Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779545-overview

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a syndrome in which platelets become coated with autoantibodies to platelet membrane antigens, resulting in splenic sequestration and phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages. […] The term „idiopathic” no longer applies, because the etiology is known: ITP is caused by a dysregulation of the immune system. […] In chronic ITP, for unknown reasons, membrane glycoproteins (GPs) on the surface of platelets become immunogenic, stimulating the production of platelet autoantibodies. In acute ITP, the stimulus for autoantibody production is also unknown; platelet membrane cryptantigens may become exposed by the stress of infection, or pseudoantigens may be formed by the passive adsorption of pathogens on platelet surfaces. […] The spleen is the site of autoantibody production (white pulp); it is also the site of phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated platelets (red pulp). […] The mononuclear macrophage system of the spleen is responsible for removing platelets in ITP, as demonstrated by the fact that splenectomy results in prompt restoration of normal platelet counts in most patients with ITP.

• #2 Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp

  ITP, or immune thrombocytopenia, is a blood clotting disorder caused by a low number of platelets. […] The condition is no longer idiopathic (which means there’s no known cause) because researchers now know the condition is autoimmune. […] Platelet levels are low with ITP because with this immune disorder, your immune system antibodies attack and destroy platelets. […] ITP can be classified as primary, meaning it occurs on its own, or it can be secondary, which means that another condition triggers it. […] Possible triggers for secondary ITP include: other autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, certain medications like ibuprofen or aspirin, dehydration, trauma, pregnancy, certain types of cancer.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/fulltext/2021/06000/immune_thrombocytopenia__recent_advances_in.6.aspx

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare autoimmune disease due to both a peripheral destruction of platelets and an inappropriate bone marrow production. […] Although the primary triggering factors of ITP remain unknown, a loss of immune tolerance mostly represented by a regulatory T-cell defect allows T follicular helper cells to stimulate autoreactive splenic B cells that differentiate into antiplatelet antibody-producing plasma cells. […] Moreover, the activation of the classical complement pathway participates to platelet opsonization and also to their destruction by complement-dependent cytotoxicity. […] Cytotoxic T cells also contribute to ITP pathogenesis by mediating cytotoxicity against megakaryocytes and peripheral platelets. […] Overall, 80% of ITP are considered as primary, favored by a rupture of the immune tolerance leading to an autoimmune process involving both innate and adaptive immune responses.

• #4 Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia: Contextualization from a Historical Perspective

  https://www.mdpi.com/2038-8330/16/2/21

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an isolated decrease in the platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding. The pathogenesis is complex, affecting multiple components of the immune system and causing both peripheral destruction of platelets and impaired central megakaryopoiesis and platelet production in the bone marrow. […] The immune-mediated destruction of platelets was demonstrated thanks to the experiment carried out by William J. Harrington and colleagues. […] The current and prevailing model of platelet clearance in ITP postulates that the platelet target of autoantibodies determines the pathway of clearance. […] The pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown, because it most likely involves both genetic and acquired factors. A trigger acts on a genetic susceptibility, often unknown, such as infections or situations that affect the immune system (neoplasms, autoimmune diseases, vaccines…).

• #5 Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) symptoms and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/itp

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys healthy platelets. A person who has ITP is more likely to bruise or bleed. […] The causes of ITP vary depending on whether a person has primary or secondary ITP. […] In primary ITP, the condition occurs on its own and has no clear or single cause. A combination of genetic and environmental factors may contribute. […] In secondary ITP, the condition develops as a knock-on effect of something else, such as another medical condition. Diseases that can cause secondary ITP include: other autoimmune diseases such as lupus, common variable immunodeficiency, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, and Evans syndrome; persistent infections such as HIV, hepatitis B or C, or cytomegalovirus (CMV); lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #6 Immune thrombocytopenic purpura – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_thrombocytopenic_purpura

  Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia, is an autoimmune primary disorder of hemostasis characterized by a low platelet count in the absence of other causes. […] Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of ITP is similar in both syndromes involving antibodies against various platelet surface antigens such as glycoproteins. […] In approximately 60 percent of cases, antibodies against platelets can be detected. […] The stimulus for auto-antibody production in ITP is probably abnormal T cell activity. […] A number of immune related genes and polymorphisms have been identified as influencing predisposition to ITP, with FCGR3a-V158 allele and KIRDS2/DL2 increasing susceptibility and KIR2DS5 shown to be protective.

• #7 Immune thrombocytopenia: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/immune-thrombocytopenia/

  Genetic variations (polymorphisms) in a few genes have been found in some people with immune thrombocytopenia and may increase the risk of abnormal immune reactions. However, the contribution of these genetic changes to the development of immune thrombocytopenia is unclear. […] When the condition is due to the targeted destruction of platelets by the body’s own immune cells, it is known as primary immune thrombocytopenia. Immune thrombocytopenia following bacterial or viral infection is considered primary because the infection triggers a platelet-specific immune reaction, typically without any other signs or symptoms. However, immune thrombocytopenia can be a feature of other immune disorders, such as common variable immune deficiency, which occurs when the immune system has a decreased ability to protect the body against foreign invaders, or other autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Immune thrombocytopenia can also occur with other blood disorders, including a form of cancer of the blood-forming tissue known as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. When immune thrombocytopenia is a feature of other disorders, the condition is known as secondary immune thrombocytopenia.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/fulltext/2021/06000/immune_thrombocytopenia__recent_advances_in.6.aspx

  ITP is referred to as secondary that is, associated to another disease in 20% of cases, mostly hematological malignancies, followed by systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus, infections, and primary immune deficiencies. […] The involvement of the humoral response against platelets is known since the 1950s when Harrington et al observed that sera of ITP patients induced thrombocytopenia when infused to healthy volunteers. […] The spleen plays a major role in ITP pathogenesis, being the site of an intense autoimmune response with an expansion of germinal centers and the generation of mutated, high-affinity-antiplatelet antibody-secreting plasma cells. […] Various mechanisms support the cytotoxicity mediated by antibodies, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), causing the destruction of targeted cells by the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), but also facilitating their phagocytosis (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis [ADCP]) by macrophages expressing Fc gamma receptor (FcR) and complement receptor 1 that binds to the complement fraction C3b.

• #9 Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) symptoms and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/itp

  The presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria also has links to ITP, but studies have not yet confirmed whether it causes the condition. […] In children, secondary ITP often develops after a viral infection. […] Rarely, ITP develops after a child gets a vaccination, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. […] A person with mutations or changes in the genes that control platelet production has a higher chance of developing ITP. […] Health conditions: HIV-associated disease is the most common cause of ITP, particularly in males aged 20-50 years.

• #10 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5726-immune-thrombocytopenia

  Immune thrombocytopenia happens when your immune system clears your platelets from circulation and your platelet level goes down. […] What causes immune thrombocytopenia? Immune thrombocytopenia happens when your immune system makes antibodies that mistakenly identify your cells as being invaders, and then direct other immune cells to attack your platelets. […] Research shows people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), H. pylori infections or hepatitis C have an increased risk of developing ITP.

• #11 Platelet Disorders – Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/immune-thrombocytopenia

  ITP is caused by problems with your immune system. Normally, your immune system helps your body fight off infections and diseases. In ITP, however, your immune system attacks and destroys your body’s platelets by mistake. You may also make fewer platelets. Why this happens is not known. […] Some things that can raise your risk of ITP include: Antibiotics, antiviral medicines, or medicines to treat inflammation; Viral or bacterial infections, which can trigger your immune system to start destroying your platelets; Vaccines, such as the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which, rarely, can raise the risk of ITP, especially in children.

• #12 Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/chronic-immune-thrombocytopenia

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare blood disorder. Your immune system mistakenly destroys platelets, cell fragments that help your blood clot after an injury. […] A problem with your immune system causes ITP. Your immune system makes proteins called antibodies that normally target viruses and bacteria. In this case, antibodies mistakenly tag platelets as foreign invaders. Then the immune system sends out white blood cells to attack your tagged platelets. This can lower your number of platelets, destroying them. […] In adults, ITP can start after a viral infection like HIV or hepatitis C, or after a bacterial infection such as H. pylori. In children, it often starts after a viral infection like the flu. […] Doctors divide ITP into two types based on the cause: Primary ITP, which doesn’t have an obvious cause; Secondary ITP, which is caused by an infection or an autoimmune disease like lupus. […] There’s also drug-induced ITP (DITP) caused by a medication.

• #13 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/thrombocytopenia-and-platelet-dysfunction/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp

  Immune thrombocytopenia usually results from development of an autoantibody directed against a structural platelet antigen. […] The trigger in adults is unknown, although in some countries (eg, Japan, Italy), ITP has been associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, and treatment of the infection has been followed by remission of the ITP. […] COVID-19 infection rarely causes ITP, but COVID-19 vaccination may worsen thrombocytopenia in patients with ITP, with some studies reporting a decrease in platelet count in approximately 6%.

• #14 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5726-immune-thrombocytopenia

  Immune thrombocytopenia happens when your immune system clears your platelets from circulation and your platelet level goes down. […] What causes immune thrombocytopenia? Immune thrombocytopenia happens when your immune system makes antibodies that mistakenly identify your cells as being invaders, and then direct other immune cells to attack your platelets. […] Research shows people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), H. pylori infections or hepatitis C have an increased risk of developing ITP.

• #15 Immune thrombocytopenia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/immune-thrombocytopenia

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), historically known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a decrease in platelet numbers to 100 x 109/L. In most cases it is a primary condition, i.e. no underlying cause is found. […] most cases are primary, i.e. no known cause. […] infection […] viruses […] hepatitis C virus […] HIV […] varicella zoster virus (VZV) […] cytomegalovirus (CMV) […] COVID-19 […] Helicobacter pylori […] autoimmune […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome […] antiphospholipid syndrome […] common variable immunodeficiency […] hematological […] chronic lymphocytic leukemia […] myelodysplastic syndromes […] solid organ malignancy: rare in non-hematological cancers […] common: breast, lung […] uncommon: renal, ovarian, prostate […] medications […] quinine […] co-trimoxazole […] vaccinations: diphtheria-tetanus-poliomyelitis, influenza, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) […] NSAIDs […] acetaminophen.

• #16 Immune thrombocytopenia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/immune-thrombocytopenia

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), historically known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a decrease in platelet numbers to 100 x 109/L. In most cases it is a primary condition, i.e. no underlying cause is found. […] most cases are primary, i.e. no known cause. […] infection […] viruses […] hepatitis C virus […] HIV […] varicella zoster virus (VZV) […] cytomegalovirus (CMV) […] COVID-19 […] Helicobacter pylori […] autoimmune […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome […] antiphospholipid syndrome […] common variable immunodeficiency […] hematological […] chronic lymphocytic leukemia […] myelodysplastic syndromes […] solid organ malignancy: rare in non-hematological cancers […] common: breast, lung […] uncommon: renal, ovarian, prostate […] medications […] quinine […] co-trimoxazole […] vaccinations: diphtheria-tetanus-poliomyelitis, influenza, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) […] NSAIDs […] acetaminophen.

• #17 What Is Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention | Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/immune-thrombocytopenia/guide/

  ITP is usually the result of an autoimmune response, in which the immune system accidentally attacks itself. […] While its not entirely understood why this happens, ITP may be linked to certain infections, such as HIV, hepatitis C, or Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a type of bacteria that causes stomach ulcers. […] ITP is linked to a number of infections, including HIV, hepatitis C, and H. pylori. […] ITP can be triggered by viral infections, including COVID-19, as documented by one French study.

• #18 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688304/all/Immune_Thrombocytopenia__ITP_?q=Common+immunodeficiency+variable

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a condition characterized by the immunologic destruction of normal platelets and/or impaired thrombopoiesis in response to an unknown stimulus. […] Accelerated platelet uptake and destruction by reticuloendothelial phagocytes results from action of IgG autoantibodies against platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb/IIIa, GP Ib/IX, GP Ia/IIa, and GP VI. There is also cell-mediated platelet destruction by CD8+ T cells. […] Autoantibodies interfere with megakaryocyte maturation, resulting in decreased production. […] Infections: Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C, HIV, CMV, varicella zoster, measles, rubella, influenza, EBV, Whipple disease.

• #19 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #20 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #21 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #22 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #23 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #24 Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp-in-children-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) of childhood is characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000/microL with normal white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and blood smear). The cause of ITP remains unknown in most cases, but it can be triggered by a viral or environmental trigger or it may be secondary to an underlying immunologic defect. [...] Secondary ITP refers to immune-mediated thrombocytopenia with an underlying cause, including drug-induced or associated with systemic illness, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), infection (eg, HIV), immune deficiency (eg, common variable immunodeficiency [CVID] or autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome [ALPS]), and other causes.

• #25 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Malignancies that can cause ITP include CLL, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma. […] Endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism and Addison disease may also trigger ITP symptoms. […] Autoantibody production and failure of self-tolerance are proposed to be the main drivers of ITP development in all these cases.

• #26 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Malignancies that can cause ITP include CLL, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma. […] Endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism and Addison disease may also trigger ITP symptoms. […] Autoantibody production and failure of self-tolerance are proposed to be the main drivers of ITP development in all these cases.

• #27 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Malignancies that can cause ITP include CLL, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma. […] Endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism and Addison disease may also trigger ITP symptoms. […] Autoantibody production and failure of self-tolerance are proposed to be the main drivers of ITP development in all these cases.

• #28 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Malignancies that can cause ITP include CLL, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma. […] Endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism and Addison disease may also trigger ITP symptoms. […] Autoantibody production and failure of self-tolerance are proposed to be the main drivers of ITP development in all these cases.

• #29 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Malignancies that can cause ITP include CLL, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma. […] Endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism and Addison disease may also trigger ITP symptoms. […] Autoantibody production and failure of self-tolerance are proposed to be the main drivers of ITP development in all these cases.

• #30 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #31 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #32 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #33 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #34 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #35 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #36 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #37 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #38 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #39 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #40 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #41 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #42 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #43 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #44 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #45 ITP: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp-2860677

  Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopenia, is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys its own platelets. […] ITP is caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the body attacks its own platelets. […] In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the autoimmune reaction results in a low platelet level. […] When the condition was first described, the word „idiopathic” was used because it was not known what caused the disease. Today, many healthcare providers use the name „immune thrombocytopenia” to reflect the current understanding of the condition. […] There are some factors that tend to precipitate idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, but an adult or child can develop the effects of ITP without any triggers. […] Factors that frequently precede symptoms of ITP include: Illness, especially viral infections such as hepatitis C and AIDS, Fevers, Dehydration, Trauma, Medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, Pregnancy, Autoimmune conditions such as lupus and primary Sjgren’s disease, Slow-growing lymphomas and leukemias.

• #46 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #47 Platelet Disorders – Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/immune-thrombocytopenia

  ITP is caused by problems with your immune system. Normally, your immune system helps your body fight off infections and diseases. In ITP, however, your immune system attacks and destroys your body’s platelets by mistake. You may also make fewer platelets. Why this happens is not known. […] Some things that can raise your risk of ITP include: Antibiotics, antiviral medicines, or medicines to treat inflammation; Viral or bacterial infections, which can trigger your immune system to start destroying your platelets; Vaccines, such as the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which, rarely, can raise the risk of ITP, especially in children.

• #48 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/thrombocytopenia-and-platelet-dysfunction/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp

  Immune thrombocytopenia usually results from development of an autoantibody directed against a structural platelet antigen. […] The trigger in adults is unknown, although in some countries (eg, Japan, Italy), ITP has been associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, and treatment of the infection has been followed by remission of the ITP. […] COVID-19 infection rarely causes ITP, but COVID-19 vaccination may worsen thrombocytopenia in patients with ITP, with some studies reporting a decrease in platelet count in approximately 6%.

• #49 ITP: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp-2860677

  Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopenia, is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys its own platelets. […] ITP is caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the body attacks its own platelets. […] In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the autoimmune reaction results in a low platelet level. […] When the condition was first described, the word „idiopathic” was used because it was not known what caused the disease. Today, many healthcare providers use the name „immune thrombocytopenia” to reflect the current understanding of the condition. […] There are some factors that tend to precipitate idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, but an adult or child can develop the effects of ITP without any triggers. […] Factors that frequently precede symptoms of ITP include: Illness, especially viral infections such as hepatitis C and AIDS, Fevers, Dehydration, Trauma, Medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, Pregnancy, Autoimmune conditions such as lupus and primary Sjgren’s disease, Slow-growing lymphomas and leukemias.

• #50 ITP: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp-2860677

  Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopenia, is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys its own platelets. […] ITP is caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the body attacks its own platelets. […] In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the autoimmune reaction results in a low platelet level. […] When the condition was first described, the word „idiopathic” was used because it was not known what caused the disease. Today, many healthcare providers use the name „immune thrombocytopenia” to reflect the current understanding of the condition. […] There are some factors that tend to precipitate idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, but an adult or child can develop the effects of ITP without any triggers. […] Factors that frequently precede symptoms of ITP include: Illness, especially viral infections such as hepatitis C and AIDS, Fevers, Dehydration, Trauma, Medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, Pregnancy, Autoimmune conditions such as lupus and primary Sjgren’s disease, Slow-growing lymphomas and leukemias.

• #51 ITP: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp-2860677

  Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopenia, is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys its own platelets. […] ITP is caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the body attacks its own platelets. […] In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the autoimmune reaction results in a low platelet level. […] When the condition was first described, the word „idiopathic” was used because it was not known what caused the disease. Today, many healthcare providers use the name „immune thrombocytopenia” to reflect the current understanding of the condition. […] There are some factors that tend to precipitate idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, but an adult or child can develop the effects of ITP without any triggers. […] Factors that frequently precede symptoms of ITP include: Illness, especially viral infections such as hepatitis C and AIDS, Fevers, Dehydration, Trauma, Medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, Pregnancy, Autoimmune conditions such as lupus and primary Sjgren’s disease, Slow-growing lymphomas and leukemias.

• #52 Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/chronic-immune-thrombocytopenia

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare blood disorder. Your immune system mistakenly destroys platelets, cell fragments that help your blood clot after an injury. […] A problem with your immune system causes ITP. Your immune system makes proteins called antibodies that normally target viruses and bacteria. In this case, antibodies mistakenly tag platelets as foreign invaders. Then the immune system sends out white blood cells to attack your tagged platelets. This can lower your number of platelets, destroying them. […] In adults, ITP can start after a viral infection like HIV or hepatitis C, or after a bacterial infection such as H. pylori. In children, it often starts after a viral infection like the flu. […] Doctors divide ITP into two types based on the cause: Primary ITP, which doesn’t have an obvious cause; Secondary ITP, which is caused by an infection or an autoimmune disease like lupus. […] There’s also drug-induced ITP (DITP) caused by a medication.

• #53 Immune Thrombocytopenia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/immune-thrombocytopenia.html

  Immune thrombocytopenia happens when the immune system attacks the body’s platelets. […] Immune thrombocytopenia happens when the immune system attacks platelets. Viral infections often trigger this in children. Less commonly, another illness or autoimmune disease or a medicine can trigger ITP. Often, it isn’t clear what triggers the immune system to attack platelets.

• #54 Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) – Alder Hey Children’s Hospital Trust

  https://www.alderhey.nhs.uk/conditions/patient-information-leaflets/immune-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp/

  ITP is a significant reduction in the blood cells, known as platelets, circulating in the blood stream. It happens in 4 in 100,000 children each year. […] There is not always a known cause for platelets to stop circulating. Most commonly it is caused by the body’s immune system working in overdrive, attacking it’s own platelets and removing them from the bloodstream (autoimmune). When trying to fight off and recover from a viral infection the immune system can also damage the platelet factory cells in the bone marrow. The viral infection may hardly have been noticeable and may have occurred as long ago as 6 to 8 weeks before the symptoms of ITP become obvious. ITP can follow from vaccinations which may prime the immune system to be more active. […] There is a UK ITP Registry which you may be asked to participate in to help us understand more about why ITP occurs.

• #55 Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia: Contextualization from a Historical Perspective

  https://www.mdpi.com/2038-8330/16/2/21

  In ITP, immunoglobulin G-type autoantibodies are generally the most frequent (IgA and IgM are less frequent). These autoantibodies are produced by autoreactive B lymphocytes and bind to glycoproteins of the platelet membrane, which favors the clearance of platelets from the circulation through the reticuloendothelial system (SRE) of the liver and spleen. […] The cytokine, BAFF (B cell activating factor), is increased, which stimulates autoreactive B cells, thus boosting antiplatelet antibody production. Various mechanisms have been suggested to be responsible for the production of auto-antibodies in ITP, such as antigenic cross-reactivity (mimicry), somatic mutations, or defects in the elimination of autoreactive clonal B cells. […] The overall mortality of patients with ITP is slightly higher than that of the general population (1.3–2.2 times higher according to different studies). […] The prognosis of ITP worsens if it is secondary.

• #56 Immune Thrombocytopenia | MDedge

  https://ma1.mdedge.com/content/immune-thrombocytopenia

  ITP is caused by autoantibodies binding to platelet surface proteins, most often to the platelet receptor GP IIb/IIIa. These antibody-coated platelets then bind to Fc receptors in macrophages and are removed from circulation. The initiating event in ITP is unknown. It is speculated that the patient responds to a viral or bacterial infection by creating antibodies which cross-react with the platelet receptors. Continued exposure to platelets perpetuates the immune response. ITP that occurs in childhood appears to be an acute response to viral infection and usually resolves. ITP in adults may occur in any age group but is seen especially in young women. […] Despite the increased platelet destruction that occurs in ITP, the production of new platelets often is not significantly increased. This is most likely due to lack of an increase in thrombopoietin, the predominant platelet growth factor.

• #57 Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia: Contextualization from a Historical Perspective

  https://www.mdpi.com/2038-8330/16/2/21

  In ITP, immunoglobulin G-type autoantibodies are generally the most frequent (IgA and IgM are less frequent). These autoantibodies are produced by autoreactive B lymphocytes and bind to glycoproteins of the platelet membrane, which favors the clearance of platelets from the circulation through the reticuloendothelial system (SRE) of the liver and spleen. […] The cytokine, BAFF (B cell activating factor), is increased, which stimulates autoreactive B cells, thus boosting antiplatelet antibody production. Various mechanisms have been suggested to be responsible for the production of auto-antibodies in ITP, such as antigenic cross-reactivity (mimicry), somatic mutations, or defects in the elimination of autoreactive clonal B cells. […] The overall mortality of patients with ITP is slightly higher than that of the general population (1.3–2.2 times higher according to different studies). […] The prognosis of ITP worsens if it is secondary.

• #58 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779545-overview

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a syndrome in which platelets become coated with autoantibodies to platelet membrane antigens, resulting in splenic sequestration and phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages. […] The term „idiopathic” no longer applies, because the etiology is known: ITP is caused by a dysregulation of the immune system. […] In chronic ITP, for unknown reasons, membrane glycoproteins (GPs) on the surface of platelets become immunogenic, stimulating the production of platelet autoantibodies. In acute ITP, the stimulus for autoantibody production is also unknown; platelet membrane cryptantigens may become exposed by the stress of infection, or pseudoantigens may be formed by the passive adsorption of pathogens on platelet surfaces. […] The spleen is the site of autoantibody production (white pulp); it is also the site of phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated platelets (red pulp). […] The mononuclear macrophage system of the spleen is responsible for removing platelets in ITP, as demonstrated by the fact that splenectomy results in prompt restoration of normal platelet counts in most patients with ITP.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/fulltext/2021/06000/immune_thrombocytopenia__recent_advances_in.6.aspx

  ITP is referred to as secondary that is, associated to another disease in 20% of cases, mostly hematological malignancies, followed by systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus, infections, and primary immune deficiencies. […] The involvement of the humoral response against platelets is known since the 1950s when Harrington et al observed that sera of ITP patients induced thrombocytopenia when infused to healthy volunteers. […] The spleen plays a major role in ITP pathogenesis, being the site of an intense autoimmune response with an expansion of germinal centers and the generation of mutated, high-affinity-antiplatelet antibody-secreting plasma cells. […] Various mechanisms support the cytotoxicity mediated by antibodies, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), causing the destruction of targeted cells by the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), but also facilitating their phagocytosis (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis [ADCP]) by macrophages expressing Fc gamma receptor (FcR) and complement receptor 1 that binds to the complement fraction C3b.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/fulltext/2021/06000/immune_thrombocytopenia__recent_advances_in.6.aspx

  A major mechanism of peripheral platelet destruction is ADCP, mediated by splenic macrophages. […] During ITP, the inappropriate levels of TPO are linked to its physiological regulation. […] This insufficient platelet production supports the use of TPO-RA, whose efficacy inversely correlates with endogen TPO concentrations. […] The role of CD4 T cells in ITP has been known for years, with clones recognizing GPIIb/IIIa detected in the spleen and the blood of ITP patients in the early 2000s. […] An imbalance between the proinflammatory and the anti-inflammatory responses is present during ITP, with a skewing of T cells to helper T cell (Th) polarizations, associated with a quantitative or functional deficiency of regulatory T cells (Treg). […] The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in ITP was shown in the early 2000s by their capability to lyse platelets, associated with increased plasma concentrations of the cytotoxic proteins granzyme A and B. […] Overall, desialylation appears to be involved in both platelet destruction and production and is associated with a lower platelet count and a refractoriness to usual therapies.

• #61

  https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/fulltext/2021/06000/immune_thrombocytopenia__recent_advances_in.6.aspx

  ITP is referred to as secondary that is, associated to another disease in 20% of cases, mostly hematological malignancies, followed by systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus, infections, and primary immune deficiencies. […] The involvement of the humoral response against platelets is known since the 1950s when Harrington et al observed that sera of ITP patients induced thrombocytopenia when infused to healthy volunteers. […] The spleen plays a major role in ITP pathogenesis, being the site of an intense autoimmune response with an expansion of germinal centers and the generation of mutated, high-affinity-antiplatelet antibody-secreting plasma cells. […] Various mechanisms support the cytotoxicity mediated by antibodies, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), causing the destruction of targeted cells by the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), but also facilitating their phagocytosis (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis [ADCP]) by macrophages expressing Fc gamma receptor (FcR) and complement receptor 1 that binds to the complement fraction C3b.

• #62

  https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/fulltext/2021/06000/immune_thrombocytopenia__recent_advances_in.6.aspx

  A major mechanism of peripheral platelet destruction is ADCP, mediated by splenic macrophages. […] During ITP, the inappropriate levels of TPO are linked to its physiological regulation. […] This insufficient platelet production supports the use of TPO-RA, whose efficacy inversely correlates with endogen TPO concentrations. […] The role of CD4 T cells in ITP has been known for years, with clones recognizing GPIIb/IIIa detected in the spleen and the blood of ITP patients in the early 2000s. […] An imbalance between the proinflammatory and the anti-inflammatory responses is present during ITP, with a skewing of T cells to helper T cell (Th) polarizations, associated with a quantitative or functional deficiency of regulatory T cells (Treg). […] The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in ITP was shown in the early 2000s by their capability to lyse platelets, associated with increased plasma concentrations of the cytotoxic proteins granzyme A and B. […] Overall, desialylation appears to be involved in both platelet destruction and production and is associated with a lower platelet count and a refractoriness to usual therapies.

• #63 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688304/all/Immune_Thrombocytopenia__ITP_?q=Common+immunodeficiency+variable

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a condition characterized by the immunologic destruction of normal platelets and/or impaired thrombopoiesis in response to an unknown stimulus. […] Accelerated platelet uptake and destruction by reticuloendothelial phagocytes results from action of IgG autoantibodies against platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb/IIIa, GP Ib/IX, GP Ia/IIa, and GP VI. There is also cell-mediated platelet destruction by CD8+ T cells. […] Autoantibodies interfere with megakaryocyte maturation, resulting in decreased production. […] Infections: Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C, HIV, CMV, varicella zoster, measles, rubella, influenza, EBV, Whipple disease.

• #64 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779545-overview

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a syndrome in which platelets become coated with autoantibodies to platelet membrane antigens, resulting in splenic sequestration and phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages. […] The term „idiopathic” no longer applies, because the etiology is known: ITP is caused by a dysregulation of the immune system. […] In chronic ITP, for unknown reasons, membrane glycoproteins (GPs) on the surface of platelets become immunogenic, stimulating the production of platelet autoantibodies. In acute ITP, the stimulus for autoantibody production is also unknown; platelet membrane cryptantigens may become exposed by the stress of infection, or pseudoantigens may be formed by the passive adsorption of pathogens on platelet surfaces. […] The spleen is the site of autoantibody production (white pulp); it is also the site of phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated platelets (red pulp). […] The mononuclear macrophage system of the spleen is responsible for removing platelets in ITP, as demonstrated by the fact that splenectomy results in prompt restoration of normal platelet counts in most patients with ITP.

• #65 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779545-overview

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a syndrome in which platelets become coated with autoantibodies to platelet membrane antigens, resulting in splenic sequestration and phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages. […] The term „idiopathic” no longer applies, because the etiology is known: ITP is caused by a dysregulation of the immune system. […] In chronic ITP, for unknown reasons, membrane glycoproteins (GPs) on the surface of platelets become immunogenic, stimulating the production of platelet autoantibodies. In acute ITP, the stimulus for autoantibody production is also unknown; platelet membrane cryptantigens may become exposed by the stress of infection, or pseudoantigens may be formed by the passive adsorption of pathogens on platelet surfaces. […] The spleen is the site of autoantibody production (white pulp); it is also the site of phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated platelets (red pulp). […] The mononuclear macrophage system of the spleen is responsible for removing platelets in ITP, as demonstrated by the fact that splenectomy results in prompt restoration of normal platelet counts in most patients with ITP.

• #66 Immune Thrombocytopenia | Disease Education | Amgen Oncology

  https://www.amgenoncology.com/immune-thrombocytopenia.html

  Primary ITP is characterized by platelet counts 100 x 109/L in the absence of other identifiable causes of thrombocytopenia1 […] ITP is a complex and heterogeneous disease triggered by immune system dysregulation, resulting in increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production12 […] Loss of regulation (decrease Treg, increase Th1/Th2 ratio) leads to an unchecked immune response and results in production of antiplatelet autoantibodies11,13,14 […] Autoantibodies bind to healthy platelets, resulting in their sequestration and destruction by macrophages in the spleen4 […] Autoantibodies target specific antigens expressed by megakaryocytes and progenitors, resulting in decreased maturation and impaired platelet production4,15 […] Autoreactive cytotoxic T cells damage megakaryocytes and progenitor cells, and directly lyse healthy platelets13 […] Due to the loss of platelet-bound TPO, patients with ITP have functional TPO deficiency, with insufficient levels to overcome immune destruction of platelets10,16

• #67 Immune Thrombocytopenia | Disease Education | Amgen Oncology

  https://www.amgenoncology.com/immune-thrombocytopenia.html

  Primary ITP is characterized by platelet counts 100 x 109/L in the absence of other identifiable causes of thrombocytopenia1 […] ITP is a complex and heterogeneous disease triggered by immune system dysregulation, resulting in increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production12 […] Loss of regulation (decrease Treg, increase Th1/Th2 ratio) leads to an unchecked immune response and results in production of antiplatelet autoantibodies11,13,14 […] Autoantibodies bind to healthy platelets, resulting in their sequestration and destruction by macrophages in the spleen4 […] Autoantibodies target specific antigens expressed by megakaryocytes and progenitors, resulting in decreased maturation and impaired platelet production4,15 […] Autoreactive cytotoxic T cells damage megakaryocytes and progenitor cells, and directly lyse healthy platelets13 […] Due to the loss of platelet-bound TPO, patients with ITP have functional TPO deficiency, with insufficient levels to overcome immune destruction of platelets10,16

• #68 Immune Thrombocytopenia | Disease Education | Amgen Oncology

  https://www.amgenoncology.com/immune-thrombocytopenia.html

  Primary ITP is characterized by platelet counts 100 x 109/L in the absence of other identifiable causes of thrombocytopenia1 […] ITP is a complex and heterogeneous disease triggered by immune system dysregulation, resulting in increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production12 […] Loss of regulation (decrease Treg, increase Th1/Th2 ratio) leads to an unchecked immune response and results in production of antiplatelet autoantibodies11,13,14 […] Autoantibodies bind to healthy platelets, resulting in their sequestration and destruction by macrophages in the spleen4 […] Autoantibodies target specific antigens expressed by megakaryocytes and progenitors, resulting in decreased maturation and impaired platelet production4,15 […] Autoreactive cytotoxic T cells damage megakaryocytes and progenitor cells, and directly lyse healthy platelets13 […] Due to the loss of platelet-bound TPO, patients with ITP have functional TPO deficiency, with insufficient levels to overcome immune destruction of platelets10,16

• #69 Immune Thrombocytopenia | MDedge

  https://ma1.mdedge.com/content/immune-thrombocytopenia

  Although patients with ITP have low platelet counts, studies starting with Dameshek have shown that these patients also have reduced production of platelets. Despite the very low circulating platelet count, levels of the platelet growth factor thrombopoietin (TPO) are not raised. […] Two TPO receptor agonists (TPO-RA) are approved for use in patients with ITP.

• #70 Immune Thrombocytopenia | Disease Education | Amgen Oncology

  https://www.amgenoncology.com/immune-thrombocytopenia.html

  Primary ITP is characterized by platelet counts 100 x 109/L in the absence of other identifiable causes of thrombocytopenia1 […] ITP is a complex and heterogeneous disease triggered by immune system dysregulation, resulting in increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production12 […] Loss of regulation (decrease Treg, increase Th1/Th2 ratio) leads to an unchecked immune response and results in production of antiplatelet autoantibodies11,13,14 […] Autoantibodies bind to healthy platelets, resulting in their sequestration and destruction by macrophages in the spleen4 […] Autoantibodies target specific antigens expressed by megakaryocytes and progenitors, resulting in decreased maturation and impaired platelet production4,15 […] Autoreactive cytotoxic T cells damage megakaryocytes and progenitor cells, and directly lyse healthy platelets13 […] Due to the loss of platelet-bound TPO, patients with ITP have functional TPO deficiency, with insufficient levels to overcome immune destruction of platelets10,16

• #71 Immune Thrombocytopenia | MDedge

  https://ma1.mdedge.com/content/immune-thrombocytopenia

  Although patients with ITP have low platelet counts, studies starting with Dameshek have shown that these patients also have reduced production of platelets. Despite the very low circulating platelet count, levels of the platelet growth factor thrombopoietin (TPO) are not raised. […] Two TPO receptor agonists (TPO-RA) are approved for use in patients with ITP.

• #72

  https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/fulltext/2021/06000/immune_thrombocytopenia__recent_advances_in.6.aspx

  A major mechanism of peripheral platelet destruction is ADCP, mediated by splenic macrophages. […] During ITP, the inappropriate levels of TPO are linked to its physiological regulation. […] This insufficient platelet production supports the use of TPO-RA, whose efficacy inversely correlates with endogen TPO concentrations. […] The role of CD4 T cells in ITP has been known for years, with clones recognizing GPIIb/IIIa detected in the spleen and the blood of ITP patients in the early 2000s. […] An imbalance between the proinflammatory and the anti-inflammatory responses is present during ITP, with a skewing of T cells to helper T cell (Th) polarizations, associated with a quantitative or functional deficiency of regulatory T cells (Treg). […] The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in ITP was shown in the early 2000s by their capability to lyse platelets, associated with increased plasma concentrations of the cytotoxic proteins granzyme A and B. […] Overall, desialylation appears to be involved in both platelet destruction and production and is associated with a lower platelet count and a refractoriness to usual therapies.

• #73 Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia: Contextualization from a Historical Perspective

  https://www.mdpi.com/2038-8330/16/2/21

  In ITP, immunoglobulin G-type autoantibodies are generally the most frequent (IgA and IgM are less frequent). These autoantibodies are produced by autoreactive B lymphocytes and bind to glycoproteins of the platelet membrane, which favors the clearance of platelets from the circulation through the reticuloendothelial system (SRE) of the liver and spleen. […] The cytokine, BAFF (B cell activating factor), is increased, which stimulates autoreactive B cells, thus boosting antiplatelet antibody production. Various mechanisms have been suggested to be responsible for the production of auto-antibodies in ITP, such as antigenic cross-reactivity (mimicry), somatic mutations, or defects in the elimination of autoreactive clonal B cells. […] The overall mortality of patients with ITP is slightly higher than that of the general population (1.3–2.2 times higher according to different studies). […] The prognosis of ITP worsens if it is secondary.

• #74 Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): Information for parents | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp-information-for-parents/

  ITP is usually caused by something going wrong with the immune system (the bodys defence against infection) or an allergic reaction of some kind. […] This can be caused after a viral illness or immunisation when your childs immune system attacks the virus but then goes on to think that the platelets are also viruses and so attacks them.

• #75 Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

  https://patient.info/allergies-blood-immune/blood-clotting-tests/immune-thrombocytopenia

  Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder. In autoimmune disorders your body makes proteins called antibodies which damage another part of your body. In ITP the antibodies are made against platelets. […] It is called 'immune’ because it is now known that a problem with the immune system is the cause. […] The condition often occurs about 2-3 weeks after an infection (often a common viral infection). Occasionally, it follows immunisation. […] So, what seems to happen in children with ITP is that the immune system is triggered to produce antibodies against the platelets by an infecting virus or other germ. […] In adults, ITP comes on gradually and does not usually follow a viral illness. It is not really known what causes the disease. […] Most adults with ITP do not require active treatment, unless they have significant symptoms or need to undergo surgery for any reason, including dental work.

• #76 Immune Thrombocytopenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562282/

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count, purpura, and hemorrhagic episodes. […] Secondary ITP typically has an external cause, including drugs and other autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Infection and immune changes are the 2 most common ITP-inciting events. […] Antibodies develop against viral antigens, which exhibit a form of molecular mimicry that leads to cross-reactions with normal platelet antigens. […] Autoimmune conditions commonly triggering ITP include antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, Evans syndrome, hematopoietic cell transplantation, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. […] Various medications are known to cause ITP, including the following: Abciximab, -lactam antibiotics, Carbamazepine, Eptifibatide, Gold compounds, Heparin, Phenytoin, Linezolid, Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, Piperacillin, Quinine, Sulfonamides, Vancomycin, Tirofiban, Rifampin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #77 Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779545-overview

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a syndrome in which platelets become coated with autoantibodies to platelet membrane antigens, resulting in splenic sequestration and phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages. […] The term „idiopathic” no longer applies, because the etiology is known: ITP is caused by a dysregulation of the immune system. […] In chronic ITP, for unknown reasons, membrane glycoproteins (GPs) on the surface of platelets become immunogenic, stimulating the production of platelet autoantibodies. In acute ITP, the stimulus for autoantibody production is also unknown; platelet membrane cryptantigens may become exposed by the stress of infection, or pseudoantigens may be formed by the passive adsorption of pathogens on platelet surfaces. […] The spleen is the site of autoantibody production (white pulp); it is also the site of phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated platelets (red pulp). […] The mononuclear macrophage system of the spleen is responsible for removing platelets in ITP, as demonstrated by the fact that splenectomy results in prompt restoration of normal platelet counts in most patients with ITP.

• #78 Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) – Alder Hey Children’s Hospital Trust

  https://www.alderhey.nhs.uk/conditions/patient-information-leaflets/immune-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp/

  ITP is a significant reduction in the blood cells, known as platelets, circulating in the blood stream. It happens in 4 in 100,000 children each year. […] There is not always a known cause for platelets to stop circulating. Most commonly it is caused by the body’s immune system working in overdrive, attacking it’s own platelets and removing them from the bloodstream (autoimmune). When trying to fight off and recover from a viral infection the immune system can also damage the platelet factory cells in the bone marrow. The viral infection may hardly have been noticeable and may have occurred as long ago as 6 to 8 weeks before the symptoms of ITP become obvious. ITP can follow from vaccinations which may prime the immune system to be more active. […] There is a UK ITP Registry which you may be asked to participate in to help us understand more about why ITP occurs.

• #79 Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) treatment in Hyderabad

  https://www.drkarunhematology.com/itp-immune-thrombocytopenia.html

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), sometimes called immune thrombocytopenic purpura or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an autoimmune disorder that occurs when your child’s body attacks its own platelets and destroys them too quickly. […] While ITP in children often arises after a viral infection, for the majority of cases the cause is unknown. […] ITP causes a child’s body to make abnormal antibodies that stick to platelets, which the spleen recognizes as signs of infection and destroys. […] In a child with ITP, the body is producing platelets normally but also destroying them too quickly, with platelets surviving only a few hours instead of the normal seven to 10 days. […] Recurrence of ITP is uncommon, but it can occur up to several years after the initial episode and may be associated with another viral infection.

• #80 Immune thrombocytopenia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/138

  Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children typically presents with a preceding viral illness and an abrupt onset. There is a female preponderance among adults, who may present with thrombocytopenia with or without bleeding. […] Primary ITP, also known as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, is a haematological disorder characterised by isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet count 100 10/L [100 10/microlitre]) in the absence of an identifiable cause. The thrombocytopenia is secondary to an autoimmune phenomenon and involves antibody destruction of peripheral platelets. […] Secondary ITP includes all forms of ITP where associated medical conditions or precipitants can be identified. The distinction between primary and secondary ITP is clinically relevant because of their different natural histories and distinct treatments, including the need to treat the underlying condition in secondary ITP.

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