Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Oral candidiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

  Oral candidiasis is the most common form of candidiasis, by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth, and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans with lesions only occurring when the environment favors pathogenic behavior. […] Oropharyngeal candidiasis is common during cancer care, and it is a very common oral sign in individuals with HIV. Oral candidiasis occurs in about two thirds of people with concomitant AIDS and esophageal candidiasis. […] The incidence of all forms of candidiasis have increased in recent decades. This is due to developments in medicine, with more invasive medical procedures and surgeries, more widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppression therapies. The HIV/AIDs global pandemic has been the greatest factor in the increased incidence of oral candidiasis since the 1980s. The incidence of candidiasis caused by NCAC species is also increasing, again thought to be due to changes in medical practise (e.g., organ transplantation and use of indwelling catheters).

• #2 Candidiasis (Mucocutaneous): Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/candidiasis

  Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis are common in people with HIV. The vast majority of such infections are caused by Candida albicans, although infections caused by nonC. albicans species have been increasingly reported worldwide, in part due to increased selection pressure from increased use of azoles. The occurrence of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis is recognized as an indicator of immune suppression and is most often observed in people with CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) cell counts 200 cells/mm3, with esophageal disease typically occurring at lower CD4 counts than oropharyngeal disease. […] In contrast, vulvovaginal candidiasiswhether a single episode or recurrentis common in healthy adults and does not suggest HIV.

• #3

  https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/18664

  There was an increase in the incidence of oral candidiasis in this population, so the early identification of the disease and the etiologic agent for effective intervention is essential. […] The prevalence of oral candidiasis was found in 20.7% of the elderly in the different areas of residence studied. […] A greater number of cases and clinical manifestations of the disease were found in elderly people living in urban areas (p 0.05). […] The odds ratios for developing the disease were higher in women, edentulous elderly, and users of dental prostheses. […] Candida albicans species were prevalent in infection and colonization of prostheses, while oral colonization showed similar percentages among Candida non-albicans (p = 0.657). […] As for the prevalence of species about the studied area of residence, Candida albicans prevailed in the urban area and Candida non-albicans in the rural area (p 0.05).

• #4 Thrush

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/Thrsh.htm

  Candida colonizes 30-60% of healthy mouths. […] Opportunistic infection occurs in the immunosuppressed or immature Immune Systems. […] Common in infants, especially Breast fed. […] Rare in first week of life. […] Peaks at 4 weeks of age.

• #5 Candidiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/candidiasis

  Up to 60% of healthy people are asymptomatic carriers of Candida spp. (as a commensal in the gastrointestinal tract). […] Symptomatic oral infection is unusual in healthy adults but occurs in 5% of newborns and in around 90% of those with AIDS. […] Candidal infection is the most common cause of invasive fungal infections in hospital patients in the developed world. Candidaemia is the most common presentation of invasive candida and in England in 2020 with an overall rate of 3.5 cases per 100,000 population. […] Non-albicans strains of Candida spp. are reported to be increasing worldwide.

• #6 Oral candidiasis: causes, types and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/oral-candidiasis-causes-types-and-treatment

  Pharmacists and pharmacy teams should be able to recognise oral thrush, a common yeast infection, and provide appropriate treatment advice to resolve infections. […] The typical colonisation rate of C. albicans varies with age. In neonates it is 45%; in healthy children 45–65%; in healthy adults 30–45%; in denture wearers 50–65%; in patients living in acute or long-term facilities, such as nursing or residential homes, 65–88%; and in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV and/or undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukaemia, it is 95% and 90% respectively. […] With increased availability and prescribing of broad-spectrum antibacterials (e.g. penicillins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides) and immunosuppressive agents (e.g. corticosteroids, azathioprine, methotrexate), and with increased immunosuppressive comorbidities, including diabetes, cancer and AIDS, there has been an increase in the number of reported cases of opportunistic oral Candida infections.

• #7 Oral candidiasis: causes, types and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/oral-candidiasis-causes-types-and-treatment

  More than half a million prescriptions for oral Candida infections are issued each year in England by GPs. […] Oral candidiasis is uncommon in healthy adults and may be the first presentation of an undiagnosed risk factor. […] Increasing broad-spectrum antibiotic and immunosuppressive therapies are resulting in an increased incidence of oral Candida infections.

• #8 Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560624/

  Candidiasis is more prevalent in old age and infancy. In the US, about 37% of newly born babies may be affected by thrush during the first few months of life. […] Thrush is universal and is more frequent in populations with poorly nourishment. Thrush occurs equally in males and females. […] The incidence of invasive and disseminative candidiasis has been on the rise globally, and people with an impaired immune system are the most vulnerable.

• #9 Thrush: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969147-overview

  As many as 37% of newborns may develop thrush during the first months of life. […] Thrush is universal and is more common in poorly nourished populations. […] Thrush occurs equally in males and females. […] Thrush is rare during the first week of life. Incidence peaks around the fourth week of life; thrush is uncommon in infants older than 6-9 months. Thrush can occur, however, at any age in predisposed patients.

• #10 Oral Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545282/

  Oral candidiasis can occur in immunocompetent or immunocompromised patients but is more common in immunocompromised hosts. More than 90% of patients with HIV develop oral candidiasis at some point during the duration of the disease. […] Oral candidiasis occurs equally in males and females. It typically occurs in neonates and infants; it is rare in the first week of life. It is most common during the fourth week of life and less common in infants older than six months, likely secondary to the development of host immunity. Signs and symptoms of immunosuppression in these patients are diarrhea, rashes, repeated infections, and hepatosplenomegaly.

• #11

  https://consensus.app/questions/define-thrush/

  Thrush is particularly prevalent in infants, with a high incidence reported in the neonatal period. […] In immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV, the incidence of thrush is significantly higher. […] Thrush is also frequently found in debilitated patients with serious diseases, such as malignant neoplasms. […] Thrush is more likely to occur in premature, weak, athreptic infants due to inadequate sterilization of nursing bottles and nipples, and from unsterile cleansing solutions.

• #12

  https://consensus.app/questions/whats-thrush/

  Thrush is particularly prevalent in newborns and infants, often manifesting within the first few weeks of life. Studies have shown that the presence of Candida albicans in the mouth of newborns can lead to clinical thrush within a few days. […] In Southeast Asia, a review of studies from 2000 to 2020 highlighted that oral thrush is most frequently reported among HIV-infected patients, with incidence rates ranging from 21.1% to 97.0%. Other immunocompromised individuals, such as those undergoing chemotherapy for malignant neoplastic diseases, are also at higher risk. […] Most studies on oral candidiasis in Southeast Asia focus on HIV-positive patients, with limited data on non-HIV immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. […] There is no significant correlation between mode of delivery and the development of neonatal thrush, suggesting mode of delivery is not a significant factor in thrush development.

• #13 Candidiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis

  Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the mouth, and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans. […] Infections of the mouth occur in about 6% of babies less than a month old. […] About 20% of those receiving chemotherapy for cancer and 20% of those with AIDS also develop the disease. […] It is estimated that 20% of women may be asymptomatically colonized by vaginal yeast. […] In the United States there are approximately 1.4 million doctor office visits every year for candidiasis. […] About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at some time during their lives. […] Esophageal candidiasis is the most common esophageal infection in persons with AIDS and accounts for about 50% of all esophageal infections, often coexisting with other esophageal diseases.

• #14 Candidiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis

  About two-thirds of people with AIDS and esophageal candidiasis also have oral candidiasis. […] Candidal sepsis is rare. […] Candida is the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections among hospital patients in the United States. […] The incidence of bloodstream candida in intensive care units varies widely between countries.

• #15 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Candida albicans – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/candida-albicans-pathogen-safety-data-sheet.html

  C. albicans is of worldwide prevalence. It has been isolated from soil, animals, hospitals, inanimate objects and food. Both mucosal and systemic infections caused by C. albicans can occur in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. C. albicans is the most common fungal pathogen responsible for nosocomial systemic infections, and also the most commonly isolated pathogen from clinical samples obtained from mucous membranes such as oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. […] Risk factors associated with the development of candidiasis include: antibiotic therapy; administration of steroids, immunosuppressants, or chemotherapy; prior surgery; solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplants; diseases such as AIDS, leukemia, diabetes, lymphoma and COVID-19; as well as trauma and burn patients. There has been a decrease in the incidence of oral candidiasis in HIV infected patients, since the introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

• #16 Candida species and oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0284043

  The oral C. albicans isolation rate of the Malaysian patients is almost similar with preceding studies in the Asian regions, including China, Iran, and Thailand, which exhibited similar predominance of C. albicans, albeit at a higher incidence in oral candidiasis patients. […] The carrier rate of Candida was also affected by local and systemic host factors such as older age, greater risk of malnutrition, denture usage, antibiotic treatment, concurrent bacterial infection, cancer, chemotherapy, hypertension, and xerostomia, which may have played influential roles in the development of oral thrush in this study. […] The differences in the composition of the oral mycobiota between patients with oral thrush and oral thrush uninfected subjects, and the effect of two weeks of antifungal therapy on the oral mycobiota were demonstrated in this study. In terms of overall diversity, the oral samples of OT patients showed the detection of 144 genera and 187 species, which was lower than that of HC (152 genera, 201 species), while the number of genera and species increased following antifungal treatment, thereby reflecting the impact of mycobiota diversity on the overgrowth of Candida spp. in the oral cavity. […] This study also identified C. dubliniensis as the second most relative abundant species in OT patients via NGS, though it was not significantly prevalent or relative abundant in OT vs. HC or AT vs. OT groups.

• #17

  https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/18664

  In conclusion, this study identified a high prevalence of oral candidiasis in elderly participants in the research, who were mainly infected with Candida albicans species, but when comparing the living areas of the elderly, those living in the urban area had more prevalent colonization in the area. urban and Candida non-albicans in the rural area, therefore, species differentiation was found regarding the place where the elderly person lives.

• #18 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Candida-auris-(C-auris)-Everything-You-Need-to-Know.aspx

  Candida auris epidemiology […] A literature review published in 2018 found that clinical reports of C. auris infections had been published from Japan, South Korea, India, Kuwait, Oman, South Africa, Venezuela, Panama, Colombia, Pakistan, Israel, Spain, the UK, Canada, and the USA. […] C. auris cases have been found in over 20 countries, and C. auris has been identified as a new, global nosocomial pathogen. […] Investigations carried out by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to determine the worldwide epidemiology of C. auris found that, out of the 54 isolates found in patients across Pakistan, India, South Africa, and Venezuela, 93% were resistant to antifungal medication and 7% were resistant specifically to echinocandins. […] C. auris has been identified as a new global pathogen and more research is needed into how it spreads to prevent the fungus from infecting large numbers of people.

• #19 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Candida albicans – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/candida-albicans-pathogen-safety-data-sheet.html

  Monitor for symptoms. Direct examination of the fungus or the fungus in culture in the clinical specimen can confirm the presence of infection if key characteristics (size and shape of yeast, presence of pseudophypahe, blastoconidia, chlamydospores, and absence of arthroconidia and capsule) are observed. Other methods include biochemical tests, serological methods such as ELISA, and molecular biology methods such as restriction enzyme analysis (REA), PCR, and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Tests for beta-D-glucan can indicate invasive fungal infection through a positive test, but as this is not specific for C. albicans, it is useful primarily as a negative predictor of infection.

• #20 Diagnosis and Management of Pseudomembranous Candidiasis – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JOENTR/diagnosis-and-management-of-pseudomembranous-candidiasis.html

  Diagnosis of this case was confirmed with microbiology examination through swab and culture using Sabourauds agar. […] Once the final diagnosis was arrived, appropriate treatment was considered by the use of spacer along with metered dose steroid inhaler and topical application of antifungal agent clotrimazole 1% mouth paint for 2weeks. […] The prognosis is good for oral candidiasis with appropriate and effective treatment.

• #21 Candida species and oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0284043

  Recent studies have shown that mycobiota plays a role in oral health. The pathophysiology of Candida yeasts in oral thrush has been extensively researched; however, the association between the overall host mycobiota diversity and development of oral thrush have not been clearly established. […] This study aims to determine the oral mycobiota composition (richness and diversity) in Malaysian patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush (OT), follow-up oral thrush patients treated with antifungal therapy (AT), and healthy controls (HC), using the conventional culturing method and ITS amplicon sequencing approach. […] The increasing isolation of a variety of Candida species in oral candidiasis patients poses a great concern to the healthcare professionals. This study showed a significant increase in the frequency of oral Candida isolation from OT (68.4%) and AT (61.9%) patients as compared to HC (26.8%).

• #22 Microbiologists discover possible new strategy to fight oral thrush

  https://phys.org/news/2017-04-microbiologists-strategy-oral-thrush.html

  Oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth and throat that affects millions worldwide. Babies, seniors and people with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible. […] „While thrush is normally not a major problem for patients with normal immune systems, it can be particularly severe and difficult to treat in immunocompromised patients who have been exposed to multiple antifungals and can develop resistant strains of yeast,” said Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, M.D., director of the Laboratory of Mycology Research, professor of infectious diseases and vice-chair of medicine at McGovern Medical School. […] „Furthermore, development of new antifungals is encouraging in the face of emerging multidrug-resistant yeasts like Candida auris,” said Ostrosky, who is medical director of epidemiology for Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/candidiasis-(yeast-infection)

  Oral thrush is a candidiasis that occurs in the mouth and throat. […] Oral thrush is characterized by creamy, white lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks and gums, or hard white plaques that cannot be scraped off. […] Treatment for oral thrush typically involves antifungal medications. […] Maintaining good oral hygiene through regular brushing and flossing can help prevent yeast overgrowth.

• #24 What does oral thrush look like? See pictures | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-does-oral-thrush-look-like.h00-159617856.html

  Oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth often caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans. […] For cancer patients, that could mean long-term use of medications, such as steroids that suppress oral immune defenses, antihypertensives that make the mouth drier, or chemotherapy- or radiation therapy-induced changes to saliva quality. […] The pH of the oral cavity becomes more acidic when its dry for long periods of time. This favors the growth of Candida. […] Fungal infections must be managed promptly in patients who are immunocompromised during cancer treatment; these infections can be fatal.

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