Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  In a study of nearly 25,000 individuals over 60 years old, involutional entropion was found in 2.1% of patients, lesser than involutional ectropion. Prevalence increased with age: 0.9% for patient 60-69 years old, 2.1% for 70-79, and 7.6% for those over 80. Bilateral disease is three times more common than unilateral. Entropion is more common in women, with prevalence 2.4%, compared to 1.9% in men. Involutional entropion has a reported prevalence of 2.4% in whites and 0.8% in blacks. […] Patients with involutional entropion are often elderly and have significant comorbidities. The 4-year mortality for patients with involutional entropion is 30%.

• #2 Eyelid Disorders in Ophthalmology Practice: Results from a Large International Epidemiological Study in Eleven Countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7406605/

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that eyelid disorders are common, although estimates of prevalence vary. The current study determines the prevalence of eyelid disorders, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and related diseases (specifically ocular surface disease) in a population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmologic consultations. […] Eyelid disorders were diagnosed in 5109 (78.3%) patients and were statistically associated with: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.05, all associations). […] In conclusion, eyelid disorders were highly prevalent in this real-world population of patients from ophthalmology clinics. […] Among patients present for routine ophthalmic visits, the prevalence of MGD was 54% (data). The high prevalence of MGD and associated ocular surface disorders indicates that these disorders may be underdiagnosed and the majority of routine ophthalmic patients may require assessment for ocular surface disease.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-020-00268-4

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that eyelid disorders are common, although estimates of prevalence vary. The current study determines the prevalence of eyelid disorders, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and related diseases (specifically ocular surface disease) in a population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmologic consultations. […] Eyelid disorders were diagnosed in 5109 (78.3%) patients and were statistically associated with: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.05, all associations). […] In conclusion, eyelid disorders were highly prevalent in this real-world population of patients from ophthalmology clinics. […] The objective of the present multicenter, international study is to determine the prevalence of eyelid disorders in a representative population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmic consultations.

• #4 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  In a study of nearly 25,000 individuals over 60 years old, involutional entropion was found in 2.1% of patients, lesser than involutional ectropion. Prevalence increased with age: 0.9% for patient 60-69 years old, 2.1% for 70-79, and 7.6% for those over 80. Bilateral disease is three times more common than unilateral. Entropion is more common in women, with prevalence 2.4%, compared to 1.9% in men. Involutional entropion has a reported prevalence of 2.4% in whites and 0.8% in blacks. […] Patients with involutional entropion are often elderly and have significant comorbidities. The 4-year mortality for patients with involutional entropion is 30%.

• #5 Eyelid diseases | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/news/what-are-the-most-common-eyelid-diseases

  These diseases are very common, although they are normally resolved with pharmacological or surgical treatment without any major problems. […] The cause of most of these eyelid disturbances is ageing. […] They range from malpositioning of the eyelid to tumours, through eye watering problems and many other pathologies. […] The most common eyelid diseases are: Eyelid malposition. Such as drooping eyelid (palpebral ptosis), outward rotation of the eyelid (ectropion), inward rotation of the eyelid (entropion), eyelid retraction (typical in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy), facial paralysis or facial dystonia (blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm). […] Eyelid tumours. There are many tumours that can affect the eyelids. The majority are benign, such as warts or cysts. Malignant tumours (cancer) are also common in the eyelids, for example basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. […] Although these diseases are usually resolved with pharmacological or surgical treatment without any major problems, it is essential to know how to detect them early and consult a specialist to assess the most appropriate treatment in each case.

• #6 Why Aging May Cause Eye Problems – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-aging-eye-when-to-worry-about-eyelid-problems

  Age, certain medical conditions, and some cosmetic treatments can affect the muscles and skin of the upper and lower eyelids. […] Although upper eyelid drooping is often only a cosmetic concern, it can interfere with sight if the lid is so lax that it covers or partially covers the pupil. […] In blepharochalasis, just the skin of the lid begins to droop, not the entire lid as in ptosis (which is caused by muscle weakening). […] Most health insurers will pay for this repair only if the condition interferes with vision. […] The constantly exposed cornea and conjunctiva may become red and irritated. […] In mild cases, it can help to tape the lower lid to the cheek every night so the edge of the lid and the lashes are in the proper position.

• #7 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  In a study of nearly 25,000 individuals over 60 years old, involutional entropion was found in 2.1% of patients, lesser than involutional ectropion. Prevalence increased with age: 0.9% for patient 60-69 years old, 2.1% for 70-79, and 7.6% for those over 80. Bilateral disease is three times more common than unilateral. Entropion is more common in women, with prevalence 2.4%, compared to 1.9% in men. Involutional entropion has a reported prevalence of 2.4% in whites and 0.8% in blacks. […] Patients with involutional entropion are often elderly and have significant comorbidities. The 4-year mortality for patients with involutional entropion is 30%.

• #8 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  In a study of nearly 25,000 individuals over 60 years old, involutional entropion was found in 2.1% of patients, lesser than involutional ectropion. Prevalence increased with age: 0.9% for patient 60-69 years old, 2.1% for 70-79, and 7.6% for those over 80. Bilateral disease is three times more common than unilateral. Entropion is more common in women, with prevalence 2.4%, compared to 1.9% in men. Involutional entropion has a reported prevalence of 2.4% in whites and 0.8% in blacks. […] Patients with involutional entropion are often elderly and have significant comorbidities. The 4-year mortality for patients with involutional entropion is 30%.

• #9 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  In a study of nearly 25,000 individuals over 60 years old, involutional entropion was found in 2.1% of patients, lesser than involutional ectropion. Prevalence increased with age: 0.9% for patient 60-69 years old, 2.1% for 70-79, and 7.6% for those over 80. Bilateral disease is three times more common than unilateral. Entropion is more common in women, with prevalence 2.4%, compared to 1.9% in men. Involutional entropion has a reported prevalence of 2.4% in whites and 0.8% in blacks. […] Patients with involutional entropion are often elderly and have significant comorbidities. The 4-year mortality for patients with involutional entropion is 30%.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-020-00268-4

  Eyelid disorders were present in 78.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 77.379.3%] of patients. There was a statistically significant association between eyelid disorders and rosacea, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.02, Fischer’s exact test or chi-squared test, all associations). […] The diagnosis of MGD was statistically significantly associated with eyelid disorders, eyelid margin abnormality and conjunctival hyperaemia (P0.001, all associations). […] In summary, this study confirms a high prevalence of dry eye, MGD and associated ocular surface disorders in a population of patients presenting for a routine ophthalmologic assessment. However, the prevalence in this population is likely to be higher than in the general population.

• #11 Eyelid Disorders in Ophthalmology Practice: Results from a Large International Epidemiological Study in Eleven Countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7406605/

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that eyelid disorders are common, although estimates of prevalence vary. The current study determines the prevalence of eyelid disorders, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and related diseases (specifically ocular surface disease) in a population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmologic consultations. […] Eyelid disorders were diagnosed in 5109 (78.3%) patients and were statistically associated with: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.05, all associations). […] In conclusion, eyelid disorders were highly prevalent in this real-world population of patients from ophthalmology clinics. […] Among patients present for routine ophthalmic visits, the prevalence of MGD was 54% (data). The high prevalence of MGD and associated ocular surface disorders indicates that these disorders may be underdiagnosed and the majority of routine ophthalmic patients may require assessment for ocular surface disease.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-020-00268-4

  Eyelid disorders were present in 78.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 77.379.3%] of patients. There was a statistically significant association between eyelid disorders and rosacea, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.02, Fischer’s exact test or chi-squared test, all associations). […] The diagnosis of MGD was statistically significantly associated with eyelid disorders, eyelid margin abnormality and conjunctival hyperaemia (P0.001, all associations). […] In summary, this study confirms a high prevalence of dry eye, MGD and associated ocular surface disorders in a population of patients presenting for a routine ophthalmologic assessment. However, the prevalence in this population is likely to be higher than in the general population.

• #13 Eyelid Disorders in Ophthalmology Practice: Results from a Large International Epidemiological Study in Eleven Countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7406605/

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that eyelid disorders are common, although estimates of prevalence vary. The current study determines the prevalence of eyelid disorders, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and related diseases (specifically ocular surface disease) in a population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmologic consultations. […] Eyelid disorders were diagnosed in 5109 (78.3%) patients and were statistically associated with: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.05, all associations). […] In conclusion, eyelid disorders were highly prevalent in this real-world population of patients from ophthalmology clinics. […] Among patients present for routine ophthalmic visits, the prevalence of MGD was 54% (data). The high prevalence of MGD and associated ocular surface disorders indicates that these disorders may be underdiagnosed and the majority of routine ophthalmic patients may require assessment for ocular surface disease.

• #14

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/eyelid-retraction

  Eyelid retraction is a displacement of the upper eyelid superiorly or lower eyelid inferiorly through a variety of mechanisms. […] Epidemiology […] Inflammatory causes of skin shortening include atopy and rosacea. […] Largely genetic causes of skin shortage include scleroderma and ichthyosis. […] Physical/mechanical skin shortage can result from […] Conjunctival cicatrization can result from […] This results from injury to the septum through trauma or surgery, e.g., anterior approach to posterior eyelid compartments followed by scarring, particularly in the plane of the inelastic septum.

• #15

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/eyelid-retraction

  Eyelid retraction is a displacement of the upper eyelid superiorly or lower eyelid inferiorly through a variety of mechanisms. […] Epidemiology […] Inflammatory causes of skin shortening include atopy and rosacea. […] Largely genetic causes of skin shortage include scleroderma and ichthyosis. […] Physical/mechanical skin shortage can result from […] Conjunctival cicatrization can result from […] This results from injury to the septum through trauma or surgery, e.g., anterior approach to posterior eyelid compartments followed by scarring, particularly in the plane of the inelastic septum.

• #16 Blepharitis (Eyelid Inflammation): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10032-blepharitis

  A survey of ophthalmologists and optometrists reported that nearly half of the people they see showed symptoms of blepharitis. The condition is common and symptoms are manageable. […] Blepharitis typically affects adults and children of both sexes equally. However, one form staphylococcal blepharitis mainly affects females. This is true of about 80% of cases. […] In addition to having rosacea and dandruff, you may be more at risk of developing blepharitis if you: Have diabetes. Wear contact lenses. Are exposed to irritants like dust and chemicals. Work or live in dry environments. This includes spending a lot of time in air conditioning. Have a high number of microbes that normally live on your skin. Dont remove makeup thoroughly. Have oily skin. Are on certain drugs such as those for cancer treatment. Are going through menopause or hormonal changes. […] You cant cure blepharitis. However, it can be treated and controlled through proper eyelid hygiene. Left untreated, blepharitis may lead to other more serious eye conditions, including corneal problems, which may be significant.

• #17 Blepharitis (Eyelid Inflammation): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/blepharitis/

  Blepharitis is among the most common diseases affecting the eyes. Studies have shown that between 37% and 47% of eye care patients had some degree of eyelid inflammation. People of all ages may experience the condition, but it is more frequently diagnosed in those over age 50. […] Blepharitis symptoms are often worse and more pronounced in the morning. Seeking prompt care from an eye doctor can reduce their severity. However, the condition and its symptoms may go through flare-ups and remissions (inactive periods). […] Chronic cases can also lead to the development of the following eye concerns: Stye, Periorbital cellulitis, Chalazion, Dry eye syndrome, Eyelid scarring, Conjunctival concretion, Entropion and ectropion, Eyelash problems, Cornea problems, Pink eye. […] It is important to seek medical care at the first sign or symptom of blepharitis. Eye care professionals can perform an eye exam and determine a diagnosis. They can also provide blepharitis treatment to manage and provide relief from its effects. Since this condition can mimic other eye diseases, it is important to get prompt treatment when symptoms occur.

• #18 Eyelid Disorders: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0601/p2695.html

  Ectropion, or outward turning of the eyelid margin, causes tearing, ocular irritation and redness. […] Trichiasis is a condition of misdirected eyelashes that rub on the cornea, resulting in ocular pain, tearing and redness. […] Blepharospasm may be unilateral or bilateral. […] Because tumor is the etiology in up to 1 percent of patients, all patients with hemifacial spasm should receive a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain.

• #19 Why Aging May Cause Eye Problems – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-aging-eye-when-to-worry-about-eyelid-problems

  Age, certain medical conditions, and some cosmetic treatments can affect the muscles and skin of the upper and lower eyelids. […] Although upper eyelid drooping is often only a cosmetic concern, it can interfere with sight if the lid is so lax that it covers or partially covers the pupil. […] In blepharochalasis, just the skin of the lid begins to droop, not the entire lid as in ptosis (which is caused by muscle weakening). […] Most health insurers will pay for this repair only if the condition interferes with vision. […] The constantly exposed cornea and conjunctiva may become red and irritated. […] In mild cases, it can help to tape the lower lid to the cheek every night so the edge of the lid and the lashes are in the proper position.

• #20 Eyelid Disorders: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0601/p2695.html

  Eyelid problems range from benign, self-resolving processes to malignant, possibly metastatic, tumors. […] Recognition and diagnosis of these problems are crucial to their proper management. […] Eyelids are crucial to the health of the underlying eye. […] An exposed cornea will develop epithelial defects, scarring, vascularization or infection. […] Several glands along the eyelid margin contribute to the lipid component of the tear film. […] In evaluating an eyelid problem, the physician should obtain focused but complete information from the patient. […] Examination of the eyelids should be systematic, beginning with the upper lid. […] Inspection of the lower lid may reveal lower lid malpositions such as entropion (inward turning) or ectropion (outward turning). […] Entropion, or inward turning of the eyelid margin, causes irritation, redness and stringy white mucoid discharge.

• #21 Eyelid Conditions – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/dry-eye/eyelid-conditions/

  Eyelid conditions or disorders include any type of inflammation, infection, benign and malignant tumors, and structural problems. Most eyelid conditions are not sight-threatening or life-threatening. […] Proper treatment of eyelid conditions relies heavily on an accurate diagnosis. […] Eyelid conditions are categorized into two different types: Inflammatory eyelid disorders and Mechanical eyelid disorders. […] Many eyelid conditions can lead to chronic disorders, such as dry eye syndrome, astigmatism, or even vision loss. […] Schedule an exam with an eye doctor if you are experiencing a problem with your eyelids. There are many different types of eyelid conditions, and a variety of effective treatment options to relieve uncomfortable symptoms and treat the conditions.

• #22 Eye Lid Inflammation Disease |Istanbul Retina Institute

  https://istanbulretina.com/en-diseases-eye-lid-inflammation.php

  Eyelid inflammations include mainly stye, blepharitis, chalazion. […] Incidence of eye lid inflammation is 1.8 per 1000 per year. It accounts for 4.5% of all ophthalmological problems. […] If these eyelid disorders are not treated, they can lead to other, possibly serious vision problems-dry eye, astigmatism, or even vision loss. […] Some cases of blepharitis are caused by bacterial infection, but in some cases, the cause is unclear. […] Blepharitis can be a chronic condition that begins in early childhood and can last throughout life. […] An ophthalmologist usually diagnoses this condition after a careful history and an examination of your eyes and eyelids. […] The cornerstone of therapy is good eyelid hygiene.

• #23 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  In a study of nearly 25,000 individuals over 60 years old, involutional entropion was found in 2.1% of patients, lesser than involutional ectropion. Prevalence increased with age: 0.9% for patient 60-69 years old, 2.1% for 70-79, and 7.6% for those over 80. Bilateral disease is three times more common than unilateral. Entropion is more common in women, with prevalence 2.4%, compared to 1.9% in men. Involutional entropion has a reported prevalence of 2.4% in whites and 0.8% in blacks. […] Patients with involutional entropion are often elderly and have significant comorbidities. The 4-year mortality for patients with involutional entropion is 30%.

• #24 Adult Blepharitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1211763-overview

  Blepharitis is a common eye disorder in the United States and throughout the world. Based on Lemp et als estimate that 86% of all patients with dry eyes have concomitant blepharitis, more than 25 million Americans suffer from blepharitis. […] The exact association between blepharitis and mortality is not known, but diseases with known mortality, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, may have blepharitis as part of their constellation of findings. Associated morbidity includes loss of visual function, well-being, and ability to carry out daily life activities. […] Seborrheic blepharitis is more common in an older age group. The apparent mean age is 50 years.

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2020/12000/an_outbreak_of_bilateral_photokeratitis_and_eyelid.4.aspx

  We concluded that the outbreak of bilateral photokeratitis and eyelid erythema in a locality in South India was attributable to the usage of metal halide light with a broken outer envelope and was mounted without fixture during the light music event. To prevent outbreaks in future, we recommended restricting the usage of metal halide lights in outdoors along with enclosed fixtures and creating awareness among the event organizers about the safe practices.

• #26 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  As of June 2022, 125 million individuals live in trachoma endemic areas and are at risk of trachoma-related blindness, and the disease is a public health problem in 42 countries. […] In many of these communities, women are three times more likely than men to be blinded by the disease, likely due to their roles as caregivers in the family. […] The WHO launched its Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020, and in 2006, the WHO officially set 2020 as the target to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. […] The International Coalition for Trachoma Control has produced maps and a strategic plan called 2020 INSight that lays out actions and milestones to achieve global elimination of blinding trachoma by 2020. […] As of 2018, Cambodia, Ghana, Iran, Laos, Mexico, Nepal, Morocco, and Oman have been certified as having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem; China, Gambia, Iran, Iraq, and Myanmar made that claim, but have not sought certification.

• #27 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  As of June 2022, 125 million individuals live in trachoma endemic areas and are at risk of trachoma-related blindness, and the disease is a public health problem in 42 countries. […] In many of these communities, women are three times more likely than men to be blinded by the disease, likely due to their roles as caregivers in the family. […] The WHO launched its Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020, and in 2006, the WHO officially set 2020 as the target to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. […] The International Coalition for Trachoma Control has produced maps and a strategic plan called 2020 INSight that lays out actions and milestones to achieve global elimination of blinding trachoma by 2020. […] As of 2018, Cambodia, Ghana, Iran, Laos, Mexico, Nepal, Morocco, and Oman have been certified as having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem; China, Gambia, Iran, Iraq, and Myanmar made that claim, but have not sought certification.

• #28 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  As of June 2022, 125 million individuals live in trachoma endemic areas and are at risk of trachoma-related blindness, and the disease is a public health problem in 42 countries. […] In many of these communities, women are three times more likely than men to be blinded by the disease, likely due to their roles as caregivers in the family. […] The WHO launched its Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020, and in 2006, the WHO officially set 2020 as the target to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. […] The International Coalition for Trachoma Control has produced maps and a strategic plan called 2020 INSight that lays out actions and milestones to achieve global elimination of blinding trachoma by 2020. […] As of 2018, Cambodia, Ghana, Iran, Laos, Mexico, Nepal, Morocco, and Oman have been certified as having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem; China, Gambia, Iran, Iraq, and Myanmar made that claim, but have not sought certification.

• #29 Eyelid Disorders in Ophthalmology Practice: Results from a Large International Epidemiological Study in Eleven Countries – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32613590/

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that eyelid disorders are common, although estimates of prevalence vary. The current study determines the prevalence of eyelid disorders, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and related diseases (specifically ocular surface disease) in a population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmologic consultations. […] Eyelid disorders were diagnosed in 5109 (78.3%) patients and were statistically associated with: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P 0.05, all associations). […] In conclusion, eyelid disorders were highly prevalent in this 'real-world’ population of patients from ophthalmology clinics. Routine ophthalmologic consultations provide an opportunity to improve patient quality of life and to modify topical therapy in patients who may be predisposed to eyelid disorders.

• #30 Eyelid Disorders in Ophthalmology Practice: Results from a Large International Epidemiological Study in Eleven Countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7406605/

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that eyelid disorders are common, although estimates of prevalence vary. The current study determines the prevalence of eyelid disorders, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and related diseases (specifically ocular surface disease) in a population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmologic consultations. […] Eyelid disorders were diagnosed in 5109 (78.3%) patients and were statistically associated with: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.05, all associations). […] In conclusion, eyelid disorders were highly prevalent in this real-world population of patients from ophthalmology clinics. […] Among patients present for routine ophthalmic visits, the prevalence of MGD was 54% (data). The high prevalence of MGD and associated ocular surface disorders indicates that these disorders may be underdiagnosed and the majority of routine ophthalmic patients may require assessment for ocular surface disease.

• #31 Eyelid Disorders in Ophthalmology Practice: Results from a Large International Epidemiological Study in Eleven Countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7406605/

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that eyelid disorders are common, although estimates of prevalence vary. The current study determines the prevalence of eyelid disorders, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and related diseases (specifically ocular surface disease) in a population of patients presenting for routine ophthalmologic consultations. […] Eyelid disorders were diagnosed in 5109 (78.3%) patients and were statistically associated with: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, cataract, allergy and MGD (P0.05, all associations). […] In conclusion, eyelid disorders were highly prevalent in this real-world population of patients from ophthalmology clinics. […] Among patients present for routine ophthalmic visits, the prevalence of MGD was 54% (data). The high prevalence of MGD and associated ocular surface disorders indicates that these disorders may be underdiagnosed and the majority of routine ophthalmic patients may require assessment for ocular surface disease.

• #32 Eyelid problems

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eyelid-problems/

  Many eyelid problems are not serious. […] Your symptoms might give you an idea of what’s causing your eyelid problem. But do not self-diagnose see a pharmacist, GP or optician. […] There is separate information about twitching eyelids. […] You can ask a pharmacist about: what you can do to treat common eyelid problems, like a stye or conjunctivitis, yourself. […] See a GP if: you’re worried about an eyelid problem, your eyelid symptoms are not improving or they’re lasting a long time, you have yellow lumps or patches around your eyes. […] Ask for an urgent GP or optician appointment or get help from NHS 111 if: your swollen eyelid is red, hot, painful, tender or blistered, your eyelid droops suddenly, you cannot open your eye or keep it open, the pain is in your eye (not your eyelid), the white of your eye is very red, in part or all over, you have eye symptoms and a headache or you feel sick or are being sick, a newborn baby (less than 1 month old) has a sticky, red eye, you’re sensitive to light (photophobia), your eyesight changes for example, you have blurred vision and see wavy flashing lights, zigzag patterns or coloured spots or lines, you have a very high temperature, or feel hot and shivery, or you feel generally unwell, you think it’s an allergic reaction.

• #33

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/e/article/eyelidproblems/

  Many eyelid problems are not serious. […] Most eyelid problems are harmless. […] Your symptoms might give you an idea of the cause. Don’t self-diagnose – see an optometrist/optician or a GP if you’re worried. […] See an optometrist/optician or a GP if: you’re worried about an eyelid problem, it’s getting worse or lasting a long time, your eyelid is painful or you’re in a lot of discomfort, you have yellow lumps or patches around your eyes. […] Ask for an urgent GP or optometrists/opticians appointment or call 111 if: your swollen eyelid is red, hot, painful, tender or blistered, your eyelid droops suddenly, the pain is in your eye (not your eyelid), the white of your eye is very red, in part or all over, you’re sensitive to light (photophobia), your eyesight changes, for example you see wavy lines or flashing, you have a very high temperature, or feel hot and shivery, or you feel generally unwell, you think it’s an allergic reaction.

• #34 Eyelid problems

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eyelid-problems/

  Many eyelid problems are not serious. […] Your symptoms might give you an idea of what’s causing your eyelid problem. But do not self-diagnose see a pharmacist, GP or optician. […] There is separate information about twitching eyelids. […] You can ask a pharmacist about: what you can do to treat common eyelid problems, like a stye or conjunctivitis, yourself. […] See a GP if: you’re worried about an eyelid problem, your eyelid symptoms are not improving or they’re lasting a long time, you have yellow lumps or patches around your eyes. […] Ask for an urgent GP or optician appointment or get help from NHS 111 if: your swollen eyelid is red, hot, painful, tender or blistered, your eyelid droops suddenly, you cannot open your eye or keep it open, the pain is in your eye (not your eyelid), the white of your eye is very red, in part or all over, you have eye symptoms and a headache or you feel sick or are being sick, a newborn baby (less than 1 month old) has a sticky, red eye, you’re sensitive to light (photophobia), your eyesight changes for example, you have blurred vision and see wavy flashing lights, zigzag patterns or coloured spots or lines, you have a very high temperature, or feel hot and shivery, or you feel generally unwell, you think it’s an allergic reaction.

• #35

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/e/article/eyelidproblems/

  Many eyelid problems are not serious. […] Most eyelid problems are harmless. […] Your symptoms might give you an idea of the cause. Don’t self-diagnose – see an optometrist/optician or a GP if you’re worried. […] See an optometrist/optician or a GP if: you’re worried about an eyelid problem, it’s getting worse or lasting a long time, your eyelid is painful or you’re in a lot of discomfort, you have yellow lumps or patches around your eyes. […] Ask for an urgent GP or optometrists/opticians appointment or call 111 if: your swollen eyelid is red, hot, painful, tender or blistered, your eyelid droops suddenly, the pain is in your eye (not your eyelid), the white of your eye is very red, in part or all over, you’re sensitive to light (photophobia), your eyesight changes, for example you see wavy lines or flashing, you have a very high temperature, or feel hot and shivery, or you feel generally unwell, you think it’s an allergic reaction.

• #36 An Epidemiological Survey of Eyelid Trauma Presenting to a Tertiary Care Centre in India

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/an-epidemiological-survey-of-eyelid-trauma-presenting-to-a-tertiary-care-centre-in-india

  Associated globe injury has been reported in 20% to 44% in previous studies and constituted around 16% in our data, while rest of our injuries were in same line in comparison with study by Naik MN et al., and Ajayi et al. […] Thus the data provided in this study and other studies help in taking initiatives for prevention, imposing measures to improvise safety, enforcing mandatory rules and regulations for vehicle and machinery handling, usage of protective eye gears and hence minimise the incidence avoidable causes of ocular injury.

• #37 Eyelid Disorders: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0601/p2695.html

  Eyelid problems range from benign, self-resolving processes to malignant, possibly metastatic, tumors. […] Recognition and diagnosis of these problems are crucial to their proper management. […] Eyelids are crucial to the health of the underlying eye. […] An exposed cornea will develop epithelial defects, scarring, vascularization or infection. […] Several glands along the eyelid margin contribute to the lipid component of the tear film. […] In evaluating an eyelid problem, the physician should obtain focused but complete information from the patient. […] Examination of the eyelids should be systematic, beginning with the upper lid. […] Inspection of the lower lid may reveal lower lid malpositions such as entropion (inward turning) or ectropion (outward turning). […] Entropion, or inward turning of the eyelid margin, causes irritation, redness and stringy white mucoid discharge.

• #38 Eyelid Disorders: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0601/p2695.html

  Eyelid problems range from benign, self-resolving processes to malignant, possibly metastatic, tumors. […] Recognition and diagnosis of these problems are crucial to their proper management. […] Eyelids are crucial to the health of the underlying eye. […] An exposed cornea will develop epithelial defects, scarring, vascularization or infection. […] Several glands along the eyelid margin contribute to the lipid component of the tear film. […] In evaluating an eyelid problem, the physician should obtain focused but complete information from the patient. […] Examination of the eyelids should be systematic, beginning with the upper lid. […] Inspection of the lower lid may reveal lower lid malpositions such as entropion (inward turning) or ectropion (outward turning). […] Entropion, or inward turning of the eyelid margin, causes irritation, redness and stringy white mucoid discharge.

• #39 Eyelid Conditions Diagnosis & Treatment – Ophthalmic Physicians Incorporated

  https://opivision.com/eye-care/eyelid-conditions/

  Eyelid conditions can negatively impact your eyesight just as much as eye conditions. […] Eyelid cancer needs to be correctly diagnosed and treated with oculoplastic surgery and/or radiation therapy, depending on individual circumstances. […] Eyelid conditions are caused by several factors, such as: Aging, Genetic Predisposition, Underlying Diseases or Conditions, Physical Eye Trauma, Other Reasons. […] The diagnostic process for eyelid conditions is determined by the symptoms present. The most important aspect of an eyelid condition diagnosis is expediency. No matter the condition, getting a medical diagnosis and immediate treatment is imperative to avoid permanent damage and/or vision impairment. […] Several treatment options are available for eyelid conditions, including oculoplastic surgery. Treatment will depend on the condition, severity, and case details.

• #40 Eyelid Disorders: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0601/p2695.html

  Eyelid problems range from benign, self-resolving processes to malignant, possibly metastatic, tumors. […] Recognition and diagnosis of these problems are crucial to their proper management. […] Eyelids are crucial to the health of the underlying eye. […] An exposed cornea will develop epithelial defects, scarring, vascularization or infection. […] Several glands along the eyelid margin contribute to the lipid component of the tear film. […] In evaluating an eyelid problem, the physician should obtain focused but complete information from the patient. […] Examination of the eyelids should be systematic, beginning with the upper lid. […] Inspection of the lower lid may reveal lower lid malpositions such as entropion (inward turning) or ectropion (outward turning). […] Entropion, or inward turning of the eyelid margin, causes irritation, redness and stringy white mucoid discharge.

• #41 An Epidemiological Survey of Eyelid Trauma Presenting to a Tertiary Care Centre in India

  https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/an-epidemiological-survey-of-eyelid-trauma-presenting-to-a-tertiary-care-centre-in-india

  Associated globe injury has been reported in 20% to 44% in previous studies and constituted around 16% in our data, while rest of our injuries were in same line in comparison with study by Naik MN et al., and Ajayi et al. […] Thus the data provided in this study and other studies help in taking initiatives for prevention, imposing measures to improvise safety, enforcing mandatory rules and regulations for vehicle and machinery handling, usage of protective eye gears and hence minimise the incidence avoidable causes of ocular injury.

• #42

  https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2020/12000/an_outbreak_of_bilateral_photokeratitis_and_eyelid.4.aspx

  Of the total 500 attendees, we could interview 319 (64%) and 89% (284/319) attendees developed bilateral photokeratitis (median age = 24 years [range: 280 years]). […] The duration of exposure was associated with increased risk of bilateral photokeratitis (2 test for linear trend = 74; P 0.00001). […] Photokeratitis was associated with exposure to UVR from MHL with a broken outer envelope. […] This study describes the occurrence of adverse events following acute exposure to artificial ultraviolet radiation in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Epidemiological evidence suggests that unsafe exposure to metal halide light for a brief period could cause photokeratitis, skin erythema, and corneal erosion among event attendees. […] Also, the disease surveillance systems need to be flexible to capture such events of public health importance.

• #43 An epidemiologic analysis of the association between eyelid disorders and ocular motility disorders in pediatric age | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-12883-1

  Aim of the study was to assess: (a) the prevalence and type of strabismus, ptosis and eyelid dynamic disorders features, (b) the prevalence of refractive errors, amblyopia and, (c) their association with ocular/systemic syndromes in a cohort of patients. […] Static and dynamic eyelid disorders and ocular motility dysfunctions in pediatric age are often related. […] The association between congenital ptosis and hypofunction of the superior rectus muscle commonly occurs in 25% of unilateral forms and in 65% of bilateral forms. […] Only a few studies have assessed the prevalence of eyelid and ocular motility disorders and their association with functional visual deficits and ocular/systemic syndromes. […] The overall prevalence of isolated congenital ptosis was 0.44% (84 out of 19,089 patients), of whom 27 (32.1%) were associated with ocular motility disorders.

• #44 The incidence, embryology, and oculofacial abnormalities associated with eyelid colobomas | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2014335

  Eyelid colobomas predominantly affected the upper lids (93%), and were typically unilateral (76%). […] About a third (29%) were an isolated finding, with the remainder associated with other ocular (62%) and/or craniofacial (53%) abnormalities. […] The purpose of this study is to describe a large cohort of patients with congenital eyelid colobomas, to identify associated ocular, craniofacial and systemic abnormalities, and, specifically, to determine whether there exists any correlation between the size and location of these colobomas and the presence of such associated anomalies. […] Eyelid coloboma is a rare disorder, and no estimates for incidence or prevalence are available in the existing literature. […] This suggests that the incidence of Goldenhar Syndrome with eyelid coloboma lies between 1:50900 and 1:241000 live births.

• #45 Demographic, Etiological, and Clinical Characteristics of Eyelid Lacerations – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://www.oftalmoloji.org/articles/demographic-etiological-and-clinical-characteristics-of-eyelid-lacerations/doi/tjo.galenos.2023.05684

  The most common clinical findings accompanying the EL were conjunctival laceration in 23 patients (17%) and open-globe injury in 14 patients (10.3%). […] The most frequent mechanisms of injury involve trauma with sharp objects, while falling is the leading cause among older adults. […] It is important to note that eyelid traumas are often accompanied by severe ocular pathologies such as conjunctival laceration, hyphema, corneal abrasion, and corneoscleral perforation. […] Overall, a comprehensive understanding of EL, their etiologic factors, associated ocular injuries, and appropriate management strategies is crucial to achieving optimal outcomes and preserving both the functional and aesthetic aspects of the eyelids.

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