Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8196750/

  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare neurological disease and pediatric MG is even more uncommon. Both incidence and prevalence have significant geographical variations, but it is believed that MG incidence has increased worldwide over the past seven decades. The prevalence of MG was estimated at 1 in 200,000 from 1915 to 1934, increased to 1 per 20,000 after the introduction of anticholinesterase drugs in 1934, and rose to 1 per 17,000 population after the discovery of AChR antibodies in 1969. Prevalence rates range from 150 to 200 cases per million, and they have steadily increased over the past 50 years, at least partly due to improvements in recognition, diagnosis, treatment, and an overall increase in life expectancy. More recent studies addressing incidence rates have been conducted in Europe and show a wide range from 4.1 to 30 cases per million person-years.

• #2 The epidemiology of myasthenia gravis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7982252/

  Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders include several dysfunctions that ultimately lead to muscle weakness. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most prevalent NMJ disorder with a highly polymorphic clinical presentation and many different faces. […] The incidence and prevalence of MG reported around the globe have been rising steadily and consistently over the past decades. […] The number of MG patients is growing, and it has more than doubled in the last 20 years. […] Certain epidemiological features of MG are consistent in most studies but have not been explained yet. One of them is the bimodal age distribution with two peaks of incidence: early-onset MG in the third decade (mostly females) and late-onset MG in the elderly (mostly males). […] The global incidence rate of acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive MG ranges between 4 and 18 per million person-years.

• #3 A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in Myasthenia Gravis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-10-46

  For the All MG group 44 studies examined prevalence. The observed PR ranged from 15 to 179 per million. […] The estimated pooled PR is 77.7 cases per million (C.I.: 63.98, 94.30) but, as for IR there was marked heterogeneity with I2 = 98% (C.I.: 97-98%) observed across studies limiting interpretation. […] Mortality rates as deaths due to MG per million person years were examined. […] The MR ranges from 0.06 to 0.89 per million person-years. […] IR and PR of MG vary markedly between populations studied. Pooled incidence rates cannot readily be extrapolated to unstudied populations.

• #4 Overview of MG | Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America

  https://myasthenia.org/understanding-mg/overview-mg/

  Globally, approximately 150 to 200 out of every million people have myasthenia gravis. In the US, it is estimated that 37 out of every 100,000 people have myasthenia gravis. This estimation from 2021 shows that a growing number of people are affected by the condition, which could be due to people living for longer or because we now have better tools for diagnosis. […] Myasthenia gravis can affect people of all races and ethnic backgrounds; however, it is slightly more common in people of African descent. Certain characteristics of myasthenia gravis can also vary depending on ethnic background. For example, research has shown that if you are of African American descent, you may be more likely to develop myasthenia gravis at a younger age and may be more likely to have a specific type of antibody called muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies than people who are Caucasian.

• #5 Rising Myasthenia Gravis Rates in Older US Men Spark Research, Public Health Concerns

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/rising-myasthenia-gravis-rates-in-older-us-men-spark-research-public-health-concerns

  Given these results, the investigators were able to estimate the number of adult cases of MG in 2021 by extrapolating from the stratified estimates to the population size from the 2021 American Community Survey. They calculated approximately 82,715 adults were living with MG that year. […] Overall, the commercially/Medicare-insured cohort had higher incidence and prevalence rates of MG compared with Medicaid enrollees. […] Among the racial/ethnic groups studied, African American individuals had the highest prevalence and Hispanic individuals had the lowest, at 202.1 and 137.82 per million, respectively. […] Although the investigators observed a steady increase of both incidence and prevalence with age, and the well-known female preponderance for MG under the age of 55, they identified a striking increase of MG prevalence in older men.

• #6 Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in Denmark, Finland and Sweden: a population-based observational study | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/95/10/919

  The overall incidence of MG was 1.34 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.41), 1.68 (95% CI 1.60 to 1.75), and 1.62 (95% CI 1.56 to 1.68) per 100000 during the study period in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, respectively. […] The overall prevalence of MG during the study period was 18.56 (95% CI 18.31 to 18.81) per 100000 in Denmark, 20.89 (95% CI 20.62 to 21.16) in Finland, and 23.42 (95% CI 23.21 to 23.64) in Sweden. […] The overall SMR was 1.32 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.42) among patients with MG in Denmark, 1.23 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.33) in Finland and 1.20 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.26) in Sweden, compared with the background population. […] The incidence of MG (per 100000 persons) increased over time in all three countries: in Denmark from 0.86 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.14) in 2000 to 1.92 (95% CI 1.59 to 2.30) in 2020, in Finland from 1.58 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.95) in 2000 to 2.15 (95% CI 1.79 to 2.56) in 2019 and in Sweden from 0.95 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.16) in 2000 to 1.74 (95% CI 1.50 to 2.01) in 2019.

• #7 Stamina updates and refines the epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in France – Institut de Myologie

  https://www.institut-myologie.org/en/2023/12/28/stamina-updates-and-refines-the-epidemiology-of-myasthenia-gravis-in-france/

  Using the French National Health Data System (SNDS), the Stamina study analysed information on patients hospitalised for myasthenia gravis or on long-term care for this condition between 2008 and 2020. The results of the study show: a prevalence of the disease in France of 34.2 per 100,000 inhabitants (i.e. 22,979 patients) and an incidence of 2.5 per 100,000 in 2019 (13,912 patients), higher figures than previously estimated […] higher all-cause mortality than a control population (HR = 1.82), especially in men.

• #8 Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain) | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-epidemiology-myasthenia-gravis-in-province-S217358082200013X

  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease affecting nerve transmission at the level of the neuromuscular junction, and typically causes fluctuating muscle weakness. Epidemiological studies show an increase in MG prevalence, particularly among the older population. […] We performed a retrospective epidemiological study to determine the incidence and prevalence of MG in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain), characterised by population ageing. […] We identified 80 cases of MG, with a prevalence rate of 260 cases/1 000 000 population (95% CI, 202.7-316.4), rising to 517.9/1 000 000 population in those aged 65 (95% CI, 363.2-672.9). […] The prevalence of MG in our health district is one of the highest published figures, and the disease is highly prevalent in the older population.

• #9 Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain) | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-epidemiology-myasthenia-gravis-in-province-S217358082200013X

  Epidemiological studies show an increase in MG prevalence, particularly among the older population. […] We performed a retrospective epidemiological study to determine the incidence and prevalence of MG in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain), characterised by population ageing. […] We identified 80 cases of MG, with a prevalence rate of 260 cases/1 000 000 population (95% CI, 202.7-316.4), rising to 517.9/1 000 000 population in those aged 65 (95% CI, 363.2-672.9). […] The prevalence of MG in our health district is one of the highest published figures, and the disease is highly prevalent in the older population. […] Epidemiological studies have also reported an increase in MG incidence and prevalence rates in the last decades, and more surprisingly an increase in its prevalence among the elderly population.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-024-00619-4

  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular disease leading to significant disease burden. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of MG in Taiwan. […] The number of prevalent patients with MG increased from 4476 in 2013 to 5752 in 2019, with the prevalence rate increasing from 19 to 24 per 100,000 population. The incidence rate also slightly increased from 1.9 to 2.3 per 100,000 population during the study period. […] The prevalence of MG increased steadily in Taiwan, and the treatment of patients with MG was consistent with guidelines. Despite a high treatment rate, patients still experienced MG-related events, highlighting the limitation of current treatments and emphasizing the need for early intervention and novel treatment approaches. […] Compared with studies reported in other Asian countries, the incidence of MG in Taiwan (1.9-2.3 per 100,000 person-years) was similar to Korea (2.4 per 100,000 person-years) but higher than in China (0.015-0.036 per 100,000 patient-years) and Japan (0.45-0.69 per 100,000 patient-years).

• #11 Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2235

  The annual rate is lower in studies coming from North America and Japan, with the incidence ranging from 3 to 9.1 cases per million. Lower incidence and prevalence rates have been reported in a large study from China at 0.155–0.366 per million, and 2.19–11.07 per 100,000, respectively. Two population-based studies from Korea showed a prevalence of 9.67–10.42 per 100,000 people in 2010, which increased to 12.99 per 100,000 in 2014. […] Different study methodologies, including diagnostic criteria and other sources of bias, such as the small size of the study population and the underestimation of patients with milder disease, likely play a factor in the significant variability of incidence rates over time and across different geographical regions.

• #12 The Epidemiology of Myasthenia Gravis in Korea

  https://www.eymj.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.419&code=0069YMJ&vmode=PUBREADER

  The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of MG in Korea. […] The prevalence of MG was 10.42 cases per 100000 people in 2010 and this increased every year to 12.99 cases per 100000 people in 2014. […] The average incidence of MG between 2011 and 2014 was 0.69 cases per 100000 person-years. […] The prevalence and incidence were higher in the older (50 years) age group than in the younger (50 years) age group [prevalence: 9.26 vs. 19.24 per 100000, relative risk 2.077, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.976-2.183, p0.001; incidence: 0.47 vs. 1.18 per 100000, relative risk 2.490, 95% CI 2.006-3.091, p0.001]. […] This study was the first nationwide population-based epidemiological study of MG in Korea. […] The prevalence of MG was estimated as 10.42-12.99 per 100000 people, and the incidence was 0.69 cases per 100000 person-years. […] The prevalence and incidence were higher in the older age group.

• #13 A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in Myasthenia Gravis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-10-46

  The aim was to collate all myasthenia gravis (MG) epidemiological studies including AChR MG and MuSK MG specific studies. […] 55 studies performed between 1950 and 2007 were included, representing 1.7 billion population-years. For All MG estimated pooled IR (eIR): 5.3 per million person-years (C.I.:4.4, 6.1), range: 1.7 to 21.3; estimated pooled PR: 77.7 per million persons (C.I.:64.0, 94.3), range 15 to 179; MR range 0.1 to 0.9 per millions person-years. […] We report marked variation in observed frequencies of MG. […] Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an archetypal autoimmune disorder in which muscle weakness occurs as a result of impairment of neuromuscular transmission. […] A large number of MG epidemiological studies have been performed worldwide over the last 60 years with marked variability in observed incidence and prevalence of the disease.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-024-00619-4

  The incidence of MG in Taiwan remained constant at around 2 per 100,000 population during 2014-2019, and this led to a steady increase in the prevalence rate (19-24 per 100,000 population). […] The results indicate that the prevalence of late-onset MG in Taiwan may increase the need for healthcare resources and intensive care. […] Despite the high treatment rate of patients with MG in Taiwan (89-92% of prevalent patients with MG received at least one MG-related treatment in each calendar year during the study period), there were still 3.2-3.8% of patients receiving at least one PP/PE annually, which might be due to inadequate disease control. […] The importance of increasing disease awareness and early treatment intervention should also be highlighted for patients with MG in Taiwan.

• #15 Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2235

  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare neurological disease and pediatric MG is even more uncommon. Both incidence and prevalence have significant geographical variations, but it is believed that MG incidence has increased worldwide over the past seven decades. The prevalence of MG was estimated at 1 in 200,000 from 1915 to 1934, increased to 1 per 20,000 after the introduction of anticholinesterase drugs in 1934, and rose to 1 per 17,000 population after the discovery of AChR antibodies in 1969. Prevalence rates range from 150 to 200 cases per million, and they have steadily increased over the past 50 years, at least partly due to improvements in recognition, diagnosis, treatment, and an overall increase in life expectancy. More recent studies addressing incidence rates have been conducted in Europe and show a wide range from 4.1 to 30 cases per million person-years.

• #16 Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology Forecast to 2028

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/myasthenia-gravis-epidemiology-forecast-to-2028-300950586.html

  Diagnosed prevalent cases of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) are forecast to increase in the seven major markets (US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and Japan) from 152,000 cases in 2018 to 169,000 cases in 2028, at an annual growth rate (AGR) of 1.07%. […] Cases of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) have increased in recent years due to the growing and aging population. […] Risk factors for Myasthenia Gravis (MG) include female gender, autoimmune diseases, thymus diseases, and extrathymic cancers such as breast and lung cancers. […] According to the September 2019 study by Apinyawasisuk and colleagues published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, risk of ocular Myasthenia Gravis (MG) converting to generalized Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. […] Most patients start with ocular Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and 12-80% of these cases develop into generalized Myasthenia Gravis (MG) at the later stages.

• #17 Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in Denmark, Finland and Sweden: a population-based observational study | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/95/10/919

  The prevalence of MG (per 100000 persons) increased steadily over time in all three countries: in Denmark from 13.32 (95% CI 12.36 to 14.32) in 2000 to 25.14 (95% CI 23.88 to 26.45) in 2020, in Finland from 11.08 (95% CI 10.20 to 12.01) in 2000 to 28.52 (95% CI 27.13 to 29.95) in 2020, and in Sweden from 16.58 (95% CI 15.75 to 17.44) in 2000 to 27.18 (95% CI 26.19 to 28.19) in 2020. […] The overall SMR was higher in women than in men in all three countries.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2023/02000/myasthenia_gravis_in_current_status__epidemiology,.35.aspx

  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular condition that causes skeletal muscle weakness. […] According to estimates, there are between 5 and 30 cases of MG per million person-years, and there are between 10 and 20 cases per 100,000 people. The incidence and prevalence of MG in adults and children are distributed geographically equally, and the proportion of juvenile MG cases that begin before the age of 18 is close to 10%. […] Its prevalence has increased in recent decades as understanding, detection, and survival rates have improved; however, this rise has not been linear. […] The age of onset is bimodal, with an early peak in the second to third decades affecting young women and a late peak in the sixth to eighth decades affecting men.

• #19 Myasthenia gravis: Frequently asked questions | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/90/2/103

  Family members, particularly first-degree relatives of those with myasthenia gravis, have a higher risk not only for myasthenia gravis but also for other autoimmune diseases.1 In addition, the disease has interesting patterns of age, sex, and phenotype. […] Myasthenia gravis can strike at any age, but the age of onset has a bimodal distribution, with the first peak in patients in their teens and 20s, in which girls and women outnumber boys and men, and the second peak in patients in their 50s and 60s, in which men outnumber women.2,3 […] In the past, female patients outnumbered male patients overall. However, the age at onset has progressively increased, together with the proportion of men, so that the preponderance of women is becoming less.4,5 […] There is a male predominance in ocular myasthenia gravis as well.6 Boys and girls are equally affected before puberty, but more girls than boys get the disease afterward.7

• #20 Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8196750/

  The annual rate is lower in studies coming from North America and Japan, with the incidence ranging from 3 to 9.1 cases per million. Lower incidence and prevalence rates have been reported in a large study from China at 0.1550.366 per million, and 2.1911.07 per 100,000, respectively. Two population-based studies from Korea showed a prevalence of 9.6710.42 per 100,000 people in 2010, which increased to 12.99 per 100,000 in 2014. […] Different study methodologies, including diagnostic criteria and other sources of bias, such as the small size of the study population and the underestimation of patients with milder disease, likely play a factor in the significant variability of incidence rates over time and across different geographical regions. […] Incidence rates have a bimodal distribution in women, with peaks around age 30 and 50. In men, the incidence increases steadily with age and with the highest rates between age 60 and 89. Women are more commonly affected before age 40, with a female: male ratio of 3:1 for early-onset MG. In the fifth decade of life, women and men are equally affected, while men have a higher proportion after age 50, with a male: female ratio of 3:2.

• #21 Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8196750/

  MG can affect people of all race and ethnic backgrounds and is slightly more prevalent in patients of African ancestry. Furthermore, MG phenotype may vary depending on the ethnic background. […] The mortality rate of MG has dramatically declined from the early 20th century after the availability of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, immunosuppressants, intravenous immunoglobulin and advanced respiratory care. However, the mortality rate from the disease remains at 59%, being slightly higher in males than females.

• #22 Myasthenia Gravis: FAQs About Evaluation and Diagnosis

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/myasthenia-gravis-frequently-asked-questions-about-evaluation-and-diagnosis

  African Americans may have slightly higher rates of myasthenia gravis incidence and prevalence, as well as more severe disease.9,10 In the U.S., 28% to 47% of patients with MuSK antibodies are African American.8 In addition, MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis occurs in a higher proportion of those of Asian ancestry than in those of European or African ancestry.11 […] Fortunately, myasthenia gravis is uncommon. In a systematic review of 55 studies, Carr et al14 calculated that the pooled incidence was 5.3 per million person-years, and the prevalence was 77.7 per million persons both considerably lower, for example, than those of hypothyroidism or Guillain-Barr syndrome, which are in the differential diagnosis. […] Although the incidence of myasthenia gravis has changed little over time, its estimated prevalence has significantly increased since the 1950s, mostly owing to improvements in diagnosis and treatment that have reduced the mortality rate so that more people are living with the disease.

• #23 Myasthenia gravis: Frequently asked questions | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/90/2/103

  The myasthenia gravis subtype possessing antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) has a marked female predominance (more than 70% in all studies reviewed), and its mean age of onset is 36 to 38 years.2,8 […] African Americans may have slightly higher rates of myasthenia gravis incidence and prevalence, and more severe disease.9,10 In the United States, 28% to 47% of patients with MuSK antibodies are African American.8 In addition, MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis occurs in a higher proportion of those of Asian ancestry than in those of European or African ancestry.11 […] About 13% of patients with myasthenia gravis have a comorbid autoimmune disorder.12 Thyroid disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves disease) is the most common, followed by rheumatoid arthritis.12,13 Up to about 10% of patients with myasthenia gravis may have associated thymoma.

• #24 Worldwide Incidence, Prevalence of MG Has More Than Doubled Since 1950s

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/worldwide-incidence-prevalence-of-mg-has-more-than-doubled-since-1950s

  Overall, the mean prevalence rate of MG was 173.3 cases per million person-years (95% CI, 129.7-215.5), although the prevalence ranged widely across countries, from 20 to 475 cases per million person-years. […] America had both the highest mean prevalence (256.2 cases per million) and incidence (23.7 per million person-years (95% CI: 6.5-40.9; range: 4.7-61.3). […] Lower prevalence rates were observed in South America (mean 149.8 cases per million person-years; range, 70-367.1), Europe (mean 167.9 cases per million person-years; range, 20-393), and Asia (mean 127.4 cases per million person-years; range: 67-231). […] Similarly, Asia (mean 16.9 cases per million person-years [95% CI, 4.8-29; range, 4.2-36.6]) and Europe (mean 17.1 cases per million person-years [95% CI, 11.5-22.7; range, 2.3-46]) had lower incidence rates.

• #25 Myasthenia gravis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis

  Myasthenia gravis occurs in all ethnic groups and both sexes. It most commonly affects women under 40 and people from 50 to 70 years old of either sex, but it has been known to occur at any age. […] Prevalence in the United States is estimated at between 0.5 and 20.4 cases per 100,000, with an estimated 60,000 Americans affected. […] In the United Kingdom, an estimated 15 cases of MG occur per 100,000 people. […] The mortality rate of MG is around 5-9%.

• #26 Myasthenia gravis| UCB

  https://www.ucb.com/solutions/diseases/myasthenia-gravis

  MG is a rare disease with a global prevalence of 100350 cases per 1 million people. […] In a recent population study, it was found that it was found that in 51% of people, the first signs of MG were problems with the eyes, such as double vision or drooping eyelids. […] The same study found that about 54.5% of people presenting with Ocular MG went on to develop generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), which includes more generalized weakness of voluntary muscles across the body. […] Between 15% 20% of people living with gMG will experience a myasthenic crisis, that can lead to respiratory failure. […] People living with MG report frequent misdiagnoses and confusion related to their condition, reflecting the broad and often unpredictable symptoms experienced. […] MG is most frequently misdiagnosed as 14 other conditions, including stress fibromyalgia and diabetes.

• #27 Myasthenia gravis: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179968

  Myasthenia gravis is a rare neuromuscular disease in which the voluntary muscles quickly become tired and weak as a result of dysfunction with nerve and muscle communication. […] The condition affects 20 people in every 100,000 in the United States. It can happen at any age, but it is more likely to affect people assigned female at birth before age 40 and people assigned male at birth after age 60. […] Research suggests that most people first experience eye symptoms. Many go on to develop additional symptoms within 2 years. […] Neonatal myasthenia affects newborns if they acquire antibodies from a mother who has MG. The symptoms usually disappear before 4 months of age, and MG in infants and children is rare. […] Most people with MG have a similar life expectancy to a person without the disease, according to the National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). […] MG can become life threatening for some people, but most individuals with MG do not see a change in life expectancy.

• #28 A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in Myasthenia Gravis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-10-46

  The aim of this review was to summarize the findings of all population-based epidemiological studies of myasthenia gravis (MG) paying attention to serological subtype-specific studies and age- and sex- specific incidence. […] For the All MG group 35 studies examined incidence. IR ranged from 1.7 to 21.3 cases per million person-years. […] The observed heterogeneity might be explained by a number of factors; either biological or technical. […] There was no significant reduction in the heterogeneity of IR when studies were grouped by geographical area: Northern Europe I2 = 94% (C.I.:91, 95%), Southern Europe I2 = 97% (C.I.:96, 98%), North America and Canada I2 = 67% (C.I.:2, 89%). […] There was a trend to decreasing heterogeneity with increasing study quality: High (I2 = 76%, C.I.:49,89%), Moderate (I2 = 89%, C.I.:85,92%) and Low (I2 = 96%, C.I.:93, 97%).

• #29 Myasthenia gravis| UCB

  https://www.ucb.com/solutions/diseases/myasthenia-gravis

  Amid these misdiagnoses, those with MG report contacting over 14 different specialists at some point in their care pathway highlighting the challenges that MG patients face to find care. […] This type of analysis is critical as few studies have explored the impact of living with MG from the patient perspective. […] The time is now to tackle these issues that burden those living with MG.

• #30 Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain) | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-epidemiology-myasthenia-gravis-in-province-S217358082200013X

  Our study shows one of the highest MG prevalence rates reported to date. It also confirms that MG is more prevalent in older populations, with 518 cases per million population among individuals older than 65 years. […] The incidence rate in the study period (15.44 cases per million person-years) is also among the highest reported, and the median progression time since diagnosis was 8 years, which means that over 50% of patients were diagnosed during that time period. […] We observed no predominance in either sex, with women representing 54% of patients; we observed the typical pattern of bimodal incidence among female patients, with a discrete peak in the 40-49 age group and a sustained increase from the age of 70 years. […] Therefore, we should be aware of the fluctuating and non-specific symptoms in elderly patients, as MG may be underdiagnosed in our health district.

• #31 Epidemiologic evidence for a changing natural history of myasthenia gravis – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Epidemiologic-evidence-for-a-changing-natural/9983995107302771

  To survey the epidemiologic literature for evidence of an increasing prevalence of myasthenia gravis (MG) over time, and to explore the reasons for the increase. […] We found population-based reports of the epidemiology of MG by searching bibliographic databases. […] We included 33 studies from 1950 through 1995. Prevalence and incidence rates increased over time, but the regression line for prevalence significantly exceeded that for incidence. Mortality rates declined slightly. The weighted means for prevalence rose significantly, but there was no significant change in incidence or mortality. The prevalence of MG has increased over the past forty-five years, probably because patients with the disease have longer life spans owing to present-day treatment.

• #32 Thieme E-Journals – Seminars in Neurology / Abstract

  https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2004-829593

  Epidemiology is the study of a disease in a population. The epidemiology of myasthenia gravis (MG) has been studied for over 50 years, and over 50 studies have been published in one form or another. The published prevalence has steadily increased, and one can estimate that there are 60,000 patients with MG in the United States. The current trends indicate that, as the population ages, an increasing number of patients with MG can be expected, but the clinical patterns of the disease may change.

• #33 Overview of MG | Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America

  https://myasthenia.org/understanding-mg/overview-mg/

  In recent years there have been significant advances in what we understand about the immune system and its role in myasthenia gravis. This has helped to develop how we diagnose and treat myasthenia gravis to maximize quality of life for people with the condition. Many people with myasthenia gravis still experience physical, mental and social difficulties even with the treatment options that are available. Myasthenia gravis experts are continuing to carry out research and clinical trials to help understand these difficulties more and to explore new treatment options. These significant and continued advancements represent a hopeful and exciting time for myasthenia gravis awareness and management.

• #34 Epidemiology, management and patient needs in myasthenia gravis: an Italian multistakeholder consensus based on Delphi methodology | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/12/e086225

  Epidemiology of MG was investigated among clinicians alone. Most of them (25 out of 28, 89%) agreed with two separate statements reporting that in Italy: (1) the current prevalence of MG is between 15 and 35 cases per 100000 inhabitants; and (2) the current incidence of MG is between 1 and 3 new cases per 100000 person-years. […] Several studies reported recent changes in the epidemiology of MG, with a trend towards an increase in prevalence. This was explained through improvements in disease diagnosis, treatment and survival and according to the ageing populations. […] In Italy, prevalence and incidence of MG varied widely, ranging respectively from 4 to 65 cases per 100000 and from 0.2 to 4.6 cases per 100000 person-years across different studies. […] A strong impact of MG on the quality of life of patients also emerged.

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