Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bleeding – perimenopausal, postmenopausal and breakthrough bleeding on MHT/HRT – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/postmenopausal-bleeding-including-breakthrough-on-mht-hrt

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) refers to any vaginal bleeding that occurs in a menopausal woman ie. 12 months after their final menstrual period. This does not include the regular withdrawal bleed that occurs on MHT. […] Any postmenopausal bleeding requires investigation to exclude a sinister cause. The likelihood of endometrial carcinoma for a woman presenting with PMB is 10%. However, around 95% of women with endometrial malignancy will present with PMB. […] Patients taking non-conventional MHT, such as troches and transdermal progestogen are at risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. […] Bleeding should be investigated if it occurs after six months use of CCMHT or tibolone, or starts after amenorrhoea has been established on this regimen. […] The primary goal of investigation is to exclude malignancy, and secondarily to elucidate a treatable non-malignant cause.

• #2 Postmenopausal Bleeding: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21549-postmenopausal-bleeding

  Postmenopausal bleeding is vaginal bleeding that occurs a year or more after your last menstrual period. […] In most cases, postmenopausal bleeding is due to benign (noncancerous) conditions and isnt a cause for worry. […] Talk to your healthcare provider if you experience any bleeding after menopause. […] Contact your healthcare provider if you experience bleeding after menopause as it could be a sign of a medical condition. […] Vaginal bleeding after menopause is harmless most of the time. But postmenopausal bleeding can be a sign of a more serious medical condition, such as uterine, cervical or ovarian cancer. […] Because theres a chance the bleeding is due to cancer, its best to contact your provider for an appointment. […] Treatment for postmenopausal bleeding depends on its cause. Medication and surgery are the most common treatments.

• #3 Bleeding – perimenopausal, postmenopausal and breakthrough bleeding on MHT/HRT – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/postmenopausal-bleeding-including-breakthrough-on-mht-hrt

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) refers to any vaginal bleeding that occurs in a menopausal woman ie. 12 months after their final menstrual period. This does not include the regular withdrawal bleed that occurs on MHT. […] Any postmenopausal bleeding requires investigation to exclude a sinister cause. The likelihood of endometrial carcinoma for a woman presenting with PMB is 10%. However, around 95% of women with endometrial malignancy will present with PMB. […] Patients taking non-conventional MHT, such as troches and transdermal progestogen are at risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. […] Bleeding should be investigated if it occurs after six months use of CCMHT or tibolone, or starts after amenorrhoea has been established on this regimen. […] The primary goal of investigation is to exclude malignancy, and secondarily to elucidate a treatable non-malignant cause.

• #4 Postmenopausal bleeding: Causes, diagnosis and treatment | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/menstruation/postmenopausal-bleeding-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined as any bleeding from the genital tract, more than 12 months after the last menstrual period in a woman who is not on any hormone replacement therapy (HRT). […] All postmenopausal women with unexpected uterine bleeding should be evaluated for endometrial carcinoma since this potentially lethal disease will be the cause of bleeding in approximately 10 percent. […] Diagnostic evaluation is very important to exclude endometrial cancer since age is a significant risk factor for this disorder. […] Pap smear and ultrasound pelvis are very important screening tests in evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding. […] Endometrial malignancies are managed with hysterectomy, bilateral removal of the fallopian tubes, ovaries and lymph node dissection. […] Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia is best managed with a levonorgestral (LNG) IUS, if not oral progesterones.

• #5 Bleeding After Menopause Could Be a Problem. Here’s What to Know. | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/bleeding-after-menopause-could-be-a-problem-heres-what-to-know

  Postmenopausal bleeding can range from light spotting that is pinkish-gray or brown, all the way to a heavy flow, like a regular period. […] No matter your exact symptoms, youll want to get in touch with your ob-gyn right away if this happens to you. […] Topical estrogen cream often resolves this kind of postmenopausal bleeding. Using lubrication during intercourse can help as well. […] Bleeding after menopause is not normal, so take it seriously. Go directly to your ob-gyn. […] If testing finds cancerous cells or cell changes that could lead to cancer, your ob-gyn should refer you to a specialist called a gynecologic oncologist. […] Even if it isnt cancer, you may need future ultrasounds to keep an eye on things. […] As long as she keeps coming to see me every time she has bleeding, well stick to this approachkeeping an eye on her with pelvic exams, ultrasounds, and other tests as needed. Its a plan that is both safe and aligned with her wishes. […] Bleeding after menopause is not normal, so take it seriously. Go directly to your ob-gyn. Chances are, theres no reason for panic. But only through careful evaluation can we be sure what were dealing with.

• #6 Postmenopausal bleeding: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317624

  Menopause occurs when there has been no menstruation for a year. A period, or any bleeding, after menopause is unusual and may be a sign of a health condition that needs medical attention. […] Postmenopausal bleeding can stem from a range of issues. […] No type of bleeding should occur after menopause. […] It is essential to seek medical help and advice if any bleeding occurs to rule out less likely but more serious conditions. […] Treatments for postmenopausal bleeding will depend on the cause. […] A doctor can consider the information gathered from the testing to work out the best course of treatment. […] For this reason, it is essential to seek help as soon as possible if bleeding or other symptoms occur. […] It is best to speak with a doctor if bleeding occurs after menopause to identify the reason, get appropriate treatment, and rule out serious conditions.

• #7 Postmenopausal Bleeding > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/postmenopausal-bleeding

  A number of treatments are available that can address the causes of postmenopausal bleeding, from age-related tissue atrophy to cancer. Early treatment leads to the best outcomes, particularly for women who have cancer. […] Treatment of postmenopausal bleeding is based on its cause. […] If polyps or fibroids are the source of postmenopausal bleeding, surgery may be recommended to remove them. […] If an infection is identified, medications will be prescribed to eliminate the infection and stop future bleeding. […] If postmenopausal bleeding happens because a woman has a thick uterine lining (endometrial hyperplasia), progestin therapy may be prescribed to trigger shedding of the uterine lining. […] If a woman is diagnosed with endometrial cancer, surgical removal of the uterus (hysterectomy), often along with the ovaries and fallopian tubes, may be needed. Local lymph nodes may also be biopsied to see if the cancer has spread. A woman may receive chemotherapy or radiation after surgery, depending on the circumstances of her diagnosis.

• #8 Postmenopausal Bleeding | Definition & Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Postmenopausal bleeding may be benign or could be a result of a more serious condition like cancer. […] To prevent abnormal postmenopausal bleeding, the best strategy is to reduce your risk factors for the conditions that could cause it. […] Treat endometrial atrophy early in order to prevent it from progressing into cancer. […] Visit your gynecologist for regular screenings. This can help detect conditions before they become more problematic or result in postmenopausal bleeding. […] Maintain a healthy weight, following a healthy diet and exercising regularly. This alone can prevent a variety of complications and conditions throughout the entire body. […] If your doctor recommends it, consider hormone replacement therapy. This may help prevent endometrial cancer. There are cons, however, which you should discuss with your doctor.

• #9 Postmenopausal Bleeding | Definition & Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Postmenopausal bleeding may be benign or could be a result of a more serious condition like cancer. […] To prevent abnormal postmenopausal bleeding, the best strategy is to reduce your risk factors for the conditions that could cause it. […] Treat endometrial atrophy early in order to prevent it from progressing into cancer. […] Visit your gynecologist for regular screenings. This can help detect conditions before they become more problematic or result in postmenopausal bleeding. […] Maintain a healthy weight, following a healthy diet and exercising regularly. This alone can prevent a variety of complications and conditions throughout the entire body. […] If your doctor recommends it, consider hormone replacement therapy. This may help prevent endometrial cancer. There are cons, however, which you should discuss with your doctor.

• #10 Postmenopausal Bleeding: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment | Chrissie Yu

  https://www.chrissieyu.com/insights/about-post-menopausal-bleeding/

  Postmenopausal bleeding, however slight, is not normal, could be serious, and must be checked out. […] In all cases, though, postmenopausal bleeding is not normal, could be a sign of something that needs immediate medical attention, and must be checked out by your doctor. […] The most important thing you can do is look after yourself and be aware of your body. […] Its a good idea to visit your gynaecologist regularly for screenings. Its all about early detection. Small interventions now can save a lot of grief further down the line. […] Consider hormone replacement therapy. It has pros and cons, but one important pro is potential prevention of endometrial cancer. Your gynaecologist or doctor will discuss your options with pros and cons thoroughly explored.

• #11 Postmenopausal Bleeding

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Most important is that every women should visit a gynecologist for regular screenings. […] Although it may not be possible to prevent abnormal vaginal bleeding, regular check up by a gynaecologist can help detect any conditions early including cancer which may decrease a womans morbidity and mortality to a large extent. […] To prevent abnormal postmenopausal bleeding, the best strategy is to reduce the risk factors that could cause it. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, a healthy weight, following a healthy diet and exercising regularly can prevent a variety of complications and conditions throughout the entire body.

• #12 Postmenopausal Bleeding: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment | Chrissie Yu

  https://www.chrissieyu.com/insights/about-post-menopausal-bleeding/

  Postmenopausal bleeding, however slight, is not normal, could be serious, and must be checked out. […] In all cases, though, postmenopausal bleeding is not normal, could be a sign of something that needs immediate medical attention, and must be checked out by your doctor. […] The most important thing you can do is look after yourself and be aware of your body. […] Its a good idea to visit your gynaecologist regularly for screenings. Its all about early detection. Small interventions now can save a lot of grief further down the line. […] Consider hormone replacement therapy. It has pros and cons, but one important pro is potential prevention of endometrial cancer. Your gynaecologist or doctor will discuss your options with pros and cons thoroughly explored.

• #13 Postmenopausal Bleeding | Definition & Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Postmenopausal bleeding may be benign or could be a result of a more serious condition like cancer. […] To prevent abnormal postmenopausal bleeding, the best strategy is to reduce your risk factors for the conditions that could cause it. […] Treat endometrial atrophy early in order to prevent it from progressing into cancer. […] Visit your gynecologist for regular screenings. This can help detect conditions before they become more problematic or result in postmenopausal bleeding. […] Maintain a healthy weight, following a healthy diet and exercising regularly. This alone can prevent a variety of complications and conditions throughout the entire body. […] If your doctor recommends it, consider hormone replacement therapy. This may help prevent endometrial cancer. There are cons, however, which you should discuss with your doctor.

• #14 Post-Menopausal Bleeding Treatment Plano TX | Polyp Removal Surgery Frisco, McKinney, Allen

  https://www.allenobgyn.com/post-menopausal-bleeding-obstetrics-gynecology-surgeon-allen-tx/

  Post-menopausal bleeding may happen due to: […] The best way to treat any condition is through maintenance of healthy body weight, consumption of a nutritious diet and regular exercise. The same holds true for the management of post-menopausal bleeding. Postmenopausal bleeding can be treated effectively based on timely diagnosis. Its important to keep your regular appointments with your gynecologist.

• #15 Bleeding After Menopause: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.health.com/bleeding-after-menopause-8742694

  Bleeding after menopause, also referred to as postmenopausal bleeding, is any vaginal bleeding that occurs after you’ve stopped having your menstrual cycle for 12 months in a row. […] It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider as soon as possible if you have postmenopausal bleeding. […] Because you’re no longer having a menstrual cycle, any bleeding after menopause is abnormal bleeding. It’s important to see a healthcare provider at the first sign of postmenopausal bleeding. The earlier your provider diagnoses the cause, the more likely the outcome will be favorable, regardless of the underlying condition. […] Menopause and the accompanying hormonal changes are a natural part of life. Because of that, it might not always be possible to prevent the hormone-related causes of postmenopausal bleeding. However, there are some things you can do to prevent your risk of bleeding after menopause. […] You can also prevent endometrial hyperplasia by taking progestin or progesterone if you take estrogen. Losing excess weight can also help. […] Excess weight loss and physical activity can also lower your risk of endometrial cancer.

• #16 Bleeding After Menopause: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.health.com/bleeding-after-menopause-8742694

  Bleeding after menopause, also referred to as postmenopausal bleeding, is any vaginal bleeding that occurs after you’ve stopped having your menstrual cycle for 12 months in a row. […] It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider as soon as possible if you have postmenopausal bleeding. […] Because you’re no longer having a menstrual cycle, any bleeding after menopause is abnormal bleeding. It’s important to see a healthcare provider at the first sign of postmenopausal bleeding. The earlier your provider diagnoses the cause, the more likely the outcome will be favorable, regardless of the underlying condition. […] Menopause and the accompanying hormonal changes are a natural part of life. Because of that, it might not always be possible to prevent the hormone-related causes of postmenopausal bleeding. However, there are some things you can do to prevent your risk of bleeding after menopause. […] You can also prevent endometrial hyperplasia by taking progestin or progesterone if you take estrogen. Losing excess weight can also help. […] Excess weight loss and physical activity can also lower your risk of endometrial cancer.

• #17

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Postmenopausal bleeding can be a cause for concern and should never be ignored. […] It is essential for women experiencing postmenopausal bleeding to consult with their healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis. Identifying any underlying causes early on can lead to timely treatment and better outcomes for overall health and well-being. […] Prevention is key when it comes to postmenopausal bleeding. […] One of the most important preventive measures is regular check-ups with your healthcare provider. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is also crucial in preventing postmenopausal bleeding. […] It’s important to note that certain medications or hormone therapies may increase the risk of postmenopausal bleeding. […] Lastly, staying informed about the signs and symptoms of postmenopausal bleeding is vital. Any unexpected vaginal bleeding after menopause should be promptly reported to your healthcare provider for further evaluation.

• #18 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Postmenopausal and Menopausal Transition | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688239/all/Abnormal_Uterine_Bleeding:_Postmenopausal_and_Menopausal_Transition

  There are no recommended screening tests for endometrial cancer (4,5)[A]. […] Women undergoing HRT with estrogen should also be treated with progesterone to reduce risk of endometrial hyperplasia (4,5)[A]. Progesterone is generally considered not to be necessary for women using vaginal cream to treat local vaginal symptoms. […] Use of combined oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, or the levonorgestrel intrauterine device (IUD) are protective factors against developing endometrial cancer (5).

• #19 Postmenopausal Bleeding: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment | Chrissie Yu

  https://www.chrissieyu.com/insights/about-post-menopausal-bleeding/

  Postmenopausal bleeding, however slight, is not normal, could be serious, and must be checked out. […] In all cases, though, postmenopausal bleeding is not normal, could be a sign of something that needs immediate medical attention, and must be checked out by your doctor. […] The most important thing you can do is look after yourself and be aware of your body. […] Its a good idea to visit your gynaecologist regularly for screenings. Its all about early detection. Small interventions now can save a lot of grief further down the line. […] Consider hormone replacement therapy. It has pros and cons, but one important pro is potential prevention of endometrial cancer. Your gynaecologist or doctor will discuss your options with pros and cons thoroughly explored.

• #20 Postmenopausal Bleeding: An Update

  https://ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/652

  The clinical approach to postmenopausal bleeding requires prompt and efficient evaluation to exclude or diagnose endometrial carcinoma and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia and to find out the real source. […] Higher dose of progesterone may be required for endometrial protection when higher doses of estradiol as hormone replacement therapy are used, or in women with high BMI. Unopposed estrogen therapy is associated with a duration and dose-related increase in risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. Endometrial protection requires an adequate dose and duration of progestogen. […] Finally, patient counseling with discussion of risks /benefits of different options of treatment modalities is the cornerstone of success of addressing postmenopausal bleeding.

• #21 Postmenopausal Bleeding: An Update

  https://ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/652

  The clinical approach to postmenopausal bleeding requires prompt and efficient evaluation to exclude or diagnose endometrial carcinoma and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia and to find out the real source. […] Higher dose of progesterone may be required for endometrial protection when higher doses of estradiol as hormone replacement therapy are used, or in women with high BMI. Unopposed estrogen therapy is associated with a duration and dose-related increase in risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. Endometrial protection requires an adequate dose and duration of progestogen. […] Finally, patient counseling with discussion of risks /benefits of different options of treatment modalities is the cornerstone of success of addressing postmenopausal bleeding.

• #22 Bleeding – perimenopausal, postmenopausal and breakthrough bleeding on MHT/HRT – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/postmenopausal-bleeding-including-breakthrough-on-mht-hrt

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) refers to any vaginal bleeding that occurs in a menopausal woman ie. 12 months after their final menstrual period. This does not include the regular withdrawal bleed that occurs on MHT. […] Any postmenopausal bleeding requires investigation to exclude a sinister cause. The likelihood of endometrial carcinoma for a woman presenting with PMB is 10%. However, around 95% of women with endometrial malignancy will present with PMB. […] Patients taking non-conventional MHT, such as troches and transdermal progestogen are at risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. […] Bleeding should be investigated if it occurs after six months use of CCMHT or tibolone, or starts after amenorrhoea has been established on this regimen. […] The primary goal of investigation is to exclude malignancy, and secondarily to elucidate a treatable non-malignant cause.

• #23 Bleeding – perimenopausal, postmenopausal and breakthrough bleeding on MHT/HRT – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/postmenopausal-bleeding-including-breakthrough-on-mht-hrt

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) refers to any vaginal bleeding that occurs in a menopausal woman ie. 12 months after their final menstrual period. This does not include the regular withdrawal bleed that occurs on MHT. […] Any postmenopausal bleeding requires investigation to exclude a sinister cause. The likelihood of endometrial carcinoma for a woman presenting with PMB is 10%. However, around 95% of women with endometrial malignancy will present with PMB. […] Patients taking non-conventional MHT, such as troches and transdermal progestogen are at risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. […] Bleeding should be investigated if it occurs after six months use of CCMHT or tibolone, or starts after amenorrhoea has been established on this regimen. […] The primary goal of investigation is to exclude malignancy, and secondarily to elucidate a treatable non-malignant cause.

• #24 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Postmenopausal and Menopausal Transition | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688239/all/Abnormal_Uterine_Bleeding:_Postmenopausal_and_Menopausal_Transition

  There are no recommended screening tests for endometrial cancer (4,5)[A]. […] Women undergoing HRT with estrogen should also be treated with progesterone to reduce risk of endometrial hyperplasia (4,5)[A]. Progesterone is generally considered not to be necessary for women using vaginal cream to treat local vaginal symptoms. […] Use of combined oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, or the levonorgestrel intrauterine device (IUD) are protective factors against developing endometrial cancer (5).

• #25 Postmenopausal Bleeding – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562188/

  Menopause is characterized by the complete absence of menstrual cycles, which occurs when a female has no ovarian follicles left in reserve and is clinically diagnosed when a woman has had amenorrhea for 1 year. […] Bleeding after menopause has been established, termed postmenopausal bleeding, is considered abnormal and is the reason for approximately two-thirds of all gynecologic office visits in postmenopausal women. […] Therefore, any postmenopausal woman with vaginal bleeding should be promptly and appropriately evaluated through a comprehensive clinical examination and diagnostic studies, including endometrial biopsy and imaging. […] Due to the frequency with which clinicians encounter postmenopausal bleeding, healthcare professionals should have enhanced knowledge in selecting appropriate diagnostic tests, managing the etiology, and fostering effective interprofessional teamwork to improve outcomes in patients with this common condition. […] Patients should be educated that any bleeding after menopause is established is considered abnormal. […] Furthermore, preventive therapies, including intrauterine devices, have been shown to decrease the rate of uterine cancer by 50%.

• #26 Postmenopausal Bleeding – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562188/

  Menopause is characterized by the complete absence of menstrual cycles, which occurs when a female has no ovarian follicles left in reserve and is clinically diagnosed when a woman has had amenorrhea for 1 year. […] Bleeding after menopause has been established, termed postmenopausal bleeding, is considered abnormal and is the reason for approximately two-thirds of all gynecologic office visits in postmenopausal women. […] Therefore, any postmenopausal woman with vaginal bleeding should be promptly and appropriately evaluated through a comprehensive clinical examination and diagnostic studies, including endometrial biopsy and imaging. […] Due to the frequency with which clinicians encounter postmenopausal bleeding, healthcare professionals should have enhanced knowledge in selecting appropriate diagnostic tests, managing the etiology, and fostering effective interprofessional teamwork to improve outcomes in patients with this common condition. […] Patients should be educated that any bleeding after menopause is established is considered abnormal. […] Furthermore, preventive therapies, including intrauterine devices, have been shown to decrease the rate of uterine cancer by 50%.

• #27 Postmenopausal Bleeding | Definition & Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Postmenopausal bleeding may be benign or could be a result of a more serious condition like cancer. […] To prevent abnormal postmenopausal bleeding, the best strategy is to reduce your risk factors for the conditions that could cause it. […] Treat endometrial atrophy early in order to prevent it from progressing into cancer. […] Visit your gynecologist for regular screenings. This can help detect conditions before they become more problematic or result in postmenopausal bleeding. […] Maintain a healthy weight, following a healthy diet and exercising regularly. This alone can prevent a variety of complications and conditions throughout the entire body. […] If your doctor recommends it, consider hormone replacement therapy. This may help prevent endometrial cancer. There are cons, however, which you should discuss with your doctor.

• #28 Bleeding After Menopause Could Be a Problem. Here’s What to Know. | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/bleeding-after-menopause-could-be-a-problem-heres-what-to-know

  Postmenopausal bleeding can range from light spotting that is pinkish-gray or brown, all the way to a heavy flow, like a regular period. […] No matter your exact symptoms, youll want to get in touch with your ob-gyn right away if this happens to you. […] Topical estrogen cream often resolves this kind of postmenopausal bleeding. Using lubrication during intercourse can help as well. […] Bleeding after menopause is not normal, so take it seriously. Go directly to your ob-gyn. […] If testing finds cancerous cells or cell changes that could lead to cancer, your ob-gyn should refer you to a specialist called a gynecologic oncologist. […] Even if it isnt cancer, you may need future ultrasounds to keep an eye on things. […] As long as she keeps coming to see me every time she has bleeding, well stick to this approachkeeping an eye on her with pelvic exams, ultrasounds, and other tests as needed. Its a plan that is both safe and aligned with her wishes. […] Bleeding after menopause is not normal, so take it seriously. Go directly to your ob-gyn. Chances are, theres no reason for panic. But only through careful evaluation can we be sure what were dealing with.

• #29 Management of postmenopausal bleeding to prevent endometrial cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/755962/

  The primary goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to insure that no malignancy is present. […] The second goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to identify and treat those patients with endometrial hyperplasia since this is a precancerous lesion. […] Cyclic progestogens were given to 105 of 133 women with hyperplasia of the endometrium for 3-6 mth and curettage repeated. […] Hysterectomy was the primary therapy for 20 women with hyperplasia because of associated findings such as leiomyomata uteri. […] The incidence of curettage was highest in the untreated women (23.2%), lowest in the estrogen-progestogen users (3.9%) and indicated in 14.2% of those patients receiving estrogens alone.

• #30 Bleeding – perimenopausal, postmenopausal and breakthrough bleeding on MHT/HRT – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/postmenopausal-bleeding-including-breakthrough-on-mht-hrt

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) refers to any vaginal bleeding that occurs in a menopausal woman ie. 12 months after their final menstrual period. This does not include the regular withdrawal bleed that occurs on MHT. […] Any postmenopausal bleeding requires investigation to exclude a sinister cause. The likelihood of endometrial carcinoma for a woman presenting with PMB is 10%. However, around 95% of women with endometrial malignancy will present with PMB. […] Patients taking non-conventional MHT, such as troches and transdermal progestogen are at risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. […] Bleeding should be investigated if it occurs after six months use of CCMHT or tibolone, or starts after amenorrhoea has been established on this regimen. […] The primary goal of investigation is to exclude malignancy, and secondarily to elucidate a treatable non-malignant cause.

• #31 Management of postmenopausal bleeding to prevent endometrial cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/755962/

  The primary goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to insure that no malignancy is present. […] The second goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to identify and treat those patients with endometrial hyperplasia since this is a precancerous lesion. […] Cyclic progestogens were given to 105 of 133 women with hyperplasia of the endometrium for 3-6 mth and curettage repeated. […] Hysterectomy was the primary therapy for 20 women with hyperplasia because of associated findings such as leiomyomata uteri. […] The incidence of curettage was highest in the untreated women (23.2%), lowest in the estrogen-progestogen users (3.9%) and indicated in 14.2% of those patients receiving estrogens alone.

• #32 Bleeding – perimenopausal, postmenopausal and breakthrough bleeding on MHT/HRT – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/postmenopausal-bleeding-including-breakthrough-on-mht-hrt

  Endometrial ultrasound is the initial investigation of choice. […] When a localised or neoplastic lesion is found, the management is surgical. However, when the findings are benign and the patient is taking MHT, some modification of the MHT dose or regimen is required. […] Therefore, the following recommendations are based on clinical practice advice from the literature and based on the patterns of histology seen in women with breakthrough bleeding. […] Surgical management is appropriate for neoplastic and local lesions causing bleeding. However, women who have heavy or unmanageable breakthrough bleeding in the absence of pathology, may prefer to have a hysterectomy, after which they need take only oestrogen as MHT.

• #33 Q&A With NCI’s Dr Megan Clarke: Postmenopausal Bleeding as a Red Flag for Cancer | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/obstetrics-gynecology/qa-ncis-dr-megan-clarke-postmenopausal-bleeding-red

  Although many women can experience bleeding or spotting as they go through menopause, it is not normal for postmenopausal bleeding to continue 1 year or more after their last menstrual period. […] In fact, postmenopausal bleeding can sometimes signal the presence of harmful underlying conditions including malignancy and warrants medical attention, she said. […] Therefore, recognition of postmenopausal bleeding followed by prompt diagnostic evaluation are critical for early diagnosis and improved survival of endometrial cancer. […] The clinical approach to postmenopausal bleeding may vary by patient risk factors, practice setting, patient and provider preferences, and resources. It involves prompt evaluation using one or a combination of the following tests: Transvaginal ultrasound, Endometrial biopsy, Hysteroscopy with biopsy.

• #34 Postmenopausal bleeding: Causes, diagnosis and treatment | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/menstruation/postmenopausal-bleeding-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined as any bleeding from the genital tract, more than 12 months after the last menstrual period in a woman who is not on any hormone replacement therapy (HRT). […] All postmenopausal women with unexpected uterine bleeding should be evaluated for endometrial carcinoma since this potentially lethal disease will be the cause of bleeding in approximately 10 percent. […] Diagnostic evaluation is very important to exclude endometrial cancer since age is a significant risk factor for this disorder. […] Pap smear and ultrasound pelvis are very important screening tests in evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding. […] Endometrial malignancies are managed with hysterectomy, bilateral removal of the fallopian tubes, ovaries and lymph node dissection. […] Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia is best managed with a levonorgestral (LNG) IUS, if not oral progesterones.

• #35 Q&A With NCI’s Dr Megan Clarke: Postmenopausal Bleeding as a Red Flag for Cancer | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/obstetrics-gynecology/qa-ncis-dr-megan-clarke-postmenopausal-bleeding-red

  Persistent or recurrent bleeding is also associated with a greater risk of endometrial cancer and requires endometrial biopsy, even in women with an apparent thin endometrium. […] By accurately quantifying the risk of endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding, our study can aid in the assessment of new risk markers and will help inform clinical decision making.

• #36 Management of postmenopausal bleeding to prevent endometrial cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/755962/

  The primary goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to insure that no malignancy is present. […] The second goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to identify and treat those patients with endometrial hyperplasia since this is a precancerous lesion. […] Cyclic progestogens were given to 105 of 133 women with hyperplasia of the endometrium for 3-6 mth and curettage repeated. […] Hysterectomy was the primary therapy for 20 women with hyperplasia because of associated findings such as leiomyomata uteri. […] The incidence of curettage was highest in the untreated women (23.2%), lowest in the estrogen-progestogen users (3.9%) and indicated in 14.2% of those patients receiving estrogens alone.

• #37 Management of postmenopausal bleeding to prevent endometrial cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/755962/

  The primary goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to insure that no malignancy is present. […] The second goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to identify and treat those patients with endometrial hyperplasia since this is a precancerous lesion. […] Cyclic progestogens were given to 105 of 133 women with hyperplasia of the endometrium for 3-6 mth and curettage repeated. […] Hysterectomy was the primary therapy for 20 women with hyperplasia because of associated findings such as leiomyomata uteri. […] The incidence of curettage was highest in the untreated women (23.2%), lowest in the estrogen-progestogen users (3.9%) and indicated in 14.2% of those patients receiving estrogens alone.

• #38 Postmenopausal bleeding: Causes, diagnosis and treatment | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/menstruation/postmenopausal-bleeding-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined as any bleeding from the genital tract, more than 12 months after the last menstrual period in a woman who is not on any hormone replacement therapy (HRT). […] All postmenopausal women with unexpected uterine bleeding should be evaluated for endometrial carcinoma since this potentially lethal disease will be the cause of bleeding in approximately 10 percent. […] Diagnostic evaluation is very important to exclude endometrial cancer since age is a significant risk factor for this disorder. […] Pap smear and ultrasound pelvis are very important screening tests in evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding. […] Endometrial malignancies are managed with hysterectomy, bilateral removal of the fallopian tubes, ovaries and lymph node dissection. […] Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia is best managed with a levonorgestral (LNG) IUS, if not oral progesterones.

• #39 Dr. Rooma Sinha | Postmenopausal Uterine Bleeding

  https://drroomasinha.in/solution/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Any bleeding seen after attaining menopause is called post menopausal bleeding. This bleeding should not be ignored as in some women this could indicate cancer of the uterus. […] Even a single episode of post menopausal bleeding should be investigated by the gynaecologist. This needs pelvic examination, pap smear, Ultrasound. A biopsy of the endometrial lining should be done preferably by hysteroscopic guidance. […] Noncancerous conditions can be managed conservatively by removing polyps and further management is usually with medicines. Simple hyperplasia can be managed with medical therapy. Complex hyperplasia with atypia has higher chances of leading to endometrial cancer and is best treated by performing hysterectomy. Laparoscopic Hysterectomy is the method of choice. Endometrial cancer is treated with surgery (hysterectomy along with removal pelvic and para aortic lymph nodes). If the disease is detected early, cure rates are good. Some advance cases may require radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Follow up after surgery is as essential as the surgery itself.

• #40 Post Menopausal Bleeding | Rhonda Farrell

  https://www.rhondafarrell.com.au/general-gynaecology/post-menopausal-bleeding/

  Endometrial hyperplasia: Treated with hysterectomy, or sometimes with progestogen hormones (oral tablet or Mirena IUD) […] Endometrial cancer: Treatment involves total hysterectomy i.e. surgical removal of uterus and cervix. In some cases, other organs such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.

• #41 Postmenopausal Bleeding > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/postmenopausal-bleeding

  A number of treatments are available that can address the causes of postmenopausal bleeding, from age-related tissue atrophy to cancer. Early treatment leads to the best outcomes, particularly for women who have cancer. […] Treatment of postmenopausal bleeding is based on its cause. […] If polyps or fibroids are the source of postmenopausal bleeding, surgery may be recommended to remove them. […] If an infection is identified, medications will be prescribed to eliminate the infection and stop future bleeding. […] If postmenopausal bleeding happens because a woman has a thick uterine lining (endometrial hyperplasia), progestin therapy may be prescribed to trigger shedding of the uterine lining. […] If a woman is diagnosed with endometrial cancer, surgical removal of the uterus (hysterectomy), often along with the ovaries and fallopian tubes, may be needed. Local lymph nodes may also be biopsied to see if the cancer has spread. A woman may receive chemotherapy or radiation after surgery, depending on the circumstances of her diagnosis.

• #42 Postmenopausal bleeding

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  If you have any bleeding from the vagina after this time, contact your GP. […] Postmenopausal bleeding is not usually serious but can be a sign of cancer. Cancer is easier to treat if it’s found early. […] Treatment depends on what’s causing your bleeding: […] cervical polyps – your doctor may recommend the removal of the polyps […] endometrial atrophy – you may not need treatment, but other options are oestrogen cream or pessaries […] endometrial hyperplasia – you may need no treatment. In some cases, you may need hormone medicine or a total hysterectomy […] a side effect of HRT – changing or stopping HRT treatment […] womb cancer – often a total hysterectomy (surgery to remove your uterus, cervix and ovaries) […] ovarian cancer – a total hysterectomy (surgery to remove your uterus, cervix and ovaries)

• #43

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/p/article/postmenopausalbleeding/

  Menopause is usually diagnosed in women over 45 who have not had a period for more than a year. Any bleeding from the vagina after this time needs to be checked by a GP. […] Postmenopausal bleeding isn’t usually serious, but can be a sign of cancer. Cancer is easier to treat if it’s found early. […] If you have postmenopausal bleeding, a GP should refer you to hospital or a special postmenopausal bleeding clinic. […] Treatment for postmenopausal bleeding depends on what’s causing it. […] Causes and treatment for postmenopausal bleeding […] cause could be cervical polyps – the polyps may need to be removed by a specialist […] cause could be vaginal or endometrial atrophy – you may not need treatment, but may be offered oestrogen cream or pressaries […] cause could be endometrial hyperplasia – depending on the type of hyperplasia, you may be offered no treatment, hormone medicine (tablets or an intrauterine system, IUS) or a total hysterectomy (surgery to remove your uterus, cervix and ovaries)

• #44 Postmenopausal Bleeding | Intimate Wellness Institute

  https://iwiva.com/home-page/womens-speciality-care/advanced-gynecology/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Postmenopausal bleeding is usually due to benign (noncancerous) gynecological conditions such as endometrial polyps. […] But for about 10% of women, bleeding after menopause is a sign of uterine cancer (endometrial cancer). […] Do not ignore postmenopausal bleeding. Make an appointment with Dr. Guerette or an IWI team member. […] Treatment for postmenopausal bleeding depends on its cause. Medication and surgery are the most common treatments. […] Antibiotics can treat most infections of the cervix or uterus. […] Estrogen may help bleeding due to vaginal dryness. […] Progestin is a synthetic form of the hormone progesterone. It can treat endometrial hyperplasia by triggering the uterus to shed its lining. […] Hysteroscopy is a procedure to examine your cervix and uterus with a camera. […] Dilation and curettage (DC) is a procedure to sample the lining and contents of the uterus. […] Hysterectomy is a surgery to remove your uterus and cervix.

• #45 Postmenopausal Bleeding (PMB) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined for practical purposes as vaginal bleeding occurring after twelve months of amenorrhoea, in a woman of the age where the menopause can be expected. […] Although PMB usually has a benign cause, the priority is to exclude malignancy. […] This requires referral to a gynaecologist with an appointment within two weeks. […] Most women with PMB will not have significant pathology but the dictum remains that postmenopausal bleeding is cancer until proved otherwise. […] Women with breast cancer who take tamoxifen on a long-term basis are at increased risk of endometrial cancer. In view of the increased risk of endometrial cancer associated with tamoxifen therapy, there is a case for heightened vigilance for PMB by both the women and the clinician(s) responsible for their care.

• #46 Postmenopausal Bleeding – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562188/

  Menopause is characterized by the complete absence of menstrual cycles, which occurs when a female has no ovarian follicles left in reserve and is clinically diagnosed when a woman has had amenorrhea for 1 year. […] Bleeding after menopause has been established, termed postmenopausal bleeding, is considered abnormal and is the reason for approximately two-thirds of all gynecologic office visits in postmenopausal women. […] Therefore, any postmenopausal woman with vaginal bleeding should be promptly and appropriately evaluated through a comprehensive clinical examination and diagnostic studies, including endometrial biopsy and imaging. […] Due to the frequency with which clinicians encounter postmenopausal bleeding, healthcare professionals should have enhanced knowledge in selecting appropriate diagnostic tests, managing the etiology, and fostering effective interprofessional teamwork to improve outcomes in patients with this common condition. […] Patients should be educated that any bleeding after menopause is established is considered abnormal. […] Furthermore, preventive therapies, including intrauterine devices, have been shown to decrease the rate of uterine cancer by 50%.

• #47 Bleeding after menopause: It’s not normal | Cancer | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Too often I see women with advanced endometrial cancer (uterine cancer) who tell me they experienced postmenopausal bleeding for years but didnt think anything of it. This shows we need to do a better job educating our patients about what to expect after menopause. […] Women need to know postmenopausal bleeding is never normal, and it may be an early symptom of endometrial cancer. Any bleeding, even spotting, should trigger a visit to your doctor as soon as possible. […] Early diagnosis offers the best chance to beat endometrial cancer. I urge women to treat postmenopausal bleeding as cancer until proven to be something else. […] Treatment for postmenopausal bleeding depends on its cause. For example, if you have polyps, simply removing them may correct the problem. But if the diagnosis is cancer, you should seek care from a gynecologic oncologist.

• #48 Closer Look at Postmenopausal Bleeding and Endometrial Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2018/endometrial-cancer-bleeding-common-symptom

  Women experiencing abnormal vaginal bleeding may undergo a transvaginal ultrasound, biopsy, or both, to determine if an endometrial tumor is the cause. […] Typically, postmenopausal women who experience bleeding are referred for further testing to either rule out or diagnose endometrial cancer. […] If you have bleeding after menopause, you should call your doctor and let them know, said Dr. Chu. For the majority of women, it’s a benign problem, but there are simple things that can be done to rule out endometrial cancer. […] The findings confirm that „postmenopausal women with [vaginal] bleeding have a low risk of endometrial cancer, but the vast majority of women with endometrial cancer present with bleeding. […] Although they don’t want to alarm anyone with these results, added Dr. Clarke, women should know that getting tested if they have postmenopausal bleeding „gives us an opportunity to [potentially] detect endometrial cancer early, which provides a high likelihood of cure.

• #49 Bleeding after menopause: It’s not normal | Cancer | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Too often I see women with advanced endometrial cancer (uterine cancer) who tell me they experienced postmenopausal bleeding for years but didnt think anything of it. This shows we need to do a better job educating our patients about what to expect after menopause. […] Women need to know postmenopausal bleeding is never normal, and it may be an early symptom of endometrial cancer. Any bleeding, even spotting, should trigger a visit to your doctor as soon as possible. […] Early diagnosis offers the best chance to beat endometrial cancer. I urge women to treat postmenopausal bleeding as cancer until proven to be something else. […] Treatment for postmenopausal bleeding depends on its cause. For example, if you have polyps, simply removing them may correct the problem. But if the diagnosis is cancer, you should seek care from a gynecologic oncologist.

• #50 Is postmenopausal bleeding a concern? – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/postmenopausal-bleeding-should-you-be-concerned

  Bleeding after menopause is not normal. […] Women who have experienced a return of bleeding during menopause should consult with their care team right away. […] Simply put, women who experience postmenopausal bleeding should take it seriously and seek medical attention right away. There are many causes of bleeding after menopause. Careful evaluation can determine the cause and best treatment option for you.

• #51

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Postmenopausal bleeding can be a cause for concern and should never be ignored. […] It is essential for women experiencing postmenopausal bleeding to consult with their healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis. Identifying any underlying causes early on can lead to timely treatment and better outcomes for overall health and well-being. […] Prevention is key when it comes to postmenopausal bleeding. […] One of the most important preventive measures is regular check-ups with your healthcare provider. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is also crucial in preventing postmenopausal bleeding. […] It’s important to note that certain medications or hormone therapies may increase the risk of postmenopausal bleeding. […] Lastly, staying informed about the signs and symptoms of postmenopausal bleeding is vital. Any unexpected vaginal bleeding after menopause should be promptly reported to your healthcare provider for further evaluation.

• #52 Bleeding after menopause: It’s not normal | Cancer | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Too often I see women with advanced endometrial cancer (uterine cancer) who tell me they experienced postmenopausal bleeding for years but didnt think anything of it. This shows we need to do a better job educating our patients about what to expect after menopause. […] Women need to know postmenopausal bleeding is never normal, and it may be an early symptom of endometrial cancer. Any bleeding, even spotting, should trigger a visit to your doctor as soon as possible. […] Early diagnosis offers the best chance to beat endometrial cancer. I urge women to treat postmenopausal bleeding as cancer until proven to be something else. […] Treatment for postmenopausal bleeding depends on its cause. For example, if you have polyps, simply removing them may correct the problem. But if the diagnosis is cancer, you should seek care from a gynecologic oncologist.

• #53 Postmenopausal Bleeding | Definition & Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Postmenopausal bleeding may be benign or could be a result of a more serious condition like cancer. […] To prevent abnormal postmenopausal bleeding, the best strategy is to reduce your risk factors for the conditions that could cause it. […] Treat endometrial atrophy early in order to prevent it from progressing into cancer. […] Visit your gynecologist for regular screenings. This can help detect conditions before they become more problematic or result in postmenopausal bleeding. […] Maintain a healthy weight, following a healthy diet and exercising regularly. This alone can prevent a variety of complications and conditions throughout the entire body. […] If your doctor recommends it, consider hormone replacement therapy. This may help prevent endometrial cancer. There are cons, however, which you should discuss with your doctor.

• #54

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/postmenopausal-bleeding/

  Postmenopausal bleeding can be a cause for concern and should never be ignored. […] It is essential for women experiencing postmenopausal bleeding to consult with their healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis. Identifying any underlying causes early on can lead to timely treatment and better outcomes for overall health and well-being. […] Prevention is key when it comes to postmenopausal bleeding. […] One of the most important preventive measures is regular check-ups with your healthcare provider. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is also crucial in preventing postmenopausal bleeding. […] It’s important to note that certain medications or hormone therapies may increase the risk of postmenopausal bleeding. […] Lastly, staying informed about the signs and symptoms of postmenopausal bleeding is vital. Any unexpected vaginal bleeding after menopause should be promptly reported to your healthcare provider for further evaluation.

• #55 Postmenopausal Bleeding

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/postmenopausal-bleeding

  Most important is that every women should visit a gynecologist for regular screenings. […] Although it may not be possible to prevent abnormal vaginal bleeding, regular check up by a gynaecologist can help detect any conditions early including cancer which may decrease a womans morbidity and mortality to a large extent. […] To prevent abnormal postmenopausal bleeding, the best strategy is to reduce the risk factors that could cause it. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, a healthy weight, following a healthy diet and exercising regularly can prevent a variety of complications and conditions throughout the entire body.

• #56 Bleeding After Menopause: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.health.com/bleeding-after-menopause-8742694

  Bleeding after menopause, also referred to as postmenopausal bleeding, is any vaginal bleeding that occurs after you’ve stopped having your menstrual cycle for 12 months in a row. […] It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider as soon as possible if you have postmenopausal bleeding. […] Because you’re no longer having a menstrual cycle, any bleeding after menopause is abnormal bleeding. It’s important to see a healthcare provider at the first sign of postmenopausal bleeding. The earlier your provider diagnoses the cause, the more likely the outcome will be favorable, regardless of the underlying condition. […] Menopause and the accompanying hormonal changes are a natural part of life. Because of that, it might not always be possible to prevent the hormone-related causes of postmenopausal bleeding. However, there are some things you can do to prevent your risk of bleeding after menopause. […] You can also prevent endometrial hyperplasia by taking progestin or progesterone if you take estrogen. Losing excess weight can also help. […] Excess weight loss and physical activity can also lower your risk of endometrial cancer.

• #57 Postmenopausal Bleeding: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | MyloFamily

  https://mylofamily.com/article/postmenopausal-bleeding-symptoms-causes-treatment-215240?srsltid=AfmBOorX_XOyqUCNH1iUu4JhWpUNuLzyg8YOW-2omxOJB-rOC7i_QtnR

  Postmenopausal bleeding is when a woman has vaginal bleeding for a year or more after her last period. […] After menopause, bleeding can indicate uterine cancer in roughly 10% of women. […] If you have any bleeding issues after menopause, consult your doctor. […] You may not be able to stop irregular vaginal bleeding, but you can act immediately to acquire a diagnosis and start treatment for whatever is causing it. Early detection increases the likelihood of a successful treatment plan. Reducing your vulnerability to conditions that could lead to irregular postmenopausal bleeding is the most effective way to avoid this complication.

• #58 Postmenopausal bleeding: Causes, diagnosis and treatment | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/menstruation/postmenopausal-bleeding-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Polyps from cervix can be removed and sent for histopathology. […] Atrophic endometritis can be treated with short course of systemic estrogens with progesterones. […] The overall prognosis of postmenopausal bleeding is favorable as majority are benign causes which can be appropriately managed, once diagnosed correctly.

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