that move your eyes. That can lead to double vision. […] Brain. The nerves that control your eyes connect directly to your brain, where images are handled. Many causes of double vision start in the brain. They include: Strokes, Aneurysms, Increased pressure from injury, bleeding, or infection, Tumors, Migraine headaches.

• #17 Diagnosing Double Vision | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/double-vision/diagnosis

  If your doctor suspects that double vision is due to an underlying medical condition, such as Graves disease or Lyme disease, he or she may perform a blood test. Graves disease is an autoimmune condition that causes hyperthyroidism. It can cause swelling and thickening of the muscles responsible for eye movement, leading to double vision. Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks that causes neurological symptoms, including double vision.

• #18 Double Vision (Diplopia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/double-vision-diplopia-a-to-z

  Binocular diplopia is double vision related to a misalignment of the eyes. The double vision stops if either eye is covered. Any problem that affects one or more of the muscles around the eyeball that control the direction of the gaze can cause binocular diplopia. These are called extraocular muscles. Such problems include: Strabismus. This is a childhood misalignment of the eyes that affects about 4% of children younger than age 6. […] Damage to nerves controlling the extraocular muscles. Nerves can be injured by brain damage caused by infection, multiple sclerosis, stroke, head trauma or a brain tumor, especially a tumor located at the lower back portion of the brain. A tumor growing inside the eye socket or trauma to the eye socket can damage a nerve anywhere along its route to the eye muscles. Diabetes. This disease can lead to problems with the nerves that control eye muscle movements. Sometimes this can happen before the person is aware that he or she has diabetes. Myasthenia gravis. This is a neuromuscular illness that causes the body’s muscles to tire easily and become weak. It occurs because the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the places where nerves transmit impulses to muscles, telling the muscles to contract. Graves’ disease. This is the most common cause of an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Some people with Graves’ disease develop double vision due to swelling and thickening of the muscles that move the eyes within the eye socket. Trauma to the eye muscles. The muscles of the eye socket can be injured by facial trauma, especially by a fracture of the thin bones of the eye socket.

• #19 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #20 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #21 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #22 Diplopia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441905/

  Innervations of extraocular muscles occur via cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. These 3 nerves need to work well on each side to maintain both eyes in the primary position and aligned with each other. […] Any pathology affecting these neighboring structures can affect the oculomotor nerves by compression or direct extension thus causing diplopia. […] A study in South China used a new classification system for assessing diplopia according to extraocular muscle (EOM) dysfunction. […] Monocular diplopia is almost always an ophthalmological problem and stems from the cataractous changes in the crystalline lens, abnormalities in the corneal surface (keratoconus or uncorrected astigmatism), and, exceedingly rarely, lesions affecting the occipital cortex (termed „cortical polyopia”), in which case they are almost always accompanied by homonymous visual field defects.

• #23 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #24 Diplopia: A Diagnostic Challenge with Common and Rare Etiologies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4410729/

  Diplopia is a symptom with very different etiologies. It may be caused by pathology in the eye, orbit, extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction, or in the central nervous system. […] The etiologic diagnosis of a patient with diplopia is a clinical challenge. Binocular diplopia is referred to in the literature as the most common type 89% in some studies. The 3 cases described above present clinical situations of binocular diplopia with distinct etiologies. There are several binocular diplopia etiological mechanisms: (1) orbital disorder; (2) extraocular muscle disorder; (3) neuromuscular junction dysfunction; (4) third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy; and (5) injury of the central nervous system. […] Another less frequent cause, yet mentioned in the binocular diplopia literature, is diplopia caused by drugs, such as our third presented case. […] Diabetic neuropathy, as in our first presented case, is sometimes neglected in investigating the diplopia, although it is one of the most frequent causes; it usually has a sudden onset and may affect cranial nerves (third and sixth cranial nerves more often than the fourth).

• #25 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #26 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #27 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #28 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #29 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #30 Double Vision (Diplopia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/double-vision-diplopia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Double vision when both eyes are open is called binocular diplopia. It might involve your: […] Muscles. They control eye movement and keep your eyes aligned with each other. If a muscle in one eye is weak, it won’t move in sync with the other eye. When you look in a direction controlled by the weak muscle, you see double. Eye muscle problems can be from: A problem with the nerves that control them, Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune illness that stops nerves from telling your muscles what to do. Early signs include double vision and drooping eyelids, Graves’ disease, a thyroid condition that affects eye muscles. It can cause vertical diplopia, where one image is on top of the other. […] Nerves. They carry information from your brain to your eyes. Problems with them can lead to double vision: Multiple sclerosis can affect nerves anywhere in your brain or spinal cord. If it damages the nerves that control your eyes, you may see double. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a nerve condition that causes growing weakness. Sometimes, the first symptoms are in your eyes, including double vision. Diabetes can cause nerve damage in the muscles that move your eyes. That can lead to double vision. […] Brain. The nerves that control your eyes connect directly to your brain, where images are handled. Many causes of double vision start in the brain. They include: Strokes, Aneurysms, Increased pressure from injury, bleeding, or infection, Tumors, Migraine headaches.

• #31 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Binocular diplopia caused by ocular misalignment can stem from supranuclear disease, nuclear disease, or infranuclear disease, which includes disease of the extraocular muscles, the nerves innervating these muscles, or the neuromuscular junction connecting the nerve and the muscle. It can be further classified as intermittent or constant. Common causes include the following: […] Orbital disorders: Trauma, tumor, infection, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy […] Extraocular muscle disorders: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, extraocular muscle injury or hematoma due to ocular surgery, congenital myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, muscular dystrophy […] Neuromuscular junction dysfunction: Myasthenia gravis, botulism […] Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves: Microvascular ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformation, aneurysm, meningitis, multiple sclerosis

• #32 Double Vision (Diplopia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/double-vision-diplopia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Double vision when both eyes are open is called binocular diplopia. It might involve your: […] Muscles. They control eye movement and keep your eyes aligned with each other. If a muscle in one eye is weak, it won’t move in sync with the other eye. When you look in a direction controlled by the weak muscle, you see double. Eye muscle problems can be from: A problem with the nerves that control them, Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune illness that stops nerves from telling your muscles what to do. Early signs include double vision and drooping eyelids, Graves’ disease, a thyroid condition that affects eye muscles. It can cause vertical diplopia, where one image is on top of the other. […] Nerves. They carry information from your brain to your eyes. Problems with them can lead to double vision: Multiple sclerosis can affect nerves anywhere in your brain or spinal cord. If it damages the nerves that control your eyes, you may see double. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a nerve condition that causes growing weakness. Sometimes, the first symptoms are in your eyes, including double vision. Diabetes can cause nerve damage in the muscles that move your eyes. That can lead to double vision. […] Brain. The nerves that control your eyes connect directly to your brain, where images are handled. Many causes of double vision start in the brain. They include: Strokes, Aneurysms, Increased pressure from injury, bleeding, or infection, Tumors, Migraine headaches.

• #33 Double Vision (Diplopia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/double-vision-diplopia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Double vision when both eyes are open is called binocular diplopia. It might involve your: […] Muscles. They control eye movement and keep your eyes aligned with each other. If a muscle in one eye is weak, it won’t move in sync with the other eye. When you look in a direction controlled by the weak muscle, you see double. Eye muscle problems can be from: A problem with the nerves that control them, Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune illness that stops nerves from telling your muscles what to do. Early signs include double vision and drooping eyelids, Graves’ disease, a thyroid condition that affects eye muscles. It can cause vertical diplopia, where one image is on top of the other. […] Nerves. They carry information from your brain to your eyes. Problems with them can lead to double vision: Multiple sclerosis can affect nerves anywhere in your brain or spinal cord. If it damages the nerves that control your eyes, you may see double. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a nerve condition that causes growing weakness. Sometimes, the first symptoms are in your eyes, including double vision. Diabetes can cause nerve damage in the muscles that move your eyes. That can lead to double vision. […] Brain. The nerves that control your eyes connect directly to your brain, where images are handled. Many causes of double vision start in the brain. They include: Strokes, Aneurysms, Increased pressure from injury, bleeding, or infection, Tumors, Migraine headaches.

• #34 Causes of Double Vision | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/double-vision/causes.html

  If these areas are affected by illness or injury, double vision can result. […] Some brain conditions that can lead to double vision include: Brain aneurysm, Brain tumor, Migraine headache, Pressure inside the brain from bleeding, infection or trauma, Stroke. […] When these vessels, which are responsible for eye nourishment, encounter reduced blood flow a condition known as anterior ischemic optic neuropathy can develop.

• #35 Causes of Double Vision | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/double-vision/causes.html

  If these areas are affected by illness or injury, double vision can result. […] Some brain conditions that can lead to double vision include: Brain aneurysm, Brain tumor, Migraine headache, Pressure inside the brain from bleeding, infection or trauma, Stroke. […] When these vessels, which are responsible for eye nourishment, encounter reduced blood flow a condition known as anterior ischemic optic neuropathy can develop.

• #36 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Central nervous system injury (pathways and cranial nerves nuclei): Ischemia, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformations, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, syphilis, Wernicke encephalopathy, neurodegenerative disease […] Less commonly, diplopia can be caused by drugs such as lacosamide, zonisamide, eslicarbazepine, botulinum toxin, rufinamide, pregabalin, sildenafil, gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, amlodipine, adalimumab, lamotrigine, voriconazole, sertraline, and ciprofloxacin. […] Cerebral Polyopia (Cerebral Diplopia) is a very rare condition in which multiple images are perceived even with monocular viewing of each eye, but disappear when the stimulus is removed and does not improve with pinhole testing. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are uncertain but most instances of polyopia are associated with a lesion in the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe or following occipital lobe epilepsy. Cerebral polyopia may result from trauma, ischemic stroke, migraine, encephalitis, seizures, tumors, multiple sclerosis or other disease processes affecting the visual cortex.

• #37 What Causes Double Vision? | US NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/conditions/eye-disease/articles/what-causes-double-vision

  Stroke or transient ischemic attack. […] Multiple sclerosis. MS is a chronic autoimmune disease that destroys the myelin sheath on nerves, causing problems with transmission of impulses. […] Aneurysm. An aneurysm is a swelling or a blockage of a blood vessel in the brain, and depending on where it occurs, it could put pressure on the optic nerve or other visual processing areas in the brain, causing double vision. […] Dry eye. Common eye problems, such as dry eye, can result in temporary bouts of blurred or double vision „because the tear film along the surface of your eye becomes uneven due to the dryness,” the Mayo Clinic reports. […] Autoimmune conditions. An autoimmune condition called myasthenia gravis affects the muscles in the body and can impact the way the eyes and eyelids move and can cause double vision.

• #38 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Central nervous system injury (pathways and cranial nerves nuclei): Ischemia, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformations, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, syphilis, Wernicke encephalopathy, neurodegenerative disease […] Less commonly, diplopia can be caused by drugs such as lacosamide, zonisamide, eslicarbazepine, botulinum toxin, rufinamide, pregabalin, sildenafil, gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, amlodipine, adalimumab, lamotrigine, voriconazole, sertraline, and ciprofloxacin. […] Cerebral Polyopia (Cerebral Diplopia) is a very rare condition in which multiple images are perceived even with monocular viewing of each eye, but disappear when the stimulus is removed and does not improve with pinhole testing. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are uncertain but most instances of polyopia are associated with a lesion in the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe or following occipital lobe epilepsy. Cerebral polyopia may result from trauma, ischemic stroke, migraine, encephalitis, seizures, tumors, multiple sclerosis or other disease processes affecting the visual cortex.

• #39 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Central nervous system injury (pathways and cranial nerves nuclei): Ischemia, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformations, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, syphilis, Wernicke encephalopathy, neurodegenerative disease […] Less commonly, diplopia can be caused by drugs such as lacosamide, zonisamide, eslicarbazepine, botulinum toxin, rufinamide, pregabalin, sildenafil, gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, amlodipine, adalimumab, lamotrigine, voriconazole, sertraline, and ciprofloxacin. […] Cerebral Polyopia (Cerebral Diplopia) is a very rare condition in which multiple images are perceived even with monocular viewing of each eye, but disappear when the stimulus is removed and does not improve with pinhole testing. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are uncertain but most instances of polyopia are associated with a lesion in the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe or following occipital lobe epilepsy. Cerebral polyopia may result from trauma, ischemic stroke, migraine, encephalitis, seizures, tumors, multiple sclerosis or other disease processes affecting the visual cortex.

• #40 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Central nervous system injury (pathways and cranial nerves nuclei): Ischemia, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformations, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, syphilis, Wernicke encephalopathy, neurodegenerative disease […] Less commonly, diplopia can be caused by drugs such as lacosamide, zonisamide, eslicarbazepine, botulinum toxin, rufinamide, pregabalin, sildenafil, gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, amlodipine, adalimumab, lamotrigine, voriconazole, sertraline, and ciprofloxacin. […] Cerebral Polyopia (Cerebral Diplopia) is a very rare condition in which multiple images are perceived even with monocular viewing of each eye, but disappear when the stimulus is removed and does not improve with pinhole testing. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are uncertain but most instances of polyopia are associated with a lesion in the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe or following occipital lobe epilepsy. Cerebral polyopia may result from trauma, ischemic stroke, migraine, encephalitis, seizures, tumors, multiple sclerosis or other disease processes affecting the visual cortex.

• #41 Causes of Double Vision and How to Address Them – Assil Gaur Eye Institute Blog

  https://assileye.com/blog/?p=4023

  In some cases, strabismus develops in childhood. It can also appear later in life as a result of a chronic condition that affects muscle control or nerve sensitivity: Graves disease, a chronic thyroid condition […] Myasthenia gravis, a type of chronic muscle weakness […] Diabetes-related neuropathy, a complication of diabetes that can cause nerve damage […] Multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune condition that affects the nervous system […] Guillain-Barr syndrome, a severe type of generalized muscle weakness often triggered by an infection. […] The following conditions can all affect the way your brain interprets and merges the electrical signals that each eye sends and, therefore, can cause binocular double vision: Migraine attacks, especially during the aura phase (before the actual pain begins) […] Aneurysms or strokes affecting the occipital lobe […] Brain tumors […] Concussions, although in this case, the double vision will likely be temporary.

• #42 Understanding Sudden Double Vision – Insight Vision Center Optometry

  https://www.insightvisionoc.com/primary-eye-care/eye-emergencies/understanding-sudden-double-vision/

  Head Trauma: Injuries to the head can damage eye muscles, nerves, or brain structures that coordinate eye movements. […] Infections and Inflammation: Conditions such as meningitis or orbital cellulitis may cause inflammation around the eyes or brain, interfering with normal visual functions. […] Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Inflammation of blood vessels in the head can restrict blood flow to the optic nerve and eye muscles, potentially causing sudden vision changes. […] Diabetic Neuropathy: In longstanding diabetes, cranial nerves particularly the third, fourth, or sixth may sustain damage, leading to double vision. […] Hypertension: High blood pressure can inflict vascular damage affecting nerves involved in eye movement, thus contributing to vision disturbances. […] Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves Ophthalmopathy): This autoimmune inflammation associated with thyroid dysfunction can impact eye muscles, sometimes resulting in sudden symptoms.

• #43 Causes of Double Vision | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/double-vision/causes.html

  A range of conditions can cause double vision, including problems within the eye, such as the cornea or lens. Other underlying causes can involve muscles or nerves controlling eye function and movement, or issues in the brain. Some causes can be minor, such as astigmatism, or life threatening, such as an aneurysm or stroke. […] Problems in the cornea distort its surface, which can create double vision. […] The most common lens problem that can cause double vision is a cataract, a clouding of the normally clear lens due to aging. […] Problems in these extraocular muscles include weakness or paralysis that prevent one eye from moving in coordination with the other. […] Some conditions that can affect or damage these cranial nerves and lead to double vision include: Diabetes, a metabolic disease affecting your body’s ability to process blood sugar that can cause nerve damage.

• #44 What Causes Double Vision? | US NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/conditions/eye-disease/articles/what-causes-double-vision

  There are many causes of diplopia, „ranging from serious medical conditions to very treatable visual problems,” Horn says. Some common causes include: […] Mechanical problems with the eyes. […] Diabetes. A systemic illness, diabetes is caused by high levels of sugar in the blood that result from inefficient or inadequate release of insulin from the pancreas to process sugars in the foods we eat. […] Cataracts. One of the most common eye issues associated with aging are cataracts, which affect some 25 million people and cause distorted vision. […] Brain swelling. One of the scarier potential causes of double vision is injuries to the brain or the eyes or any adverse impacts to nerve signaling or muscle control in the eye or brain. […] Brain tumors. If a tumor grows in the visual processing part of the brain or puts pressure on the optic nerve, that can cause double vision.

• #45 Understanding Sudden Double Vision – Insight Vision Center Optometry

  https://www.insightvisionoc.com/primary-eye-care/eye-emergencies/understanding-sudden-double-vision/

  Head Trauma: Injuries to the head can damage eye muscles, nerves, or brain structures that coordinate eye movements. […] Infections and Inflammation: Conditions such as meningitis or orbital cellulitis may cause inflammation around the eyes or brain, interfering with normal visual functions. […] Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Inflammation of blood vessels in the head can restrict blood flow to the optic nerve and eye muscles, potentially causing sudden vision changes. […] Diabetic Neuropathy: In longstanding diabetes, cranial nerves particularly the third, fourth, or sixth may sustain damage, leading to double vision. […] Hypertension: High blood pressure can inflict vascular damage affecting nerves involved in eye movement, thus contributing to vision disturbances. […] Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves Ophthalmopathy): This autoimmune inflammation associated with thyroid dysfunction can impact eye muscles, sometimes resulting in sudden symptoms.

• #46 What Causes Double Vision? | US NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/conditions/eye-disease/articles/what-causes-double-vision

  Thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid problems, which are often caused by too much or too little of certain hormones regulated by this gland in the neck, can bring a range of symptoms including blurred or double vision. […] Alcohol, drugs or medications. Any number of chemicals can affect your eyes or how the brain processes vision, depending on how much you’ve ingested. […] Problems with your glasses. If your prescription has changed, your eyes may not be corrected appropriately with your old glasses or contacts, which can lead to blurry or double vision. […] Exhaustion. Blurry or double vision can accompany extreme tiredness for a couple reasons. […] While some causes of double vision can be rectified by getting some sleep (in the case of being overly tired) or sobering up (if you’ve had too much to drink), in other cases it’s a sign of a serious problem, such as a stroke or multiple sclerosis. […] Horn underscores that if you suddenly start seeing double, you should seek emergency care. Similarly, „chronic or sudden onset diplopia with pupillary involvement is a medical emergency and can be a sign of a stroke or aneurysm.”

• #47 Double vision (Diplopia): Causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170634

  If double vision is noted when one eye is covered but not the other, this is referred to by eye specialists as monocular double vision. […] The following conditions can cause monocular double vision or vice versa: Astigmatism, Dry eye, Keratoconus, Retinal abnormalities, Cataracts. […] Double vision can sometimes be temporary. Alcohol intoxication and drugs such as benzodiazepines, opioids, or certain anti-seizure medications can sometimes cause this. Head injuries such as concussions can also cause temporary double vision. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause vision issues, such as double vision. Other vitamin deficiencies that can cause double vision include vitamin C and vitamin D.

• #48 Diplopia (Double Vision) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/eye-health/diplopia-double-vision/

  A review identified microvascular, strokes, neoplastic, myasthenia gravis, traumatic and decompensated phoria as common causes of binocular diplopia. […] Recent studies suggest diplopia can be a significant symptom in cancer patients due to various mechanisms, often because of cancer spreading or local tumour growth. […] The doctor needs to rule out the following conditions when diagnosing Diplopia (Double Vision): – Monocular diplopia – Eye misalignment or strabismus – Problems with the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerves – Myasthenia gravis – Aneurysms – Micro-ischemic condition – Fourth nerve palsy – Sixth nerve palsy – Damage to areas of the brainstem that control vision – Damage to the centers of the brain that control eye movement – Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome – Problems in the medial longitudinal fasciculus – Superior oblique myokymia – Uveomeningitis and myelodysplastic syndrome – Conditions affecting the composition of cerebrospinal fluid – Guillain-Barr syndrome – Thiamine deficiency – Conditions that cause damage to the cavernous sinus – Lyme neuroborreliosis – Tumors affecting various body parts – Inflammatory, infection, and bleeding conditions affecting certain areas in the brain – Orbital disease – Gradenigo syndrome – Convergence insufficiency – Keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria – Conditions affecting the body’s neuromuscular junctions and certain eye muscles.

• #49 Diplopia (Double Vision) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/diplopia-and-iii-iv-and-vi-cranial-nerve-lesions

  Diplopia is a common complaint in medical practice. It may be monocular or binocular. An understanding of the anatomy of the eye, external ocular muscles and their innervation is essential to approach diagnosis of the cause. […] In one study 70% of the cases were isolated nerve palsies, of which the majority were isolated sixth nerve palsies, followed by fourth nerve palsies and then third nerve palsies. 29% were caused by vasculopathy (diabetes, hypertension, migraine); 25% by trauma; 12% by decompensating heterophorias; the remainder included inflammatory causes, tumours and thyroid eye disease. […] Problems affecting the cranial nerves III, IV and VI controlling the eye muscles. These include multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barr syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Temporary palsy of a single ocular nerve is not uncommon, and may be of unknown cause. It can also be associated with some infections (eg, Lyme disease) and with inflammatory conditions such as giant cell arteritis. However, it is most commonly seen with vasculopathies such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

• #50 Double Vision (Diplopia): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22203-diplopia-double-vision

  Double vision is usually a temporary issue, but it can also be a sign of more serious health conditions. Health conditions that affect your eyes are the most common diplopia causes. […] Lots of eye problems can cause double vision. Anything that affects your brain, your eyes or the nerves and muscles that control them can lead to diplopia. […] Some examples include: Astigmatism. Nearsightedness (myopia). Farsightedness (hyperopia). Poorly-fitting glasses or contacts. Cataracts. Dry eye syndrome. Migraines. Abnormalities in your iris (the colored part of your eye). Cranial nerve issues. Proptosis (bulging eyes). Keratoconus. Head injuries. […] Having certain neurological or other health conditions can increase your risk, including: Myasthenia gravis. Vertigo. Brain aneurysms. Strokes. Diabetes (including diabetes-related retinopathy). Vitamin B1 deficiency. Thyroid disease. Multiple sclerosis (MS).

• #51 Double Vision (Diplopia): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22203-diplopia-double-vision

  Double vision is usually a temporary issue, but it can also be a sign of more serious health conditions. Health conditions that affect your eyes are the most common diplopia causes. […] Lots of eye problems can cause double vision. Anything that affects your brain, your eyes or the nerves and muscles that control them can lead to diplopia. […] Some examples include: Astigmatism. Nearsightedness (myopia). Farsightedness (hyperopia). Poorly-fitting glasses or contacts. Cataracts. Dry eye syndrome. Migraines. Abnormalities in your iris (the colored part of your eye). Cranial nerve issues. Proptosis (bulging eyes). Keratoconus. Head injuries. […] Having certain neurological or other health conditions can increase your risk, including: Myasthenia gravis. Vertigo. Brain aneurysms. Strokes. Diabetes (including diabetes-related retinopathy). Vitamin B1 deficiency. Thyroid disease. Multiple sclerosis (MS).

• #52 Double Vision (Diplopia): Causes, Definition & Treatments

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/symptoms/diplopia/double-vision/

  Double vision can be a symptom of very serious health problems. See a physician or an eye doctor near you immediately if you start experiencing double vision. […] Temporary episodes of double vision can happen for many reasons, including drinking too much alcohol or being overly tired. This type of short-term double vision is usually not cause for worry. […] But if diplopia is long-lasting or keeps coming back, causes can include: Stroke, head injury, brain tumor, brain swelling or brain aneurysm. A head or brain injury, tumor, stroke or related condition can cause diplopia. […] Eye conditions such as keratoconus, cataracts and even dry eyes can cause double vision. […] If you have had LASIK, PRK or any refractive surgery to help you see better without glasses or contacts, you may experience some minor double vision or ghost images because of changes to your corneas.

• #53 Causes of Sudden and Temporary Double Vision

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/symptoms/diplopia/sudden-double-vision/

  While double vision, or diplopia, is typically fleeting, it can indicate a serious and possibly life-threatening problem, such as an aneurysm or brain tumor. […] Double vision can occur in both children and adults as a symptom of an underlying condition or due to everyday circumstances, such as fatigue or stress. […] Sudden, temporary double vision, or short-term double vision, can occur due to a variety of causes, including fatigue, stress, intoxication, standing up too quickly, low blood sugar, trauma or injury, and major infection, such as shingles (herpes zoster). […] Intermittent (or reoccurring) double vision may come and go as a result of one of the following ongoing issues: side effects from certain medications, high blood pressure, previous trauma, migraine headaches, complications of diabetes, eye muscle problems such as strabismus, cornea problems such as dry eye syndrome or astigmatism, and lens problems such as cataracts.

• #54 Causes of Sudden and Temporary Double Vision

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/symptoms/diplopia/sudden-double-vision/

  While double vision, or diplopia, is typically fleeting, it can indicate a serious and possibly life-threatening problem, such as an aneurysm or brain tumor. […] Double vision can occur in both children and adults as a symptom of an underlying condition or due to everyday circumstances, such as fatigue or stress. […] Sudden, temporary double vision, or short-term double vision, can occur due to a variety of causes, including fatigue, stress, intoxication, standing up too quickly, low blood sugar, trauma or injury, and major infection, such as shingles (herpes zoster). […] Intermittent (or reoccurring) double vision may come and go as a result of one of the following ongoing issues: side effects from certain medications, high blood pressure, previous trauma, migraine headaches, complications of diabetes, eye muscle problems such as strabismus, cornea problems such as dry eye syndrome or astigmatism, and lens problems such as cataracts.

• #55 Diplopia (Double Vision) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214490-clinical

  Central nervous system injury (pathways and cranial nerves nuclei): Ischemia, hemorrhage, tumor, vascular malformations, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, syphilis, Wernicke encephalopathy, neurodegenerative disease […] Less commonly, diplopia can be caused by drugs such as lacosamide, zonisamide, eslicarbazepine, botulinum toxin, rufinamide, pregabalin, sildenafil, gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, amlodipine, adalimumab, lamotrigine, voriconazole, sertraline, and ciprofloxacin. […] Cerebral Polyopia (Cerebral Diplopia) is a very rare condition in which multiple images are perceived even with monocular viewing of each eye, but disappear when the stimulus is removed and does not improve with pinhole testing. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are uncertain but most instances of polyopia are associated with a lesion in the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe or following occipital lobe epilepsy. Cerebral polyopia may result from trauma, ischemic stroke, migraine, encephalitis, seizures, tumors, multiple sclerosis or other disease processes affecting the visual cortex.

• #56 Causes of Sudden and Temporary Double Vision

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/symptoms/diplopia/sudden-double-vision/

  While double vision, or diplopia, is typically fleeting, it can indicate a serious and possibly life-threatening problem, such as an aneurysm or brain tumor. […] Double vision can occur in both children and adults as a symptom of an underlying condition or due to everyday circumstances, such as fatigue or stress. […] Sudden, temporary double vision, or short-term double vision, can occur due to a variety of causes, including fatigue, stress, intoxication, standing up too quickly, low blood sugar, trauma or injury, and major infection, such as shingles (herpes zoster). […] Intermittent (or reoccurring) double vision may come and go as a result of one of the following ongoing issues: side effects from certain medications, high blood pressure, previous trauma, migraine headaches, complications of diabetes, eye muscle problems such as strabismus, cornea problems such as dry eye syndrome or astigmatism, and lens problems such as cataracts.

• #57 What Causes Double Vision? Is It a Red Flag to be Concerned About? – The Optometrists’ Clinic Inc.

  https://www.optometristsclinic.com/what-causes-double-vision-is-it-a-red-flag-to-be-concerned-about/

  Many eye-related conditions, including diplopia, can have numerous different causes, making it important to find out how the problem started so that it can be treated appropriately. […] Sometimes double vision is experienced through a short period of time, and in that case, it can be associated with less threatening issues such as fatigue, stress and standing up too quickly. That does not mean, however, that it should be ignored. It is known that major infections, traumas and low blood sugar can also cause short-term double vision. […] When it comes to sudden onset double vision, there is indeed a chance that more serious conditions are behind the problem. When associated with both eyes (only happens with both eyes open), also called binocular diplopia, double vision can be caused by serious neurological conditions such as: Head or brain injury, Brain tumour, Aneurysm, Stroke, Myasthenia gravis, Multiple sclerosis.

• #58 Double vision (Diplopia): Causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170634

  Double vision occurs when a person sees a double image where there should only be one. The two images can be side by side, on top of one another, or both. It can happen for many reasons, including diabetes and a blow to the head. […] Double vision, or diplopia, can result from a range of underlying conditions. […] Certain illnesses can weaken the muscles moving the eyes and produce double vision. Damage to the muscles that move the eyes or the nerves that control eye movement can create a double image. […] A common cause of binocular double vision is a squint or strabismus. […] This condition occurs when the eyes are not correctly aligned. […] Other conditions that can cause double vision include: Thyroid dysfunction, Stroke or transient ischemic attack, Aneurysm, Convergence insufficiency, Diabetes, Myasthenia gravis, Brain tumors and cancers, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Black eye, Head injury.

• #59 Causes of Sudden and Temporary Double Vision

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/symptoms/diplopia/sudden-double-vision/

  If you suddenly experience constant, ongoing or long-lasting double vision without explanation, it may be the result of a more serious underlying condition and, potentially, a matter of life and death. […] A neurological condition can lead to diplopia because of how the brain and vision system work together. […] Possible causes for monocular diplopia include dry eye syndrome and cataracts. […] Binocular diplopia only occurs when both eyes are open and may be greater cause for alarm than monocular diplopia. […] It’s more likely to be caused by a serious underlying condition, including the following neurological conditions: head or brain injury, brain tumor, aneurysm, stroke, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis. […] Though the above causes of double vision are less common than stress or fatigue, they can also be the most serious.

• #60 Understanding Sudden Double Vision – Insight Vision Center Optometry

  https://www.insightvisionoc.com/primary-eye-care/eye-emergencies/understanding-sudden-double-vision/

  Sudden double vision, or diplopia, occurs when an individual sees two images of a single object. This condition can affect one or both eyes and may arise suddenly, signaling underlying health issues. Immediate understanding and recognition of this phenomenon are vital for timely and effective intervention. […] Immediate medical attention should be sought if double vision develops suddenly, especially if accompanied by other symptoms like pain, headaches, or neurological signs such as slurred speech or muscle weakness. These could be indicative of serious conditions requiring urgent care. […] Red flags include sudden onset of double vision with pain, changes in consciousness, severe headaches, or paralysis. These symptoms could indicate life-threatening conditions such as strokes or aneurysms and warrant immediate evaluation by healthcare professionals.

• #61 Understanding Sudden Double Vision – Insight Vision Center Optometry

  https://www.insightvisionoc.com/primary-eye-care/eye-emergencies/understanding-sudden-double-vision/

  Sudden double vision, or diplopia, occurs when an individual sees two images of a single object. This condition can affect one or both eyes and may arise suddenly, signaling underlying health issues. Immediate understanding and recognition of this phenomenon are vital for timely and effective intervention. […] Immediate medical attention should be sought if double vision develops suddenly, especially if accompanied by other symptoms like pain, headaches, or neurological signs such as slurred speech or muscle weakness. These could be indicative of serious conditions requiring urgent care. […] Red flags include sudden onset of double vision with pain, changes in consciousness, severe headaches, or paralysis. These symptoms could indicate life-threatening conditions such as strokes or aneurysms and warrant immediate evaluation by healthcare professionals.

• #62 Patient’s Guide to Double Vision – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/neurology/neuro-ophthalmology/double-vision

  Patients typically easily identify double vision. […] The key to understanding whether double vision is due to a problem in the eye or in the brain is to see what happens when one eye is closed. If there is double vision when looking with the right or left eye alone, then the cause is ophthalmological such as a cataract, a problem of the retina, or another eye disease. […] On the other hand, when double vision is present with both eyes open, but goes away upon looking with only one eye, the cause may be neurological. This type of double vision occurs because of abnormal eye movements that cause the eyes to become misaligned. […] The results of these tests will allow an understanding of whether the problem is caused by the eye muscles, the nerves that connects to the muscles, or parts of the brain that control eye movements. […] To understand why a patient has double vision, a doctor might need to perform some blood tests to screen for medical illnesses. […] After the causes of double vision are understood, your doctor might be able to predict approximately how long the double vision may last.

• #63 Diplopia (Double Vision): Monocular and Binocular Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diplopia

  Double vision always requires a doctors evaluation to determine the cause. Double vision is a symptom of something abnormal going on within your eye, brain, or nervous system. The problem needs a complete evaluation in order to uncover the cause. […] Each possible cause for double vision has potential complications. The causes of double vision can range from something easily correctable to something more complicated, such as a chronic disease. […] Diagnosing double vision as monocular or binocular is usually straightforward. Determining the cause may be more difficult. […] Before deciding on a treatment, its important you and your doctor find the cause of the vision problem. In many cases, vision issues can go away once you correct or treat the underlying issue. […] Once the underlying cause is treated, the double vision and any other symptoms youre experiencing should go away. In a few cases, youll need additional treatment, but most efforts to treat diplopia are successful.

• #64 Causes and outcomes for patients presenting with diplopia to an eye casualty department | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6702415

  The largest subgroup of patients with cranial nerve palsies comprised those with presumed microvascular disease owing to hypertension or diabetes accounting for 58 out of 98 patients (59%). […] The incidence of hypertension or diabetes in patients with cranial nerve palsy in our study (59%) is significantly higher than the 38% previously reported in a similar study at the same institution 15 years ago. […] Patients with nontraumatic isolated cranial nerve palsies which were associated with diabetes or hypertension had a very good prognosis with 87% recovering spontaneously by 5 months rising to 95% by 12 months. […] In conclusion, we have examined the aetiologies and outcomes of patients presenting with diplopia to an eye casualty department and have found a wide range of ocular and neurological causes.

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